shubham

Shaheed Udham Singh College of

Engineering & Technology,

Tangori, Mohali

Department of computer science

FCPIT lab file

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Er. Sonika Gosain SHIVAM SRIVASTAVA

CSE Department ROLL NO. 1154561 (2nd sem.)

FCPIT Lab File 1154535

PRACTICAL 1: FAMILIARIZATION WITH THE COMPUTER

Computer:-

A Computer is an electronic device that can perform a variety of operations in accordance with the set of instructions called program.

Data : It is a collection of facts and numbers. Data can be converted intoinformation.

Information:It is organized, arranged and processed data. It can also be converted into data.

Input unit:This unit helps to get the data from external environment and converts to computer

understandable form and transfer to computer system for further processing.

Output unit:It interface the output part to human understandable form and transfer the converted form to output device.

Memory unit:Basic function of memory unit is to sore data and instruction that operate on the data. This contains ROM, RAM and secondary storage .

ALU: (Arithmetic and logic unit)This unit of computer system performs all the arithmetic and logic units.

Control unit: This unit has to control and instruct all the other 4 units. It directs all the operations inside the computer.

Computer system:

computer system contains hardware component and software components.

Hardware, equipment involved in the function of a computer. Computer hardware consists of the components that can be physically handled. The function of these components is typically divided into three main categories: input, output, and storage.

Software on the other hand, is the set of instructions a computer uses to manipulate data, such as a word-processing program or a video game. These programs are usually stored and transferred via the computer's hardware to and from the CPU.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM :

The main parts of a computer that we'll be focusing on are :-

Outside view and ports on the front and rear

Inside view

OUTSIDE VIEW OF A COMPUTER:

The outside view of a computer system has many parts that make up its input

unit,processing unit and output unit.It may be somewhat as shown in the figure.

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Different types of ports are:-

Parallel Ports :- It transfers data serially a bit at a time.As a result serial port needs only one wire to transfer 8 bytes.

Serial Ports :- It can send a byte(8 bit) at a time.These 8 bits are transmitted parallel to each other.

USB(Universal Serial Bus) ports :- It gives us a single, standardized, easy-to use way to connect a variety of devices to a computer.

AGP Ports :- It is used to connect graphic card. Infrared ports :- It sends or receives infrared signals from other devices. Bluetooth :- It is a telecommunication industry specification that describes how

mobile phones, computers and PDAs can be easily interconnected using a short ranged wireless connection.

PS-2 Ports :- It is an electronic receptable or plug found on computers. It is most often used to plug in a keyboard or mouse.

PORTS AND PANELS ON THE FRONT AND REAR SIDE

PANELS: Drives are housed in drive bays ,which are accessed in the front of the front of the case different panels are shown in the figure. COMPUTER PORTS: (Rear view)

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INSIDE VIEW: - The ouside view refers to the components or the parts that we see when we open the system unit of a computer.The system unit ,main part of the desktop computer includes the motherboard,CPU,RAM etc.

POWER SUPPLY:The power supp ly i s v i t a l t o t he compu te r a s i t i s t he sou rce o f power . The power supp ly i s usually a small metal box in the top corner of a case (tower).

Access slots or expansion slots are openings in a computer where a circuit board can be inserted o a d d n e w c a p a b i l i t i e s t o t h e c o m p u t e r . E x a m p l e s o f d r i v e s t h a t m a y g o h e r e w o u l d b e modems, USB drives, networking cards, video adapters, and sound cards. These expansions are easy to install along with being very useful to your computer to allow you to do new things, such as network computers together.

CPU:The CPU, or processor, is the heart of your computer no matter what type (PC, Server, and Lap top ) . The re a r e many b rands fo r p roce s so r s such a s In t e l and A th lon a l l w i t h d i f f e r en t processors for your computer. The CPU processes everything that your computer does, therefore the better the processor, the faster the computer.

MOTHERBOARD:

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The motherboard contains various circuit cards performing various functions all plug into manysimilar sockets on a common circuit board. Each circuit card performs a unique function in thecomputer and gets its power from the socket.The motherboard contains many circuits and slots, but let's focus on some of the important ones.The motherboard is home to the processor (CPU) along with the access slots and RAM.

RAM:Random Access Memory (RAM) is the form of memory contained in most computers. RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell. When an application is running it stores its information in the RAM. When you close the application the information is deleted from the RAM. This is why you need certain amounts of RAM to run applications. The more RAM you have the faster your computer will be, and the more applications you'll be able to run without loosing speed.

HARD DRIVE: Nearly every desktop computer and server in use today contains one or more hard-disk drives.These ha rd d i sk s do one t h ing we l l - t hey s t o r e chang ing d ig i t a l i n fo rma t ion i n a r e l a t i ve ly permanent form. They give computers the ability to remember things when the power goes out.A hard drive stores all your files and information in a permanent form unlike storing it in RAM(which is temporary). The larger your hard disk (drive) the more information and files you'reab l e t o s t o r e . Today ' s ave rage ha rd d r i ve i s 40 GB a l t hough s l owly 80 GB ha rd d r i ve s a r e becoming used more .

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CD-ROM:The CD-Rom is quite simple, it reads CD's. CD-Rom completely stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. The revolution of CD's is that they hold much more data than a floppy disk,although are not as flexible when it comes to rewriting and storing personal data.Using CD-RW you can make your own CD's and use them more like a floppy disk. These arebecoming more and more popular although you still need a CD-Rom to read them.

FLOPPY DRIVE A floppy drive reads the popular floppy disk. Floppy disk are easy to use, rewritable, compact and great for storing information. The floppy drive is simple and allows you to read, write to, and write over information stored on a floppy disk. Now you have a basic knowledge of the parts of your own PC. In the future you'll be able to read more advanced articles and have an understanding of the parts of a P

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Other new features :

on ActiveX objects and scripting, and was removed with the introduction of Windows XP. controlled the way the Windows Explorer displayed the contents of the folder. This feature proved to have security vulnerabilities due to its reliance

Another feature that was based on Internet Explorer technology was customized folders. Such folders contained a hidden web page that

An address bar was also added to Windows Explorer, which a user could type in directory paths directly, and be taken to that folder. It also operated as arrows (back and forward) for moving between recently visited directories, as well as Internet Explorer’s Favorites menu. At the time these changes raised antitrust concerns about the incorporation

The ability to add other toolbars to the task bar, the most visible of these being Quick Launch.

“HTML Desktop”, which made it possible to turn the desktop background itself into a web page.

Single-click activation of icons in Windows Explorer, adhering to a web page paradigm.

Desktop Channels.

PRACTICAL 2:

NAVIGATING WITH WINDOWS EXPLORER

Windows Explorer is a file manager application that is included with releases of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows 95onwards. It provides a graphical user interface for accessing the file systems. It is also the component of the operating system that presents many user interface items on the monitor such as the taskbar and desktop. Controlling the computer is possible without Windows Explorer running (for example, the File | Run command in Task Manager on NT-derived versions of Windows will function without it, as will commands typed in a command prompt window). Located in the C:\Windows directory, it is sometimes referred to as the Windows Shell, explorer.exe, or simply “Explorer”.

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PRACTICAL 3:

WORKING WITH CONTROL PANEL

The control panel of Windows , reachable by clicking at Start -> Control panel command provides us a visual way of modifying our system while working with Windows.Each option that we can change is represented by an icon in control panel windows.When we change some settings after clicking at an option in Control Panel,these are stored in the initialization files of Windows XP so that they remain in effect now-onwards.

To work with date and time: go to start menu, then go to control panel and select clock language and region folder; set date and time.

To create new user accounts: go to start menu, then go to control panel and select add or remove user accounts folder; create your own account.

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To manage security profile: go to start menu, then go to control panel and select user account and safety folder, select your own profile and insert a security password; profile will become safe.

To install new software or remove existing installed software: Right click on the software set up and click install to install new software. To remove an existing software go to Control panel, click on Uninstall a program and choose the desired software then click uninstall.

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To change language: go to start menu, select control panel from there. Select reginal and language options. Now you are facilitated to change the language according to your wish.

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PRACTICAL 5:

WORKING WITH MICROSOFT WORD

Before creating or opening a document in MS-Word, first we will have to load / open MS-Word in memory.This can be done either by clicking at the shortcut of MS-Word on the desktop , if available or by choosing Microsoft Word application from All Programs menu pad of Start menu.

WHAT IS WORD-PROCESSING?

Word Processor is a Software package that enables you to create, edit, print and save documents for future retrieval and reference. Creating a document involves typing by using a keyboard and saving it. Editing a document involves correcting the spelling mistakes, if any, deleting or moving words sentences or paragraphs.

(a) Advantages of Word Processing

One of the main advantages of a word processor over a conventional typewriter is that a word processor enables you to make changes to a document without retyping the entire document.

(b) Features of Word Processing

Most Word Processor available today allows more than just creating and editing documents. They have wide range of other tools and functions, which are used in formatting the documents. The following are the main features of a Word Processor

-Text is typing into the computer, which allows alterations to be made easily.

-Words and sentences can be inserted, amended or deleted.

-Paragraphs or text can be copied /moved throughout the document.

-Margins and page length can be adjusted as desired.

-Spelling can be checked and modified through the spell check facility.

-Multiple document/files can be merged.

-Multiple copies of letters can be generated with different addresses through the mail-merge facility.

(c) Some Common Word Processing Packages

The followings are examples of some popular word processor available Soft word ,Word Star,Word perfect,Microsoft word.

IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MS-WORD:

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Let us discuss the important components of the screen.

Title Bar

The title bar displays the name of the currently active word document. Like other WINDOWS applications, it can be used to alter the size and location of the word window.

Tool Bars

Word has a number of tool bars that help you perform task faster and with great ease. Two of the most commonly tool bars are the formatting tool bar and the standard tool bar. These two toolbars are displayed just below the title bar. At any point of time any tool bar can be made ON or OFF through the tool bar option of View Menu.

(c) Ruler Bar

The Ruler Bar allows you to format the vertical alignment of text in a document.

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(d) Status Bar

The Status Bar displays information about the currently active document. This includes the page number that you are working, the column and line number of the cursor position and so on.

To

create headers and footers: Click on insert option then choose header and footer to create headers and footers respectively.

To create a table with specified rows and columns: Click on insert table option from insert menu

To merge a row, column or cell:

Select the row, column or cells to be merged, right on it and choose

To edit a document and resave it: Click on Save option from file menu.

To use various formatting options: Select the font to be formatted, right click on it then choose font option and choose desired effects.

To insert a new row and/or a column: Right click on the table, go to insert option and choose insert row and/or column at desired place.

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To delete a row and/or column: Select the row or column to be deleted, right click on it and choose delete option.

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PRACTICAL 6:

WORKING WITH MS PowerPoint

1. Title Bar Displays the name of the active application and buttons for minimizing,

maximizing/restoring, and closing the PowerPoint window.

2. Vertical ruler Serves as a guide for the placement and measurement of objects on slides

and the setting of indents and tabs.

3. Standard

toolbar

Contains buttons that allow quick access to frequently used commands such as opening, saving, and

4. Formatting

toolbar

Contains buttons that allow quick access to frequently used commands for

changing the appearance of text and graphic objects.

5. Horizontal

ruler

Serves as a guide for the placement and measurement of objects on slides

and setting tabs and indents.

6. Slide pane Displays individual presentation styles.

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7. Vertical scroll

bar

Enables the ability to scroll through slides or text in a presentation.

8. Slide buttons Clicking on displays the next slide and clicking on displays the

previous slide.

9. Notes pane Provides space to type commentary or any information to be shared with the

audience.

10. Status bar Displays information about the active presentation.

11. Drawing

toolbar

Contains buttons that allow quick access to frequently used commands in

PowerPoint.

12. View buttons Provide shortcuts to PowerPoint’s view and to starting a slide show.

13. Outline pane Displays presentation text in an outline format that facilitates organization

of the presentation.

14. Menu bar Displays the names of available command menus.

Creating a new presentation

Option 1: Open PowerPoint and a blank presentation will be displayed with additional

options.

Figure 10.3: Option1

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Option 2: After PowerPoint is open, click File, New, and then choose the type of new

presentation.


Option 3: After PowerPoint is open, click in the Standard toolbar for a new

blank presentation.


SAVING A PRESENTATION

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1. Click on the Standard toolbar or click File, Save.

2. Choose a destination for the file, then click Save.

Figure 10.6: Saving a Presentation

Using Save As

Save As will allow a file to be opened and saved as another name without changing the

original.

1. Open an existing presentation

2. Click File, Save As…

3. Choose a destination for the file, then click Save.

NOTE: Changes made to the new file will not affect the original.

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Figure 10.7: Saving a Presentation using save as

INSERTING NEW SLIDES

Option 1: Click on the Formatting toolbar.

Figure 10.9:Opening a New Slide

Option 2: Click Insert, New Slide.

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Figure 10.10: Inserting New Slide

PRACTICAL 7:MICROSOFT EXCEL

Microsoft Excel is a commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has almost completely replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2010 for Microsoft Windows and 2011 for Mac OS X.

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Basic operation

Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets[, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors from different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager). And it has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics, and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. Finally, it has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer, or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports. In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule,analyze the results, make a Word report or Power Point slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants.

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Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts

VBA programmingThe Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet.

VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011.

A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder.The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompts by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded, but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed.

VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model, a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions ormethods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes). User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient

Use of a user-defined function sq(x) in Microsoft Excel. The named variables x & y are

identified in the Name Manager. The function sq is introduced using the Visual

Basic editor supplied with Excel.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Functions_in_Excel.PNG


Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable x read from the

spreadsheet, and writes it into the named column variable y

Charts

Excel supports charts, graphs or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet, or added as a separate object.

These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change. For example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design.

Graph made using Microsoft Excel

Using other windows applications

Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word, as well as Excel as can communicate with each other and use each others' capabilities. The most common are Dynamic Data Exchange:

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subroutine_in_Excel.PNG


although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as "the protocol from hell". As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters.

OLE Object Linking and Embedding: allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of "embedding" where an application uses another to handle as task that it is more suited to, for example a Powerpoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.

Using external data

Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as (for example) .odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver.

Excel can accept data in real time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters.

DDE : "Dynamic Data Exchange" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as "the protocol from hell".In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets.

Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Given the view above, it is not surprising that in Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility.

Real Time Data : RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors.

Alternatively, Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel.

Statistical functionsThe accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized, as mishandling missing data, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_Connectivity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Query_by_Example

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODBC

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_source

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerpoint

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding


GraphingIn the Microsoft Excel 2007, menus related to graphs and graph formatting have been changed. Some common activities in using graphs are less transparent than previously. For example, to add a curve to a graph, one can right click on the graph and choose "select data" from the drop-down menu, or use the "chart tools/design" tab. However, when there are other drop-down menus open, this menu doesn't appear and the "select data" option is grayed out (unavailable) from the toolbar. That facet of the menu system must be "discovered" by the user.

Excel MOD function errorExcel has issues with modulo operations. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error warning #NUM! instead of an answer.

Date problemsExcel includes January 0, 1900 and February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year. The bug originated from Lotus 1-2-3, and was purposely implemented in Excel for the purpose of backward compatibility. This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format.

Filenames

Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error:

A document with the name '%s' is already open. You cannot open two documents with

the same name, even if the documents are in different folders. To open the second

document, either close the document that is currently open, or rename one of the

documents.

The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell ='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33, and there are two books named "Book1" open, there is no way to tell which one the user means.

Numeric precisionMain article: Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeric_precision_in_Microsoft_Excel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Open_XML

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Open_XML

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation


Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate: the bottom

line should be the same as the top line.

Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable.

In the figure the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1's after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of thirteen 1's and two extra erroneous digits. Thus, the numbers Excel calculates with to obtain the third line are not the numbers that it displays in the first two lines. Moreover, the error in Excel's answer is not just round-off error.

Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification. Excel's implementation involves an amalgam of truncations and conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that sometimes is better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, and sometimes much worse. See the main article for details.

Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.

As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_basic_for_applications

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754-2008

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-off_error

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Excel_fifteen_figure.PNG


PRACTICAL 8:

Miscellaneous Features

Command Prompt:

Command Prompt is the DOS like prompt where you can issue commands by typing as done in DOS.To open a command prompt :

- click Start

- click Programs

- click Accessories

- Command Prompt(see fig below)

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It will bring the Command Prompt window where we can run window and DOS commands by trying their names(see fig below)

PRACTICAL 9:

Exploring the Internet

The Internet is a network that links millions of computers around the world. Not so long ago, few people had heard of the Internet. Today, the Internet has revolutionized how people use computers. Many people depend on it daily to communicate with others and to get the information they need. You don't have to connect your computer to the Internet, but once you do, you'll probably wonder how you lived without it.

What is the web?

The part of the Internet that most people are familiar with is the World Wide Web (usually called the Web, or web). The web is so popular that people often use the terms Internet and web to mean the same thing. But the Internet also includes other services, such as

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e-mail, newsgroups, and file sharing. You can send an e-mail message or participate in a newsgroup without using the web.

The web displays information in a colorful, visually appealing format. Headlines, text, and pictures can be combined on a single webpage (or page)—much like a page in a magazine—along with sounds and animation. A website (or site) is a collection of interconnected web pages. The web contains millions of websites and billions of web pages!

Example of a webpage (Microsoft Game Studios)Web pages are connected to each other with hyperlinks (usually just called links), which can be text or images. When you click a link on a page, you are taken to a different page. Going from page to page using links is sometimes called surfing the web.

What can I do on the Internet?

The web contains a vast amount of information—far more than even the world's largest libraries. For example, you can read news stories and movie reviews, check airline schedules, see street maps, get the weather forecast for your city, or research a health condition. Reference sources, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias, are widely available, as are historical documents and classic literature.

Most companies, government agencies, nonprofit organizations, museums, and libraries have websites with information about their products, services, or collections. Many individuals publish websites with personal journals called blogs (short for web logs) about their hobbies and interests.

Communicate. E-mail is one of the most popular uses of the Internet. You can send an e-mail message to anyone with an e-mail address, and it will arrive almost instantly in the recipient's e-mail inbox—even if he or she lives halfway around the world.

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Instant messaging (IM) allows you to have a real-time conversation with another person or a group of people. When you type and send an instant message, the message is immediately visible to all participants.

Unlike e-mail, all participants have to be online (connected to the Internet) and in front of their computers at the same time.

Newsgroups and web-based forums allow you to participate in text-based discussions with a community of other people who are interested in the same topic. For example, if you are having trouble using a program, you could post a question in a discussion group for users of that program.

Share. You can upload (copy) pictures from your digital camera to a photo-sharing website. Invited friends and family members can then visit the website to view your photo albums.

Shop. The web is the world's biggest shopping mall. You can browse and purchase products—books, music, toys, clothing, electronics, and much more—at the websites of major retailers (usually a credit card is required). You can also buy and sell used items through websites that use auction-style bidding.

Play. You can play games of every type on the web, often against other players—no matter where they are in the world. Many games are free, and you can download others for a fee. You can also listen to Internet radio stations, watch movie clips, and download or purchase music, videos, and even some TV shows.

Connecting to the Internet

To connect your computer to the Internet, you must first sign up with an Internet service provider (ISP). An ISP provides access to the Internet, usually for a monthly fee. You sign up for an account with an ISP just as you do for telephone service or utilities. To find an ISP in your area, try looking in your telephone directory under "Internet Service Providers."Different ISPs offer different connection types and speeds. There are two basic types of connections:

Broadband. A broadband connection is a high-speed Internet connection. With a broadband connection, you are connected to the Internet at all times and can view webpages and download files very rapidly. Two common broadband technologies are Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable technology. These require a DSL or cable modem, which is often provided by your ISP.

Dial-up. A dial-up connection uses a dial-up modem to connect your computer to the Internet through a standard telephone line. Many computers come with a dial-up modem already installed. In contrast to broadband, dial-up is slower and requires you to establish

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a new connection each time you want to use the Internet. However, dial-up is less expensive than broadband, and in some areas might be the only option for Internet access.

Once you have an ISP and a modem, you're ready to connect to the Internet. The Connect to the Internet wizard will guide you through the steps.

Open the Connect to the Internet wizard by clicking the Start button , clickingControl Panel, clicking Network and Internet, clicking Network and Sharing Center, clicking Set up a connection or network, and then clicking Connect to the Internet.

Getting on the web

Once you've established an Internet connection, you can access the web using Internet Explorer, a web browser included with Windows. You can also use any other web browser installed on your computer.

To start Internet Explorer

● Open Internet Explorer by clicking the Start button , and then clicking Internet Explorer.When you start Internet Explorer, it opens whatever webpage is set as the home page. By default, the home page is set to MSN.com, a Microsoft website with links to a variety of information and services. (Your computer manufacturer might have set up a different home page.) However, you can choose any page (or a blank page) as your home page. See .

To get back to your home page at any time, click the Home button in Internet Explorer.Entering a web address

Just as every residence has a unique street address, every webpage has its own web address. That address is called the URL. For example, the URL for the Microsoft main website is http://www.microsoft.com.

If you know the URL for a page, you can type it directly into Internet Explorer:

1. In the Address box, type the URL.

2. Click the Go button or press ENTER to go to the website.

Use the Address box to type URLs

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You don't have to type http://. For example, you can typewww.microsoft.com and Internet Explorer will fill in the rest.

To quickly enter a URL ending in ".com", type the part between "www." and ".com" and then press CTRL+ENTER.

Basic navigation

Using links. Most webpages have dozens or even hundreds of links. To get from one page to another, click any link. However, figuring out which things on a page are links isn't always easy. Links can be text, images, or a combination of both. Text links often appear as colored and underlined, but link styles vary among websites.

To test whether something is a link or not, point to it. If it's a link, two things happen:

The mouse pointer changes to a hand with a pointing finger.

A URL appears in the status bar of your web browser. This shows the website you'll go to if you click the link.

Pointing to a link changes the mouse pointer and displays the webpage's URL in the status bar

Using the Back and Forward buttons. As you go from page to page, Internet Explorer keeps track of your trail. To get back to the previous page, click the Back button. Click theBack button several times to retrace your steps even further. After you've clicked the Back button, you can click the Forward button to go forward in the trail.

Back button (left); Forward button (right)Using the Recent Pages menu. If you want to get back to a page you've visited in your current session, but want to avoid repeatedly clicking the Back or Forward buttons, use the Recent Pages menu. Click the arrow next to the Forward button, and then select a page from the list.

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Searching the web

With billions of web pages out there, finding the information you need would be impossible if you had to browse through each one. Fortunately, there's another way. You can use a search engine to find the pages that are most relevant to words or phrases that you specify.

Major web search engines include Google, Yahoo! Search, MSN Search, AOL Search, and Ask.com. You can search the web directly from any search engine's site. Or, to save the step of navigating to the search site first, you can use the Search box in Internet Explorer, shown here:

Search boxBefore you use the Search box for the first time, choose a default search provider—the search engine Internet Explorer uses each time you search. If you don't choose a search provider, Bing is used. (Your computer manufacturer might have set up a different default search provider.)

In the Search box, type a few words or a phrase about a topic that interests you—for example, "chocolate cake recipe." Be as specific as you can.

1. Press ENTER or click the Search button .A page of search results appears. Click one of the results to go to that website. If you don't see what you're looking for, click Next at the bottom of the page to see more results, or try a new search.

Saving favorite webpages

When you discover a website that you'd like to return to regularly, save it as a favorite in Internet Explorer. That way, when you want to return to the website, you can click it in your Favorites list, without having to remember or type its web address.

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To save a webpage as a favorite in Internet Explorer 8

1. In Internet Explorer 8, go to the webpage you want to save as a favorite.

2. Click the Favorites button, and then click Add to Favorites.

3. In the Name box, type a name for the webpage, and then click Add.

To save a webpage as a favorite in Internet Explorer 7

1. In Internet Explorer 7, go to the webpage you want to save as a favorite.

2. Click the Add to Favorites button , and then click Add to Favorites.3. In the Name box, type a name for the webpage, and then click Add.

To open a favorite in Internet Explorer 8

1. In Internet Explorer 8, click the Favorites button.

2. Click the Favorites tab if it's not already selected.

3. In the Favorites list, click the webpage that you want to open.

To open a favorite in Internet Explorer 7

1. In Internet Explorer 7, click the Favorites Center button .

2. Click the Favorites button if it's not already selected.

3. In the Favorites list, click the webpage that you want to open.

Using the History list in Internet Explorer 8

To see any webpage you've visited in the last 20 days, you can use the History list:

1. In Internet Explorer 8, click the Favorites button.

2. Click the History tab if it's not already selected.

3. In the History list, click a day or week, and then click a website name. The list expands to show individual web pages that you've visited on the website.

4. Click the webpage that you want to open.

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The History list in Internet Explorer 8

Using the History list in Internet Explorer 7

To see any webpage you've visited in the last 20 days, you can use the History list:

1. In Internet Explorer 7, click the Favorites Center button.

2. Click the History button if it's not already selected.

3. In the History list, click a day or week, and then click a website name. The list expands to show individual webpages that you've visited on the website.

4. Click the webpage that you want to open.

Opening multiple webpages

At some point, you'll find yourself wanting to open a second (or third or fourth) webpage without closing the first one. To meet this need, Internet Explorer lets you create a tab for each new page you want to open. You can use the tabs to switch quickly between pages, and you can even view all of your pages at once.

To open a webpage on a new tab, click the New Tab button.

New Tab button

After you click the button, a blank page opens on a new tab.

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A blank page on a new tab

Now you can open any webpage by typing a URL, using the search box, or choosing from your Favorites list or History list. Once you have multiple pages open, click the tabs to switch between pages.

To see all of your open webpages at once, click the Quick Tabs button . You'll see a miniature version of each webpage. Click one to switch to that page.

Use Quick Tabs to see all of your open webpages

To close a tab, click the Close button on the right side of the tab.

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PRACTICAL 10:

C++ Programmings

AIM:-WAP to add two numbers and print the sum

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main() // main function

{

clrscr();

int a,b; //declaring variable a & b

cout<<”Enter the values: \n”;

cout<<”a=”;

cin>>a; // taking input of a

cout<<”b=”;

cin>>b; // taking input of b

int sum=a+b;

cout<<a<<”+”<<b<<”=”<<sum; // printing the sum

getch();

}

OUTPUT:

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AIM:- a) WAP to swap numbers using a third variable


#include<conio.h>


{

clrscr();

nt a,b;

cout <<”Enter the values: \n”;

cout<<”a=”;

cin>>a; //taking input a

cout<<”b=”;

cin>>b; //taking input b

int c=a; //swapping

a=b;

b=c;

cout<<”Values after swapping: \n”;

cout<<”a=”<<a;

cout<<”b=”<<b;

getch();

}

OUTPUT:

40


AIM:- b) WAP to swap numbers without using third variable


#include<conio.h>


{

clrscr();

int a,b;

cout<<"enter the two numbers: \n"; // taking input

cout<<"a=";

cin>>a;

cout<<"b=";

cin>>b;

a=a+b; // swapping

b=a-b;

a=a-b;

cout<<"After swapping: \n"; // printing result

cout<<"a="<<a<<endl;

cout<<"b="<<b<<endl;

getch();

}

OUTPUT:

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AIM:-WAP to print the average of three numbers


#include<conio.h>


{

clrscr();

float a,b,c;

cout<<”enter the values: \n”;

cout<<”a=”;

cin>>a; // taking input a

cout<<”b=”;

cin>>b; // taking input a

cout<<”c=”;

cin>>c;

float avg;

avg=(a+b+c)/3; // calculating average

cout<<”average=”<<avg;

getch();

}

OUTPUT:

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AIM:-WAP to check whether a number is even or odd


#include<conio.h>


{

clrscr();

int a;

cout<<”Enter the number to be checked: \n”;

cin>>a; // taking input a number in a

if(a%2==0)

{

cout<<”Number is EVEN”;

}

else

{

cout<<”Number is ODD”;

}

getch();

}

Output 1:

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AIM:-WAP to perform operations (+,-,*,/)


#include<conio.h>


{

clrscr();

float a,b;

char c;

cout<<”enter the values to be calculated: \n”;

cout<<”a=”;

cin>>a; //taking input first number

cout<<”b=”;

cin>>b; //taking input second number

cout<<”enter the operation (+,-,*,/) \n”;

cin>>c;

float result=0.0;

switch(c)

{

case ’+’: result=a+b;

break;

case ‘-’: result=a-b;

break;

case ‘*’: result=a*b;

break;

case ‘ /’: result=a/b;

break;

default: cout<<”invalid operator”;

}

cout<<”result=”<<result; // printing the result

getch();

}

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OUTPUT 2:

45


AIM:-WAP to print fibonacci series upto n terms :

0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21…


#include<conio.h>


{

clrscr();

int n;

cout<<”Enter the number of terms: \n”;

cin>>n; // taking input number of terms

int f=0,s=1;

cout<<”Fibonacci series is: \n”;

cout<<f<<” ”<<s;

for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)

{

t=f+s;

cout<<” ”<<t;

f=s;

s=t;

}

getch();

}

Output:

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AIM:-WAP to find nature of roots and also values of roots


#include<conio.h>

#include<math.h>


{

clrscr();

int a,b,c;

float r1,r2,ir;

cout<<”enter the coeff. a :”;

cin>>a;

cout<<”enter the coeff. b :”;

cin>>b;

cout<<”enter the coeff. c :”;

cin>>c;

int d=b*b - 4*a*c; // calculating discriminent

if(d>0) // condition for real and distinct roots

{

cout<<”roots are real and distinct: \n”;

r1= (-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);

r2= (-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);

cout<<”root 1=”<<r1;

cout<<endl;

cout<<”root 2=”<<r2;

}

else if(d<0) // condition for imaginary roots

{

cout<<”roots are imaginary: \n”;

ir=sqrt(-d)/(2*a);

r1=-b/(2*a);

cout<<”root 1=”<<r1<<”+ i”<<ir;

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cout<<”root 1=”<<r1<<”- i”<<ir;

}

else // condition for equal roots

{

cout<<”roots are real and equal: \n”;

r=-b/(2*a);

cout<<”root =”<<r;

}

getch();

}

OUTPUT 1:

OUTPUT 2:

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AIM:-WAP to print the pattern :

1

22

333

4444

55555


#include<conio.h>


{

clrscr();

for(int i=1;i<=5;i++) // loop for number of lines

{

for(int j=1;j<=i;j++) // loop for printing numbers

{

cout<<i;

}

cout<<endl;

}

getch();

}

Output:

49

shubham

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