SIADH Alexander Usorov, MD July 31, 2007. SIADH Most frequent cause of hyponatremia First described by Schwartz et al in 1957 in 2 pts with bronchogenic.

SIADHSIADH

Alexander Usorov, MDAlexander Usorov, MD

July 31, 2007July 31, 2007

SIADHSIADH

• Most frequent cause of hyponatremia

• First described by Schwartz et al in 1957 in 2 pts with bronchogenic carcinoma

• Arginine vasopressin was then identified

ADHADH

• Synthesized in hypothalamus

• Transported down to posterior pituitary

• Released in response to hyperosmolality (major stimuli, mediated through osmoreceptors in hypothalamus) or hypovolemia (via baroreceptors in left atrium, aortic arch, etc)

ADHADH

• Binds to V2 receptors in collecting tubules

– stimulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate

– leads to insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into apical membranes

• The goal is to facilitate the transport of solute-free water

• Figure Freeze-fracture appearance of vasopressin-induced intramembrane particle (IMP) aggregates in toad urinary bladder (A), toad epidermis (B), and rat kidney collecting duct (C). The morphology of the aggregates is different in all three vasopressin target cells. In the bladder, the aggregates are tightly packed linear arrays, in the skin they form orthogonally packed square arrays, and in the collecting duct principal cell they form loose clusters that are often located in shallow depressions on the cell surface. Bar = 0.25 µm.

Figure Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) is internalized by clathrin-coated pits. A and B, Immunogold labeling of AQP2 in clathrin-coated pits (arrows) at the apical plasma membrane of collecting duct principal cells. An antibody against an external epitope of AQP2 was used. C and D, Label-fracture images of LLC-PK1 cells expressing AQP2. Immunogold label for AQP2 is located in intramembrane particle (IMP) clusters on the membrane (C, arrows; and is associated with membrane invaginations that resemble clathrin-coated pits (D, arrows). For more details, see Sun TX, et al. Bars = 0.25 µm.

SIADH => SIADSIADH => SIAD

• A slight misnomer

• The name implies inappropriate secretion

• 1/3rd of pts do secrete AVP independent of plasma osmolality

• Others exhibit reset osmostat – AVP is fully supressed, but serum Na level is lower than nl

• AVP levels may be undetectable in some pts

• Some aquaporin mutations lead to concentrated urine in the absence of AVP

• Therefore, the new term, Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD) has been proposed

Patterns of plasma levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP; also known as the antidiuretic hormone), as Patterns of plasma levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP; also known as the antidiuretic hormone), as compared with plasma sodium levels in patients with SIAD, are shown. Type A is characterized by compared with plasma sodium levels in patients with SIAD, are shown. Type A is characterized by

unregulated secretion of AVP, type B by elevated basal secretion of AVP despite normal regulation by unregulated secretion of AVP, type B by elevated basal secretion of AVP despite normal regulation by osmolality, type C by a "reset osmostat," and type D by undetectable AVP. The shaded area osmolality, type C by a "reset osmostat," and type D by undetectable AVP. The shaded area

represents normal values of plasma AVP. Adapted from Robertson represents normal values of plasma AVP. Adapted from Robertson

Disorders associated with SIADDisorders associated with SIAD

• Malignancies– Carcinomas, lymphomas, sarcoma

• Pulmonary disorders– Infectious, asthma, CF

• CNS disorders– Infectious, bleeding, masses, MS

• Drugs– Chlorpropramide, SSRIs, cyclophosphomide, ecstasy

Diagnosis of SIADDiagnosis of SIAD

• Essential features – hyponatremia – plasma osm<275– urine osm>100– clinical euvolemia– urinary Na>40 – nl thyroid/adrenal fxn, no recent diuretic use

Dx of SIADDx of SIAD

• Supplemental features – uric acid<4– BUN<10– failure to correct hypoNa after NS infusion– correction of hypoNa after fluid restriction

Volume status assesmentVolume status assesment

• Sometimes, clinical assesment of volume status is imprecise. Dr. Berl suggests the following:– Rule out volume contraction by infusing 2L of NS over 24-48

hours.– Urine osm has to be less than 500 (to avoid severe worsening of

hypoNa)

• If hypoNa corrects, this suggests volume depletion

NEJM 356:2064-2072

Why 500 osms?Why 500 osms?

• Where did Berl come up with that magic number?• Goldfarb and Rose both tell me that osmolality of

administered IVF must exceed osmolality of urine• Who is right?

Goldfarb-Rose HypothesisGoldfarb-Rose Hypothesis

• Prior acceptance that isotonic saline (308 osms) infusion in SIAD is useless– Electrolytes are excreted in urine

– Urine osmolality in SIAD is typically >300

– water is retained => worsening hypoNa

ExampleExample

• Our patient– Urine osms=892

– NaCl=308

• Excess NaCl to be excreted after 1L infusion 308/892=345cc of urine

• 655cc of water is retained, hence a reduction in plasma Na concentration

How much lower?How much lower?

• Total body osmoles=TBW x Posm– Posm is equal to 2 x plasma Na

• Total effective osmoles= 0.6 x 50kg x 2 x 129= 7740 mosmol

• 655 cc of water is retained, hence TBW is 30.655L• New plasma Na = total effective osmoles / (2 x TBW)

7740 / 61.2 = 127 meq/L

• Our pt’s Na went down to 127

Berl’s AxiomBerl’s Axiom

• Previous study showed an increase in plasma Na of pts with SIADH from 124 to 127 mEq/l after IV NS (Musch et al Am J

Med 1995;99: 348-55)

• Mean initial urinary osmolality was 429 mosm/kg

• So why not give SIAD pts isotonic saline?

Treating SIADH with isotonic salineTreating SIADH with isotonic saline

• Musch et al conducted a prospective study of 17 pts with SIADH (Q J Med 1998; 91:749-753)

• Goal to predict the response to isotonic saline based on either Uosm and UNa+K

• 2L infusion over 24 hours

• Initial plasma Na 115-130

• All pts met the criteria for SIADH

• Water restriction (<750cc/day)

• Stable Na intake (70-120 mEq per day)

ResultsResults

11 men, 6 women

mean age 64+13

• Underlying conditions of 17 pts

– Lung cancer (6)

– Other pulm diseases (4)

– Cerebral traumatism (2)

– Ovarian CA/sarcoma/cortical atrophia (1 each)

– Idiopathic SIADH (2)

Results cont.Results cont.t0 t24

Sodium 126+5 127+6

Potassium 4+0.4 3.9+0.5

UNa+K 128+61 163+41

Uosm 502+128 497+113

Weak correlationWeak correlation

Strong correlationStrong correlation

DiscussionDiscussion

• 11 / 17 pts increased their plasma Na after 2L infusion– Uosms exceeded the osmolality of isotonic saline

6 / 17 pts aggravated their hypoNa

mean Uosm > 538 mosm/kg

• Prvs assumption that rise in plasma Na by 5 mEq/L after 2L NS infusion/24h suggests hypovolemia may be incorrect

• This response can be observed in SIAD pts as well

• Differentiate by high urinary salt excretion– salt-depleted hypovolemic pts conserve salt

ConclusionConclusion

• Response to NS in SIAD can be predicted from Uosm

• Study conducted in older pt’s– decreased urine concentrating ability

• Younger pts are likely to have a slight decrease in serum Na

• I believe in Berl