Shore Protection - Efh-ch16

Chapter 16 Streambank andShoreline Protection

United StatesDepartment ofAgriculture

NaturalResourcesConservationService

EngineeringFieldHandbook

(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)16–ii

Chapter 16 Part 650Engineering Field Handbook

Streambank and Shoreline Protection

Issued December 1996

Cover: Little Yellow Creek, Cumberland Gap National Park, Kentucky(photograph by Robbin B. Sotir & Associates)

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimina-tion in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion,age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all pro-hibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who requirealternative means for communication of program information (braille, largeprint, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office of Communicationsat (202) 720-2791.

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(210-vi-EFH, December 1996) 16–i

PrefaceChapter 16

Chapter 16, Streambank and Shoreline Protection, is one of 18 chapters ofthe U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Ser-vice, Engineering Field Handbook, previously referred to as the Engineer-ing Field Manual. Other chapters that are pertinent to, and should be refer-enced in use with, Chapter 16 are:

Chapter 1: Engineering SurveysChapter 2: Estimating RunoffChapter 3: HydraulicsChapter 4: Elementary Soils EngineeringChapter 5: Preparation of Engineering PlansChapter 6: StructuresChapter 7: Grassed Waterways and OutletsChapter 8: TerracesChapter 9: DiversionsChapter 10: Gully TreatmentChapter 11: Ponds and ReservoirsChapter 12: Springs and WellsChapter 13: Wetland Restoration, Enhancement, or CreationChapter 14: DrainageChapter 15: IrrigationChapter 17: Construction and Construction MaterialsChapter 18: Soil Bioengineering for Upland Slope Protection and Erosion

Reduction

This is the second edition of chapter 16. Some techniques presented in thistext are rapidly evolving and improving; therefore, additions to and modifi-cations of chapter 16 will be made as necessary.

(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)16–ii

Chapter 18 Acknowledgments

This chapter was prepared under the guidance of Ronald W. Tuttle, na-tional landscape architect, United States Department of Agriculture, Natu-ral Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), and Richard D. Wenberg,

national drainage engineer (retired).

Robbin B. Sotir & Associates, Marietta, Georgia, was a major contributorto the inclusion of soil bioengineering and revision of the chapter. In addi-tion to authoring sections of the revised manuscript, they supplied originaldrawings, which were adapted for NRCS use, and photographs.

Walter K. Twitty, drainage engineer (retired), NRCS, Fort Worth, Texas, andRobert T. Escheman, landscape architect, NRCS, Somerset, New Jersey,served a coordination role in the review and revision of the chapter. Carolyn

A. Adams, director, Watershed Science Institute, NRCS, Seattle, Washington;Leland M. Saele, design engineer; Gary E. Formanek, agricultural engi-neer; and Frank F. Reckendorf, sedimentation geologist (retired), NRCS,Portland, Oregon, edited the manuscript to extend its applicability to mostgeographic regions. In addition these authors revised the manuscript toreflect new research on stream classification and design considerations forriprap, dormant post plantings, rootwad/boulder revetments, and streambarbs. H. Wayne Everett, plant materials specialist (retired), NRCS, FortWorth, Texas, supplied the plant species information in the appendix. Mary

R. Mattinson, editor, John D. Massey, visual information specialist, andWendy R. Pierce, illustrator, NRCS, Fort Worth, Texas, provided editingassistance and desktop publishing in preparation for printing.

(210-vi-EFH, December 1996) 16–iii

Contents:

Chapter 16 Streambank and ShorelineProtection

650.1600 Introduction 16–1

(a) Purpose and scope ................................................................................... 16–1

(b) Categories of protection ......................................................................... 16–1

(c) Selecting streambank and shoreline protection measures ................ 16–1

650.1601 Streambank protection 16–3

(a) General ...................................................................................................... 16–3

(b) Planning and selecting stream-bank protection measures ................. 16–3

(c) Design considerations for streambank protection .............................. 16–6

(d) Protective measures for streambanks ................................................ 16–10

650.1602 Shoreline protection 16–63

(a) General .................................................................................................... 16–63

(b) Design considerations for shoreline protection ................................16–63

(c) Protective measures for shorelines ..................................................... 16–64

650.1603 References 16–81

Appendix A Size Determination for Rock Riprap 16A–1

Appendix B Plants for Soil Bioengineering and Associated Systems 16B–1

Tables Table 16–1 Live fascine spacing 16–16

Table 16–2 Methods for rock riprap protection 16–49

Figures Figure 16–1 Appropriate selection and application of streambank 16–2

or shoreline protection measures should vary in

response to specific objectives and site conditions

Figure 16–2 Vegetative system along streambank 16–9

Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16 Part 651National Engineering Handbook

iv (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–3a Eroding bank, Winooski River, Vermont, June 1938 16–12

Figure 16–3b Bank shaping prior to installing soil bioengineering 16–12

practices, Winooski River, Vermont, September 1938

Figure 16–3c Three years after installation of soil bioengineering 16–12

practices, 1941

Figure 16–3d Soil bioengineering system, Winooski River, Vermont, 16–12

June 1993 (55 years after installation)

Figure 16–4 Live stake details 16–13

Figure 16–5 Prepared live stake 16–15

Figure 16–6 Growing live stake 16–15

Figure 16–7 Live fascine details 16–17

Figure 16–8 Preparation of a dead stout stake 16–18

Figure 16–9a Placing live fascines 16–18

Figure 16–9b Installing live stakes in live fascine system 16–18

Figure 16–9c An established 2-year-old live fascine system 16–18

Figure 16–10 Branchpacking details 16–20

Figure 16–11a Live branches installed in criss-cross configuration 16–21

Figure 16–11b Each layer of branches is followed by a layer 16–21

of compacted soil

Figure 16–11c A growing branchpacking system 16–21

Figure 16–12 Vegetated geogrid details 16–23

Figure 16–13a A vegetated geogrid during installation 16–24

Figure 16–13b A vegetated geogrid immediately after installation 16–24

Figure 16–13c Vegetated geogrid 2 years after installation 16–24

Figure 16–14 Live cribwall details 16–26

Figure 16–15a Pre-construction streambank conditions 16–27

Figure 16–15b A live cribwall during installation 16–27


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Figure 16–15c An established live cribwall system 16–27

Figure 16–16 Joint planting details 16–28

Figure 16–17a Live stake tamped into rock joints 16–29

Figure 16–17b An installed joint planting system 16–29

Figure 16–17c An established joint planting system 16–29

Figure 16–18 Brushmattress details 16–31

Figure 16–19a Brushmattress during installation 16–32

Figure 16–19b An installed brushmattress system 16–32

Figure 16–19c Brushmattress system 6 months after installation 16–32

Figure 16–19d Brushmattress system 2 years after installation 16–32

Figure 16–20 Tree revetment details 16–34

Figure 16–21a Tree revetment system with dormant posts 16–35

Figure 16–21b Tree revetment system with dormant posts, 16–35

2 years after installation

Figure 16–22 Log, rootwad, and boulder revetment details 16–36

Figure 16–23 Rootwad, boulder, and willow transplant 16–37

revetment system, Weminuche River, CO

Figure 16-24 Dormant post details 16–38

Figure 16–25a Pre-construction streambank conditions 16–39

Figure 16–25b Installing dormant posts 16–39

Figure 16–25c Established dormant post system 16–39

Figure 16–26 Piling revetment details 16–41

Figure 16–27 Slotted board fence details (double fence option) 16–42

Figure 16–28 Slotted board fence system 16–43

Figure 16–29 Concrete jack details 16–44

Figure 16–30 Wooden jack field 16–45


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Figure 16–31 Concrete jack system several years after installation 16–46

Figure 16–32 Rock riprap details 16–47

Figure 16–33 Rock riprap revetment system 16–48

Figure 16–34 Concrete cellular block details 16–50

Figure 16–35a Concrete cellular block system before backfilling 16–51

Figure 16–35b Concrete cellular block system several years 16–51

after installation

Figure 16–36 Coconut fiber roll details 16–52

Figure 16–37a Coconut fiber roll 16–53

Figure 16–37b Coconut fiber roll system 16–53

Figure 16–38 Stream jetty details 16–55

Figure 16–39a Stream jetty placed to protect railroad bridge 16–56

Figure 16–39b Long-established vegetated stream jetty, with 16–56

deposition in foreground

Figure 16–40 Stream barb details 16–58

Figure 16–41 Stream barb system 16–59

Figure 16–42 Vegetated rock gabion details 16–61

Figure 16–43 Vegetated rock gabion system 16–62

Figure 16–44 Timber groin details 16–65

Figure 16–45 Timber groin system 16–66

Figure 16–46 Timber bulkhead system 16–67

Figure 16–47 Timber bulkhead details 16–68

Figure 16–48 Concrete bulkhead details 16–69

Figure 16–49 Concrete bulkhead system 16–70

Figure 16–50 Concrete revetment (poured in place) 16–71

Figure 16–51 Rock riprap revetment 16–71


vii(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–52 Live siltation construction details 16–74

Figure 16–53 Live siltation construction system 16–75

Figure 16–54 Reed clump details 16–77

Figure 16–55a Installing dead stout stakes in reed clump system 16–78

Figure 16–55b Completing installation of reed clump system 16–78

Figure 16–55c Established reed clump system 16–78

Figure 16–56 Coconut fiber roll details 16–79

Figure 16–57 Coconut fiber roll system 16–80

16–1(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Chapter 16 Streambank and Shoreline Protection

650.1600 Introduction

(a) Purpose and scope

Streambank and shoreline protection consists ofrestoring and protecting banks of streams, lakes,estuaries, and excavated channels against scour anderosion by using vegetative plantings, soil bioengineer-ing, and structural systems. These systems can be usedalone or in combination. The information in chapter 16does not apply to erosion problems on ocean fronts,large river and lake systems, or other areas of similarscale and complexity.

(b) Categories of protection

The two basic categories of protection measures arethose that work by reducing the force of water againsta streambank or shoreline and those that increasetheir resistance to erosive forces. These measures canbe combined into a system.

Stormwater reduction or retention methods, gradereduction, and designs that reduce flow velocity fallinto the first category of protection. Examples includepermeable fence design, tree or brush revetments,jacks, groins, stream jetties, barbs, drop structures,increasing channel sinuosity, and log, rootwad, andboulder combinations. The second category includeschannels lined with grass, concrete, riprap, gabions,cellular concrete, and other revetment designs. Thesemeasures can be used alone or in combination. Mostdesigns that employ brushy vegetation, e.g., soilbioengineering, either alone or in combination withstructures, protect from erosion in both ways.

Revetment designs do not reduce the energy of theflow significantly, so using revetments for spot protec-tion may move erosion problems downstream oracross the stream channel.

(c) Selecting streambank andshoreline protection measures

This document recognizes the need for interventioninto stream corridors to affect rehabilitation; however,it is also acknowledged that this should be done on aselective basis. When selecting a site or stream reachfor treatment, it is most effective to select areas withinrelatively healthy systems. Projects planned andinstalled in this context are more likely to be success-ful, and it is often critically important to prevent thedecline of these healthier systems while an opportu-nity remains to preserve their biological diversity.Rehabilitation of highly degraded systems is alsoimportant, but these systems often require substantialinvestment of resources and may be so modified thatpartial success is often a realistic goal.

After deciding rehabilitation is needed, a variety ofremedies are available to minimize the susceptibilityof streambanks or shorelines to disturbance-causederosive processes. They range from vegetation-oriented remedies, such as soil bioengineering, toengineered grade stabilization structures (fig. 16–1). Inthe recent past, many organizations involved in waterresource management have given preference to engi-neered structures. Structures may still be viable op-tions; however, in a growing effort to restore sustain-ability and ensure diversity, preference should begiven to those methods that restore the ecologicalfunctions and values of stream or shoreline systems.

As a first priority consider those measures that• are self sustaining or reduce requirements for

future human support;• use native, living materials for restoration;• restore the physical, biological, and chemical

functions and values of streams or shorelines;• improve water quality through reduction of

temperature and chronic sedimentationproblems;

• provide opportunities to connect fragmentedriparian areas; and

• retain or enhance the stream corridor or shore-line system.

Part 650Engineering Field Handbook

Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16

16–2 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

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650.1601 Streambankprotection

(a) General

The principal causes of streambank erosion may beclassed as geologic, climatic, vegetative, and hydraulic.These causes may act independently, but normallywork in an interrelated manner. Direct human activi-ties, such as channel confinement or realignment anddamage to or removal of vegetation, are major factorsin streambank erosion.

Streambank erosion is a natural process that occurswhen the forces exerted by flowing water exceed theresisting forces of bank materials and vegetation.Erosion occurs in many natural streams that havevegetated banks. However, land use changes or natu-ral disturbances can cause the frequency and magni-tude of water forces to increase. Loss of streamsidevegetation can reduce resisting forces, thus stream-banks become more susceptible to erosion. Channelrealignment often increases stream power and maycause streambeds and banks to erode. In many casesstreambed stabilization is a necessary prerequisite tothe placement of streambank protection measures.

(b) Planning and selecting stream-bank protection measures

The list that follows, although not exhaustive, includesdata commonly needed for planning purposes.

(1) Watershed data

When analyzing the source of erosion problems, con-sider the stream as a system that is affected by water-shed conditions and what happens in other streamreaches. An analysis of stream and watershed condi-tions should include historical information on land usechanges, hydrologic conditions, and natural distur-bances that might influence stream behavior. It shouldanticipate the changes most likely to occur or that areplanned for the near future:

• Climatic regime.• Land use/land cover.• History of land use, prior stream modifications,

past stability problems, and previous treatments.

• Projected development over anticipated projectlife.

(2) Causes and extent of erosion problems

• If bank failure problems are the result of wide-spread bed degradation or headcutting, deter-mine what triggered the problem.

• If bank erosion problems are localized, deter-mine the cause of erosion at each site.

(3) Hydrologic/hydraulic data

• Flood frequency data (if not available, estimateusing regional equations or other procedures).

• Estimates of stream-forming flow at 1- to 2-yearrecurrence interval and flow velocities.

• Estimates of width and depth at stream-formingflow conditions.

• Channel slope, width, depth, meander wavelength,and shape (width/depth, wetted perimeter).

• Sediment load (suspended and bedload).• Water quality.

(4) Stream reach characteristics

• Soil and streambank materials at site.• Potential streambank failures.• Vegetative condition of banks.• Channel alignment.• Present stream width, depth, meander amplitude,

belt width, wavelength, and sinuosity to deter-mine stream classification.

• Identification of specific problems arising fromflow deflection caused by sediment buildup,boulders, debris jams, bank irregularities, orconstrictions.

• Bed material d50 based on a pebble count.• Quality, amount, and types of terrestrial and

aquatic habitat.• Suspended load and bedload as needed, to

determine if incoming sediment load can betransported through the restored reach.

• When selecting protective measures, analyze theneeds of the entire watershed, the effects thatstream protection may have on other reaches,surrounding wetlands, the riparian corridor,terrestrial habitat, aquatic habitat, water quality,and aesthetics. Reducing runoff and soil lossfrom the upland portions of the watershed usingsound land treatment and management measuresnormally makes the streambank protectionsolution less expensive and more durable.




(5) Stream classification

Stream classification has evolved significantly over thepast 100 years. William Davis (1899) first dividedstreams into three stages as youthful, mature and oldage. Streams were later classified by their pattern asstraight, meandering, or braided (Leopold & Wolman,1957) or by stability and mode of sediment transport(Schumm, 1963 and 1977). Although all these systemsserved their intended purposes, they were not particu-larly helpful in establishing useful criteria for stream-bank protection and design. Rosgen (1985) developed astream classification system that categorizes essentiallyall types of stream channels on the basis of measuredmorphological features. This system has been updatedseveral times (Rosgen, 1992) and has broad applicabilityfor communication among users and to predict astream's behavior based on its appearance.

Predicting a stream's behavior based on appearance isalso a feature of the Schumm, Harvey, and Watson(1984) channel evolution model developed forOaklimeter Creek in Mississippi. This model discusseschannel conditions extending from total disequilib-rium to a new state of dynamic equilibrium. Such amodel is useful in stream restoration work becausestreams can be observed in the field and their domi-nant process determined in the reach under consider-ation (i.e., active headcutting and transport of sedi-ment, through aggradation and stabilization of alter-nate bars, and approaching a stage of dynamic equilib-rium).

Rosgen's (1992) stream classification system goesbeyond the channel evolution model as it is based ondetermining hydraulic geometry of stable streamreaches. This geometry is then extrapolated to un-stable stream reaches to derive a template for poten-tial channel design and reconstruction.

The present version of Rosgen's stream classificationhas several types (A, B, C, D, DA, E, F, and G), basedon a hierarchical system. The first level of classifica-tion distinguishes between single or multiple threadchannels. The streams are then separated based ondegrees of entrenchment, width-to-depth ratio, andstream sinuosity. They are further subdivided by sloperange and channel materials. Several stream subtypesare based on other criteria, such as average riparianvegetation, organic debris and channel blockages, flowregimes, stream size, depositional features, and mean-der pattern.

(6) Soils

A particular soil's resistance to erosion depends on itscohesiveness and particle size. Sandy soils have lowcohesion, and their particles are small enough to beentrained by velocity flows of 2 or 3 feet per second.Lenses or layers of erodible material are frequentsources of erosion. Fines are selectively removed fromsoils that are heterogeneous mixtures of sand andgravel, leaving behind a layer of gravel that may pro-tect or armor the streambed against further erosion.However, the hydraulic removal of fines and sandfrom a gravel matrix may cause it to collapse, resultingin sloughing of the streambank and its overlyingmaterial.

The resistance of cohesive soils depends on the physi-cal and chemical properties of the soil as well as thechemical properties of the eroding fluid. Cohesivesoils often contain montmorillonite, bentonite, orother expansive clays. Because unvegetated banksmade up of expansive clays are subject to shrinkageduring dry weather, tension cracks may develop paral-lel to and several feet below the top of the bank. Thesecracks may lead to slab failures on oversteepenedbanks, especially in places where bank support hasbeen reduced by toe erosion. Tension cracks can alsocontribute to piping and related failures.

(7) Hydrologic, climatic, and vegetative

conditions

Stream erosion is largely a function of the magnitudeand frequency of flow events. Flow duration is ofsecondary importance except for flows that exceedstream-forming flow stage for extended periods. Astreambank's position (outside curve or inside) can alsobe a major factor in determining its erosion potential.

Watershed changes that increase magnitude andfrequency of flooding, such as urbanization, deforesta-tion, and increased surface runoff, contribute tostreambank erosion. Associated changes, such as lossof streamside vegetation from human or animal tram-pling, often compound the streambank erosion effect.

In cold climates where streams normally freeze orpartly freeze during winter, erosion caused by ice is anadditional problem. Streambanks are affected by icescour in several ways:

• Streambanks and associated vegetation can beforcibly damaged during freezing or thawingaction.




• Floating ice can cause gouging of streambanks.• Acceleration of flow around and under ice rafts

can cause damage to streambanks.

Erosion from ice may be minimized or reduced byvegetation for the following reasons:

• Streambank vegetation reduces damaging cyclesof freeze-thaw by maintaining the temperature ofbank materials, thus preventing ice from formingand encouraging faster thawing.

• Vegetation tends to be flexible and absorbs muchof the momentum of drifting ice.

• Vegetation helps protect the bank from icedamage.

• Woody vegetation has deeply embedded rootsthat reinforce soils.

• Deeply rooted, woody vegetation helps to controlerosion by adding strength to streambank materi-als, increasing flow resistance, reducing flowvelocities in the vicinity of the bank, and retard-ing tension crack development.

(8) Hydraulic data

Stream power is a function of velocity, flow depth, andslope. Channelization projects that straighten orenlarge channels often increase one or more of thesefactors enough to cause widespread erosion andassociated problems, especially if soils are easilyerodible.

Headcuts often develop in the modified reach or at thetransition from the modified reach to the unalteredreach. They move upstream, causing bed erosion andbank failure on the main stream and its tributaries.Returning the stream to its former meander geometryis generally the most reliable way to stop headcuts orprevent their development. Installing grade controlstructures that completely cross a stream and act as avery low head dam may initiate other channel instabili-ties by:

• inducing bank erosion around the ends of thestructure;

• raising flood levels and causing out-of-bankflows to erode new channels;

• trapping sediment, thus decreasing channelcapacity, inducing bank erosion and flood plainscour; and

• increasing width-to-depth ratio with subsequentlateral migration, increased bank erosion, andincreased bar deposition or formation.

Grade control structures should be designed to main-tain low channel width-to-depth ratios, maintain thesediment transport capacity of the channel, and pro-vide for passing a wide range of flow velocities with-out creating backwater and causing sediment deposi-tion. Vortex rock weirs, "W" rock weirs, and otherrock/boulder structures that protect the channelwithout creating backwater should be consideredinstead of small rock and log dams.

Local obstructions to flow, channel constrictions, andbank irregularities cause local increases in the energyslope and create secondary currents that produceaccelerations in velocity sufficient to cause localizedstreambank erosion problems. These localized prob-lems often are treated best by eliminating the sourceof the problem and providing remedial bank protec-tion. However, secondary cross currents are also anatural feature around the outside curves of meanders,and structural features may be required to modifythese cross currents.

Streamflows that transport sustained heavy loads ofsediment are less erosive than clear flows. This caneasily be seen where dams are constructed on largesediment-laden streams. Once a dam is operational,the sediment drops out into the reservoir pool, so thewater leaving the structure is clear. Several feet ofdegradation commonly occurs in the reach below thedam before an armor layer develops or hydraulicparameters are sufficiently altered to a stable grade. Inwatersheds that have high sediment yields, conserva-tion treatments that significantly reduce sedimentloads can trigger stream erosion problems unlessrunoff is also reduced.

(9) Habitat characteristics

The least-understood aspect of designing and analyz-ing streambank protection measures is often theimpact of the protective measures on instream andriparian habitats. Commonly, each stage of the lifecycle of aquatic species requires different habitats,each having specific characteristics. These diversehabitats are needed to meet the unique demandsimposed by spawning and incubation, summer rearing,and overwintering. The productivity of most aquaticsystems is directly related to the diversity and com-plexity of available habitats.




Fish habitat structures are commonly an integral partof stream protection measures, but applicability ofhabitat structures varies by classified stream type.Work by Rosgen and Fittante (1992) resulted in aguide for evaluating suitability of various proposedfish habitat structures for a wide range of morphologi-cal stream types. They divide structures into those forrearing habitat enhancement and those for spawninghabitat enhancement. The structures for rearing habi-tat enhancement include low stage check dam, me-dium stage check dam, boulder placement, bank-placed materials, single wing deflector, channel con-strictor, bank cover, floating log cover, submergedshelter, half log cover, and migration barrier. U-shapedgravel traps, log sill gravel traps, and gravel placementare for spawning habitat enhancement.

Since a multitude of interrelated factors influence theproductivity of streams, the response of fish andwildlife populations to changes in habitat is oftendifficult to predict with confidence.

(10)Environmental data

Environmental goals should be set early in the plan-ning process to ensure that full consideration is givento ecological stability and productivity during theselection and design of streambank protection mea-sures. Special care should be given to consideration ofterrestrial and aquatic habitat benefits of alternativetypes of protection and to maintenance needs on a sitespecific basis.

In general, the least disturbance to the existing streamsystem during construction and maintenance producesthe greatest environmental benefits. Damages to theenvironment can be limited by:

• Using small equipment and hand labor.• Limiting access.• Locating staging areas outside work area

boundaries.• Avoiding or altering construction procedures

during critical times, such as fish spawning orbird nesting periods.

• Coordinating construction on a stream thatinvolves more than one job or ownership.

• Adopting maintenance plans that maximizeriparian vegetation and allow wide, woodyvegetative buffers.

• Scheduling construction activities to avoidexpected peak flood season(s).

(11)Social and economic factors

Initial installation cost and long-term maintenance arefactors to be considered when planning streambankand shoreline protection. Other factors include thesuitability of construction material for the use in-tended, the cost of labor and machinery, access forequipment and crews at the site, and adaptationsneeded to adjust designs to special conditions and thelocal environment.

Some protection measures seem to have apparentadvantages, such as low cost or ease of construction,but a more expensive alternative might best meetplanned objectives when maintenance, durability ofmaterial, and replacement costs are considered. Effectupon resources and environmental values, such asaesthetics, wildlife habitat, and aquatic requirements,are also integral factors.

The need for access to the stream or shoreline and theeffects of protection measures upon adjacent propertyand land uses should be analyzed.

Minor protective measures can be installed withoutusing contract labor or heavy equipment. However,many of the protective measures presented in thischapter require evaluation, design, and implementa-tion to be done by a knowledgeable interdisciplinaryteam because precise construction techniques andcostly construction materials may be required.

(c) Design considerations forstreambank protection

(1) Channel grade

The channel grade may need to be controlled beforeany permanent type of bank protection can be consid-ered feasible unless the protection can be safely andeconomically constructed to a depth well below theanticipated lowest depth of bed scour. Control can beby natural or artificial means. Reconstructing streamchannels to their historical stream type (i.e., streamgeometry) has been successfully used to achieve gradecontrol. Artificial measures typically include rock,gabions and reinforced concrete grade control struc-tures.




(4) Freeboard

Freeboard should be provided to prevent overtoppingof the revetment at curves and other points where highvelocity flow contacts the revetment. In these areas apotential supercritical velocity can set up waves, andthe climb on sloping revetments may be appreciable.Because an accurate method to determine freeboardrequirements is not available for sloping revetments incritical zones, the allowance for freeboard should bebased on sound judgment and experience. Undersimilar conditions, the freeboard required for a slopingrevetment is always greater than that for a verticalrevetment.

(5) Alignment

Changes in channel alignment affect the flow charac-teristics through, above, and below the changed reach.Straightening without extensive channel hardeningdoes not eliminate a stream's tendency to meander. Anerosion hazard may often develop at both ends of thechannel because of velocity increases, bar formations,and current direction changes. Changes in channelalignment are not recommended unless the change isto reconstruct the channel to its former meandergeometry.

Alignment of the reach must also be carefully consid-ered in designing protective measures. Because ofmajor changes in hydraulic characteristics, stream-banks for channels having straight alignment generallyrequire a continuous scour-resistant lining or revet-ment. To prevent scour by streamflow as the streamattempts to recreate its natural meander pattern, mostbanks must be sloped to a stable grade before thelining is applied. For nonrigid lining, the slope must beflat enough to prevent the lining material from sliding.

Curved revetments are subjected to increased forcesbecause of the secondary currents acting against them.More substantial and permanent types of constructionmay be needed on curved channel sections becausestreambank failures at these vulnerable points couldresult in much greater damage than that along unob-structed straight reaches of channel.

(2) Discharge frequency

Maximum floods are rarely used for design of stream-bank protection measures. The design flood frequencyshould be compatible with the value or safety of theproperty or improvements being protected, the repaircost of the streambank protection, and the sensitivityand value of ecological systems within the planningunit. Bankfull discharge (stream-forming flow) ofnatural streams tends to have a recurrence interval of1 to 2 years based on the annual flood series (Leopoldand Rosgen, 1991). The discharge at this frequency iscommonly used as a design discharge for streamrestoration (Rosgen, 1992). For modified streams, the 1-to 2-year frequency discharge is also useful for designdischarge because it is the flow that has the most impactupon the stability of the stream channel.

(3) Discharge velocities

Where the flow entering the section to be protectedcarries only clay, silt, and fine sand in suspension, themaximum velocity should be limited to that which isnonscouring on the least resistant material occurringin any appreciable quantity in the streambed and bank.The minimum velocity should be that required totransport the suspended material. The depth-area-velocity relationship of the upstream channel shouldbe maintained through the protected reach. Where theflow entering the section is transporting bedload, theminimum velocity should be that which will transportthe entering bedload material through the section.

The minimum design velocity should also be compat-ible with the needs of the various fish species presentor those targeted for recovery. Velocity changes canreduce available habitat or create physical barriersthat restrict fish passage. Further information on fishhabitat is available in publications cited in the refer-ence section.

Streambank protection measures on large, wide chan-nels most likely will not significantly change stream-flow velocity. On smaller streams, however, the pro-tective measures can influence the velocity throughoutthe reach.

In calculating these velocities, the Manning’s n valuesselected should represent the stream condition afterthe channel has matured, which normally requiresseveral years. Erosion or sedimentation may occur ifthis is not anticipated.




(6) Stream type and hydraulic geometry

Stream rehabilitation should be considered in thecontext of the historically stable stream type and itsgeometry. If stream modification has caused short-ened meander wavelength, amplitude, and radius ofcurvature, the stream being treated might be beststabilized by restoring the historical geometry. Thewidth-to-depth ratio of the stream being treated maybe too high to transport the sediment load, and a lowerratio may be needed in the design channel.

(7) Sediment load and bed material

To determine the potential for stream aggradation, thesediment load (bedload and suspended) for storm andsnowmelt runoff periods must frequently be deter-mined before reconstruction. The size distribution ofthe streambed and bar material also should be deter-mined. These measurements are important above andbelow the reconstruction reach under consideration aswell as in the main tributary streams above the reach.This information is used with appropriate shear stressequations to determine the size of material that wouldbe entrained at bankfull discharge (stream-formingflow) for both the tributary streams and in the re-stored reach. The sediment transport rate must besufficient to prevent aggradation of the newly restoredchannel. As shown by studies in Colorado (Andrews,1983) on gravelbed rivers, it is anticipated that par-ticles as large as the median diameter of the bedsurface will be entrained by discharge equal to thebankfull stage (stream-forming flow) or less.

(8) Protection against failure

Measures should be designed to provide against loss ofsupport at the revetment’s boundaries. This includesupstream and downstream ends, its base or toe, andthe crest or top.

(9) Undermining

Undermining or scouring of the foundation material byhigh velocity currents is a major cause of bank protec-tion failure. In addition to protecting the lowest ex-pected stable grade, additional depth must be providedto reach a footing that most likely will not be scouredout during floods or lose its stability through satura-tion. Deep scour can be expected where constructionis on an erodible streambed and high velocity currentsflow adjacent to it.

Methods used to provide protection against undermin-ing at the toe are:

• Extending the toe trench down to a depth belowthe anticipated scour and backfilling with heavyrock.

• Anchoring a heavy, flexible mattress to thebottom of the revetment, which at the time ofinstallation will extend some distance out intothe channel. This mattress will settle progres-sively as scour takes place, protecting the revet-ment foundation.

• Installing a massive toe of heavy rock whereexcavation for a deep toe is not practical. Thisallows the rock forming the toe to settle in placeif scour occurs. However, because of the forcesof flow, the settlement direction of the rock isnot always straight down.

• Driving sheet piling to form a continuous protec-tion for the revetment foundation. Such pilingshould be securely anchored against lateralpressures. To provide for a remaining embed-ment after scour, piling should be driven to adepth equal to about twice the exposed height.

• Installing toe deflector groins to deflect highvelocity currents away from the toe of therevetment.

• Installing submerged vanes to control secondarycurrents.

Since most of these measures have direct impacts onaquatic habitat and other stream functions and values,their use should be considered carefully when plan-ning a streambank protection project.

(10)Ends of revetment

The location of the upstream and downstream ends ofrevetments must be selected carefully to avoid flank-ing by erosion. Wherever possible, the revetmentshould tie into stable anchorage points, such as bridgeabutments, rock outcrops, or well-vegetated stablesections. If this is not practical, the upstream anddownstream ends of the revetment must be positionedwell into a slack water area along the bank wherebank erosion is not a problem.




Sediment bars, snags, trees, and other debris driftsthat create secondary currents or deflect flow towardthe banks may require selective removal or relocationin the stream channel. The entire plant structure doesnot always need to be dislodged when considering theremoval of trees and snags; rooted stumps should beleft in place to prevent erosion. Isolated or single logsthat are embedded, lodged, or rooted in the channeland not causing flow problems should not be dis-turbed. Fallen trees may be used to construct bankprotection systems. Trees and other large vegetationare important to aquatic, aesthetic and riparian habitatsystems, and removal should be done judiciously andwith great care.

(12)Vegetative systems

Vegetative systems provide many benefits to fish andwildlife populations as well as increasing the stream-bank's resistance to erosive forces. Vegetation nearthe channel provides shade to help maintain suitablewater temperature for fish, provides habitat for wild-life and protection from predators, and contributes toaesthetic quality. Leaves, twigs, and insects drop intothe stream, providing nutrients for aquatic life(fig. 16–2).

(11)Debris removal

Streambank protection may require the selectiveremoval or repositioning of debris, such as fallen trees,sediment bars, or other obstructions. Because logs andother woody debris are the major habitat-formingcomponents in many stream systems, a plan for debrisremoval should be developed in consultation withqualified fish and wildlife specialists. Small accumula-tions of debris and sediment generally do not causeproblems and should be left undisturbed.

When planning streambank stabilization work, selectaccess routes for equipment that minimize disturbanceto the flood plain and riparian areas. All debris re-moval, grading, and material delivery and placementshould be accomplished in a manner that uses thesmallest equipment feasible and minimizes distur-bance of riparian vegetation. Excavated materialshould be disposed of in such a way that it does notinterfere with overbank flooding, flood plain drainage,or associated wetland hydrology. In high velocitystreams it may be necessary to remove floating debrisselectively from flood-prone areas or anchor it so thatit will not float back into the channel.

Figure 16–2 Vegetative system along streambank



16–10 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Although woody brush is preferable for habitat rea-sons, suitable herbaceous ground cover can providedesirable bank protection in areas of marginal erosion.Perennial grasses and forbes, preferably those nativeto the area, should be used rather than annual grasses.Woody vegetation may also be used to control undesir-able access to the stream.

Associated emergent aquatic plants serve multiplefunctions, including the protection of woody stream-bank or shoreline vegetation from wave or currentwave action, which tend to undercut them.

Vegetation protects streambanks in several ways:• Root systems help hold the soil particles together

increasing bank stability.• Vegetation may increase the hydraulic resistance

to flow and reduce local velocities in smallchannels.

• Vegetation acts as a buffer against the hydraulicforces and abrasive effect of transported materials.

• Dense vegetation on streambanks can inducesediment deposition.

• Vegetation can redirect flow away from the bank.

(d) Protective measures forstreambanks

Protective measures for streambanks can be groupedinto three categories: vegetative plantings, soil bioengi-neering systems, and structural measures. They areoften used in combination.

(1) Vegetative plantings

Conventional plantings of vegetation may be usedalone for bank protection on small streams and onlocations having only marginal erosion, or it may beused in combination with structural measures in othersituations. Considerations in using vegetation alonefor protection include:

• Conventional plantings require establishmenttime, and bank protection is not immediate.

• Maintenance may be needed to replace deadplants, control disease, or otherwise ensure thatmaterials become established and self-sustaining.

• Establishing plants to prevent undercutting andbank sloughing in a section of bank belowbaseflow is often difficult.

• Establishing plants in coarse gravely materialmay be difficult.

• Protection and maintenance requirements areoften high during plant establishment.

Woody vegetation, which is seeded or planted asrooted stock, is used most successfully above base-flow on properly sloped banks and on the flood plainadjacent to the banks. Vegetation should always beused behind revetments and jetties in the area wheresediment deposition occurs, on the banks above base-flow, and on slopes protected by cellular blocks orsimilar type materials.

Many species of plants are suitable for streambankprotection (see appendix 16B). Use locally collectednative species as a first priority. Exotic or introducedspecies should be used only if there is no alternative.They should never be invasive species. Locally avail-able erosion-resistant species that are suited to thesoil, moisture, and climatic conditions of a particularsite are desirable. Aesthetics may also play an impor-tant role in selecting plants for certain areas.

In many instances streambank erosion is acceleratedby overgrazing, cultivating too close to the banks, orby overuse. In either case the treated area should beprotected by adequate streamside buffers and appro-priate management practices. If the stream is thesource of livestock drinking water, access can beprovided by establishing a ramp down to the water.Such ramps should be located where the bank is notsteep and, preferably, in straighter sections or at theinside of curves in the channel where velocities arelow. Providing watering facilities out of the channel(i.e., on the flood plain or terrace) for the livestock isoften a preferred alternative to using ramps.

The visual impact, habitat value, and other environ-mental effects of material removal or relocation mustalso be considered before performing any work.

Protective measures reduce streambank erosion andprevent land losses and sediment damages, but do notdirectly stabilize the channel grade. However, if thechannel is restored to a stable stream type, vegetativeprotective measures, such as soil bioengineering, canbe used to stabilize the streambanks. Vegetationassists in bank stabilization by trapping sediment,reducing tractive stresses acting on the bank, redirect-ing the flow, and holding soil. The boundary shearstress provided by vegetation, however, is much lessthan that provided by structural elements.




(2) Soil bioengineering systems

Properly designed and constructed soil bioengineeringsystems have been used successfully to stabilizestreambanks (figs. 16–3a, 16–3b, 16–3c, and 16–3d).

Soil bioengineering is a system of living plant materialsused as structural components. Adapted types ofwoody vegetation (shrubs and trees) are initiallyinstalled in specified configurations that offer immedi-ate soil protection and reinforcement. In addition, soilbioengineering systems create resistance to sliding orshear displacement in a streambank as they developroots or fibrous inclusions. Environmental benefitsderived from woody vegetation include diverse andproductive riparian habitats, shade, organic additionsto the stream, cover for fish, and improvements inaesthetic value and water quality.

Under certain conditions, soil bioengineering installa-tions work well in conjunction with structures toprovide more permanent protection and healthy func-tion, enhance aesthetics, and create a more environ-mentally acceptable product. Soil bioengineeringsystems normally use unrooted plant parts in the formof cut branches and rooted plants. For streambanks,living systems include brushmattresses, live stakes,joint plantings, vegetated geogrids, branchpacking,and live fascines.

Major attractions of soil bioengineering systems aretheir natural appearance and function and theeconomy with which they can often be constructed. Asdiscussed in chapter 18 of this Engineering FieldHandbook, the work is normally done in the dormantmonths, generally September to March, which is theoff season for many laborers. The main constructionmaterials are live cuttings from suitable plant species.Species must be appropriate for the intended use andadapted to the site's climate and soil conditions.

Consult a plant materials specialist for guidance onplant selection. Ideally plant materials should comefrom local ecotypes and genetic stock similar to thatwithin the vicinity of the stream. Species that rooteasily, such as willow, are required for measures, suchas live fascines and live staking, or where unrootedcuttings are used with structural measures. Suitableplant materials are listed in appendix 16B. They mayalso be identified in Field Office Technical Guides forspecific site conditions or by contacting Plant Materi-als Centers.

Many sites require some earthwork before soil bio-engineering systems are installed. A steep undercut orslumping bank, for example, may require grading to a3:1 or flatter slope. Although soil bioengineeringsystems are suitable for most sites, they are mostsuccessful where installed in sunny locations andconstructed during the dormant season.

Rooted seedlings and rooted cuttings are excellentadditions to soil bioengineering projects. They shouldbe installed for species diversification and to providehabitat cover and food for fish and wildlife. Optimumestablishment is usually achieved shortly after earthwork, preferably in the spring.

Some of the most common and useful soil bioengineer-ing structures for restoration and protection of stream-banks are described in the following sections.



16–12 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–3a Eroding bank, Winooski River, Vermont,June 1938

Figure 16–3b Bank shaping prior to installing soilbioengineering practices, Winooski River,Vermont, September 1938

Figure 16–3c Three years after installation of soilbioengineering practices, 1941

Figure 16–3d Soil bioengineering system, WinooskiRiver, Vermont, June 1993 (55 years afterinstallation)




(i) Live stakes—Live staking involves the insertionand tamping of live, rootable vegetative cuttings intothe ground (figs. 16–4 and 16–5). If correctly prepared,handled, and placed, the live stake will root and grow(fig. 16–6).

A system of stakes creates a living root mat that stabi-lizes the soil by reinforcing and binding soil particlestogether and by extracting excess soil moisture. Mostwillow species root rapidly and begin to dry out abank soon after installation.

Applications and effectiveness

• Effective streambank protection techniquewhere site conditions are uncomplicated, con-struction time is limited, and an inexpensivemethod is needed.

• Appropriate technique for repair of small earthslips and slumps that frequently are wet.

• Can be used to peg down and enhance the per-formance of surface erosion control materials.

• Enhance conditions for natural colonization ofvegetation from the surrounding plant commu-nity.

• Stabilize intervening areas between other soilbioengineering techniques, such as live fascines.

• Produce streamside habitat.

Figure 16–4 Live stake details

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Streambank

2 to 3 feet

Cross sectionNot to scale

Note:Rooted/leafed condition of the livingplant material is not representative of the time of installation.

Stream-forming flow

Baseflow

Streambed

Erosioncontrolfabric

Dead stoutstake

Toe protection

Geotextile fabric

2 to 3 feet(triangular spacing)

Live cutting1/2 to 1 1/2 inches in diameter

90°



16–14 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Construction guidelines

Live material sizes—The stakes generally are 0.5 to 1.5inches in diameter and 2 to 3 feet long. The specificsite requirements and available cutting source deter-mine sizes.

Live material preparation

• The materials must have side branches cleanlyremoved with the bark intact.

• The basal ends should be cut at an angle or pointfor easy insertion into the soil. The top should becut square.

• Materials should be installed the same day thatthey are prepared.

Installation

• Erosion control fabric should be placed onslopes subject to erosive inundation.

• Tamp the live stake into the ground at rightangles to the slope and diverted downstream.The installation may be started at any point onthe slope face.

• The live stakes should be installed 2 to 3 feetapart using triangular spacing. The density of theinstallation will range from 2 to 4 stakes persquare yard. Site variations may require slightlydifferent spacing.

• Placement may vary by species. For example,along many western streams, tree-type willowspecies are placed on the inside curves of pointbars where more inundation occurs, while shrubwillow species are planted on outside curveswhere the inundation period is minimal.

• The buds should be oriented up.• Four-fifths of the length of the live stake should

be installed into the ground, and soil should befirmly packed around it after installation.

• Do not split the stakes during installation. Stakesthat split should be removed and replaced.

• An iron bar can be used to make a pilot hole infirm soil.

• Tamp the stake into the ground with a dead blowhammer (hammer head filled with shot or sand).




Figure 16–5 Prepared live stake (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)

Figure 16–6 Growing live stake



16–16 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

(ii) Live fascines—Live fascines are long bundles ofbranch cuttings bound together in cylindrical struc-tures (fig. 16–7). They should be placed in shallowcontour trenches on dry slopes and at an angle on wetslopes to reduce erosion and shallow sliding.


• Apply typically above bankfull discharge(stream-forming flow) except on very smalldrainage area sites (generally less than 2,000acres).

• Effective stabilization technique for stream-banks. When properly installed, this system doesnot cause much site disturbance.

• Protect slopes from shallow slides (1 to 2 footdepth).

• Offer immediate protection from surfaceerosion.

• Capable of trapping and holding soil on a stream-bank by creating small dam-like structures, thusreducing the slope length into a series of shorterslopes.

• Serve to facilitate drainage where installed at anangle on the slope.

• Enhance conditions for colonization of nativevegetation by creating surface stabilization and amicroclimate conducive to plant growth.


Live materials—Cuttings must be from species, suchas young willows or shrub dogwoods, that root easilyand have long, straight branches.

Live material sizes and preparation• Cuttings tied together to form live fascine

bundles normally vary in length from 5 to 10 feetor longer, depending on site conditions andlimitations in handling.

• The completed bundles should be 6 to 8 inches indiameter, with all of the growing tips oriented inthe same direction. Stagger the cuttings in thebundles so that tops are evenly distributedthroughout the length of the uniformly sized livefascine.

• Live stakes should be 2.5 feet long.

Inert materials—String used for bundling should beuntreated twine.

Dead stout stakes used to secure the live fascinesshould be 2.5-foot long, untreated, 2 by 4 lumber. Eachlength should be cut again diagonally across the 4-inchface to make two stakes from each length (fig 16–8).Only new, sound lumber should be used, and any stakesthat shatter upon installation should be discarded.

Installation

• Prepare the live fascine bundle and live stakesimmediately before installation.

• Beginning at the base of the slope, dig a trenchon the contour approximately 10 inches wide anddeep.

• Excavate trenches up the slope at intervalsspecified in table 16–1. Where possible, place oneor two rows over the top of the slope.

• Place long straw and annual grasses betweenrows.

• Install jute mesh, coconut netting, or otheracceptable erosion control fabric. Secure thefabric.

• Place the live fascine into the trench (fig. 16–9a).• Drive the dead stout stakes directly through the

live fascine. Extra stakes should be used at con-nections or bundle overlaps. Leave the top of thedead stout stakes flush with the installed bundle.

• Live stakes are generally installed on thedownslope side of the bundle. Tamp the livestakes below and against the bundle between thepreviously installed dead stout stakes, leaving 3inches to protrude above the top of the ground(fig. 16–9b). Place moist soil along the sides ofthe bundles. The top of the live fascine shouldbe slightly visible when the installation iscompleted. Figure 16–9c shows an establishedlive fascine system 2 years after installation iscompleted.

Table 16–1 Live fascine spacing

Slope steepness - - - - - - - - - - - - Soils - - - - - - - - - - - -Erosive Non-erosive Fill

(feet) (feet) (feet)

3:1 or flatter 3 – 5 5 – 7 3 – 5 1/

Steeper than 3:1 3 1/ 3 – 5 2/

(up to 1:1)

1/ Not recommended alone.2/ Not a recommended system.




Figure 16–7 Live fascine details

Moist soil backfill

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Baseflow

Stream-forming flow

Cross section Not to scale

Top of live fascineslightly exposedafter installation

Live fascine bundle

Prepared trench

Live stake(2- to 3-foot spacing betweendead stout stakes)

Dead stout stake(2- to 3-foot spacing along bundle)

Note:Rooted/leafed condition of the livingplant material is not representative ofthe time of installation.

Bundle(6 to 8 inches in diameter)

Live branches(stagger throughoutbundle)

Twine

Toe protection

Streambed

Geotextile fabric

Erosion controlfabric & seeding



16–18 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–9c An established 2-year-old live fascinesystem (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)

Figure 16–9a Placing live fascines (Robbin B. Sotir &Associates photo)

Figure 16–9b Installing live stakes in live fascine system(Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)

Figure 16–8 Preparation of a dead stout stake

2" by 4" lumber Saw a 2" by 4" diagonally toproduce two dead stout stakes

Not to scale

2 1/2'




(iii) Branchpacking—Branchpacking consists ofalternating layers of live branches and compactedbackfill to repair small localized slumps and holes instreambanks (figs. 16–10, 16–11a, 16–11b, and 16–11c).


• Effective and inexpensive method to repair holesin streambanks that range from 2 to 4 feet inheight and depth.

• Produces a filter barrier that prevents erosionand scouring from streambank or overbank flow.

• Rapidly establishes a vegetated streambank.• Enhances conditions for colonization of native

vegetation.• Provides immediate soil reinforcement.• Live branches serve as tensile inclusions for

reinforcement once installed. As plant tops beginto grow, the branchpacking system becomesincreasingly effective in retarding runoff andreducing surface erosion. Trapped sedimentrefills the localized slumps or hole, while rootsspread throughout the backfill and surroundingearth to form a unified mass.

• Typically branchpacking is not effective in slumpareas greater than 4 feet deep or 4 feet wide.


Live materials—Live branches may range from 0.5 to 2inches in diameter. They should be long enough totouch the undisturbed soil of the back of the trenchand extend slightly from the rebuilt streambank.

Inert materials—Wooden stakes should be 5 to 8 feetlong and made from 3- to 4-inch diameter poles or 2 by4 lumber, depending upon the depth of the particularslump or hole being repaired.

Installation

• Starting at the lowest point, drive the woodenstakes vertically 3 to 4 feet into the ground. Setthem 1 to 1.5 feet apart.

• Place an initial layer of living branches 4 to 6inches thick in the bottom of the hole betweenthe vertical stakes, and perpendicular to theslope face (fig. 16–10). They should be placed ina criss-cross configuration with the growing tipsgenerally oriented toward the slope face. Someof the basal ends of the branches should touchthe undisturbed soil at the back of the hole.

• Subsequent layers of branches are installed withthe basal ends lower than the growing tips of thebranches.

• Each layer of branches must be followed by alayer of compacted soil to ensure soil contactwith the branches.

• The final installation should conform to theexisting slope. Branches should protrude onlyslightly from the filled installation.

• Water must be controlled or diverted if theoriginal streambank damage was caused bywater flowing over the bank. If this is not done,erosion will most likely occur on either or bothsides of the new branchpacking installation.



16–20 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–10 Branchpacking details

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Note:Root/leafed condition of the livingplant material is not representative ofthe time of installation.

1 to 1 1/2 feet

Compacted fill material

Live branches(1/2- to 2-inch diameter)

Streambank after scour

Max. depth 4'

Max. depth 4'

Wooden stakes (5- to 8-foot long,2 by 4 lumber, driven 3 to 4 feetinto undisturbed soil)

Stream-forming flow

Baseflow

Streambed

Toe protection

Geotextile fabric

Existing vegetation, plantings or soil bioengineeringsystems




Figure 16–11a Live branches installed in criss-crossconfiguration (Robbin B. Sotir & Associatesphoto)

Figure 16–11b Each layer of branches is followed by alayer of compacted soil (Robbin B. Sotir &Associates photo)

Figure 16–11c A growing branchpacking system (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)



16–22 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

(iv) Vegetated geogrids—Vegetated geogrids aresimilar to branchpacking except that natural or syn-thetic geotextile materials are wrapped around eachsoil lift between the layers of live branch cuttings(figs. 16–12, 16–13a, 16–13b, and 16–13c).


• Used above and below stream-forming flowconditions.

• Drainage areas should be relatively small(generally less than 2,000 acres) with stablestreambeds.

• The system must be built during low flowconditions.

• Can be complex and expensive.• Produce a newly constructed, well-reinforced

streambank.• Useful in restoring outside bends where erosion

is a problem.• Capture sediment, which rapidly rebuilds to

further stabilize the toe of the streambank.• Function immediately after high water to

rebuild the bank.• Produce rapid vegetative growth.• Enhance conditions for colonization of native

vegetation.• Benefits are similar to those of branchpacking,

but a vegetated geogrid can be placed on a 1:1 orsteeper slope.


Live materials—Live branch cuttings that are brushyand root readily are required. They should be 4 to 6feet long.

Inert materials—Natural or synthetic geotextilematerial is required.

Installation

• Excavate a trench that is 2 to 3 feet belowstreambed elevation and 3 to 4 feet wide. Placethe geotextile in the trench, leaving a foot or twooverhanging on the streamside face. Fill this areawith rocks 2 to 3 inches in diameter.

• Beginning at the stream-forming flow level, placea 6- to 8-inch layer of live branch cuttings on topof the rock-filled geogrid with the growing tips atright angles to the streamflow. The basal ends ofbranch cuttings should touch the back of theexcavated slope.

• Cover this layer of cuttings with geotextile leav-ing an overhang. Place a 12-inch layer of soilsuitable for plant growth on top of the geotextilebefore compacting it to ensure good soil contactwith the branches. Wrap the overhanging portionof the geotextile over the compacted soil to formthe completed geotextile wrap.

• Continue this process of excavated trenches withalternating layers of cuttings and geotextilewraps until the bank is restored to its originalheight.

• This system should be limited to a maximum of 8feet in total height, including the 2 to 3 feetbelow the bed. The length should not exceed 20feet for any one unit along the stream. An engi-neering analysis should determine appropriatedimensions of the system.

• The final installation should match the existingslope. Branch cuttings should protrude onlyslightly from the geotextile wraps.




Figure 16–12 Vegetated geogrid details

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Geotextile fabric

Baseflow

Streambed

2 to 3 feet

Compacted soil approximately 1-foot thick

Eroded streambank

Install additional vegetation such as live stakes, rooted seedlings, etc.

Dead stout stake used to secure geotextile fabric

Note: Rooted/leafed condition of the living plant material is not representative of the time of installation.

Stream-forming flow

Live cuttings

3 to 4 feet


Rock fill

Height varies8 foot maximum



16–24 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–13a A vegetated geogrid during installation(Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)

Figure 16–13b A vegetated geogrid immediately afterinstallation (Robbin B. Sotir & Associatesphoto)

Figure 16–13c Vegetated geogrid 2 years after installation (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)




(v) Live cribwall—A live cribwall consists of a box-like interlocking arrangement of untreated log ortimber members. The structure is filled with suitablebackfill material and layers of live branch cuttings thatroot inside the crib structure and extend into theslope. Once the live cuttings root and become estab-lished, the subsequent vegetation gradually takes overthe structural functions of the wood members (fig.16–14).


• Effective on outside bends of streams wherestrong currents are present.

• Appropriate at the base of a slope where a lowwall may be required to stabilize the toe of theslope and reduce its steepness.

• Appropriate above and below water level wherestable streambeds exist.

• Useful where space is limited and a more verticalstructure is required.

• Effective in locations where an eroding bankmay eventually form a split channel.

• Maintains a natural streambank appearance.• Provides excellent habitat.• Provides immediate protection from erosion,

while established vegetation provides long-termstability.

• Supplies effective bank erosion control on fastflowing streams.

• Should be tilted back or battered if the system isbuilt on a smooth, evenly sloped surface.

• Can be complex and expensive.


Live materials—Live branch cuttings should be 0.5 to2.5 inches in diameter and long enough to reach theback of the wooden crib structure.

Inert materials—Logs or timbers should range from 4to 6 inches in diameter or dimension. The lengths willvary with the size of the crib structure.

Large nails or rebar are required to secure the logs ortimbers together.

Installation

• Starting at the base of the streambank to betreated, excavate 2 to 3 feet below the existingstreambed until a stable foundation 5 to 6 feetwide is reached.

• Excavate the back of the stable foundation(closest to the slope) 6 to 12 inches lower thanthe front to add stability to the structure.

• Place the first course of logs or timbers at thefront and back of the excavated foundation,approximately 4 to 5 feet apart and parallel to theslope contour.

• Place the next course of logs or timbers at rightangles (perpendicular to the slope) on top of theprevious course to overhang the front and backof the previous course by 3 to 6 inches. Eachcourse of the live cribwall is placed in the samemanner and secured to the preceding coursewith nails or reinforcement bars.

• Place rock fill in the openings in the bottom ofthe crib structure until it reaches the approxi-mate existing elevation of the streambed. Insome cases it is necessary to place rocks in frontof the structure for added toe support, especiallyin outside stream meanders.

• Place the first layer of cuttings on top of the rockmaterial at the baseflow water level, and changethe rock fill to soil fill capable of supportingplant growth at this point. Ensure that the basalends of some of the cuttings contact undisturbedsoil at the back of the cribwall.

• When the cribwall structure reaches the existingground elevation, place live branch cuttings onthe backfill perpendicular to the slope; thencover the cuttings with backfill and compact.

• Live branch cuttings should be placed at eachcourse to the top of the cribwall structure withgrowing tips oriented toward the slope face.Follow each layer of branches with a layer ofcompacted soil. Place the basal ends of the re-maining live branch cuttings so that they reach toundisturbed soil at the back of the cribwall withgrowing tips protruding slightly beyond the frontof the cribwall (figs. 16–15a, 16–15b, and 16–15c).

• The live cribwall structure, including the sectionbelow the streambed, should not exceed a maxi-mum height of 7 feet. An engineering analysisshould determine appropriate dimensions of thesystem.

• The length of any single constructed unit shouldnot exceed 20 feet.



16–26 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–14 Live cribwall details

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Baseflow

Streambed

Stream-forming flow

2 to 3 feet

3 to 4 feetLive branchcuttings

Rock fill

Compactedfill material

Erosion controlfabric

4 to 5 feet

Existing vegetation, plantings or soil bioengineering systems




Figure 16–15a Pre-construction streambank conditions Figure 16–15b A live cribwall during installation

Figure 16–15c An established live cribwall system



16–28 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

(vi) Joint planting—Joint planting or vegetatedriprap involves tamping live stakes into joints or openspaces in rocks that have been previously placed on aslope (fig 16–16). Alternatively, the stakes can betamped into place at the same time that rock is beingplaced on the slope face.


• Useful where rock riprap is required or alreadyin place.

• Roots improve drainage by removing soil moisture.• Over time, joint plantings create a living root mat

in the soil base upon which the rock has beenplaced. These root systems bind or reinforce thesoil and prevent washout of fines between andbelow the rock.

• Provides immediate protection and is effective inreducing erosion on actively eroding banks.

• Dissipates some of the energy along thestreambank.


Live material sizes—The stakes must have sidebranches removed and bark intact. They should be 1.5inches or larger in diameter and sufficiently long toextend well into soil below the rock surface.

Installation

• Tamp live stakes into the openings of the rockduring or after placement of riprap. The basalends of the material must extend into the backfillor undisturbed soil behind the riprap. A steel rodor hydraulic probe may be used to prepare a holethrough the riprap.

• Orient the live stakes perpendicular to the slopewith growing tips protruding slightly from thefinished face of the rock (figs. 16–17a, 16–17b,and 16–17c).

• Place the stakes in a random configuration.

Figure 16–16 Joint planting details

��

Stream-forming flow

Streambed

Dead stout stakeused to securegeotextile fabric

Live stake


Baseflow

Riprap




Figure 16–17a Live stake tamped into rock joints (jointplanting) (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)

Figure 16–17b An installed joint planting system(Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)

Figure 16–17c An established joint planting system (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)



16–30 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

(vii) Brushmattress—A brushmattress is a combi-nation of live stakes, live fascines, and branch cuttingsinstalled to cover and stabilize streambanks (figs.16–18, 16–19a through 16–19d). Application typicallystarts above stream-forming flow conditions andmoves up the slope.


• Forms an immediate, protective cover over thestreambank.

• Useful on steep, fast-flowing streams.• Captures sediment during flood conditions.• Rapidly restores riparian vegetation and stream-

side habitat.• Enhances conditions for colonization of native

vegetation.


Live materials—Branches 6 to 9 feet long and approxi-mately 1 inch in diameter are required. They must beflexible to enable installations that conform to varia-tions in the slope face. Live stakes and live fascinesare previously described in this chapter.

Inert materials—Untreated twine for bundling the livefascines and number 16 smooth wire are needed to tiedown the branch mattress. Dead stout stakes to securethe live fascines and brushmattress in place.

Installation

• Grade the unstable area of the streambankuniformly to a maximum steepness of 3:1.

• Prepare live stakes and live fascine bundlesimmediately before installation, as previouslydescribed in this chapter.

• Beginning at the base of slope, near the stream-forming flow stage, excavate a trench on thecontour large enough to accommodate a livefascine and the basal ends of the branches.

• Install an even mix of live and dead stout stakesat 1-foot depth over the face of the graded areausing 2-foot square spacing.

• Place branches in a layer 1 to 2 branches thickvertically on the prepared slope with basal endslocated in the previously excavated trench.

• Stretch No. 16 smooth wire diagonally from onedead stout stake to another by tightly wrappingwire around each stake no closer than 6 inchesfrom its top.

• Tamp and drive the live and dead stout stakesinto the ground until branches are tightly securedto the slope.

• Place live fascines in the prepared trench overthe basal ends of the branches.

• Drive dead stout stakes directly through into soilbelow the live fascine every 2 feet along itslength.

• Fill voids between brushmattress and live fascinecuttings with thin layers of soil to promote root-ing, but leave the top surface of the brush-mattress and live fascine installation slightlyexposed.




Figure 16–18 Brushmattress details

��

Note:Rooted/leafed condition of the livingplant material is not representativeat the time of installation.

Livefascinebundle

Live stake

Dead stout stakedriven on 2-footcenters each way.Minimum length2 1/2 feet.

Branchcuttings

Live and dead stout stake spacing2 feet o.c.

16 gaugewire

Baseflow

Streambed

Stream-forming flow


Live stake

��

2 ft

Brush mattress

Wire securedto stakes

Dead stout stake

Geotextile fabric



16–32 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–19b An installed brushmattress system(Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)

Figure 16–19c Brushmattress system 6 months afterinstallation (Robbin B. Sotir & Associatesphoto)

Figure 16–19d Brushmattress system 2 years afterinstallation (Robbin B. Sotir & Associatesphoto)

Figure 16–19a Brushmattress during installation(Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)




(4) Structural measures

Structural measures include tree revetments; log,rootwad and boulder revetments; dormant postplantings; piling revetments with wire or geotextilefencing; piling revetments with slotted fencing; jacksor jack fields; rock riprap; stream jetties; stream barbs;and gabions.

(i) Tree revetment—A tree revetment is constructedfrom whole trees (except rootwads) that are usuallycabled together and anchored by earth anchors, whichare buried in the bank (figs. 16–20, 16–21a, and16–21b).


• Uses inexpensive, readily available materials toform semi-permanent protection.

• Captures sediment and enhances conditions forcolonization of native species.

• Has self-repairing abilities following damageafter flood events if used in combination withsoil bioengineering techniques.

• Not appropriate near bridges or other structureswhere there is high potential for downstreamdamage if the revetment dislodges during floodevents.

• Has a limited life and may need to be replacedperiodically, depending on the climate and dura-bility of tree species used.

• May be damaged in streams where heavy iceflows occur.

• May require periodic maintenance to replacedamaged or deteriorating trees.


• Lay the cabled trees along the bank with thebasal ends oriented upstream.

• Overlap the trees to ensure continuous protec-tion to the bank.

• Attach the trunks by cables to anchors set in thebank. Pilings can be used in lieu of earth anchorsin the bank if they can be driven well below thepoint of maximum bed scour. The required cablesize and anchorage design are dependent uponmany variables and should be custom designedto fit specific site conditions.

• Use trees that have a trunk diameter of 12 inchesor larger. The best type are those that have abrushy top and durable wood, such as douglasfir, oak, hard maple, or beech.

• Use vegetative plantings or soil bioengineeringsystems within and above structures to restorestability and establish a vegetative community.Tree species that will withstand inundationshould be staked in openings in the revetmentbelow stream-forming flow stage.



16–34 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–20 Tree revetment details

Piling may be substituted for earth anchors

Earth anchors (8-inch dia. by 4-foot min.)

Stabilize streambank to top of slope where appropriate

Flow

Plan viewNot to scale

��Two-thirds of bank height covered

Baseflow

Earth anchors6 feet deep

Second row applied


��

Stream-forming flow

Existing vegetation,plantings or soil

bioengineering systems

Bank toe




Figure 16–21a Tree revetment system with dormant posts

Figure 16–21b Tree revetment system with dormant posts, 2 years after installation



16–36 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

(ii) Log, rootwad and boulder revetments—

These revetments are systems composed of logs,rootwads, and boulders selectively placed in and onstreambanks (figs. 16–22 and 16–23). These revet-ments can provide excellent overhead cover, restingareas, shelters for insects and other fish food organ-isms, substrate for aquatic organisms, and increasedstream velocity that results in sediment flushing anddeeper scour pools. Several of these combinations aredescribed in Flosi and Reynolds (1991), Rosgen (1992)and Berger (1991).


• Used for stabilization and to create instreamstructures for improved fish rearing and spawn-ing habitat

• Effective on meandering streams with out-of-bank flow conditions.

• Will tolerate high boundary shear stress if logsand rootwads are well anchored.

• Suited to streams where fish habitat deficienciesexist.

• Should be used in combination with soil bioengi-neering systems or vegetative plantings to stabi-

Figure 16–22 Log, rootwad, and boulder revetment details (adapted from Rosgen 1993—Applied fluvial geomorphology short course)

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��

Thalweg channel

Baseflow

Streambed

Stream-forming flow

Rootwad

8- to 12-footLength


Existing vegetation, plantings orsoil bioengineering systems

Diameter of log =16-in min.

Footer log

Boulder 1 1/2 timesdiameter of log




lize the upper bank and ensure a regenerativesource of streambank vegetation.

• Enhance diversity of riparian corridor when usedin combination with soil bioengineering systems.

• Have limited life depending on climate and treespecies used. Some species, such as cottonwoodor willow, often sprout and accelerate naturalcolonization. Revetments may need eventualreplacement if natural colonization does not takeplace or soil bioengineering methods are notused in combination.


Numerous individual organic revetments exist andmany are detailed in the U.S. Forest Service publica-tion, Stream Habitat Improvement Handbook. Chap-ter 16 only presents construction guidelines for acombination log, rootwad, and boulder revetment.

• Use logs over 16 inches in diameter that arecrooked and have an irregular surface.

• Use rootwads with numerous root protrusionsand 8- to 12-foot long boles.

• Boulders should be as large as possible, but at aminimum one and one-half the log diameter.They should have an irregular surface.

• Install a footer log at the toe of the eroding bankby excavating trenches or driving them into thebank to stabilize the slope and provide a stablefoundation for the rootwad.

• Place the footer log to the expected scour depthat a slight angle away from the direction of thestream flow.

• Use boulders to anchor the footer log againstflotation. If boulders are not available, logs canbe pinned into gravel and rubble substrate with3/4-inch rebar 54 inches or longer. Anchor rebarto provide maximum pull out resistance. Cableand anchors may also be used in combinationwith boulders and rebar.

• Drive or trench and place rootwads into thestreambank so that the tree's primary brace rootsare flush with the streambank. Place the root-wads at a slight angle toward the direction of thestreamflow.

• Backfill and combine vegetative plantings or soilbioengineering systems behind and aboverootwad. They can include live stakes and dor-mant post plantings in the openings of the revet-ment below stream-forming flow stage, livestakes, bare root, or other upland methods at thetop of the bank.

Figure 16–23 Rootwad, boulder, and willow transplant revetment system, Weminuche River, CO (Rosgen, Wildland hydrology)



16–38 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

(iii) Dormant post plantings—Dormant postplantings form a permeable revetment that is con-structed from rootable vegetative material placedalong streambanks in a square or triangular pattern(figs. 16–24, 16–25a, 16–25b, 16–25c).


• Well suited to smaller, non-gravely streamswhere ice damage is not a problem.

• Quickly re-establishe riparian vegetation.• Reduce stream velocities and causes sediment

deposition in the treated area.• Enhance conditions for colonization of native

species.• Are self-repairing. For example, posts damaged

by beaver often develop multiple stems.• Can be used in combination with soil bioengi-

neering systems.• Can be installed by a variety of methods includ-

ing water jetting or mechanized stingers to formplanting holes or driving the posts directly withmachine mounted rams.

• Unsuccessfully rooted posts at spacings of about4 feet can provide some benefits by deflectinghigher streamflows and trapping sediment.


• Select a plant species appropriate to the siteconditions. Willows and poplars have demon-strated high success rates.

• Cut live posts approximately 7 to 9 feet long and3 to 5 inches in diameter. Taper the basal end ofthe post for easier insertion into the ground.

• Install posts into the eroding bank at or justabove the normal waterline. Make sure posts areinstalled pointing up.

• Insert one-half to two-thirds of the length of postbelow the ground line. At least the bottom 12inches of the post should be set into a saturatedsoil layer.

• Avoid excessive damage to the bark of the posts.• Place two or more rows of posts spaced 2 to 4

feet apart using square or triangular spacing.• Supplement the installation with appropriate soil

bioengineering systems or, where appropriate,rooted plants.

Figure 16-24 Dormant post details

��

Baseflow

Streambed

Stream-forming flow

2 ft

5 ft2:1 to 5:1 slope

2 to 4 feettriangular spacing

Dormant posts


Existing vegetation, plantings or soil bioengineering

systems

Streambank




Figure 16–25a Pre-construction streambank conditions(Don Roseboom photo)

Figure 16–25b Installing dormant posts(Don Roseboom photo)

Figure 16–25c Established dormant post system (Don Roseboom photo)



16–40 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

(iv) Piling revetment with wire or geotextile

fencing—Piling revetment is a continuous single ordouble row of pilings with a facing of woven wire orgeogrid material (fig. 16–26). The space betweendouble rows of pilings is filled with rock and brush.


• Particularly suited to streams where water nextto the bank is more than 3 feet deep.

• Application is limited to a flow depth (and heightof piling) of 6 feet.

• More economical than riprap construction indeep water because it eliminates the need tobuild a stable foundation under water for holdingthe riprap in place.

• Is easily damaged by ice flows or heavy flooddebris and should not be used where theseconditions occur.

• Do not use where the stream has fish or anabundance of riparian wildlife.

• Do not use without careful analysis of its long-term effects upon aesthetics, changes in flowswhere large amounts of debris will be collected,habitat damage caused by driving or installingpilings with water jets, and possible dangers forrecreational uses (boating, rafting, swimming, orwading).


Inert materials—Used material, such as timbers, logs,railroad rails, or pipe, may be used for pilings. Logsshould have a diameter sufficiently large to permitdriving to the required depth. Avoid material that mayproduce toxicity effects in aquatic ecosystems.

Installation

• Beginning at the base of the streambank, nearstream-forming flow stage, drive pilings 6 to 8feet apart to a depth approximately half theirlength and below the point of maximum scour. Ifthe streambed is firm and not subject to appre-ciable scour, the piling should be driven to re-fusal or to a depth of at least half the length ofthe piling.

• Additional rows of pilings may be installed athigher elevations on the streambank if requiredto protect the bank and if using vegetation orother methods is not practical.

• Fasten a heavy gauge of woven wire or geotextilematerial to the stream side of the pilings to forma fence. The purpose of this material is to collectdebris while serving as a permeable wall toreduce velocities on the streambank.

• Double row piling revetment is typically con-structed with 5 feet between rows. Fill the rowspace with rock and brush.

• If the streambed is subject to scour, extend thewoven wire or geotextile material horizontallytoward the center of the streambed for a dis-tance at least equal to the anticipated depth ofscour. Attach concrete blocks or other suitableweights at regular intervals to cause the fence tosettle in a vertical position along the face of thepilings after scouring occurs.

• Place brush behind the piling to increase thesystem's effectiveness. Where piling revetmentsextend for several hundred feet in length, installpermeable groins or tiebacks of brush and rockat right angles to the revetment at 50 foot inter-vals. This reduces currents developing betweenthe streambank and the revetment.




Figure 16–26 Piling revetment details

��

Weight

Piling 6 to 8 feet

Heavy woven wire orgeogrid fencing

Streambed

Baseflow

Piling (8- to 12-in dia.)

Stream-forming flow

BrushStreambed

Heavy woven wire orgeogrid fencing

5 to 6 feet

Sloped bank

Streambank

Stream-forming flow

Front elevationNot to scale


Baseflow

Concrete block weight

Existing vegetation, plantingsor soil bioengineering systems

Equ

al t

o or

gre

ater

th

an h

eigh

t ab

ove

grou

nd



16–42 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

(v) Piling revetment with slotted board fencing

—This type of revetment consists of slotted boardfencing made of wood pilings and horizontal woodtimbers (figs. 16–27 and 16–28). Variations includedifferent fence heights, double rows of slotted fence,and use of woven wire in place of timber boards. Thesize and spacing of pilings, cross members, and verti-cal fence boards depend on height of fence, streamvelocity, and sediment load.


• Most variations of slotted fencing include somebracing or tieback into the streambank to in-crease strength, reduce velocity against thestreambank, and to trap sediment.

• Should not be constructed higher than 3 feetwithout an engineering analysis to determinesizes of the structural members.

• May be vulnerable to damage by ice or heavyflood debris; should not be used where theseconditions occur.

• Usually complex and expensive.• Most effective on streams that have a heavy

sediment load of sand and silt.• Can withstand a relatively high velocity attack

force and, therefore, can be installed in sharpercurves than jacks or other systems.

• Useful in deeper stream channels with large flowdepths.

• Low slotted board fences, which do not controlthe entire flood flow, can be very effective forstreambank toe protection where the toe is theweak part of the streambank.

• May not be appropriate where unusually hardmaterials are encountered in the channel bottom.

Figure 16–27 Slotted board fence details (double fence option)

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��

��

��

��

�

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5 ft.

Brace

Piling

Boards


Brush & rock filloptional

Stream-forming flow

Baseflow

Streambed

Equal to or greater thanheight above ground





• Should not be used without careful considerationof its long-term effects upon aesthetics, changesin flows where large amounts of debris arecollected, habitat damage caused by driving orinstalling pilings with water jets, and possibledangers for recreational uses (boating, rafting,swimming, or wading).


Inert materials—Slotted fencing is constructed ofwood boards, wood pilings, and woven wire. Avoidmaterials that may produce toxicity effects in aquaticecosystems.

Installation

• See (iv) Piling revetment with wire or

geotextile fencing for general constructionguidelines.

• Drive the timber piling to a depth below thechannel bottom that is equal to the height of theslotted fence above the expected scour line whenstream soils have a standard penetration resis-tance of 10 or more blows per foot. Increase thepiling depth when penetration resistance is lessthan 10 blows per foot.

• Take great care during layout to tie in the up-stream end adequately to prevent flanking andunraveling.

Figure 16–28 Slotted board fence system



16–44 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

(vi) Jacks or jack fields—Jacks are individualstructures made of wood, concrete, or steel. The jacksare placed in rows parallel to the eroding streambankand function by trapping debris and sediment. Theyare often constructed in groups called jack fields(figs. 16–29, 16–30, and 16–31).


• May be an effective means of controlling bankerosion on sinuous streams carrying heavybedloads of sand and silt during flood flows. Thiscondition is generally indicated by the presenceof extensive sandbar formations on the bed atlow flow.

• Are complex systems requiring proper designand installation for effective results.

• Collect coarse and fine sediment, when function-ing properly, and naturally revegetate as thesystems, including cable, become embedded inthe streambank.

• Do not use on high velocity, debris-ladenstreams.

• Somewhat flexible because of their physicalconfiguration and installation techniques thatallow them to adjust to slight changes in thechannel grade.

• Most effective on long, radius curves.• Not an effective alternative for redirecting flow

away from the streambank.• Do not use without careful analysis of its long-

term effects upon aesthetics, changes in flowswhere large amounts of debris are collected, fishhabitat damage, and possible dangers for recre-ational uses (boating, rafting, swimming, orwading).

Figure 16–29 Concrete jack details

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��

Concrete, wood, or steel jack

Cable - 3/8 inch wire strands

Anchor piling

Cable clamps Notch

Streambed

Downstream & inline anchor

4 feet

Staples

6 feet

1 foot

Upstream anchor

5 to 20 feet

Baseflow

Streambed

Front elevationNot to scale





Inert materials—Jacks may be constructed of wood,steel, or concrete. Wooden jacks are constructed fromthree poles 10 to 16 feet long. They are crossed andwired together at the ends and midpoints with No. 9galvanized wire. Cables used to anchor the wood jacksystems should be 3/8-inch diameter or larger with aminimum breaking strength of 15,400 pounds. Woodenjack systems dimensioned in this chapter are limitedto shallow flow depths of 12 feet or less.

Steel jacks are used in a manner similar to that ofwood jacks; however, leg assemblies, cable size,anchor blocks, and anchor placement details vary.Concrete beams may be substituted for steel, butengineering design is required to determine differentattachment methods, anchoring systems, and assem-bly configurations.

Figure 16–30 Wooden jack field

Stream channel

Floodplain

Note: For streams of high velocity, a sturdy construction would be to tie all ends together.

Rock placed at baseof jack to preventfloating.

Note: Supplemental anchors should be used to tie individual jacks into the streambank.

Bank to be protected

Cable

Deadman anchor(timber log)



16–46 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Installation

• Jack rows can be placed on a shelf 14 feet widefor one line and on two shelves, each 14 feetwide, for a double jack row. Grade the shelf toslope from 1 foot above the streambed at the sidenearest the stream to 3 feet above the streambedat the side nearest the slope. This encourages adry surface for construction and provides someadditional elevation for protection from greaterdepths of flow. Alternatively, jacks can be con-structed on the streambed or on the top of thebank and moved into place.

• Space jacks closely together with a maximum ofone jack dimension between them to provide analmost continuous line of revetment.

• Anchor the jacks in place by a cable strungthrough and tied to the center of the jacks withcable clamps. The cable should be tied to aburied anchor or pilings, thereby securing all thejacks as a unit. Wooden jacks are weighted byrocks, which should be wired onto the jackpoles. The first two pilings at the upstream endof the jack line should be driven no more than 12feet apart to reduce the effect of increased waterforce from trash buildup.

• Bury anchors or drive anchor pilings to thedesign depth determined by an engineer. Depthsmay vary from 5 to 20 feet and must be specifiedbased on individual site characteristics.

• On long curves, anchor jack rows at intermediatepoints along the curve to isolate damages to thejack row. Two 3/8-inch diameter wire cables tiedto timber or steel pilings provide adequate an-chors. Place anchors up the streambank ratherthan in the streambed.

• Consider pilings if streambed anchors are re-quired. Space pilings 75 to 125 feet apart alongthe jack row, with closer spacing on shortercurves.

• Attach an anchored 3/8-inch diameter wire cableto one leg of each jack to prevent rotation andimprove stability.

• Place jack rows perpendicular to the bank atregular intervals where jack rows are not closeto existing banks. This prevents local scour.Extend bank protection far enough to preventflanking action. Ensure the jack row is anchoredto a hardpoint at the upstream end.

• Supplement the jack string or field with vegeta-tive plantings. Dormant posts offer a compatiblecomponent in the system.

Figure 16–31 Concrete jack system several years after installation




(vii) Rock riprap—Rock riprap, properly designedand placed, is an effective method of streambankprotection (figs.16–32 and 16–33). The cost of quarry-ing, transporting, and placing the stone and the largequantity of stone that may be needed must be consid-ered. Gabion baskets, concrete cellular blocks, orsimilar systems (figs. 16–34, 16–35a, 16–35b; and16–42, 16–43) can be an alternative to rock riprapunder many circumstances.


• Provides long-term stability.• Has structural flexibility. It can be designed to

self-adjust to eroding foundations.• Has a long life and seldom needs replacement.• Is inert so does not depend on specific environ-

mental or climatic conditions for success.• May be designed for high velocity flow

conditions.


Inert materials—Cobbles and gravel obtained from thestream bed should not be used to armor streambanksunless the material is so abundant that its removal willnot reduce habitat for benthic organisms and fish.Material forming an armor layer that protects the bedfrom erosion should not be removed. Use of streamcobble and gravel may require permission from stateand local agencies.

Removing streambed materials tends to destroy thediversity of physical habitat necessary for optimumfish production, not only in the project area, but up-stream and downstream as well. Construction activi-ties often create channels of uniform depth and widthin which water velocities increase. Following disrup-tion of the existing streamflow by alteration of thestream channel, further damage results as the streamseeks to reestablish its original meander pattern.

Figure 16–32 Rock riprap details

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��

Streambed

Gravel bedding, geotextilefabric, as needed

Top of riprap minimumthickness = maximumrock size


Stream-forming flow

Baseflow

Cross section Not to scale Existing vegetation, plantings

or soil bioengineering systems

Bottom of riprapminimumthickness =2 x maximumrock size

1.5 (max.)

1



16–48 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Upstream, the stream may seek to adjust to the newgradient by actively eroding or grading its banks andbed. The eroded material may be deposited in thechannel downstream from the alteration causingadditional changes in flow pattern. The downstreamchannel will then also adjust to the new gradient andincreased streamflow velocity by scour and bankerosion or further deposition.

Rock riprap on streambanks is affected by the hydro-dynamic drag and lift forces created by the velocity offlow past the rock. Resisting the hydrodynamic effectsare the force components resulting from the sub-merged weight of the rock and its geometry. Theseforces must be considered in any analytical procedurefor determining a stable rock size. Channel alignment,surface roughness, debris and ice impact, rock grada-tion, angularity, and placement are other factors thatmust be considered when designing for given siteconditions.

Numerous methods have been developed for designingrock riprap. Nearly all use either an allowable velocityor tractive stress methodology as the basis for deter-mining a stable rock size. Table 16–2 lists severalaccepted procedures currently used in the NRCS. Thetable provides summary information and referenceswhere appropriate. Two of the more direct methods ofobtaining a rock size are included in appendix 16A. Allfour methods listed in the table provide the user with adesign rock size for a given set of input parameters.The first time user is advised to use more than onemethod in determining rock size. Availability of rockand experience of the designer continue to play impor-tant roles in determining the appropriate size rock forany given job.

Figure 16–33 Rock riprap revetment system




A well graded rock provides the greatest assurance ofstability and long-term protection. Poorly graded rockresults in weak areas where individual stones aresubject to movement and subsequent revetment fail-ure. Satisfactory gradation limits and thickness of therock riprap can be determined from the basic stonesize. Figure 16A–3 in appendix 16A can help determinerock gradation limits for any calculated basic rock size(D50, D75, and so forth).

The void space between rocks in riprap is generallymany times greater than the void space in existingbank materials. A transition zone serves two purposes:

• Distributes the weight of rock to the underlyingsoil.

• Prevents movement and loss of fine grained soilinto the large void spaces of the riprap.

The transition zone can be designed as a filter, bed-ding, or geotextile. The bank soils, bank seepage, androck gradation and thickness are factors to considerwhen determining the transition material.

Bedding material is generally a pit run sand-gravelmixture. Bedding is suitable for those sites wherebank materials are plastic and forces can be consid-ered external, that is, forces acting on the beddingresult only from the action of flow past or over therock riprap. Bedding is not recommended for condi-tions where flow occurs through the rock (as on steepslopes), where subject to wave action, or where flowvelocity exceeds 10 feet per second.

Table 16–2 Methods for rock riprap protection

Method (reference) Basis for rock size Procedure Comments

Isbash Curve Allowable velocity— Use design velocity and Use judgment to factorAppendix 16A (reprint Curve developed from curve to determine basic in site conditions. Thefrom SCS Engineering Isbash work. rock size (D100). basic stone weight isField Manual, chapter often doubled to16, 1969). account for debris.

FWS-Lane Tractive stress— Enter monograph with Easy to use procedure.Appendix 16A (reprint Monograph developed channel hydraulic and Generally results in afrom SCS Engineering from Lane's work. physical data to solve conservative rock size.Design Standards—Far for basic rock size (D75).West States, 1970).

COE Method Allowable velocity— Use equation or graphs Detailed procedure canCorps of Engineers, Basic equation developed and site physical and be used on natural orEM 1110-2-1601, 7/91, by COE from study of hydraulic data to prismatic channels.Hydraulic Design of models and comparison determine basic rockFlood Control Channels. to field data. size (D30).

Federal Highway Tractive Force Theory— Use equation with known Stability factor requiresAdministration Uses velocity as a primary site data and user user judgment of siteHydraulic Engineering design parameter. determined stability conditions.Circular No. 11, Design of factor to solve for basicRiprap Revetment (1989). rock size (D50).



16–50 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

A filter is a graded granular material designed toprevent movement of the bank soil. A filter is recom-mended where bank materials are nonplastic, seepageforces exist, or where bedding is not adequate protec-tion for the external forces as noted above. The siteshould be evaluated for potential seepage pressuresfrom existing or seasonal water table, rapid fluctua-tions in streamflow (rapid drawdown), surface runoff,or other factors. In critical applications or whereexperience indicates problems with the loss of bankmaterial under riprap, use chapter 26, part 633 of theNRCS National Engineering Handbook, January 1994,for guidance in designing granular filters.

Nonwoven geotextiles are widely used as a substitutefor bedding and filter material. Availability, cost, andease of placement are contributing factors. For guid-ance in selection of the proper geotextile, refer toNRCS Design Note 24, Guide to Use of Geotextile.

Installation

• Minimum thickness of the riprap should at leastequal the maximum rock size at the top of therevetment. The thickness is often increased atthe base of the revetment to two or more timesthe maximum rock size.

• The toe for rock riprap must be firmly estab-lished. This is important where the stream bot-tom is unstable or subject to scour during floodflows.

• Banks on which riprap is to be placed should besloped so that the pressure of the stone is mainlyagainst the bank rather than against the stone inthe lower courses and toe. This slope should notbe steeper than 1.5:1. The riprap should extendup the bank to an elevation at which vegetationwill provide adequate protection.

• A filter or bedding must be placed between theriprap and the bank except in those cases wherethe material in the bank to be protected is deter-mined to be a suitable bedding or filter material.The filter or bedding material should be at least 6inches thick.

• A nonwoven geotextile may be used in lieu of abedding or filter layer under the rock riprap. Thegeotextile material must maintain intimate con-tact with the subsurface. Geotextile that canmove with changes in seepage pressure or exter-nal forces permits soil particle movement andcan result in plugging of the geotextile. A 3-inchlayer of bedding material over the geotextileprevents this movement.

• Hand-placing all rock in a revetment shouldseldom, if ever, be necessary. While the revet-ment may have a somewhat less finished look, itis adequate to dump the rock and rearrange itwith a minimum of hand labor. However, therock must be dumped in a manner that will notseparate small and large stones or cause damageto the filter fabrics. The finished surface shouldnot have pockets of finer materials that wouldflush out and weaken the revetment. Sufficienthand placing and chinking should be done toprovide a well-keyed surface.

The Engineering Field Handbook, Chapter 17, Con-struction and Construction Materials, has additionalinformation on riprap construction and materials.

Manufacturers have developed design recommenda-tions for various flow and soil conditions. Their rec-ommendations are good references in use of gabions,cellular blocks, and similar systems.

Figure 16–34 Concrete cellular block details

��

��

Revegetate

6 in above design wave height or top of slope

Steepest slope of blockplacement 3:1

Stream-forming flow

Baseflow

Streambed

Geotextile fabric

18 in min.Cross section Not to scale

12 in min.




Figure 16–35a Concrete cellular block system before backfilling

Figure 16–35b Concrete cellular block system several years after installation



16–52 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

• Prefabricated materials can be expensive.• Manufacturers estimate the product has an

effective life of 6 to 10 years.


• Excavate a shallow trench at the toe of the slopeto a depth slightly below channel grade.

• Place the coconut fiber roll in the trench.• Drive 2 inch x 2 inch x 36 inch stakes between

the binding twine and coconut fiber. Stakesshould be placed on both sides of the roll on 2 to4 feet centers depending upon anticipated veloci-ties. Tops of stakes should not extend above thetop of the fiber roll.

• In areas that experience ice or wave action,notch outside of stakes on either side of fiber rolland secure with 16-gauge wire.

(viii) Coconut fiber rolls—Coconut fiber rolls arecylindrical structures composed of coconut huskfibers bound together with twine woven from coconut(figs. 16–36, 16–37a, and 16–37b). This material is mostcommonly manufactured in 12-inch diameters andlengths of 20 feet. It is staked in place at the toe of theslope, generally at the stream-forming flow stage.


• Protect slopes from shallow slides or undermin-ing while trapping sediment that encouragesplant growth within the fiber roll.

• Flexible, product can mold to existing curvatureof streambank.

• Produce a well-reinforced streambank withoutmuch site disturbance.

Figure 16–36 Coconut fiber roll details

��

��

2 in. by 2 in. by 36 in.oak stakes

Stream-forming flow

Coconut fiber roll

Erosion control fabricHerbaceousplugs


Baseflow

Streambed

Existing vegetation, plantings or soil bioengineering systems




Figure 16–37a Coconut fiber roll

Figure 16–37b Coconut fiber roll system



16–54 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)


Inert materials—Rock filled jetties are the most com-mon, however, other materials are used includingtimber, concrete, gabions, and rock protected earth.

Installation

• Use a D50 size rock equal to 1.5 to 2 times the d50

size determined from rock riprap design methodsfor bank full flow condition.

• Size and space jetties so that flow passingaround and downstream from the outer end willintersect the next jetty before intersecting theeroding bank. The length varies but should notunduly constrict the channel. Rock jetties typi-cally have 2:1 side slopes with an 8 to 12-foot topwidth and 2:1 end slope.

• Space jetties to account for such characteristics asstream width, stream velocity, and radius of curva-ture. Typical spacing is 2 to 5 times the jetty length.

• Construct jetties with a level top or a downwardslope to the outer end (riverward). The top of thejetty at the bank should be equal to the bankheight.

• Orient jetties either perpendicular to the stream-bank or angled upstream or downstream. Per-pendicular and downstream orientation are themost common.

• Tie jetties securely back into the bank and bed toprevent washout along the bank and undercut-ting. Place rock a short distance on either side ofthe jetty along the bank to prevent erosion at thiscritical location. The base of the jetty should bekeyed into the bed a minimum depth equal to theD100 rock size.

• Backfill soil behind the fiber roll.• If conditions permit, rooted herbaceous plants

may be installed in the coconut fiber.• Install appropriate vegetation or soil bioengineer-

ing systems upslope from fiber roll.

(ix) Stream jetties—Jetties are short dike-like struc-tures that project from a streambank into a streamchannel. They may consist of one or more structuresplaced at intervals along the bank to be protected. Mostare constructed to the top of the bank and can be ori-ented either upstream, downstream, or perpendicular tothe bank (figs. 16–38 and 16–39).

Jetties deflect or maintain the direction of flowthrough and beyond the reach of stream being pro-tected. In function and design, jetties change thedirection of flow by obstructing and redirecting thestreamflow. Their design and construction requirespecialized skills. A fluvial geomorphologist, engineer,or other qualified discipline with knowledge of openchannel hydraulics should be consulted for specificconsiderations and guidelines.


• Used successfully in a wide variety of applica-tions in all types of rivers and streams.

• Effective in controlling erosion on bends in riverand stream systems.

• Can be augmented with vegetation or soilbioengineering systems in some situations; i.e.,deposited material upstream of jetties.

• May develop scour holes just downstream andoff the end of the jetties.

• Can be complex and expensive.




Figure 16–38 Stream jetty details

��

��

2:12:1

8-12 feet, top width

2:1

Length of jetty (varies)

Rock riprap


Front elevation Not to scale

Stream-forming flow

Baseflow

Streambed

Existing bank

1:1

Key into streambed,approx. D100

1:1 1:1



16–56 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–39a Stream jetty placed to protect railroad bridge

Figure 16–39b Long-established vegetated stream jetty, with deposition in foreground




(x) Stream barbs—Stream barbs are low rock sillsprojecting out from a streambank and across thestream's thalweg to redirect streamflow away from aneroding bank (figs.16–40 and 16–41). Flow passingover the barb is redirected so that the flow leaving thebarb is perpendicular to the barb centerline. Streambarbs are always oriented upstream.

Application and effectiveness

• Used in limited applications and range of applica-bility is unclear.

• Effective in control of bank erosion on smallstreams.

• Require less rock and stream disturbance thanjetties.

• Improve fish habitat (especially when vegetated).• Can be combined with soil bioengineering

practices.• Can be complex and expensive.


Inert materials—Stream barbs require the use of largerock.

Installation

• Use a D50 size rock equal to two times the d50 sizedetermined from rock riprap design methods forbank full flow condition. The maximum rock size(D100) should be about 1.5 to 2 times the D50 size.The minimum rock size should not be less than.75D50.

• Key the barb into the stream bed to a depthapproximately D100 below the bed.

• Construct the barb above the streambed to aheight approximately equal to the D100 rock, butgenerally not over 2 feet. The width should be atleast equal to 3 times D100, but not less than atypical construction equipment width of 8 to 10feet. Construction of barbs can begin at thestreambank and proceed streamward using thebarb to support construction equipment.

• Align the barb so that the flow off the barb isdirected toward the center of the stream or awayfrom the bank. The acute angle between the barband the upstream bank typically ranges from 50to 80 degrees.

• Ensure that, at a minimum, the barb is longenough to cross the stream flow low thalweg.

• Space the barbs apart from 4 to 5 times thebarb’s length. The specific spacing is dependenton finding the point at which the streamflowleaving the barb intersects with the bank.



16–58 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–40 Stream barb details

��

��Streambed

Baseflow

Stream-forming flow

Existinggrade 8 ft. min.

Geotextile fabric

Length determinedby design

(L)

Slope

Flow

Vegetative bankbetween barbs

50° to 80°

ofstreambarb

(L)

8 ft min.

C

C

Plan viewNot to scale


Key intostreambedapprox. D100




Figure 16–41 Stream barb system



16–60 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

(xi) Rock gabions—Rock gabions begin as rectangu-lar containers fabricated from a triple twisted, hexago-nal mesh of heavily galvanized steel wire. Emptygabions are placed in position, wired to adjoininggabions, filled with stones, and then folded shut andwired at the ends and sides. NRCS Construction Speci-fication 64, Wire Gabions, provides detailed informa-tion on their installation.

Vegetation can be incorporated into rock gabions, ifdesired, by placing live branches on each consecutivelayer between the rock-filled baskets (fig. 16–42 and16–43). These gabions take root inside the gabionbaskets and in the soil behind the structures. In timethe roots consolidate the structure and bind it to theslope.


• Useful when rock riprap design requires a rocksize greater than what is locally available.

• Effective where the bank slope is steep (typicallygreater than 1.5:1) and requires structural support.

• Appropriate at the base of a slope where a lowwall may be required to stabilize the toe of theslope and reduce its steepness.

• Can be fabricated on top of the bank and thenplaced as a unit, below water if necessary.

• Lower initial cost than a concrete structure.• Tolerate limited foundation movement.• Have a short service life where installed in

streams that have a high bed load. Avoid usewhere streambed material might abrade andcause rapid failure of gabion wire mesh.

• Not designed for or intended to resist large,lateral earth stresses. Should be constructed to amaximum of 5 feet in overall height, includingthe excavation required for a stable foundation.

• Useful where space is limited and a more verticalstructure is required.

• Where gabions are designed as a structural unit,the effects of uplift, overturning, and sliding mustbe analyzed in a manner similar to that for grav-ity type structures.

• Can be placed as a continuous mattress for slopeprotection. Slopes steeper than 2:1 should beanalyzed for slope stability.

• Gabions used as mattresses should be a mini-mum of 9 inches thick for stream velocities of upto 9 feet per second. Increase the thickness to aminimum of 1.5 feet for velocities of 10 to 14 feetper second.


Live material sizes—When constructing vegetatedrock gabions, branches should range from 0.5 to 2.5inches in diameter and must be long enough to reachbeyond the back of the rock basket structure into thebackfill or undisturbed bank.

Inert materials—Galvanized woven wire mesh orgalvanized welded wire mesh baskets or mattressesmay be used. The baskets or mattresses are filled withsound durable rock that has a minimum size of 4inches and a maximum of 9 inches. Gabions can becoated with polyvinyl chloride to improve their servicelife where subject to aggressive water or soil conditions.

Installation

• Remove loose material from the foundation areaand cut or fill with compacted material to pro-vide a uniform foundation.

• Excavate the back of the stable foundation(closest to the slope) slightly deeper than thefront to add stability to the structure. This pro-vides additional stability to the structure andensures that the living branches root well forvegetated rock gabions.

• Place bedding or filter material in a uniformlygraded surface. Compaction of materials is notusually required. Install geotextiles so that theylie smoothly on the prepared foundation.

• Assemble, place, and fill the gabions with rock.Be certain that all stiffeners and fasteners areproperly secured.

• Place the gabions so that the vertical joints arestaggered between the gabions of adjacent rowsand layers by at least one-half of a cell length.

• Place backfill between and behind the wirebaskets.

• For vegetated rock gabions, place live branchcuttings on the wire baskets perpendicular to theslope with the growing tips oriented away fromthe slope and extending slightly beyond thegabions. The live cuttings must extend beyondthe backs of the wire baskets into the fill mate-rial. Place soil over the cuttings and compact it.

• Repeat the construction sequence until thestructure reaches the required height.




• Where abrasive bedloads or debris can snag ortear the gabion wire, a concrete cap should beused to protect those surfaces subject to attack.A concrete cap 6 inches thick with 3 inchespenetration into the basket is usually sufficient.The concrete for the cap should be placed afterinitial settlement has occurred.

• A filter is nearly always needed between thegabions and the foundation or backfill to preventsoil movement through the baskets. Geosyn-thetics can be used in lieu of granular filters for

many applications, however, when drainage iscritical, the fabric must maintain intimate con-tact with the foundation soils. A 3-inch layer ofsand-gravel between the gabions and the filtermaterial assures that contact is maintained.

• At the toe and up and downstream ends of ga-bion revetments, a tieback into the bank and bedshould be provided to protect the revetmentfrom undermining or scour.

Figure 16–42 Vegetated rock gabion details

��

��

Compacted fill material

Live branch cuttings(1/2- to 1-inch diameter)

Gabion baskets



2 to 3 feet

Existing vegetation,plantings or soilbioengineering

systems

Streambed

Stream-forming flow

Baseflow

��

Geotextile fabric

Erosion control fabric



16–62 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–43 Vegetated rock gabion system (H.M. Schiechtl photo)




650.1602 Shorelineprotection

(a) General

Shoreline erosion results primarily from erosive forcesin the form of waves generally perpendicular to theshoreline. As a wave moves toward shore, it begins todrag on the bottom, dissipating energy. This eventuallycauses it to break or collapse. This major turbulencestirs up material from the shore bottom or erodes itfrom banks and bluffs. Fluctuating tides, freezing andthawing, floating ice, and surface runoff from adjacentuplands may also cause shorelines to erode.

(1) Types of shoreline protection

Systems for shoreline protection can be living ornonliving. They consist of vegetation, soil bioengineer-ing, structures, or a combination of these.

(2) Planning for shoreline protection

measures

The following items need to be considered for shorelineprotection in addition to the items listed earlier in thischapter for planning streambank protection measures:

• Mean high and low water levels or tides.• Potential wave parameters.• Slope configuration above and below waterline.• Nature of the soil material above and below

water level.• Evidence of littoral drift and transport.• Causes of erosion.• Adjacent land use.• Maintenance requirements.

(b) Design considerations forshoreline protection

(1) Beach slope

Slopes should be determined above and below thewaterline. The slope below waterline should be repre-sentative of the slope for a distance of at least 50 feet.

(2) Offshore depth and wave height

Offshore depth is a critical factor in designing shore-line protection measures. Structures that must beconstructed in deep water, or in water that may be-come deep, are beyond the scope of this chapter.Other important considerations are the dynamic waveheight acting in deep water (roughly, the total heightof the wave is three times that visible) and the de-creased wave action caused by shallow water. Effec-tive fetch length also needs to be considered in deter-mining wave height. Methods for computing waveheight using fetch length are in NRCS Technical Re-leases 56 and 69.

(3) Water surface

The design water surface is the mean high tide or, innontidal areas, the mean high water. This informationmay be obtained from tidal tables, records of lakelevels, or from topographic maps of the reservoir sitein conjunction with observed high and normal waterlines along the shore.

(4) Littoral transport

The material being moved parallel to the shoreline inthe littoral zone, under the influence of waves andcurrents should be addressed in groin design. It isimportant to determine that the supply of transportmaterial is not coming from the bank being protectedand the predominant direction of littoral transport.This information is used to locate structures properlywith respect to adjacent properties and so that groinscan fill most quickly and effectively. Another factor tobe considered is that littoral transport often reversesdirections with a change in season.

The rate of littoral transport and the supply are asimportant as the direction of movement. No simpleways to measure the supply are available. For thescope of this chapter, supply may be determined byobservation of existing structures, sand beaches, augersamples of the sand above the parent material on thebeach, and the presence of sandbars offshore. Other



16–64 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

considerations are existing barriers, shoreline configu-ration, and inlets that tend to push the supply offshoreand away from the area in question. The net directionof transport is an important and complex consideration.

(5) Bank soil type

Determining the nature of bank soil material aids inestimating the rate of erosion. A very dense, heavyclay can offer more resistance to wave action thannoncohesive materials, such as sand. A thin sand lenscan result in erosion problems since it may be washedout when subjected to high tides or wave action forextended periods of time. The resulting void will nolonger support the bank above it, causing it to breakaway.

(6) Foundation material

The type of existing foundation may govern the type ofprotection selected. For example, a rock bottom willnot permit the use of sheet piling. If the use of riprap isbeing considered on a highly erodible foundation, afilter will be needed to prevent fine material fromwashing through the voids. A soft foundation, such asdredge spoil, may result in excessive flotation ormovement of the structure in any direction.

(7) Adjacent shoreline and structures

Structures that might have an effect on adjacent shore-line or other structures must be examined carefully.End sections need to be adequately anchored to exist-ing measures or terminated in stable areas.

(8) Existing vegetation

The installation of erosion control structures can havea detrimental effect upon existing vegetation unlesssteps are taken to prevent what is often avoidable sitedisturbance. Existing vegetation should be saved as anintegral part of the erosion control system beinginstalled.

(c) Protective measures forshorelines

The analysis and design of shoreline protection mea-sures are often complex and require special expertise.For this reason the following discussion is limited torevetments, bulkheads, and groins no higher than 3feet above mean high water, as well as soil bioengi-neering and other vegetative systems used alone or incombination with structural measures. Considerationmust be given to the possible effects that erosioncontrol measures can have on adjacent areas, espe-cially estuarine wetlands.

(1) Groins

Groins are somewhat permeable to impermeablefinger-like structures that are installed perpendicularto the shore. They generally are constructed in groupscalled groin fields, and their primary purpose is to traplittoral drift. The entrapped sand between the groinsacts as a buffer between the incoming waves andshoreline by causing the waves to break on the newlydeposited sand and expend most of their energy there(figs. 16–44 and 16–45).


• Particularly dependent on site conditions. Groinsare most effective in trapping sand when littoraldrift is transported in a single direction.

• Filling the groin field with borrowed sand may benecessary, if the littoral transport is clay or siltrather than sand.

• Will not fill until all preceding updrift groins havebeen filled.


Inert materials—The most common type of structuralgroin is built of preservative-treated tongue andgroove sheet piling.




Figure 16–44 Timber groin details

��Mean high

waterelevation

Top of bank6-inch diameter poles - spacing varies

Cross section

2 by 8 stringers STD placement of galvanized20d nails

24 in.min.

Varies

2 in. by 8 in. or 2 in. by 10 in. treated T&G sheet piling

6 in. polepiles

Bank

Plan

Sheet piling

Mean highwater elevation

3 1/2 ftmin.

Ground surface

24 in. orkey to

bulkhead



16–66 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Installation

• Groins must extend far enough into the water toretain desired amounts of sand. The distancebetween groins generally ranges from one tothree times the length of the groin. When used inconjunction with bulkheads, the groins areusually shorter.

• Groins are particularly vulnerable to stormdamage before they fill, so initially only the firstthree or four at the downdrift end of the systemshould be constructed.

• Install the second group of groins after the firsthas filled and the material passing around orover the groins has again stabilized the downdriftshoreline. This provides the means to verify oradjust the design spacing.

• Key the shoreward end of the groins into theshoreline bank for at least 2 feet or extend themto a bulkhead.

• Measure the groin height on the shoreline so thatit will generally be at high tide or mean highwater elevation plus 2 or 3 feet for wave surgeheight. Decrease the height seaward at a gradualrate to mean high water elevation.

Figure 16–45 Timber groin system




(3) Bulkheads

Bulkheads are vertical structures of timber, concrete,steel, or aluminum sheet piling installed parallel to theshoreline.


• Generally constructed where wave action willnot cause excessive overtopping of the structure,which causes bank erosion to continue as thoughthe bulkhead were not there.

• Scour at the base of the bulkhead also causesfailure. The vertical face of the bulkhead re-directs wave action to cause excessive scour atthe toe of the structure unless it is protected.


Inert materials—The most common materials used forbulkhead construction are timber (figs. 16–46 and16–47), concrete (figs. 16–48 and 16–49), and masonry.

Installation

• Use environmentally compatible treated timber.• Thickness and spacing of pilings, supports, cross

member, and face boards must be engineered ona site-by-site basis.

• Pilings can be drilled, driven, or jetted dependingon the foundation materials. Depth of piling mustbe at least equal to the exposed height below thepoint of maximum anticipated scour.

• Place stones or other appropriate materials atthe base of the bulkhead to absorb wave energy.

• In salt water environments, use noncorrosivematerials to the greatest extent possible.

Figure 16–46 Timber bulkhead system



16–68 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–47 Timber bulkhead details

��

��

��

��

��

��

Mean high water elevation

Coarse gravel or riprap(as needed)

Max. 4 feet

2 x H or 2 x wave height(whichever is greater)

��

��

��

��

��

��

Berm - min. 2 x wave height

��

��Mean high

water elevation

3 ft

7 ft

2 in x 8 in or 2 in x 10 in T&G sheet piling

6 in x 10 in fender pile

3/8 in cable

Backfill and slope tomeet site conditions

Backfill and slope to meet site conditions

Note: Locate bottom wale near ground line, not more than 3 inches on center from top wale.



Wave height or 18"(whichever is least)

3:1 or flatter


Gravel drain

Geotextile fabric

Weep holes 11/2 dia.10' O.C.



6 in x 6 ft anchor pile

Existing bank

5 ft

5 ft min.Geotextile fabric

2 in x 8 in x 16 in wale

2 in x 8 in x 16 in wale7/16 galvanized bolt2 in x 6 in cap





Figure 16–48 Concrete bulkhead details

��

��

��

��

��

��

�



2 ft.-1 in.1 ft.-3 in 1 ft.-2 in

��

��

Berm - min. 2 x wave height

8 in. min.

��

Berm - min. 2 x wave height8 in. min.

Coarse gravel orriprap as needed

Coarse gravel orriprap as needed

4 ft.-6 in.

3 ft.-8 in.

Max. 4 ft.

Wave height or18 in. (whichever

is least)

Max. 4 ft.

10 in.

6 in.

Wave height or18 in. whichever

is least

8 in.

6 in.14 in.

Cross section Poured in place concrete wall

Cross section Concrete block wall

Not to scale

Not to scale

1 ft.-2 in.

8 in.



No. 4 bars at 12 in. o.c.

Weep holes 1.5 in. dia.at 10 ft. o.c.

3:1 or flatter


Gravel drain


Geotextile fabric


No. 4 bars at 12 in. o.c.��


�

Horizontal joint reinforcement2 - no. 4 bars in bond beams at16 in. o.c. or joint reinforcementat 8 in o.c.

Weep holes 1.5 in. dia.at 10 ft. o.c.

Gravel drain

No. 4 bars at 16 in. o.c.Geotextile fabric

3:1 or flatter




��




16–70 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–49 Concrete bulkhead system




(4) Revetments

Revetments are protective structures of rock, con-crete, cellular blocks, or other material installed to fitthe slope and shape of the shoreline (figs. 16–50 and16–51).


• Flexible and not impaired by slight movementcaused by settlement or other adjustments.

• Preferred to bulkheads where the possibility ofextreme wave action exists.

• Local damage or loss of rock easily repaired.• No special equipment required for construction.• Subject to scour at the toe and flanking, thus

filters are important and should always beconsidered.

• Complex and expensive.


• The size and thickness of rock revetments mustbe determined to resist wave action. NRCSTechnical Release 69, Rock Riprap for Slope

Protection Against Wave Action, provides guid-ance for size, thickness, and gradation.

• The base of the revetment must be founded belowthe scour depth or placed on nonerosive material.

• Angular stone is preferred for revetments. Ifrounded stone is used, increase the layer thick-ness by a factor of 1.5.

• Use a minimum thickness of 6-inch filter materialunder rock.

• If geotextile is used in place of granular filter,cover the geotextile with a minimum of 3inchesof sand-gravel before placement of rock.

Figure 16–50 Concrete revetment (poured in place)



16–72 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–51 Rock riprap revetment




(5) Vegetative measures

If some vegetation exists on the shoreline, the shore-line problem may be solved with more vegetation.Determine if the vegetation disappeared because of asingle, infrequent storm, or if plants are being shadedout by developing overstory trees and shrubs. In eithercase revegetation is a viable alternative. Consult localtechnical guides and plant material specialists forappropriate plant species and planting specifications.NRCS Technical Release 56, Vegetative Control of

Wave Action on Earth Dams, provides additionalguidance.

(6) Patching

A shoreline problem is often isolated and requires onlya simple patch repair. Site characteristics that wouldindicate a patch solution may be appropriate includegood overall protection from wave action, slight un-dercutting in spots with an occasional slide on thebank, and fairly good vegetative growth on the shore-line. The problems are often caused by boat wake orexcessive upland runoff. Fill undercut areas with stonesandbags or grout-filled bags and repair with a grasstransplant, reed clumps, branchpacking, vegetatedgeogrid, or vegetated riprap.

Slides that occur because of a saturated soil conditionare best alleviated by providing subsurface drainage ora diversion. Leaning or slipping trees in the immediateslide area may need to be removed initially because oftheir weight and the forces they exert on the soil;however, once the saturated condition is remedied,disturbed areas should be revegetated with nativetrees, shrubs, grasses, and forbs to establish cover.

(7) Soil bioengineering systems

Soil bioengineering systems that are best suited toreducing erosion along shorelines are live stakes, livefascines, brushmattresses, live siltation, and reedclump constructions.

(i) Live stake—Live stakes offer no stability untilthey root into the shoreline area, but over time theyprovide excellent soil reinforcement. To reduce failureuntil root establishment occurs, installations may beenhanced with a layer of long straw mulch coveredwith jute mesh or, in more critical areas, a naturalgeotextile fabric.

Refer to streambank protection section of this chapterfor appropriate applications and construction guidelines.

(ii) Live fascine—The live fascines previously de-scribed in this chapter work best in shoreline applica-tions where the ground between them is also pro-tected. Natural geotextiles, such as those manufac-tured from coconut husks, are strong, durable, andwork well to protect the ground.


Live materials—Live cuttings as previously describedfor fabrication of live fascine bundles. Fabricate livefascine bundles approximately 8 inches in diameter.Live stakes should be about 3 feet long.

Inert materials—Dead stout stakes approximately 3feet long to anchor well in loose sand. Jute mesh withlong straw for low energy shorelines. Natural geo-textile with long straw for higher energy shorelines.

Installation

The installation methods are similar to those dis-cussed for live fascines, with the following variations:

• Excavate a trench approximately 10 inches wideand deep, beginning at one end of and parallel tothe shoreline section to be repaired and extend-ing to the other end.

• Spread jute mesh or geotextile fabric across theexcavated trench and temporarily leave theremainder on the slope immediately above thetrench.

• Place a live fascine bundle in the trench on top ofthe fabric and anchor with live and dead stoutstakes.

• Spread long straw on the slope above the trenchto the approximate location of the next trench tobe constructed upslope.

• Pull the fabric upslope over the long straw andspread in the next excavated trench. Trenchesshould be spaced 3 to 5 feet apart and parallel toeach other.

• Repeat the process until the system is in placeover the treatment area.



16–74 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

(iii) Brushmattress—Brushmattresses for shore-lines perform a similar function as those for stream-banks. Therefore, effectiveness and constructionguidelines are similar to those given earlier in thischapter, with the following additions.


• May be effective in lake areas that have fluctuat-ing water levels since they are able to protect theshoreline and continue to grow.

• Able to filter incoming water because they alsoestablish a dense, healthy shoreline vegetation.

Installation

• After the trench at the bottom has been dug andthe mattress branches placed, the trench shouldbe lined with geotextile fabric.

• Secure the live fascine, press down the mattressbrush, and place the fabric on top of the brush.

• At this point, install the live and dead stoutstakes to hold the brush in place. A few deadstout stakes may be used in the mattress branchand partly wired down before covering thefabric. This helps in the final steps of coveringand securing the brush and the fabric.

(iv) Live siltation construction—Live siltationconstruction is similar to brushlayering except that theorientation of the branches are more vertical. Ideallylive siltation systems are approximately perpendicularto the prevailing winds. The branch tips should slopeupwards at 45 to 60 degrees. Installation is similar tobrushlayering (see Engineering Field Handbook,chapter 18 for a more complete discussion of abrushlayer).

Live siltation branches that have been installed in thetrenches serve as tensile inclusions or reinforcingunits. The part of the brush that protrudes from theground assists in retarding runoff and surface erosionfrom wave action and wind (figs. 16–52 and 16–53).


Live siltation systems provide immediate erosioncontrol and earth reinforcement functions, including:

• Providing surface stability for the planting orestablishment of vegetation.

• Trapping debris, seed, and vegetation at theshoreline.

• Reducing wind erosion and surface particlemovement.

• Drying excessively wet sites through transpira-tion.

• Promoting seed germination for naturalcolonization.

• Reinforcing the soil with unrooted branchcuttings.

• Reinforcing the soil as deep, strong rootsdevelop and adding resistance to sliding andshear displacement.


Live material—Live branch cuttings 0.5 to 1 inch indiameter and 4 to 5 feet long with side branches intact.

Installation

• Beginning at the toe of the shoreline bank to betreated, excavate a trench 2 to 3 feet deep and 1to 2 feet wide, with one vertical side and theother angled toward the shoreline.

• Parallel live siltation rows should vary from 5 to10 feet apart, depending upon shoreline condi-tions and stability required. Steep, unstable andhigh energy sites require closer spacing.




Figure 16–52 Live siltation construction details

��

��

Excavatedtrench

Live brush

Fill material

Livesiltationbranches

2 to 3 ft

Note: Rooted/leafed condition of the living plant material is not respresentative of the time of installation.

Littoraltransport

1 to 2 ft

Section A-A

Littoraltransport

A AToe of

shoreline bank

5 to 10 ft

PlanNot to scale

Shoreline

Live siltation constructions

�



16–76 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–53 Live siltation construction system (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)




(v) Reed clump—Reed clump installations consist ofroot divisions wrapped in natural geotextile fabric,placed in trenches, and staked down. The resultingroot mat reinforces soil particles and extracts excessmoisture through transpiration. Reed clump systemsare typically installed at the water's edge or on shelvesin the littoral zone (fig. 16–54 and 16–55).


• Reduces toe erosion and creates a dense energy-dissipating reed bank area.

• Offers relatively inexpensive and immediateprotection from erosion.

• Useful on shore sites where rapid repair of spotdamage is required.

• Retains soil and transported sediment at theshoreline.

• Reduces a long beach wash into a series ofshorter sections capable of retaining surfacesoils.

• Enhances conditions for natural colonization andestablishment of vegetation from the surround-ing plant community.

• Grows in water and survives fluctuating waterlevels.


Live materials—The reed clumps should be 4 to 8inches in diameter and taken from healthy water-dependent species, such as arrowhead, cattail, orwater iris. They may be selectively harvested fromexisting natural sites or purchased from a nursery.

Wrap reed clumps in natural geotextile fabric and bindtogether with twine. These clumps can be fabricatedseveral days before installation if they are kept moistand shaded.

Inert materials—Natural geotextile fabric, twine, and3- to 3.5-foot-long dead stout stakes are required.

Installation• Reed root clumps are either placed directly into

fabric-lined trenches or prefabricated into rolls 5to 30 feet long. With the growing tips pointing up,space clumps every 12 inches on a 2- to 3-foot-wide strip of geotextile fabric to fabricate therolls. The growing buds should all be oriented inthe same upright direction for correct placementinto the trench.

• Wrap the fabric from both sides to overlap thetop, leaving the reed clumps exposed and boundwith twine between each plant.

• Beginning at and parallel to the water's edge,excavate a trench 2 inches wider and deeperthan the size of the prefabricated reed roll orreed clumps.

• To place reed clumps directly into trenches, firstline the trench with a 2- to 3-foot-wide strip ofgeotextile fabric before spreading a 1-inch layerof highly organic topsoil over it at the bottom ofthe trench. Next, center the reed clumps on 12-inch spacing in the bottom of the trench. Fill theremainder of the trench between and aroundreed clumps with highly organic topsoil, andcompact. Wrap geotextile fabric from each sideto overlap at the top and leave the reed clumpsexposed before securing with dead stout stakesspaced between the clumps. Complete the instal-lation by spreading previously excavated soilaround the exposed reed clumps to cover thisstaked fabric.

• To use the prefabricated reed clump roll, place itin the excavated trench, secure it with dead stoutstakes, and backfill as described above.

• Repeat the above procedure by excavating addi-tional parallel trenches spaced 3 to 6 feet aparttoward the shoreline. Place the reed clumps fromone row to the next to produce a staggeredspacing pattern.



16–78 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Figure 16–54 Reed clump details

��

Plan

Dead stout stake

��

�� Natural geotextile

fabric wrap

Coconut fiber roll(optional to reducewave energy)

Organic soil

Cross section

Aquatic plant

12-18 inches

12-18 inches

Trench(filled withorganic soil)

Mean water level

Optional coconutfiber roll


3-6 feet

Not to scale

Not to scale

��

Dead stoutstakes

Backfill

Backfill

Lakebed




Figure 16–55a Installing dead stout stakes in reed clumpsystem (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)

Figure 16–55b Completing installation of reed clumpsystem (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)

Figure 16–55c Established reed clump system (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)



16–80 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

(8) Coconut fiber roll

Coconut fiber rolls are cylindrical structures com-posed of coconut fibers bound together with twinewoven from coconut (figs. 16–56 and 16–57). Thismaterial is most commonly manufactured in 12-inchdiameters and lengths of 20 feet. The fiber rolls func-tion as breakwaters along the shores of lakes andembayments. In addition to reducing wave energy, thisproduct can help contain substrate and encouragedevelopment of wetland communities.


• Effective in lake areas where the water levelfluctuates because it is able to protect the shore-line and encourage new vegetation.

• Flexible, can be molded to the curvature of theshoreline.

• Prefabricated materials can be expensive.• Manufacturers estimate the product has an

effective life of 6 to 10 years.

Figure 16–56 Coconut fiber roll details

��

��

2 in. x 2 in. x 36 in.oak stakes

Mean high water elevation

Lakebed

��

Erodedshoreline


Coconut fiberroll

Vegetativeplantings




Installation

• Fiber roll should be located off shore at a dis-tance where the top of the fiber roll is exposed atlow tide. In nontidal areas, the fiber roll shouldbe placed where it will not be overtopped bywave action.

• Drive 2 inch x 2 inch stakes between the bindingtwine and the coconut fiber. Stakes should beplaced on 4-foot centers and should not extendabove the fiber roll.

• If desired, rooted cuttings can be installed be-tween the coconut fiber roll and the shoreline.

Figure 16–57 Coconut fiber roll system



16–82 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

650.1603 References

Andrews, E.D. 1983. Entrainment of gravel from natu-rally sorted riverbed material. Geological Societyof America 94:1225-1231.

Bell, Milo C. Fisheries handbook of engineering re-quirements and biological criteria.

Berger, John. 1991. Restoration of aquatic ecosystems:science, technology, and public policy. Reportfor national research council committee onrestoration of aquatic ecosystems in appliedfluvial geomorphology. Wildland HydrologyConsultants (Rosgen) Short Course, September28-October 2, 1992, Pagosa Springs, CO, pp. E-29through E-36.

Coppin, N.J., and I.G. Richards. 1990. Use of vegetationin civil engineering. Butterworths, London,England.

Davis, William M. 1889. The geographical cycle. Geo-graphical Journal 14: 481-504.

Flosi, Gary, and Forrest Reynolds. 1991. Californiasalmonid stream habitat and restoration manual.California Department of Fish and Game.

Gray, Donald H., and Andrew T. Leiser. 1982.Biotechnical slope protection and erosion con-trol. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY.

Leopold, Aldo. 1949. A sand county almanac andsketches here and there.

Leopold, Luna B., and David L. Rosgen. 1991. Move-ment of bed material clasts in gravel streams.Proceedings of the Fifth Federal InteragencySedimentation Conference, Las Vegas, NV.

Leopold, Luna B., and M. G. Wolman. 1957. Riverchannel patterns; braided, meandering, andstraight. U.S. Geologic Survey Professional Paper282-B. Washington, DC.

Malanson, George P. 1993. Riparian landscapes. Cam-bridge University, Great Britain.

Naiman, Robert J. 1992. Watershed management.Springer-Verlag, NY.

Rosgen, David L. 1985. A stream classification sys-tem—riparian ecosystems and theirmanagement. First North American RiparianConference, Tucson, AZ.

Rosgen, David L. 1992. Restoration. Pages E-1 throughE-28 in Applied Fluvial Geomorphology, andpages E-29 through E-36 in Wildland HydrologyConsultants (Rosgen) Short Course, September28-October 2, 1992, Pagosa Springs, CO.

Rosgen, Dave, and Brenda Fittante. 1992. Fish habitatstructures: a selection using stream classifica-tion. Pages C-31 through C-50 in Applied FluvialGeomorphology, and pages E-29 through E-36,Wildland Hydrology Consultants (Rosgen) ShortCourse, September 28-October 2, 1992, PagosaSprings, Colorado.

Schumm, Stanley A. 1963. A tentative classification ofalluvial rivers. U.S. Geologic Survey Circular 477,Washington, DC.

Schumm, Stanley A. 1977. The fluvial system. JohnWiley and Sons, NY, 338 pp.

Schumm, Stanley A., Mike D. Harvey, and Chester A.Watson. 1984. Incised channels: morphology,dynamics and control. Water Resources Publica-tions, Littleton, CO, 200 pp.

The Pacific Rivers Council. 1993. Entering the water-shed. Washington, DC.

U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1975.Shore protection manual, volumes I and II.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Help yourself—Adiscussion of erosion problems on the GreatLakes and alternative methods of shore protec-tion. A General Information Pamphlet.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1981. Main report, finalreport to Congress on the Streambank ErosionControl Evaluation and Demonstration Act of1974, Section 32, Public Law 93-251.




U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1983. Streambankprotection guidelines.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, South-ern Region. 1992. Stream habitat improvementhandbook.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil ConservationService. 1977. Design of open channels. Techni-cal Release 25.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil ConservationService. 1974. A guide for design and layout ofvegetative wave protection for earth dam em-bankments. Technical Release 56.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil ConservationService. 1983. Riprap for slope protection againstwave action. Technical Release 69.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil ConservationService. 1994. Gradation design of sand andgravel filters. Natl. Eng. Hdbk, part 633, ch. 26.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil ConservationService. Agricultural Information Bulletin 460.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil ConservationService. Vegetation for tidal shoreline stabiliza-tion in the Mid-Atlantic States, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office S/N001-007-00906-5.

U.S. Department of Transportation. 1975. Highways inthe river environment-hydraulic and environmen-tal design considerations. Training and DesignManual.

U.S. Department of Transportation. Use of riprap forbank protection. (need date)

Waldo, Peter G. 1991. The geomorphic approach tochannel investigation. Proceedings of the FifthFederal Interagency Sedimentation Conference.Las Vegas, NV, pp. 3-71 through 3-78.



16–84 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)


Glossary

Bankfull discharge Natural streams—The discharge that fills the channel without overflowingonto the flood plain.

Modified or entrenched streams—The streamflow volume and depth that isthe 1- to 3-year frequency flow event.

The discharge that determines the stream's geomorphic planform dimen-sions.

Bar A streambed deposit of sand or gravel, often exposed during low-waterperiods.

Baseflow The ground water contribution of streamflow.

Bole Trunk of a tree.

Branchpacking Live, woody, branch cuttings and compacted soil used to repair slumpedareas of streambanks.

Brushmattress A combination of live stakes, fascines, and branch cuttings installed tocover and protect streambanks and shorelines.

Bulkhead Generally vertical structures of timber, concrete, steel, or aluminum sheetpiling used to protect shorelines from wave action.

Channel A natural or manmade waterway that continuously or intermittently carrieswater.

Cohesive soil A soil that, when unconfined, has considerable strength when air dried andsignificant strength when wet.

Current The flow of water through a stream channel.

Dead blow hammer A hammer filled with lead shot or sand.

Deadman A log or concrete block buried in a streambank to anchor revetments.

Deposition The accumulation of soil particles on the channel bed, banks, and floodplain.

Discharge The volume of water passing through a channel during a given time, usuallymeasured in cubic feet per second.

Dormant season The time of year when plants are not growing and deciduous plants shedtheir leaves.

Duration of flow Length of time a stream floods.

Erosion control fabric Woven or spun material made from natural or synthetic fibers and placedto prevent surface erosion.



16–86 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Erosion The wearing away of the land by the natural forces of wind, water, orgravity.

Erosive (erodible) A soil whose particles are easily detached and entrained in a fluid, eitherair or water, passing over or through the soil. The most erodible soils tendto be silts and/or fine sands with little or no cohesion.

Failure Collapse or slippage of a large mass of streambank material.

Filter A layer of fabric, sand, gravel, or graded rock placed between the bankrevetment or channel lining and soil to prevent the movement of finegrained sizes or to prevent revetment work from sinking into the soil.

Fines Silt and clay particles.

Flanking Streamflow between a structure and the bank that creates an area of scour.

Flow rate Volume of flow per unit of time; usually expressed as cubic feet persecond.

Footer log A log placed below the expected scour depth of a stream. Foundation for arootwad and boulders.

Gabion A wire mesh basket filled with rock that can be used in multiples as astructural unit.

Geotextile Any permeable textile used with foundation soil, rock, or earth as an inte-gral part of a product, structure, or system usually to provide separation,reinforcement, filtration, or drainage.

Groin A structure built perpendicular to the shoreline to trap littoral drift andretard erosion.

Ground water Water contained in the voids of the saturated zone of geologic strata.

Headcutting The development and upstream movement of a vertical or near verticalchange in bed slope, generally evident as falls or rapids. Headcuts are oftenan indication of major disturbances in a stream system or watershed.

Joint planting The insertion of live branch cuttings in openings or interstices of rocks,blocks, or other inert revetment units and into the underlying soil.

Littoral drift The movement of littoral drift either transport parallel (long shore trans-port) or perpendicular (on-shore transport) to the shoreline.

Littoral The sedimentary material of shorelines moved by waves and currents.

Littoral zone An indefinite zone extending seaward from the shoreline to just beyond thebreaker zone.




Live branch cuttings Living, freshly cut branches from woody shrub and tree species that readilypropagate when embedded in soil.

Live cribwall A rectangular framework of logs or timbers filled with soil and containinglive woody cuttings that are capable of rooting.

Live fascine Bound, elongated, cylindrical bundles of live branch cuttings that areplaced in shallow trenches, partly covered with soil, and staked in place.

Live siltation construction Live branch cuttings that are placed in trenches at an angle from shorelineto trap sediment and protect them against wave action.

Live stake Live branch cuttings that are tamped or inserted into the earth to take rootand produce vegetative growth.

Noncohesive soil Soil, such as sand, that lacks significant internal strength and has littleresistance to erosion.

Piling (sheet) Strips or sheets of metal or other material connected with meshed orinterlocking members to form an impermeable diaphragm or wall.

Piling A long, heavy timber, concrete, or metal support driven or jetted into theearth.

Piping The progressive removal of soil particles from a soil mass by percolatingwater, leading to the development of flow channels or tunnels.

Reach A section of a stream's length.

Reed clump A combination of root divisions from aquatic plants and natural geotextilefabric to protect shorelines from wave action.

Revetment (armoring) A facing of stone, interlocking pavers, or other armoring material shaped toconform to and protect streambanks or shorelines.

Riprap A layer, facing, or protective mound of rubble or stones randomly placed toprevent erosion, scour, or sloughing of a structure of embankment; also,the stone used for this purpose.

Rootwad A short length of tree trunk and root mass.

Scour Removal of underwater material by waves or currents, especially at thebase or toe of a streambank or shoreline.

Sediment deposition The accumulation of sediment.

Sediment load The amount of sediment in transport.

Sediment Soil particles transported from their natural location by wind or water.



16–88 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Seepage The movement of water through the ground, or water emerging on the faceof a bank.

Slumping (sloughing) Shallow mass movement of soil as a result of gravity and seepage.

Stream-forming flow The discharge that determines a stream’s geomorphic planform dimen-sions. Equivalent to the 1- to 3-year frequency flow event (see Bankfulldischarge).

Streambank The side slopes within which streamflow is confined.

Streambed (bed) The bottom of a channel.

Streamflow The movement of water within a channel.

Submerged vanes Precast concrete or wooden elements placed in streambeds to deflectsecondary currents away from the streambank.

Thalweg The deepest part of a stream channel where the fastest current is usuallyfound.

Toe The break in slope at the foot of a bank where it meets the streambed.

Vegetated geogrid Live branch cuttings placed in layers with natural or synthetic geotextilefabric wrapped around each soil lift.

Vegetated structural revetments Porous revetments, such as riprap or interlocking pavers, into which liveplants or cuttings can be placed.

Vegetated structures A retaining structure in which live plants or cuttings have been integrated.

16A–1(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Appendix 16A Size Determination for Rock Riprap

Figure 16A–1 Rock size based on Isbash Curve

Isbash Curve

The Isbash Curve, because of its widespread accep-tance and ease of use, is a direct reprint from theprevious chapter 16, Engineering Field Manual. Thecurve was developed from empirical data to determinea rock size for a given velocity. See figure 16A–1. Theuser can read the D100 rock size (100 percent of riprap≤ this size) directly from the graph in terms of weight(pounds) or dimension (inches). Less experiencedusers should use this method for quick estimates orcomparison with other methods before determining afinal design.

60

40

20

00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

50

100

250

500

1,000

10,000

15,000

5,000

Weig

ht

of

sto

ne a

t 1

65

lb

/ft3

Velocity (ft/s)

Dia

mete

r o

f sto

ne (

in)

Based on Isbash Curve

Procedure

1. Determine the design velocity.2. Use velocity and fig. 16A-1 (Isbash Curve) to determine basic rock size.3. Basic rock size is the D100 size.

Part 650

Engineering F

ield Handbook

Str

eam

ban

k a

nd

Sh

orelin

e P

ro

tectio

nC

hap

ter 1

6

16A–2

(210-vi-EF

H, D

ecember 1996)

Figure 16A–2 Rock size based on Far West States (FWS)-Lane method

0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020Channel slope S (ft/ft)

0

Ds (nom

inal diameter in inches). Size of rock for w

hich 25% by w

eight is larger

10

20

30

40

Ratio of curve radius towater surface width

Straight channel

c = 10= 0.75= 0.60

9 - 126 - 9

= 0.90

4 - 6

Side slope

= 0.72 K = 0.87

3:1

2:1

1 1/2:1

= 0.52

Depth of flow D (ft

)

10

8

6

4

2

Ds = w D S3.5CK

Ds = D75 size rock in inches

Notes:

1. Ratio of channel bottom width to depth(D) greater than 4.

2. Specific gravity of rock not less than 2.56.3. Additional requirements for stable riprap

include fairly well graded rock, stablefoundation, and minimum section thickness(normal to slope) not less than Ds at maximumwater surface elevation and 3 Ds at the base.

4. Where a filter blanket is used, design filter materialgrading in accordance with cirteria in NRCS SoilMechanics Note 1.

Rc/Ws

4-66-99-12straight channel

C

0.6 0.75 0.901.0

Slide slope

1 1/2:11 3/4:1

2:12 1/2:1

3:1

K

.52

.63

.72

.80

.87

Rc=Curve radiusWs=Water surface widthS=Energy slope or channel gradew=62.4

Procedure

1. Determine the average channel grade or energy slope.2. Enter fig. 16A-2 with energy slope, flow depth, and site physical

characteristics to determine basic rock size.3. Basic rock size is the D75 size.



16A–3(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Fig

ure 1

6A

–3

Gra

dati

on li

mit

s cu

rve

for

dete

rmin

ing

suit

able

roc

k gr

adat

ion

8

9

10

7

6

5

3

4

2

1

8

9

6

5

3

4

2

1

7

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Ref

eren

ceSi

ze

% Passing (by weight)

0.2

0.25

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

4.0

5.0

Ro

ck

Rip

rap

Grad

ati

on

d lo

w/h

igh=

–––

––––

–——

KK

D

D10

0, 7

5 et

c.

d lo

w/h

igh=

low

er o

r up

per

size

lim

it o

f ri

prap

D10

0, 7

5 et

c.=

calc

ulat

ed b

asic

roc

k si

ze f

rom

one

of t

he r

ock

ripr

ap d

esig

n m

etho

ds

KD

=K

fro

m lo

wer

gra

dati

on li

mit

s cu

rve

for

the

D50

, D75

, D10

0 et

c.

D10

0

D30

Ex

am

ple

:

Cal

cula

te b

asic

roc

k si

ze f

rom

one

of

the

desi

gn m

etho

ds.

For

thi

s ex

ampl

e

assu

me

D75

=16

in. (

from

fig

ure

16

A-2

)

Det

erm

ine

KD

fro

m lo

wer

cur

ve

KD

=1.

18

Det

erm

ine

grad

atio

n lim

its

d=

(K

)16

in.

1.18

KD=

1.1

8

d 100

75 60 40 20

low

er

17 in

16 in

15 in

13 in

8 in

up

per

27 in

24 in

21 in

18 in

14 in

(K

)

D50

D75

16B–1(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Appendix 16B Plants for Soil Bioengineeringand Associated Systems

The information in appendix 16B is from the NaturalResources Conservation Service's data base for SoilBioengineering Plant Materials (biotype). The plantsare listed in alphabetical order by scientific name.Further subdivision of the listing should be consideredto account for local conditions and identify speciessuitable only for soil bioengineering systems.

Table header definitions (in the order they occur onthe tables):

Scientific name—Genus and species name of theplant.

Common name—Common name of the plant.

Region of occurrence—Region(s) of occurrenceusing the regions of distribution in PLANTS (Plant Listof Attributes, Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Symbols,1994). Region code number or letter:

1 Northeast—ME, NH, VT, MA, CT, RI, WV, KY,NY, PA, NJ, MD, DE, VA, OH

2 Southeast—NC, SC, GA, FL, TN, AL, MS, LA, AR3 North Central—MO, IA, MN, MI, WI, IL, IN4 North Plains—ND, SD, MT (eastern)

WY (eastern)5 Central Plains—NE, KS, CO (eastern)6 South Plains—TX, OK7 Southwest—AZ, NM8 Intermountain—NV, UT, CO (western)9 Northwest—WA, OR, ID, MT (western)

WY (western)0 California—CaA Alaska—AKC Caribbean—PR, VI, CZ, SQH Hawaii—HI, AQ, GU, IQ, MQ, TQ, WQ, YQ

Commercial availability—Answers whether theplant is available from commercial plant vendors.

Plant type—Short description of the type of plant:tree, shrub, grass, forb, legume, etc.

Root type—Description of the root of the plant: tap,fibrous, suckering, etc.

Rooting ability from cutting—Subjective rating ofcut stems of the plant to root without special hormoneand/or environmental surroundings provided.

Growth rate—Subjective rating of the speed ofgrowth of the plant: slow, medium, fast, etc.

Establishment speed—Subjective rating of the speedof establishment of the plant.

Spread potential—Subjective rating of the potentialfor the plant to spread: low, good, etc.

Plant materials—The type of vegetation plant partsthat can be used to establish a new colony of thespecies.

Notes—Other important or interesting characteristicsabout the plant.

Soil preference—Indication of the type of soil theplant prefers: sand, loam, clay, etc.

pH preference—Lists the pH preference(s) of theplant.

Drought tolerance—Subjective rating of the abilityof the plant to survive dry soil conditions.

Shade tolerance—Subjective rating of the ability ofthe plant to tolerate shaded sites.

Deposition tolerance—Subjective rating of theability of the plant to tolerate deposition of soil ororganic debris around or over the roots and stems.

Flood tolerance—Selective rating of the ability of theplant to tolerate flooding events.

Flood season—Time of the year that the plant cantolerate flooding events.

Minimum water depth—The minimum water depthrequired by the plant for optimal growth.

Maximum water depth—The maximum water depththe plant can tolerate and not succumb to drowning.

Wetland indicator—A national indicator from Na-tional List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands:1988 National Summary.



16B–2 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)

Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Acer

vine

map

le9,

0ye

s,sh

rub

tofi

brou

s,fa

ir t

osl

owsl

owgo

odpl

ants

Bra

nche

s of

ten

cir

cin

atu

mbu

tsm

all

root

ing

good

touc

h& r

oot

atin

tree

at n

odes

grou

nd le

vel.

Oft

enlim

ited

occu

rs w

ith

coni

fer

quan

t-ov

erst

ory.

Occ

urs

itie

sB

riti

sh C

olum

bia

toC

A.

Acer g

labru

mdw

arf

map

le4,

5,7,

yes

smal

l tre

epo

orpl

ants

usua

lly d

ioec

ious

,8,

9,0,

grow

s in

poo

r so

ils.

A

Acer n

egu

ndo

boxe

lder

1,2,

3,ye

ssm

all t

ofi

brou

s,po

orfa

stfa

stfa

irpl

ants

,U

se in

sun

& p

art

4,5,

6,m

ediu

mm

oder

ate-

root

edsh

ade.

Sur

vive

d7,

8,9,

tree

ly d

eep,

cutt

ings

deep

flo

odin

g fo

r0

spre

adin

g,on

e se

ason

insu

cker

ing

Pac

ific

NW

.

Acer r

ubru

mre

d m

aple

1,2,

3,ye

sm

ediu

msh

allo

wpo

orfa

stm

ediu

mgo

odpl

ants

Not

tol

eran

t of

hig

h6

tree

whe

npH

sit

es. O

ccur

s on

youn

gan

d pr

efer

s si

tes

wit

h a

high

wat

erta

ble

and/

or a

nan

nual

flo

odin

gev

ent.

Acer

silv

er m

aple

1,2,

3,ye

sm

ediu

msh

allo

w,

poor

fast

med

ium

fair

plan

tsP

lant

s oc

cur

mos

tly

sa

cch

arin

um

4,5,

6,tr

eefi

brou

sw

hen

east

of

the

95th

8yo

ung

para

llel.

Surv

ived

2ye

ars

of f

lood

ing

inM

S.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Aln

us

paci

fic

alde

rtr

eepo

orm

ost

plan

tsA

spe

cies

for

pacif

ica

alde

rsfo

rest

ed w

etla

ndar

e fa

stsi

tes

in th

e P

acif

icno

rthw

est.

Pla

nt o

n10

- to

12-f

oot

spac

ing.

Aln

us r

ubra

red

alde

r9,

0,A

yes

med

ium

shal

low

,po

or to

fast

fast

good

plan

tsU

sual

ly g

row

s w

est

tree

spre

adin

g,fa

irof

the

Cas

cade

suck

erin

gM

tns,

wit

hin

125

mile

sof t

he o

cean

&be

low

2,4

00 fe

etel

evat

ion.

A n

itro

-ge

n so

urce

. Sho

rtliv

ed s

peci

es. M

aybe

see

dabl

e. S

us-

cept

ible

toca

terp

iller

s.

Aln

us

smoo

th a

lder

1,2,

3,ye

sla

rge

shal

low

,po

orsl

owm

ediu

mfa

irpl

ants

Thi

cket

form

ing.

serru

lata

5,6

shru

bsp

read

ing

Surv

ived

2 y

ears

of

floo

ding

in M

S.R

oots

hav

e re

lati

onw

ith

nitr

ogen

-fix

ing

acti

nom

ycet

es,

susc

epti

ble

to ic

eda

mag

e, n

eeds

full

sun.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Aln

us

sitk

a al

der

9,0,

Aye

s, b

utsh

rub

tosh

allo

wpo

orra

pid

med

ium

fair

topl

ants

A n

itro

gen

sour

ce.

vir

idis

very

smal

l tre

efi

rst y

ear,

good

Occ

urs

AK

to C

A.

ssp.s

inu

ata

limit

edm

oder

ate

quan

-th

erea

fter

titi

es

Am

ela

nchie

rcu

sick

’s9

yes

shru

bpo

orm

ediu

mm

ediu

mm

ediu

mpl

ants

Usu

ally

see

daln

ifoli

ase

rvic

eber

rypr

opag

ated

. Occ

urs

var c

usic

kii

in e

aste

rn W

A,

nort

hern

ID, &

east

ern

OR

. Adi

ffer

ent v

arie

ty is

Pac

ific

ser

vice

berr

yA

. aln

ifol

ia v

arse

miin

tegr

ifol

ia.

Hos

t to

seve

ral

inse

ct &

dis

ease

pest

s.

Am

ela

nchie

rut

ah9

smal

l to

plan

tsO

ccur

s in

sou

thea

stu

tahen

sis

serv

iceb

erry

larg

eO

R, s

outh

ID, N

V, &

shru

bU

T.

Am

orpha

fals

e in

digo

1,2,

3,ye

ssh

rub

poor

med

ium

fast

poor

plan

ts,

Supp

osed

ly r

oot

fru

itcosa

4,5,

6,se

edsu

cker

s. H

as b

een

7,8,

0se

eded

dir

ectl

y on

road

side

cut

and

fill

site

s in

MD

.

Aron

iare

d1,

2,3,

yes

shru

bpo

orfa

stfa

stpl

ants

,R

hizo

mat

ous.

May

arbu

tifo

lia

chok

eber

ry6

seed

prod

uce

frui

t in

seco

nd y

ear.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Asim

ina

paw

paw

1,2,

3,ye

ssm

all

tap

and

poor

tofa

stpo

orro

otD

oes

prod

uce

tril

oba

5,6

tree

root

fair

cutt

ings

,th

icke

ts w

here

suck

ers

plan

tsna

tive

& c

an b

epr

opag

ated

by

laye

ring

& r

oot

cutt

ings

. Occ

urs

NY

to F

L &

TX

.

Baccharis

seep

will

ow6,

7,8,

yes

med

ium

deep

&go

odpl

ants

Thi

cket

form

ing.

glu

tin

osa

0sh

rub

wid

e-sp

read

ing,

fibr

ous

Baccharis

east

ern

1,2,

6ye

sm

ediu

mfi

brou

sgo

odfa

irfa

stfa

irfa

scin

es,

Res

ista

nt to

sal

thali

mif

oli

aba

ccha

ris

shru

bcu

ttin

gs,

spra

y; u

nise

xual

plan

ts,

plan

ts. O

ccur

s M

Ato

FL

& T

X.

Baccharis

coyo

tebu

sh9,

0m

ediu

mfi

brou

sgo

odfa

irfa

scin

es,

Pio

neer

in g

ullie

s,pil

ula

ris

ever

gree

nst

akes

,m

any

form

ssh

rub

brus

hpr

ostr

ate

& s

prea

d-m

ats,

ing.

May

be

seed

-la

yeri

ng,

able

. C

olon

y-cu

ttin

gsfo

rmin

g to

1 fo

othi

gh in

CA

coa

stal

bluf

fs.

Baccharis

wat

er w

ally

6,7,

8,m

ediu

mfi

brou

s,go

odfa

irfa

scin

es,

Was

B. g

luti

nosa

.sali

cif

oli

a0

ever

-de

ep,

brus

hT

hick

et fo

rmin

g,gr

een

wid

e-m

ats,

unis

exua

l pla

nts.

shru

bsp

read

ing

stak

es,

laye

ring

,cu

ttin

gs




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Baccharis

mul

efat

6,7,

8,m

ediu

mfi

brou

sgo

odfa

scin

es,

May

be

B.

vim

inea

bacc

hari

s0

ever

-st

akes

,sa

licif

olia

.gr

een

brus

hsh

rub

mat

s,la

yeri

ng,

cutt

ings

Betu

la n

igra

rive

r bi

rch

1,2,

3,ye

sm

ediu

mpo

orfa

st w

hen

fast

poor

plan

tsP

lant

s co

ppic

e5,

6to

lar

geyo

ung

whe

n cu

t. Su

rviv

edtr

ee1

year

of f

lood

ing

inM

S. H

ybri

dize

s w

ith

B p

apyr

ifer

a.

Betu

law

ater

bir

ch4,

5,7,

yes

med

ium

fibr

ous,

plan

tsO

ccur

s on

the

occid

en

tali

s8,

9,0,

tree

spre

adin

Pac

ific

Coa

st to

CO

.A

g

Betu

lapa

per

birc

h1,

3,4,

yes

med

ium

shal

low

,po

orfa

st w

hen

fast

poor

plan

tsN

ot to

lera

nt o

f mor

epapyrif

era

5,9,

Atr

eefi

brou

syo

ung

than

a fe

w d

ays

inun

dati

on in

a N

ewE

ngla

nd tr

ial.

Shor

tliv

ed b

ut th

e m

ost

resi

stan

t to

bore

rsof

all

birc

hes.

Betu

lalo

w b

irch

1,3,

4,sm

all t

ofi

brou

spo

orpl

ants

Occ

urs

New

foun

d-pu

mil

a8,

9la

rge

land

to N

J &

MN

.sh

rub




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Carpin

isam

eric

an1,

2,3,

yes,

smal

lpo

orsl

owsl

owpo

orpl

ants

Not

tole

rant

of

caroli

nia

na

horn

beam

6lim

ited

tree

floo

ding

in T

Nso

urce

sV

alle

y tr

ial.

Occ

urs

MD

to F

L &

wes

t to

sout

hern

IL &

eas

tT

X. A

nor

ther

n fo

rmoc

curs

from

New

Eng

land

to N

C &

wes

t to

MN

& A

R.

Carya

wat

er h

icko

ry1,

2,3,

yes

tall

tree

tap

topo

orsl

owfa

stpo

orpl

ants

A s

peci

es fo

raqu

ati

ca

6sh

allo

wfo

rest

ed w

etla

ndla

tera

lsi

tes.

Carya

bitt

ernu

t1,

2,3,

yes

tree

tap

&po

orsl

owpo

orpl

ants

Roo

ts &

stu

mps

cordif

orm

ishi

ckor

y5,

6de

nse

copp

ice.

Not

late

rals

tole

rate

floo

ding

ina

MO

tria

l. O

ccur

sQ

uebe

c to

FL

& L

A.

Tra

nspl

ants

wit

hdi

ffic

ulty

.

Carya o

vata

shag

bark

1,2,

3,ye

sm

ediu

mta

ppo

orsl

owsl

owpo

orpl

ants

Har

d to

tran

spla

nt.

hick

ory

4,5,

6tr

eeO

ccur

s Q

uebe

c to

FL

& T

X.

Cata

lpa

sout

hern

1,2,

3,ye

str

eepo

orfa

irfa

irpo

orpl

ants

Occ

urs

in S

W G

A to

big

non

ioid

es

cata

lpa

5,6,

7LA

; nat

ural

ized

inN

ew E

ngla

nd, O

H,

MI,

& T

X.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Celt

issu

garb

erry

1,2,

3,ye

sm

ediu

mre

lati

vely

poor

med

ium

slow

low

plan

tsV

ery

resi

stan

t to

laevig

ata

5,6,

7,tr

eesh

allo

ww

itch

es-b

room

.9,

0O

ccur

s F

L, w

est t

oT

X &

sou

ther

n IN

.A

lso

in M

exic

o. L

eaf

fall

alle

lopa

thic

.

Celt

isha

ckbe

rry

1,2,

3,ye

sm

ediu

mm

ediu

mpo

orm

ediu

msl

owlo

wpl

ants

Surv

ived

2 y

ears

of

occid

en

tali

s4,

5,6,

tree

to d

eep

to fa

stfl

oodi

ng in

MS.

Not

8fi

brou

sto

lera

te m

ore

than

afe

w d

ays

inun

dati

onin

a M

O tr

ial.

Susc

epti

ble

tow

itch

es-b

room

.O

ccur

s Q

uebe

c to

NC

& A

L.

Cephala

nth

us

butt

onbu

sh1,

2,3,

yes

larg

efa

ir to

slow

med

ium

poor

brus

hSu

rviv

ed 3

yea

rs o

foccid

en

tali

s5,

6,7,

shru

bgo

odm

ats,

floo

ding

in M

S. W

ill8,

0la

yeri

ng,

grow

in s

un o

rpl

ants

shad

e.

Cercis

redb

ud1,

2,3,

yes

smal

lta

ppo

orsl

owsl

owpo

orpl

ants

Juve

nile

woo

d &

can

aden

sis

5,6,

7,tr

eero

ots

will

roo

t.8

Chil

opsis

dese

rt w

illow

6,7,

8,ye

ssh

rub

fibr

ous

med

ium

med

ium

low

plan

tsO

ccur

s T

X to

lin

earis

0so

uthe

rn C

A &

into

Mex

ico.

'Bar

ranc

o,'

'Hop

e,' &

'Reg

al'

cult

ivar

s w

ere

rele

ased

in N

ewM

exic

o.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Chio

nan

thu

sfr

inge

tree

1,2,

3,ye

ssm

all

poor

slow

poor

plan

tsSu

scep

tibl

e to

vir

gin

icu

s6

tree

seve

re b

row

sing

&sc

ale.

Occ

urs

PA

toF

L &

wes

t to

TX

.

Cle

mati

sw

este

rn1,

2,4,

yes

vine

shal

low

poor

fast

fast

good

plan

tsP

rodu

ces

new

ligu

sti

cif

oli

acl

emat

is5,

6,7,

&pl

ants

from

laye

ring

8,9,

0fi

brou

sin

san

dy s

oils

at 7

-to

8-in

ch p

reci

p &

1,00

0-fo

ot e

leva

tion

.

Cle

thera

swee

t1,

2,6

yes

shru

bpo

orsl

owpl

ants

Has

rhi

zom

es; s

alt

aln

ifoli

ape

pper

bush

tole

rant

on

coas

tal

site

s. O

ccur

s M

E to

FL.

Corn

us

silk

y1,

2,3,

yes

smal

lsh

allo

w,

fair

fast

med

ium

poor

fasc

ines

,P

ith

brow

n,am

om

um

dogw

ood

4,5,

6sh

rub

fibr

ous

stak

es,

tole

rate

s pa

rtia

lbr

ush

shad

e. 'I

ndig

o'm

ats,

cult

ivar

was

laye

ring

,re

leas

ed b

y M

Icu

ttin

gs,

PM

C.

plan

ts

Corn

us

roug

hlea

f1,

2,3,

yes

larg

ero

otfa

irfa

irfa

scin

es,

Roo

t suc

kers

too.

dru

mm

on

dii

dogw

ood

4,5,

6sh

rub

suck

erin

g,st

akes

,P

ith

usua

lly b

row

n.sp

read

ing

laye

ring

,O

ccur

s Sa

skat

che-

brus

hw

an to

KS

& N

E,

mat

s,so

uth

to M

S, L

A, &

cutt

ings

,T

X.

plan

ts




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Corn

us

flow

erin

g1,

2,3,

yes

smal

lsh

allo

w,

poor

fair

fair

poor

plan

tsH

ard

to tr

ansp

lant

florid

ado

gwoo

d5,

6tr

eefi

brou

sas

bar

e ro

ot;

copp

ices

free

ly. N

otto

lera

nt o

f fl

oodi

ngin

TN

Val

ley

tria

l.

Corn

us

stif

f dog

woo

d1,

2,3,

med

ium

fair

fast

fasc

ines

,F

orm

erly

C.

foem

ina

4,5,

6sh

rub

plan

tsra

cem

osa

Occ

urs

VA

to F

L &

wes

t to

TX

. Pit

h w

hite

.

Corn

us

gray

dog

woo

d1,

2,3,

yes

med

ium

shal

low

,fa

irm

ediu

mfa

irfa

scin

es,

For

ms

dens

eracem

osa

4,5,

6to

sm

all

fibr

ous

stak

es,

thic

kets

. Pit

hsh

rub

brus

hus

ually

bro

wn,

mat

s,to

lera

tes

city

laye

ring

,sm

oke.

Occ

urs

ME

cutt

ings

,&

MN

to N

C &

OK

.pl

ants

Corn

us

roun

dlea

f1,

3m

ediu

msh

allo

w,

fair

tofa

scin

es,

Pit

h w

hite

. Use

inru

gosa

dogw

ood

to s

mal

lfi

brou

sgo

odcu

ttin

gs,

com

bina

tion

wit

hsh

rub

plan

tssp

ecie

s w

ith

root

_abi

l = g

ood

toex

celle

nt. O

ccur

sN

ova

Scot

ia to

VA

&N

D.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Corn

us

red-

osie

r1,

3,4,

yes

med

ium

shal

low

good

fast

med

ium

fair

fasc

ines

,F

orm

s th

icke

ts b

yseric

ea s

sp

dogw

ood

5,7,

8,sh

rub

stak

es,

root

stoc

ks &

roo

t-seric

ea

9,0,

Abr

ush

ing

of b

ranc

hes.

mat

s,Su

rviv

ed 6

yea

rs o

fla

yeri

ng,

floo

ding

in M

S. P

ith

cutt

ings

,w

hite

, tol

erat

espl

ants

part

ial s

hade

. For

-m

erly

C. s

tolo

nife

ra.

'Rub

y' c

ulti

var

was

rele

ased

by

NY

PM

C.

Corn

us

swam

psh

rub

poor

plan

tsM

ay b

e sa

me

as C

.str

icta

dogw

ood

foem

ina.

Crata

egu

sdo

ugla

s3,

8,9,

yes

smal

lta

p to

poor

tosl

owpo

orcu

ttin

gs,

For

ms

dens

edou

gla

sii

haw

thor

n0,

Atr

eefi

brou

sfa

irpl

ants

thic

kets

on

moi

stsi

tes.

Gro

wn

from

seed

or

graf

ted.

Occ

urs

Bri

tish

Col

umbi

a to

CA

&M

N.

Crata

egu

sdo

wny

1,2,

3,ye

str

eeta

ppo

or to

plan

tsO

ccur

s O

ntar

io &

mollis

haw

thor

n4,

5,6

fair

MN

to A

L, A

R &

MS.

'Hom

este

ad' c

ulti

var

was

rel

ease

d by

ND

PM

C.

Cyril

lati

ti1,

2,6,

smal

lpo

orpl

ants

Sem

ieve

rgre

en, a

racem

iflo

ra

Ctr

eego

od h

oney

pla

nt.

Occ

urs

VA

to F

L &

on to

Sou

thA

mer

ica.

Pre

fers

orga

nic

site

s.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Dio

spyros

pers

imm

on1,

2,3,

yes

med

ium

tap

poor

slow

fair

poor

plan

tsF

orm

s de

nse

vir

gin

ian

a5,

6tr

eeth

icke

ts o

n dr

ysi

tes.

Sto

loni

fero

us&

tap

root

ed.

Occ

urs

CT

toF

L &

TX

.

Ela

eagn

us

silv

erbe

rry

1,3,

4,ye

ssm

all

shal

low

,po

or to

fast

fast

fair

plan

tsG

row

s w

ell i

ncom

mu

tata

8,9,

Atr

eefi

brou

sfa

irlim

esto

ne &

alk

alin

eso

ils.

Foresti

era

swam

p1,

2,3,

yes

larg

efa

irsl

owpo

orpl

ants

Thi

cket

form

ing.

acu

min

ata

priv

et6

shru

b to

Surv

ived

3 y

ears

of

smal

l tre

efl

oodi

ng in

MS.

Fraxin

us

caro

lina

ash

1,2,

6la

rge

fibr

ous

poor

fast

fast

plan

tsE

asily

tran

spla

nted

.caroli

nia

na

tree

Occ

urs

in s

wam

psV

A to

TX

.

Fraxin

us

oreg

on a

sh9,

0ye

sm

ediu

mm

oder

atel

ypo

orfa

stm

ediu

mfa

irpl

ants

May

be

grow

n fr

omla

tifo

lia

tree

shal

low

,w

hen

seed

but

usu

ally

fibr

ous

youn

ggr

afte

d. U

sual

lyoc

curs

wes

t of t

heC

asca

de M

tns.

Fraxin

us

gree

n as

h1,

2,3,

yes

med

ium

shal

low

,po

orfa

stfa

stgo

odpl

ants

Surv

ived

3 y

ears

of

pen

nsylv

an

ica

4,5,

6,tr

eefi

brou

sfl

oodi

ng in

MS.

8,9

'Car

dan'

cul

tiva

rw

as r

elea

sed

by N

DP

MC

.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Gle

dit

sia

hone

yloc

ust

1,2,

3,ye

sm

ediu

mde

ep &

poor

tofa

stfa

stm

ediu

mpl

ants

Surv

ived

dee

ptr

iacan

thos

4,5,

6,tr

eew

ide-

fair

floo

ding

for

100

7,8,

9sp

read

days

3 c

onse

cuti

veye

ars.

Has

bee

nus

ed in

reg

_occ

7,8,

9. N

ativ

eec

otyp

es h

ave

thor

ns!

Hib

iscu

shi

bisc

us2,

6ye

ssh

rub

poor

plan

tsacu

leatu

s

Hib

iscu

sha

lber

d-le

afye

ssh

rub

poor

plan

tsW

as H

. mili

tari

s.la

evis

mar

shm

allo

w

Hib

iscu

sco

mm

on r

ose

1,2,

3,ye

ssh

rub

poor

plan

tsm

oscheu

tos

mal

low

5,6,

7,0

Hib

iscu

shi

bisc

usye

ssh

rub

poor

plan

tsm

oscheu

tos

ssp.lasio

carpos

Holo

dis

cu

soc

eans

pray

9,0

yes,

shru

bpo

or to

med

ium

fast

poor

plan

tsO

ften

pio

neer

s on

dis

colo

rfr

omfa

irto

rap

idbu

rned

are

as.

cont

ract

Occ

urs

from

Bri

tish

grow

ers.

Col

umbi

a to

CA

toID

. Usu

ally

gro

wn

from

see

d or

cutt

ings

.

Ilex

swee

t1,

2,6,

yes

smal

l to

poor

plan

tsE

verg

reen

.coria

cea

gallb

erry

Cla

rge

shru

b




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Ilex d

ecid

ua

poss

omha

w1,

2,3,

yes

larg

epo

orsl

owpl

ants

Surv

ived

3 y

ears

of

5,6

shru

b to

floo

ding

in M

S.sm

all t

ree

Ilex g

labra

bitt

er1,

2,6

yes

smal

lpo

orsl

owpl

ants

Eve

rgre

en, s

prou

tsga

llber

rry

shru

baf

ter

fire

.St

olon

ifer

ous!

Occ

urs

east

ern

US

& C

anad

a.

Ilex o

paca

amer

ican

1,2,

3,ye

ssm

all

tap

root

poor

slow

med

ium

poor

plan

tsE

asy

to tr

ansp

lant

holly

6tr

ee&

pro

lific

whe

n yo

ung.

late

rals

Ilex

win

terb

erry

1,2,

3,ye

ssm

all

poor

slow

plan

tsP

refe

rs s

easo

nally

verti

cil

lata

6to

larg

efl

oode

d si

tes.

shru

bP

lant

s di

oeci

ous.

Ilex

yaup

on1,

2,6

yes

larg

epo

orpl

ants

Roo

t suc

kers

.vom

itoria

shru

b

Ju

gla

ns

blac

k w

alnu

t1,

2,3,

yes

med

ium

tap

&po

orfa

irfa

irpo

orpl

ants

Tho

ugh

drou

ght

nig

ra

4,5,

6tr

eede

ep &

tole

rant

, will

not

wid

e-gr

ow o

n po

or o

r dr

ysp

read

soil

site

s. N

otla

tera

lsto

lera

te fl

oodi

ng in

TN

Val

ley

tria

l.

Ju

nip

eru

sea

ster

n1,

2,3,

yes

larg

e tr

eeta

p &

poor

slow

med

ium

good

plan

tsN

ot to

lera

tevir

gin

ian

are

dced

ar4,

5,6

dens

efl

oodi

ng in

TN

fibr

ous

Val

ley

tria

l.la

tera

ls




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Leu

coth

oe

leuc

otho

e1,

2ye

ssm

all

poor

slow

plan

tsE

verg

reen

.axil

laris

to la

rge

shru

b

Lin

dera

spic

ebus

h1,

2,3,

yes

shru

bpo

orsl

owpl

ants

Pre

fers

aci

d so

ils.

ben

zoin

5,6

Dio

ecio

us.

Liq

uid

am

bar

swee

tgum

1,2,

3,ye

sla

rge

tap

topo

orsl

owfa

irpl

ants

A s

peci

es fo

rsty

racif

lua

6tr

eefi

brou

sfo

rest

ed w

etla

ndsi

tes.

Lir

ioden

dron

tulip

pop

lar

1,2,

3,ye

sla

rge

deep

&po

orfa

stfa

stpl

ants

Har

d to

tran

spla

nt.

tuli

pif

era

5,6

tree

wid

e-sp

read

ing

Lon

icera

blac

k3,

7,8,

yes

smal

lfi

brou

sgo

odfa

stfa

stpo

or to

fasc

ines

,in

volu

crata

twin

berr

y9,

0,A

to la

rge

&fa

irst

akes

,sh

rub

shal

low

cutt

ings

,pl

ants

Lyon

iafe

tter

bush

1,2

smal

lpo

orpl

ants

Eve

rgre

en.

lucid

ato

larg

esh

rub

Magn

oli

asw

eetb

ay1,

2,6

yes

smal

l tre

epo

orsl

owpl

ants

Occ

urs

in s

wam

psvir

gin

ian

afr

om M

A to

FL

and

wes

t to

east

TX

.

Myric

aso

uthe

rn1,

2,6,

yes

smal

lfi

brou

spo

orm

ediu

msl

owsl

owpl

ants

Eve

rgre

en. O

ccur

scerif

era

wax

myr

tle

csh

rub

east

TX

& O

K, e

ast

to F

L &

nor

th to

NJ.

Nyssa

swam

p1,

2,3,

yes

larg

e tr

eesh

allo

w,

poor

slow

plan

tsT

rees

from

the

wild

aqu

ati

ca

tupe

lo6

fibr

ous

do n

ot tr

ansp

lant

wel

l.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Nyssa

ogee

che

2la

rge

spar

se,

poor

slow

med

ium

poor

plan

tsLa

rges

t fru

it o

f all

ogeeche

lim

esh

rub

fibr

ous

Nys

sa. V

eget

ativ

eto

sm

all

repr

oduc

tion

not

tree

note

d. O

nly

grow

scl

ose

to p

eren

nial

wet

land

sit

es.

Nyssa

blac

kgum

1,2,

3,ye

sta

ll tr

eesp

arse

,po

orm

ediu

msl

owfa

irpl

ants

A s

peci

es fo

rsylv

ati

ca

6fi

brou

s,fo

rest

ed w

etla

ndve

rysi

tes.

Dif

ficu

lt to

long

,tr

ansp

lant

but

pla

ntde

cend

ing

in s

un o

r sh

ade

on10

- to

12-f

oot

spac

ing.

Ostr

ya

hoph

orn-

1,2,

3,ye

ssm

all

poor

slow

slow

plan

tsD

iffi

cult

tovir

gin

ian

a b

eam

4,5,

6tr

eetr

ansp

lant

.T

oler

ated

floo

ding

for

up to

30

days

duri

ng 1

gro

win

gse

ason

.

Persea

redb

ay1,

2,6

yes

smal

lpo

orsl

owsl

owpl

ants

borbon

iato

larg

eev

ergr

een

tree

Phil

adelp

hu

sle

wis

9,0

yes

larg

efi

brou

spo

orfa

stm

ediu

mm

ediu

mpl

ants

Usu

ally

gro

wn

from

lew

esii

moc

kora

nge

shru

bto

fast

seed

.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Physocarpu

spa

cifi

c8,

9,0,

yes

larg

efi

brou

sgo

odfa

scin

es,

Usu

ally

occ

urs

capit

atu

sni

neba

rkA

shru

bbr

ush

wes

t of t

he C

asca

dem

ats,

Mtn

s.la

yeri

ng,

cutt

ings

,pl

ants

Physocarpu

sm

allo

w8,

9ye

ssm

all

shal

low

fair

cutt

ings

,P

ropa

gate

d by

see

dm

alv

aceu

sni

neba

rksh

rub

but w

ith

plan

tsor

cut

ting

s. U

sual

lyrh

izom

esoc

curs

eas

t of t

heC

asca

de M

tns.

Physocarpu

sco

mm

on1,

2,3,

yes

med

ium

shal

low

,fa

irsl

owsl

owpo

orfa

scin

es,

Use

in c

ombi

nati

onopu

lifo

liu

sni

neba

rk4,

5,6,

shru

bla

tera

lbr

ush

wit

h ot

her

spec

ies

8,9

mat

s,w

ith

root

ing

abili

tyla

yeri

ng,

good

to e

xcel

lent

.cu

ttin

gs,

plan

ts

Pin

us t

aeda

lobl

olly

pin

e1,

2,3,

yes

med

ium

shor

tpo

orfa

stfa

stpo

orpl

ants

6tr

eeta

pch

ange

sto

sha

llow

spre

adin

gla

tera

ls

Pla

nera

wat

er e

lm1,

2,3,

smal

lpo

orfa

irly

plan

tsO

ccur

s K

Y to

FL,

aqu

ati

ca

5,6

tree

fast

wes

t to

IL &

TX

.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Pla

tan

us

syca

mor

e1,

2,3,

yes

larg

efi

brou

s,po

orfa

stfa

stm

ediu

mpl

ants

A s

peci

es fo

roccid

en

tali

s5,

6tr

eew

ide-

fore

sted

wet

land

spre

adin

gsi

tes.

Tol

erat

esci

ty s

mok

e &

alk

ali

site

s. P

lant

on

10- t

o12-

foot

spac

ing.

Tra

ns-

plan

ts w

ell.

Pla

tan

us

Cal

ifor

nia

0ta

llpl

ants

A s

peci

es fo

rracem

osa

syca

mor

etr

eefo

rest

ed w

etla

nds

site

s in

CA

.

Popu

lus

narr

owle

af4,

5,6,

larg

esh

allo

wv

good

fasc

ines

,U

nder

dev

elop

men

tan

gu

sti

foli

aco

tton

woo

d7,

8,9,

tree

stak

es,

in ID

for

ripa

rian

0po

les,

site

s.br

ush

mat

s,la

yeri

ng,

cutt

ings

,pl

ants

Popu

lus

bals

am1,

2,3,

yes

tall

deep

,v

good

fast

fast

fasc

ines

,bals

am

ifera

pop

lar

4,5,

8,tr

eefi

brou

sst

akes

,9,

O,A

pole

s,br

ush

mat

s,la

yeri

ng,

cutt

ings

,pl

ants




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Popu

lus

east

ern

1,2,

3,ye

sta

llsh

allo

w,

v go

odfa

stfa

stpo

orfa

scin

es,

Shor

t liv

ed.

delt

oid

es

cott

onw

ood

4,5,

6,tr

eefi

brou

s,st

akes

,E

ndur

es h

eat &

7,8,

9su

cker

ing

pole

s,su

nny

site

s.br

ush

Surv

ived

ove

r 1

mat

s,ye

ar o

f flo

odin

g in

laye

ring

,M

S. H

ybri

dize

s w

ith

cutt

ings

,se

vera

l oth

erro

otpo

plar

s. P

lant

roo

tssu

cker

s,m

ay b

e in

vasi

ve.

plan

tsM

ay b

e se

nsit

ive

toal

umin

um in

the

soil.

Popu

lus

frem

ont

6,7,

8,tr

eesh

allo

w,

v go

odfa

stfa

scin

es,

Tol

erat

es s

alin

efr

em

on

tii

cott

onw

ood

0fi

brou

sst

akes

,so

ils. D

irty

tree

.po

les,

brus

hm

ats,

laye

ring

,cu

ttin

gs,

plan

ts

Popu

lus

quak

ing

1,2,

3,ye

sm

ediu

msh

allo

w,

poor

fast

fast

fair

laye

ring

,Sh

ort l

ived

. Atr

em

ulo

ides

asp

en4,

5,7,

tree

prof

use

to fa

irro

otpi

onee

r sp

ecie

s on

8,9,

0,su

cker

s,cu

ttin

gs,

sunn

y si

tes.

Nor

mal

Avi

goro

uspl

ants

prop

agat

ion

is b

yun

der-

root

cut

ting

s. N

otgr

ound

tole

rant

of m

ore

runn

ers

than

a fe

w d

ays

inun

dati

on in

a N

ewE

ngla

nd tr

ial.

Use

root

ed p

lant

mat

eria

ls.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Popu

lus

blac

k4,

7,8,

yes

larg

ede

ep &

v go

odfa

stfa

stgo

odfa

scin

es,

A s

peci

es fo

rtr

ichocarpa

cott

onw

ood

9,0,

Atr

eew

ide-

stak

es,

fore

sted

wet

land

spre

ad,

pole

s,si

tes.

Was

P.

fibr

ous

brus

htr

icho

phor

a. U

su-

mat

s,al

ly g

row

n fr

omla

yeri

ng,

cutt

ings

. Und

ercu

ttin

gs,

deve

lopm

ent i

n ID

plan

tsfo

r ri

pari

an s

ites

.P

lant

on

10- t

o 12

-fo

ot s

paci

ng.

May

be P

. bal

sim

ifer

a

Pru

nu

sw

ild p

lum

1,2,

3,ye

ssm

all

fibr

ous,

poor

med

ium

fast

good

plan

ts,

Thi

cket

form

ing.

an

gu

sti

foli

a5,

6sh

rub

spre

adin

g,ro

ot'R

ainb

ow' c

ulti

var

suck

erin

gcu

ttin

gsre

leas

ed b

y K

nox

Cit

y, T

X, P

MC

.

Pru

nu

sco

mm

on1,

2,3,

yes

larg

esh

allo

w,

poor

med

ium

med

ium

fair

plan

tsA

spe

cies

for

vir

gin

ian

ach

okec

herr

y4,

5,6,

shru

bsu

cker

ing

fore

sted

wet

land

7,8,

9,si

tes.

Has

hyd

ro-

0,A

cyan

ic a

cid

inm

ost p

arts

,es

peci

ally

the

seed

s. U

sual

lygr

own

from

see

d.T

hick

et fo

rmin

g.P

lant

on

5- to

8-f

oot

spac

ing.

Rep

orte

dly

pois

onou

s to

cat

tle.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Qu

ercu

s a

lba

whi

te o

ak1,

2,3,

yes

larg

eta

p to

poor

slow

slow

slow

plan

tsD

id n

ot s

urvi

ve5,

6tr

eede

ep,

mor

e th

an a

few

wel

l-da

ys fl

oodi

ng in

ade

velo

ped

tria

l in

New

Eng

-fi

brou

sla

nd. D

iffi

cult

totr

ansp

lant

larg

ersp

ecim

ens.

Qu

ercu

ssw

amp

1,2,

3,ye

sm

ediu

mso

mew

hat

poor

fast

med

ium

fair

plan

tsSu

rviv

ed 2

yea

rs o

fbic

olo

rw

hite

oak

5,6

tree

shal

low

floo

ding

in M

S.

Qu

ercu

sor

egon

9,0

yes

shru

bde

ep ta

ppo

orsl

owsl

owfa

irpl

ants

Usu

ally

gro

ws

wes

tgarryan

aw

hite

oak

to la

rge

& w

ell-

of th

e C

asca

detr

eede

velo

ped

Mtn

s, in

the

Col

um-

late

rals

bia

Riv

er G

orge

toth

e D

alle

s &

toY

akim

a, W

A. P

ropa

-ga

ted

from

see

dso

wn

in fa

ll.

Qu

ercu

ssw

amp

1,2,

6tr

eeta

ppo

orfa

stfa

stpl

ants

Oft

en u

sed

as a

lau

rif

oli

ala

urel

oak

stre

et tr

ee in

the

sout

heas

t US.

Qu

ercu

sov

ercu

p oa

k1,

2,3,

yes

med

ium

tap

dete

r-po

orsl

owsl

owsl

owpl

ants

Oft

en w

orth

less

as

aly

rata

6tr

eeio

rate

s to

lum

ber

spec

ies.

dens

esh

allo

wla

tera

ls

Qu

ercu

sbu

r oa

k1,

2,3,

yes

larg

ede

ep ta

ppo

orm

ediu

mfa

stpo

orpl

ants

Surv

ived

2 y

ears

of

macrocarpa

4,5,

6,tr

ee&

wel

l-fl

oodi

ng in

MS.

9de

velo

ped

'Boo

mer

' cul

tiva

rla

tera

lsre

leas

ed b

y T

XP

MC

.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Qu

ercu

ssw

amp

1,2,

3,m

ediu

mta

p &

poor

fair

fair

poor

plan

tsm

ichau

xii

ches

tnut

6tr

eede

epoa

kla

tera

ls

Qu

ercu

sw

ater

oak

1,2,

3,m

ediu

msh

allo

w &

poor

fast

on

slow

poor

plan

tsE

asily

tran

spla

nted

.n

igra

6tr

eesp

read

ing

good

site

s

Qu

ercu

sch

erry

bark

tree

poor

plan

tspagoda

oak

Qu

ercu

spi

n oa

k1,

2,3,

yes

larg

ew

ell-

poor

fast

fast

fair

plan

tsA

spe

cies

for

palu

str

is5,

6tr

eede

velo

ped

fore

sted

wet

land

fibr

ous

site

s. S

urvi

ved

2la

tera

lsye

ars

of fl

oodi

ng in

afte

rM

S. P

lant

on

10- t

ota

proo

t12

-foo

t spa

cing

.di

sint

e-gr

ates

Qu

ercu

sw

illow

oak

1,2,

3,ye

sm

ediu

msh

allo

w,

poor

fast

med

ium

fair

plan

tsE

asily

tran

spla

nted

.phellos

6to

larg

efi

brou

str

ee

Qu

ercu

ssh

umar

d oa

k1,

2,3,

yes

larg

esh

allo

wpo

orm

ediu

msl

owlo

wpl

ants

shu

mardii

5,6

tree

Rhododen

dron

coas

t aza

lea

1,2

smal

lpo

orfa

stgo

od b

ypl

ants

Mat

form

ing

from

atl

an

ticu

msh

rub

stol

ons

suck

ers

& s

tolo

ns.

Occ

urs

from

DE

toSC

.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Rhododen

dron

swam

p1,

2sh

rub

poor

slow

plan

tsH

as s

tolo

nife

rous

vis

cosu

maz

alea

form

s. O

ccur

s fr

omM

E to

SC

. Hig

hly

susc

epti

ble

toin

sect

s &

dis

ease

s.

Rhu

sfl

amel

eaf

1,2,

3,ye

sm

ediu

mfi

brou

s,po

or to

fast

fast

fair

root

Thi

cket

form

ing.

copallin

asu

mac

4,5,

6sh

rub

suck

erin

gfa

ircu

ttin

gs,

root

suck

ers,

plan

ts

Rhu

s g

labra

smoo

th1,

2,3,

yes

larg

efi

brou

s,po

or to

fast

fast

fair

toro

otT

hick

et fo

rmin

g.su

mac

4,5,

6,sh

rub

suck

erin

gfa

irgo

odcu

ttin

gs,

7,8,

9ro

otsu

cker

s,pl

ants

Robin

iabl

ack

locu

st1,

2,3,

yes

med

ium

shal

low

poor

med

ium

fast

good

root

Nor

mal

pro

paga

tion

pseu

odoacacia

4,5,

6,tr

eeto

fast

cutt

ings

,is

by

root

cut

ting

s7,

8,9,

plan

tsor

see

d. N

ot0

tole

rant

of f

lood

ing

in T

N V

alle

y tr

ial.

Esc

aped

in r

egio

ns5,

7,8,

9,0.

Rep

orte

dto

xic

to li

vest

ock.

Rosa

bald

hip

rose

9,0

shru

bfa

ir to

cutt

ings

,A

bro

wse

d sp

ecie

s.gym

nocarpa

good

plan

ts

Rosa n

utk

an

ano

otka

ros

e7,

8,9,

shru

bfa

ir to

cutt

ings

,A

bro

wse

d sp

ecie

s.0,

Ago

odpl

ants




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Rosa

swam

p ro

se1,

2,3,

smal

lsh

allo

wgo

odfa

scin

es,

palu

str

is5

shru

bpl

ants

Rosa

virg

inia

ros

e1,

2,3

yes

smal

lrh

izom

at-

good

fair

fast

fair

plan

tsvir

gin

ian

ash

rub

ous

&fi

brou

s

Rosa w

oodsii

woo

ds r

ose

3,4,

5,sh

rub

fair

cutt

ings

,A

bro

wse

d sp

ecie

s.6,

7,8,

to g

ood

plan

ts9,

0,A

Ru

bu

sal

legh

eny

1,2,

3,sm

all

fibr

ous

good

plan

tsN

orm

al p

ropa

gati

onalleghen

ien

sis

blac

kber

ry5,

6,0

shru

bis

by

root

cut

ting

s.

Ru

bu

s i

daeu

sre

d ra

spbe

rry

1,2,

3,sm

all

fibr

ous

good

plan

tsW

as R

. str

igos

us.

ssp.

4,5,

6,sh

rub

Nor

mal

pro

paga

tion

str

igosu

s7,

8,9,

is b

y ro

ot c

utti

ngs.

A

Ru

bu

ssa

lmon

berr

y9,

0,A

smal

lfi

brou

sgo

odpl

ants

Nor

mal

pro

paga

tion

specta

bil

issh

rub

is b

y ro

ot c

utti

ngs.

Use

in c

ombi

nati

onw

ith

othe

r sp

ecie

s.R

ooti

ng a

bilit

y is

good

to e

xcel

lent

.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Sali

x X

dwar

fno

tye

ssm

all

shal

low

v go

odm

ediu

mfa

stpo

orfa

scin

es,

Not

a n

ativ

ecott

eti

iw

illow

nati

vesh

rub

stak

es,

spec

ies.

Pla

ntbr

ush

plan

ts o

n 2'

to 6

'm

ats,

spac

ing.

‘Ban

kers

’la

yeri

ng,

cult

ivar

rel

ease

d by

cutt

ings

,K

entu

cky

PM

C.

plan

ts

Sali

xpe

achl

eaf

1,2,

3,ye

sla

rge

shal

low

v go

odfa

stfa

stfa

scin

es,

Oft

en r

oots

onl

y at

am

ygdalo

ides

will

ow4,

5,6,

shru

b to

to d

eep

stak

es,

callu

s cu

t. M

ay b

e7,

8,9

smal

lpo

les,

shor

t-liv

ed. U

nder

tree

brus

hde

velo

pmen

t in

IDm

ats,

for

ripa

rian

sit

es.

laye

ring

,N

ot to

lera

nt o

fcu

ttin

gs,

shad

e. H

ybri

dize

dpl

ants

wit

h se

vera

l oth

erw

illow

spe

cies

.

Sali

xbe

bb's

1,3,

4,sm

all

fibr

ous

cutt

ings

,D

oes

not f

orm

bebbia

na

will

ow5,

7,8,

shru

b to

plan

tssu

cker

s. U

sual

ly9,

Ala

rge

east

of t

he C

asca

detr

eeM

tns

& in

ID &

MT

.

Sali

xpu

ssy

7ye

sm

ediu

mfi

brou

sv

good

fasc

ines

,E

aten

by

lives

tock

bon

pla

ndia

na

will

owsh

rub

tost

akes

,w

hen

youn

g.la

rge

tree

pole

s,br

ush

mat

s,la

yeri

ng,

cutt

ings

,pl

ants




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Sali

xbo

oth

8,9

shru

bU

nder

dev

elop

men

tbooth

iiw

illow

in Id

aho

for

ripa

rian

site

s.

Sali

xpu

ssy

1,2,

3,ye

sla

rge

shal

low

,v

good

rapi

dfa

scin

es,

Use

on

sunn

y to

dis

colo

rw

illow

4,9

shru

bfi

brou

s,st

akes

,pa

rtia

l sha

de s

ites

.sp

read

ing

pole

s,la

yeri

ng,

cutt

ings

,pl

ants

Sali

xdr

umm

ond'

s7,

8,9,

yes

shru

bgo

odfa

scin

es,

Usu

ally

eas

t of t

hedru

mm

on

dia

na

will

ow0

cutt

ings

,C

asca

de M

tns.

plan

tsU

nder

dev

elop

men

tin

ID fo

r ri

pari

ansi

tes.

'Cur

lew

'cu

ltiv

ar r

elea

sed

byW

A P

MC

.

Sali

xer

ect w

illow

7,8,

9,ye

sla

rge

fibr

ous

v go

odfa

stfa

scin

es,

A b

otan

icerio

cephala

0sh

rub

stak

es,

disc

repa

ncy

in th

epo

les,

nam

e, it

may

be

S.la

yeri

ng,

ligul

ifol

ia!

cutt

ings

,'P

lace

r' c

ulti

var

plan

tsre

leas

ed b

y O

RP

MC

.

Sali

x e

xig

ua

coyo

te1,

2,3,

yes

med

ium

shal

low

,go

odfa

stfa

scin

es,

Rel

ishe

d by

will

ow4,

5,6,

shru

bsu

cker

ing,

stak

es,

lives

tock

. Und

er7,

8,9,

rhiz

omat

-po

les,

deve

lopm

ent i

n ID

0,A

ous

brus

hfo

r ri

pari

an s

ites

.m

ats,

'Silv

ar' c

ulti

var

laye

ring

,re

leas

ed b

y W

Acu

ttin

gs,

PM

C.

plan

ts




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Sali

xge

yer'

s7,

8,9,

smal

l to

cutt

ings

,O

ccur

s ea

st o

f the

geyeria

na

will

ow0

larg

epl

ants

Cas

cade

Mtn

s at

shru

bhi

gher

ele

vati

ons.

Rel

ishe

d by

lives

tock

. Und

erde

velo

pmen

t in

IDfo

r ri

pari

an s

ites

.

Sali

xgo

oddi

ng6,

7,8,

smal

lsh

allo

wgo

od to

fast

fast

fasc

ines

,N

ot to

lera

tegooddin

gii

will

ow0

shru

b to

to d

eep

exce

lst

akes

,al

kalin

e si

tes.

Som

ela

rge

pole

s,sa

y th

is is

wes

tern

tree

brus

hbl

ack

will

ow.

mat

s,la

yeri

ng,

cutt

ings

,pl

ants

Sali

xho

oker

9,0

yes

larg

efi

brou

s,v

good

rapi

dm

ediu

mfa

scin

es,

May

hav

e sa

lthookeria

na

will

owsh

rub

tode

nse

whe

nst

akes

,to

lera

nce.

Can

smal

lyo

ung,

pole

s,co

mpe

te w

ell w

ith

tree

med

ium

brus

hgr

asse

s. 'C

lats

op'

ther

e-m

ats,

cult

ivar

was

afte

rla

yeri

ng,

rele

ased

by

OR

cutt

ings

,P

MC

.pl

ants

Sali

xpr

airi

e1,

2,3,

med

ium

fibr

ous,

good

med

ium

fasc

ines

,T

hick

et fo

rmin

g.hu

mil

isw

illow

4,5,

6sh

rub

spre

adin

gst

akes

,po

les,

brus

hm

ats,

laye

ring

,cu

ttin

gs,

plan

ts




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Sali

xsa

ndba

r1,

3,4,

yes

larg

esh

allo

wex

cem

ediu

mm

ediu

mfa

irfa

scin

es,

Thi

cket

form

ing.

inte

rio

rw

illow

5,7,

8,sh

rub

to d

eep

stak

es,

Thi

s sp

ecie

s ha

s9,

Apo

les,

been

cha

nged

to S

.br

ush

exig

ua. U

se in

mat

s,co

mbi

nati

on w

ith

laye

ring

,sp

ecie

s w

ith

cutt

ings

,ro

otin

g ab

ility

goo

dpl

ants

to e

xcel

lent

.

Sali

xar

royo

6,7,

8,ye

sta

llfi

brou

sv

good

rapi

dm

ediu

mfa

scin

es,

Roo

ts o

nly

on lo

wer

lasio

lepis

will

ow9,

0sh

rub

whe

nst

akes

,1/

3 of

cut

ting

or

atto

sm

all

youn

g,po

les,

callu

s. 'R

ogue

'tr

eem

ediu

mbr

ush

cult

ivar

rel

ease

d by

ther

e-m

ats,

OR

PM

C.

afte

rla

yeri

ng,

cutt

ings

,pl

ants

Sali

xle

mm

on's

8,9,

0ye

sm

ediu

mfi

brou

sv

good

fast

fasc

ines

,O

ccur

s at

hig

hle

mm

on

iiw

illow

shru

bst

akes

,el

evat

ions

, eas

t of

pole

s,th

e C

asca

de M

tns.

brus

hU

nder

dev

elop

men

tm

ats,

in ID

for

ripa

rian

laye

ring

,si

tes.

‘Pal

ouse

’cu

ttin

gs,

cult

ivar

rel

ease

d by

plan

tsW

A P

MC

.

Sali

x lu

cid

ash

inin

g1,

3,4,

med

ium

fibr

ous,

v go

odra

pid

fasc

ines

,w

illow

5,7,

8,to

tall

spre

adin

gst

akes

,9,

0sh

rub

pole

s,br

ush

mat

s,la

yeri

ng,

cutt

ings

,pl

ants




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Sali

x lu

cid

apa

cifi

c4,

7,8,

yes

larg

efi

brou

sv

good

med

ium

med

ium

fasc

ines

,A

spe

cies

for

ssp.

will

ow9,

0,A

shru

b to

to s

low

to s

low

stak

es,

fore

sted

wet

land

sla

sia

ndra

smal

lpo

les,

site

s. T

here

are

tree

brus

hse

vera

l sub

spec

ies

mat

s,of

S. l

ucid

a. U

nder

laye

ring

,de

velo

pmen

t in

IDcu

ttin

gs,

for

ripa

rian

sit

es.

plan

tsSu

scep

tibl

e to

seve

ral d

isea

ses

and

inse

cts.

Pla

nton

10-

to 1

2-fo

otsp

acin

g. ‘N

ehal

em’

cult

ivar

rel

ease

d by

OR

PM

C.

Sali

x lu

tea

yello

w1,

4,5,

med

ium

fibr

ous

v go

odfa

scin

es,

Usu

ally

bro

wse

d by

will

ow7,

8,9,

to ta

llst

akes

,liv

esto

ck. U

nder

0sh

rub

pole

s,de

velo

pmen

t in

IDbr

ush

for

ripa

rian

sit

es.

mat

s,la

yeri

ng,

cutt

ings

,pl

ants

Sali

x n

igra

blac

k1,

2,3,

yes

smal

lde

nse,

good

tofa

stfa

stgo

odfa

scin

es,

May

be

shor

t liv

ed.

will

ow5,

6,7,

to la

rge

shal

low

,ex

cel

stak

es,

Surv

ived

3 y

ears

of

8tr

eesp

rout

spo

les,

floo

ding

in M

S.re

adily

brus

hN

eeds

full

sun.

mat

s,Su

scep

tibl

e to

laye

ring

,se

vera

l dis

ease

scu

ttin

gs,

& in

sect

s.ro

otcu

ttin

gs,

plan

ts




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Sali

xla

ural

not

yes

larg

efi

brou

s,go

odfa

stm

ediu

mpo

orfa

scin

es,

Fro

m E

urop

e,pen

tan

dra

will

owna

tive

shru

bsp

read

ing

stak

es,

spar

ingl

y es

cape

d in

to s

mal

lpo

les,

the

Eas

t. In

sect

str

eebr

ush

may

def

olia

te it

mat

s,re

gula

rly.

laye

ring

,cu

ttin

gs,

plan

ts

Sali

xpu

rple

osie

r1,

2,3,

yes

med

ium

shal

low

exce

lfa

stfa

stpo

orfa

scin

es,

Tol

erat

es p

arti

alpu

rpu

rea

will

ow5

tree

stak

es,

shad

e. 'S

trea

mco

'po

les,

cult

ivar

rel

ease

d by

brus

hN

Y P

MC

.m

ats,

laye

ring

,cu

ttin

gs,

plan

ts

Sali

xsc

oule

r's

4,7,

8,la

rge

shal

low

v go

odfa

stfa

scin

es,

Pio

neer

s on

bur

ned

scou

leria

na

will

ow9,

0,A

shru

bst

akes

,si

tes.

Occ

urs

onto

sm

all

pole

s,bo

th s

ides

of t

hetr

eebr

ush

Cas

cade

Mtn

s in

mat

s,lo

w to

hig

h el

eva-

laye

ring

,ti

ons.

Oft

en r

oots

cutt

ings

,on

ly a

t cal

lus.

plan

ts




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Sali

xsi

tka

will

ow9,

0,A

yes

very

larg

ev

good

rapi

dm

ediu

mfa

scin

es,

Occ

urs

on b

oth

sit

chen

sis

shru

bw

hen

stak

es,

side

s of

the

Cas

cade

youn

g,po

les,

Mtn

s. V

igor

ous

med

ium

brus

hsh

oots

bra

nch

ther

e-m

ats,

free

ly; l

ends

itse

lf to

afte

rla

yeri

ng,

bioe

ngin

eeri

ng u

ses;

cutt

ings

,ex

celle

nt s

urvi

val

plan

tsin

tria

ls. '

Plu

mas

'cu

ltiv

ar r

elea

sed

byO

R P

MC

.

Sam

bu

cu

sam

eric

an1,

2,3,

yes

med

ium

fibr

ous

&go

odfa

stfa

stpo

orfa

scin

es,

Soft

woo

d cu

ttin

gscan

aden

sis

elde

r4,

5,6,

shru

bst

olon

if-

cutt

ings

,ro

ot r

oot e

asily

in8,

9er

ous

plan

tssp

ring

or

sum

mer

.P

ith

whi

te.

Sam

bu

cu

sbl

ue6,

7,8,

yes

larg

efi

brou

spo

orv

fast

v fa

stpo

orpl

ants

ceru

lea

elde

rber

ry9,

0sh

rub

Sam

bu

cu

sm

exic

an6,

7,8,

larg

ego

odfa

scin

es,

Was

S. m

exic

ana.

ceru

lea s

sp.

elde

r0,

Hsh

rub

plan

tsE

verg

reen

. Sof

t-m

exic

an

aw

ood

cutt

ings

roo

tea

sily

in s

prin

g or

sum

mer

.

Sam

bu

cu

sre

d1,

2,3,

yes

med

ium

good

med

ium

slow

fasc

ines

,So

ftw

ood

cutt

ings

racem

osa

elde

rber

ry4,

7,8,

shru

bbr

ush

root

eas

ily in

9,0,

Am

ats,

spri

ng o

r su

mm

er.

laye

ring

,P

ith

brow

n. T

his

cutt

ings

,m

ay b

e S.

cal

licar

pa.

plan

ts




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Sam

bu

cu

sre

d el

der

1,2,

3,m

ediu

mde

epfa

ir to

fasc

ines

,O

ccur

s w

est o

f the

racem

osa

4,9,

Ash

rub

late

rals

good

plan

tsC

asca

de M

tns,

ssp. pu

ben

sus

ually

wit

hin

10m

iles

of th

e oc

ean

&on

the

coas

tal b

ays

& e

stua

ries

. Sof

t-w

ood

cutt

ings

roo

tea

sily

in s

prin

g or

sum

mer

. Pit

hbr

own.

Use

in c

om-

bina

tion

wit

hsp

ecie

s w

ith

root

ing

abili

ty g

ood

to e

xcel

lent

.

Spir

aea a

lba

mea

dow

-1,

2,3,

yes

shor

tde

nse

fair

tom

ediu

mpl

ants

Pro

paga

tion

by

swee

t4

dens

esh

allo

w,

good

leaf

y so

ftw

ood

spir

eatr

eela

tera

lcu

ttin

gs in

mid

-su

mm

er u

nder

mis

t.

Spir

aea

shin

ylea

f1,

2,4,

shru

bpl

ants

Usu

ally

gro

wn

from

betu

lifo

lia

spir

ea9

seed

. Occ

urs

east

of

the

Cas

cade

Mtn

s at

med

ium

to h

igh

elev

atio

ns.

Spir

aea

doug

las

2,3,

9,ye

ssm

all

fibr

ous,

good

rapi

dfa

stex

celle

ntfa

scin

es,

Res

ists

fire

& p

ro-

dou

gla

sii

spir

ea0

dens

esu

cker

ing

brus

hlif

ic s

prou

ter

(for

ms

shru

bm

ats,

thic

kets

). P

ropa

ga-

laye

ring

,ti

on b

y le

afy

soft

-cu

ttin

gs,

woo

d cu

ttin

gs in

divi

sion

mid

sum

mer

und

erof

mis

t. 'B

asha

w' c

ul-

suck

ers,

tiva

r re

leas

ed b

ypl

ants

WA

PM

C.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Spir

aea

hard

hack

1,2,

3,sm

all

dens

e,po

or to

plan

tsP

ropa

gati

on b

yto

men

tosa

spir

ea5

shru

bsh

allo

wfa

irle

afy

soft

woo

dcu

ttin

gs in

mid

-su

mm

er u

nder

mis

t.A

wee

d in

New

Eng

land

pas

ture

s.U

se r

oote

dm

ater

ials

.

Sty

rax

Japa

nese

1,2,

3,ye

sla

rge

poor

plan

tsja

pon

ica

snow

bell

5,6

shru

b

Sym

phori

carp

os

snow

berr

y1,

3,4,

yes

smal

lsh

allo

w,

good

rapi

dsl

owfa

irfa

scin

es,

Pla

nt in

sun

to p

art

alb

us

5,7,

8,sh

rub,

fibr

ous,

brus

hsh

ade,

esp

ecia

lly o

n9,

0,A

dens

efr

eely

mat

s,w

et s

ites

.co

lony

suck

erin

gla

yeri

ng,

form

ing

cutt

ings

,pl

ants

Taxodiu

mba

ldcy

pres

s1,

2,3,

yes

med

ium

tap

wit

hpo

orm

ediu

mfa

stpo

orpl

ants

Pla

nt o

n 10

- to

12-

dis

tichu

m5,

6tr

eela

tera

lsfo

ot s

paci

ng. T

oler

-fo

r kn

ees

ates

upl

and

site

s in

for

regi

on 6

wit

h 32

"ae

rati

onra

infa

ll.

Tsu

ga

east

ern

1,2,

3ye

sla

rge

shal

low

poor

slow

slow

low

plan

tscan

aden

sis

hem

lock

tree

fibr

ous




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Ulm

us

amer

ican

1,2,

3,ye

sla

rge

tap

onpo

orm

ediu

mm

ediu

mpo

orpl

ants

A s

peci

es fo

ram

eric

an

ael

m4,

5,6,

tree

dry

fore

sted

wet

land

8si

tes

tosi

tes.

Sur

vive

d ne

arsh

allo

w2

year

s of

floo

ding

fibr

ous

in M

S. P

lant

on

on m

oist

10- t

o 12

-foo

tsi

tes

spac

ing;

tole

rate

sfu

ll sh

ade.

Vib

urn

um

arro

ww

ood

1,2,

3,ye

sm

ediu

msh

allo

w,

good

fast

slow

laye

ring

,T

hick

et fo

rmin

g;den

tatu

m6

to ta

llfi

brou

scu

ttin

gs,

tole

rate

s ci

tysh

rub

plan

tssm

oke.

Use

roo

ted

plan

t mat

eria

ls.

Vib

urn

um

hubb

lebu

sh1,

2,3

med

ium

shal

low

,go

odfa

scin

es,

Was

V. a

lnif

oliu

m.

lan

tan

oid

es

vibu

rnam

shru

bfi

brou

sst

akes

,T

hick

et fo

rmin

g.br

ush

Bra

nch

tips

roo

t at

mat

s,so

il.la

yeri

ng,

cutt

ings

,pl

ants

Vib

urn

um

nann

yber

ry1,

2,3,

yes

larg

esh

allo

wfa

ir to

fast

fast

fasc

ines

,T

hick

et fo

rmin

g;le

nta

go

4,5,

9sh

rub

good

cutt

ings

,to

lera

tes

city

stak

es,

smok

e. T

oler

ates

plan

tsfu

ll sh

ade.

Old

erbr

anch

es o

ften

roo

tw

hen

they

touc

hso

il. U

se in

com

bina

tion

wit

hsp

ecie

s w

ith

root

ing

abili

ty g

ood

to e

xcel

lent

.




Tab

le 1

6B

–1

Woo

dy p

lant

s fo

r so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

cien

tifi

c na

me

Com

mon

nam

eR

egio

nC

omm

er-

Pla

nt t

ype

Roo

t ty

peR

ooti

ngG

row

thE

stab

-Sp

read

Pla

ntN

otes

occu

r-ci

al a

vail-

abili

tyra

telis

hmen

tpo

tent

ial

mat

eria

lsen

ceab

ility

from

spee

dty

pecu

ttin

g

Vib

urn

um

swam

p ha

w1,

2,6

larg

epo

orpl

ants

D. W

yman

n sa

ys it

nu

du

msh

rub

is m

ore

adap

ted

toth

e So

uth

than

V.

cass

inoi

des.

Vib

urn

um

amer

ican

1,3,

4,ye

sm

ediu

mpo

orm

ediu

msl

owla

yeri

ng,

Use

roo

ted

plan

ttr

ilobu

mcr

anbe

rry-

5,9

shru

bpl

ants

mat

eria

ls. F

ruit

sbu

shar

e ed

ible

.




Acer circinatum vine maple

Baccharis glutinosa seepwillow

Baccharis halimifolia eastern baccharis

Baccharis pilularis coyotebush

Baccharis salicifolia water wally

Baccharis viminea mulefat baccharis

Cephalanthus occidentalis buttonbush

Cornus amomum silky dogwood

Cornus drummondii roughleaf dogwood

Cornus foemina stiff dogwood

Cornus racemosa gray dogwood

Cornus rugosa roundleaf dogwood

Cornus sericea ssp sericea red-osier dogwood

Lonicera involucrata black twinberry

Physocarpus capitatus pacific ninebark

Physocarpus opulifolius common ninebark

Populus angustifolia narrowleaf cottonwood

Populus balsamifera balsam poplar

Populus deltoides eastern cottonwood

Populus fremontii fremont cottonwood

Populus trichocarpa black cottonwood

Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose

Rosa nutkana nootka rose

Rosa palustris swamp rose

Rosa virginiana virginia rose

Rosa woodsii woods rose

Rubus allegheniensis allegheny blackberry

Rubus idaeus red raspberry

ssp.strigosus

Rubus spectabilis salmonberry

Salix X cottetii dwarf willow

Salix amygdaloides peachleaf willow

Table 16B–2 Woody plants with fair to good or better rooting ability from unrooted cuttings

Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common mame

Salix bonplandiana pussy willow

Salix discolor pussy willow

Salix drummondiana drummond's willow

Salix eriocephala erect willow

Salix exigua coyote willow

Salix gooddingii goodding willow

Salix hookeriana hooker willow

Salix humilis prairie willow

Salix interior sandbar willow

Salix lasiolepis arroyo willow

Salix lemmonii lemmon’s willow

Salix lucida shining willow

Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra pacific willow

Salix lutea yellow willow

Salix nigra black willow

Salix pentandra laural willow

Salix purpurea purpleosier willow

Salix scouleriana scouler’s willow

Salix sitchensis sitka willow

Sambucus canadensis american elder

Sambucus cerulea mexican elderssp. mexicana

Sambucus racemosa red elderberry

Sambucus racemosa red elderssp. pubens

Spiraea alba meadowsweet spirea

Spiraea douglasii douglas spirea

Symphoricarpos albus snowberry

Viburnum dentatum arrowwood

Viburnum lantanoides hubblebush viburnam

Viburnum lentago nannyberry




Acer glabrum dwarf maple

Acer negundo boxelder

Acer rubrum red maple

Acer saccharinum silver maple

Alnus pacifica pacific alder

Alnus rubra red alder

Alnus serrulata smooth alder

Alnus viridis ssp.sinuata sitka alder

Amelanchier alnifolia cusick's serviceberryvar cusickii

Amorpha fruitcosa false indigo

Aronia arbutifolia red chokeberry

Asimina triloba pawpaw

Betula nigra river birch

Betula papyrifera paper birch

Betula pumila low birch

Carpinis caroliniana american hornbeam

Carya aquatica water hickory

Carya cordiformis bitternut hickory

Carya ovata shagbark hickory

Catalpa bignonioides southern catalpa

Celtis laevigata sugarberry

Celtis occidentalis hackberry

Cercis canadensis redbud

Chionanthus virginicus fringetree

Clematis ligusticifolia western clematis

Clethera alnifolia sweet pepperbush

Cornus florida flowering dogwood

Cornus stricta swamp dogwood

Crataegus douglasii douglas' hawthorn

Crataegus mollis downy hawthorn

Cyrilla racemiflora titi

Diospyros virginiana persimmon

Dlaeagnus commutata silverberry

Forestiera acuminata swamp privet

Fraxinus caroliniana carolina ash

Fraxinus latifolia oregon ash

Table 16B–3 Woody plants with poor or fair rooting ability from unrooted cuttings


Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash

Gleditsia triacanthos honeylocust

Hibiscus aculeatus hibiscus

Hibiscus laevis halberd-leafmarshmallow

Hibiscus moscheutos common rose mallow

Hibiscus moscheutos hibiscusssp. lasiocarpos

Holodiscus discolor oceanspray

Ilex coriacea sweet gallberry

Ilex decidua possomhaw

Ilex glabra bitter gallberrry

Ilex opaca american holly

Ilex verticillata winterberry

Ilex vomitoria yaupon

Juglans nigra black walnut

Juniperus virginiana eastern redcedar

Leucothoe axillaris leucothoe

Lindera benzoin spicebush

Liquidambar styraciflua sweetgum

Liriodendron tulipifera tulip poplar

Lyonia lucida fetterbush

Magnolia virginiana sweetbay

Myrica cerifera southern waxmyrtle

Nyssa aquatica swamp tupelo

Nyssa ogeeche ogeeche lime

Nyssa sylvatica blackgum

Ostrya virginiana hophornbeam

Persea borbonia redbay

Philadelphus lewesii lewis mockorange

Physocarpus malvaceus mallow ninebark

Physocarpus opulifolius common ninebark

Pinus taeda loblolly pine

Planera aquatica water elm

Platanus occidentalis sycamore

Populus tremuloides quaking aspen

Prunus angustifolia wild plum




Table 16B–3 Woody plants with poor or fair rooting ability from unrooted cuttings—Continued


Prunus virginiana common chokecherry

Quercus alba white oak

Quercus bicolor swamp white oak

Quercus garryana oregon white oak

Quercus laurifolia swamp laurel oak

Quercus lyrata overcup oak

Quercus macrocarpa bur oak

Quercus michauxii swamp chestnut oak

Quercus nigra water oak

Quercus pagoda cherrybark oak

Quercus palustris pin oak

Quercus phellos willow oak

Quercus shumardii shumard oak

Rhododendron atlanticum coast azalea

Rhododendron viscosum swamp azalea

Rhus copallina flameleaf sumac

Rhus glabra smooth sumac

Robinia pseuodoacacia black locust

Sambucus cerulea blue elderberry

Spiraea tomentosa hardhack spirea

Styrax americanus Japanese snowbell

Taxodium distichum bald cypress

Tsuga canadensis eastern hemlock

Ulmus americana american elm

Viburnum nudum swamp haw

Viburnum trilobum americancranberrybush




Tab

le 1

6B

–4

Gra

sses

and

for

bs u

sefu

l in

conj

unct

ion

wit

h so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems

Scie

ntif

icC

omm

onW

arm

Soil

pHD

roug

htSh

ade

Dep

osi-

Flo

odF

lood

Min

.M

ax.

Wet

land

nam

ena

me

seas

onpr

efer

-pr

efer

-to

lera

nce

tole

r-ti

on t

ol-

tole

r-se

ason

h 2o

h 2o

indi

cato

r 1/

or n

on-

ence

ence

ance

eran

cean

ceco

mpe

-ti

tive

Agrosti

s a

lba

redt

op

Am

mop

hil

aA

mer

ican

sand

s5.

5fa

irpo

orgo

od0

1,fa

cu-

brevil

igu

lata

beac

hgra

ss2,

upl

3,up

l*

An

dropogon

big

blue

stem

yes

loam

s6.

0go

odpo

orpo

orfa

ir0

1,fa

cgerardii

2,fa

c3,

fac-

4,fa

cu5,

fac-

6,fa

cu7,

fac-

8,fa

cu9f

acu

Aru

ndo d

on

ax

gian

t re

edsa

ndy

7.0

good

poor

poor

01"

1,fa

cu-

2,fa

cw3,

facw

6,fa

c+7,

facw

8,fa

cw0,

facw

C,n

iH

,ni

Ely

mu

sw

ildry

eye

slo

ams

6.0

fair

good

fair

good

01,

facw

-vir

gin

icu

sno

ncom

peti

tive

Eragrosti

ssa

ndye

ssa

nds

6.0

good

poor

poor

poor

0tr

ich

od

es

love

gras

s

Festu

ca r

ubra

red

fesc

ueno

ncom

peti

tive

loam

s6.

5go

odgo

odpo

orfa

ir0

1,fa

cu




Tab

le 1

6B

–4

Gra

sses

and

for

bs u

sefu

l in

conj

unct

ion

wit

h so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

icC

omm

onW

arm

Soil

pHD

roug

htSh

ade

Dep

osi-

Flo

odF

lood

Min

.M

ax.

Wet

land

nam

ena

me

seas

onpr

efer

-pr

efer

-to

lera

nce

tole

r-ti

on t

ol-

tole

r-se

ason

h 2o

h 2o

indi

cato

r 1/

or n

on-

ence

ence

ance

eran

cean

ceco

mpe

-ti

tive

Hem

arth

ria

limpo

gras

ssa

ndy

poor

poor

poor

good

01'

1,fa

cwalt

issim

a2,

facw

6,fa

cw

Pan

icu

mco

asta

lye

ssa

nds

to5.

5go

odpo

orfa

irgo

od0

1,fa

cu-

am

aru

lum

pani

cgra

sslo

ams

2,fa

c6,

facu

-P

an

icu

mde

erto

ngue

yes

cla

ndesti

nu

m

Pan

icu

msw

itch

gras

sye

slo

ams

to6.

0go

odpo

orfa

irgo

odal

l0

1,fa

cvir

gatu

msa

nds

2,fa

c+3,

fac+

4,fa

c5,

fac

6,fa

cw7,

fac+

8,fa

c9,

fac+

H,n

i

Paspalu

mse

asho

resa

ndy

poor

good

1/2'

1'2,

obl

va

gin

atu

mpa

spal

um6,

facw

*C

,ni

H,n

i

Pen

nis

etu

mel

epha

nt-

poor

02'

2,fa

cu+

pu

rpu

reu

mgr

ass

C,n

iH

,ni




Tab

le 1

6B

–4

Gra

sses

and

for

bs u

sefu

l in

conj

unct

ion

wit

h so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

icC

omm

onW

arm

Soil

pHD

roug

htSh

ade

Dep

osi-

Flo

odF

lood

Min

.M

ax.

Wet

land

nam

ena

me

seas

onpr

efer

-pr

efer

-to

lera

nce

tole

r-ti

on t

ol-

tole

r-se

ason

h 2o

h 2o

indi

cato

r 1/

or n

on-

ence

ence

ance

eran

cean

ceco

mpe

-ti

tive

Poa p

rate

nsis

Ken

tuck

ylo

am6.

5po

orpo

orpo

orfa

ir0

1,fa

cubl

uegr

ass

Sch

iza

ch

yriu

mlit

tle

yes

sand

s to

6.5

good

poor

poor

poor

01,

facu

scopariu

mbl

uest

emlo

ams

Sorghastr

um

Indi

angr

ass

yes

sand

s to

6.5

fair

poor

poor

poor

01,

upl

nu

tan

s

Sparti

na

prai

rie

yes

sand

s to

6.0

good

fair

fair

fair

01"

1,ob

lpecti

nata

cord

gras

slo

ams

2,ob

l3,

facw

+4,

facw

5,fa

cw6,

facw

+7,

facw

8,ob

l9,

obl

Ziz

an

iopsis

gian

t cut

gras

slo

am4.

3-6.

0po

orpo

orgo

odal

l1/

2'2'

1,ob

lm

ilia

cea

2,ob

l3,

obl

6,ob

l




Tab

le 1

6B

–4

Gra

sses

and

for

bs u

sefu

l in

conj

unct

ion

wit

h so

il bi

oeng

inee

ring

and

ass

ocia

ted

syst

ems—

Con

tinu

ed

Scie

ntif

icC

omm

onW

arm

Soil

pHD

roug

htSh

ade

Dep

osi-

Flo

odF

lood

Min

.M

ax.

Wet

land

nam

ena

me

seas

onpr

efer

-pr

efer

-to

lera

nce

tole

r-ti

on t

ol-

tole

r-se

ason

h 2o

h 2o

indi

cato

r 1/

or n

on-

ence

ence

ance

eran

cean

ceco

mpe

-ti

tive

1/W

etla

nd in

dica

tor

term

s (f

rom

USD

I F

ish

and

Wild

life

Serv

ice'

s N

atio

nal L

ist

of P

lant

Spe

cies

Tha

t O

ccur

in W

etla

nds,

198

8):

Reg

ion

code

num

ber

or le

tter

:1

Nor

thea

st (

ME

, NH

, VT

, MA

, CT

, RI,

WV

, KY

, NY

, PA

, NJ,

MD

, DE

, VA

, OH

)2

Sout

heas

t (N

C, S

C, G

A, F

L, T

N, A

L, M

S, L

A, A

R)

3N

orth

Cen

tral

(M

O, I

A, M

N, M

I, W

I, I

L, I

N)

4N

orth

Pla

ins

(ND

, SD

, MT

(ea

ster

n), W

Y (

east

ern)

)5

Cen

tral

Pla

ins

(NE

, KS,

CO

(ea

ster

n))

6So

uth

Pla

ins

(TX

, OK

)7

Sout

hwes

t (A

Z, N

M)

8In

term

ount

ain

(NV

, UT

, CO

(w

este

rn))

9N

orth

wes

t (W

A, O

R, I

D, M

T (

wes

tern

), W

Y (

wes

tern

))0

Cal

ifor

nia

(Ca)

AA

lask

a (A

K)

CC

arib

bean

(P

R, V

I, C

Z, S

Q)

HH

awai

i (H

I, A

Q, G

U, I

Q, M

Q, T

Q, W

Q, Y

Q)

Indi

cato

r ca

tego

ries

(es

tim

ated

pro

babi

lity)

:fa

cF

acul

tati

ve—

Equ

ally

like

ly t

o oc

cur

in w

etla

nds

or n

onw

etla

nds

(34-

66%

).fa

cu

Fac

ulta

tive

upl

and—

Usu

ally

occ

ur in

non

wet

land

s (6

7-99

%),

but

occ

asio

nally

fou

nd in

wet

land

s (1

-33%

)fa

cw

Fac

ulta

tive

wet

land

—U

sual

ly o

ccur

in w

etla

nds

(67-

99%

), b

utoc

casi

onal

ly f

ound

in n

onw

etla

nds.

ob

lO

blig

ate

wet

land

—O

ccur

alm

ost

alw

ays

(99%

) un

der

natu

rl c

ondi

tion

s in

wet

land

s.u

pl

Obl

igat

e up

land

—O

ccur

in w

etla

nds i

n an

othe

r reg

ion,

but

occ

ur a

lmos

t alw

ays (

99%

) und

er n

atur

al c

ondi

tion

s in

nonw

etla

nds i

m˛Q

æB

˛reg

ioK

˛QpC

Ûh”

DG

ed-˛'

e˛`

Qpe

c%C

s BM

eQ n

Mt M

ccur

%n

wet

land

s in

any

regi

on, i

t is n

ot o

n th

e N

atio

nal L

ist.

Fre

quen

cy o

f oc

curr

ence

:–

(neg

ativ

e si

gn)

indi

cate

s le

ss f

requ

entl

y fo

und

in w

etla

nds.

+(p

osit

ive

sign

) in

dica

tes

mor

e fr

eque

ntly

fou

nd in

wet

land

s.*

(ast

eris

k) in

dica

tes

wet

land

s in

dica

tors

wer

e de

rive

d fr

om li

mit

edec

olog

ical

info

rmat

ion.

ni

(no

indi

cato

r) in

dica

tes

insu

ffic

ient

info

rmat

ion

was

ava

ilabl

e to

dete

rmin

e an

indi

ator

sta

tus.

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