SHIPS OBSERVING MARINE CLIMATE · 2020-06-12 · - 1 - SHIPS OBSERVING MARINE CLIMATE: A CATALOGUE OF THE VOLUNTARY OBSERVING SHIPS PARTICIPATING IN THE VSOP-NA1 E.C. Kent and P.K.

SHIPS OBSERVING MARINE CLIMATE:

A CATALOGUE OF THE VOLUNTARY OBSERVING SHIPSPARTICIPATING IN THE VSOP-NA

Elizabeth C. Kent and Peter K. Taylor

James Rennell Centre for Ocean Circulation1

Reprinted version for internet distribution of: World Meteorological Organisation Marine Meteorologyand Related Oceanographic Activities Report No. 25 (WMO/TD-No. 456), 1991. 123 pp.

1 Now James Rennell Division for Ocean Circulation and Climate, Southampton

Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK

This report was originally published jointly by the World Meteorological Organisation and the

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (of UNESCO) with the following notes:

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the

expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of the World

Meteorological Organisation and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission concerning

the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the

delimitation of its frontiers and borders.

Editorial Note: This publication is a reproduction of a typescript submitted by the authors and

has been produced without additional revision by the WMO and IOC Secretariats.

________________________________________

The present version has been put together from original files or scanned versions of the original

document which have been converted to 'pdf' format for downloading from the web. The

scanned figures are included at low resolution to reduce the size of the document. We have

preserved the layout and content of the document but some of the figures have changed in

format due to the use of revised software in their generation.

PREFACE

Meteorological observations made onboard merchant vessels of the WMO voluntary observing ships (VOS)scheme, when transmitted to shore in real-time, are a substantial component of the Global Observing Systemof the World Weather Watch and are essential to the provision of marine meteorological services, as well as tometeorological analyses and forecasts generally. These observations are also recorded in ships' meteorologicallogbooks, for later exchange, archival and processing through the WMO Marine Climatological SummariesScheme, and as such they constitute an equally essential source of data for determining a variety of air-seafluxes. At the same time, however, it has long been recognised that these observations are subject to errors,both systematic and random. Many of these errors are the result of inadequate or inappropriate instrumentsiting onboard ship, or through the use of instrumentation or observing techniques which are less than optimal.

The VOS Special Observing Project North Atlantic (VSOP-NA) was therefore initiated, jointly by the WMOCommission for Marine Meteorology (CMM) and the Committee on Climate Changes and the Ocean (CCCO)of IOC/SCOR), on behalf of the WCRP, to try to establish the effects on the quality of VOS data of differentship instrumentation and observing practices.

Six national observing fleets participated - those of Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdomand USA - and ultimately 45 ships supplied data for the project. New logbooks were designed to enable theacquisition of supplementary information to define the detailed instrumentation and practices in use by eachship, so that the effects of these differing methods of data gathering could be quantified. These logbooks werecollected by participating Port Meteorological Officers at the end of each voyage, and submitted to the projectdigitization centre operated by the Seewetteramt of the German Weather Service in Hamburg. From there, thedata were transferred to the United Kingdome Meteorological Office in Bracknell for archival and analysis,jointly by the Meteorological Office and the James Rennell Centre in Southampton. Eventually a total ofmore than 33,000 observations were collected during the project observation period from May 1988 toSeptember 1990 and these, together with the information of the instrument siting and exposure and themeteorological analysis fields from the numerical model of the United Kingdom Meteorological Office,provided the basis for the data analysis.

This particular document, prepared by Ms Elizabeth Kent and Dr Peter Taylor of the James Rennell Centre,Southampton, United Kingdom contains a catalogue of the VSOP-NA ships, describing in detail the ships'characteristics, routes and meteorological instruments fitted. A companion report to this (No. 26 in the sameseries) gives a summary of the data acquisition, data processing and analysis phases of the project and describesthe results of the analysis.

There is no doubt that the results of this project are of considerable importance to climate analysis andmodelling, in particular in their implications for the computation of air-sea fluxes of heat, momentum andwater vapour. They are also likely to have a significant and beneficial impact eventually on the operation ofthe whole of the VOS, with consequent benefits not just for research but also for operational meteorology.

The considerable appreciation of the sponsoring organisations for the project is extended to the authors of thesetwo reports, Ms E. Kent and Dr P. Taylor of the James Rennell Centre and Mr. B Truscott and Mr J. Hopkinsof the United Kingdom Meteorological Office for their substantial and high quality analysis work. Thanks arealso due to the Seewetteramt, Hamburg for undertaking the major task of digitising the data; to the members ofthe project Management Committee for their excellent supervision of the project; to the Port MeteorologicalOfficers of the countries concerned for recruiting and servicing the project ships; and last but by no means least,to the officers and crew of the ships themselves, for their co-operation and support for the project, withoutwhich nothing would have been possible. It is hoped that they will eventually see the direct fruit of the effortsin the form of improved meteorological forecast and warning services for mariners.

J Rasmussen (for the Secretary-General of WMO)

G Kullenberg (Secretary IOC)

C ONTENTS Page

PART 1 SUMMARY OF THE SHIP CHARACTERISTICS 1

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. THE VSOP-NA PROJECT 1

2.1 Introduction 1

2.2 Ship Selection 2

2.3 Ship Documentation 2

2.4 Extra Observations 3

2.5 Data Processing and Analysis 3

3. SUMMARY OF THE VSOP-NA SHIP CHARACTERISTICS 4

3.1 Names and Call Signs of the VSOP-NA ships 4

3.2 Period of Participation in the VSOP-NA 4

3.3 Reporting Efficiency 7

3.4 Ship Routes 8

3.5 Ship Type 9

3.6 Ship Size 1 2

3.7 Ship Speed 1 2

3.8 Variation in Sensor Heights 1 2

4. INSTRUMENTATION SUMMARY 1 4

4.1 Winds 1 4

4.2 Air Temperature and Humidity 1 9

4.3 SST 2 1

4.4 Pressure 2 4

4.5 Communications 2 8

5. SUMMARY OF PART 1 2 8

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 9

7. REFERENCES 2 9

C ONTENTS Page

PART 2 THE SHIP CATALOGUE 3 1

1 Introduction 3 1

Ships recruited by CanadaVSBG8 Irving Forest 32

Ships recruited by FranceDIDA Ariana 34FNCZ C R Libreville 36FNEF Atlantic Cartier 38FNFD Edouard L D 40FNGM Le Carabie 42FNGS La Fayette 44FNOY Jean Charcot 46

Ships recruited by GermanyDDLN Independent Endeavor 48DDUC Euro Texas 50DHNE Nurnberg Atlantic 52DHRG Alemania Express 54DIMC America Express 56DNBR Independent Concept 58DNJR Independent Pursuit 60

Ships recruited by the NetherlandsPCEL AEL America 62PELT Gulf Speed 64PELU Gulf Spirit 66PGDG Nedlloyd Kingston 68PGDS Nedlloyd Kyoto 70PGDW Nedlloyd Zeelandia 72PGEG Nedlloyd Neerlandia 74

Ships recruited by the UKLIMA Cumulus 76C6DS Atlantic Link 78GBSA Author 80GBVV Geestbay 82GBVW Geestport 84GJMR Geestcape 86GJMS Geesthaven 88GXES CGM Provence 90GZMM Atlantic Conveyor 92VRAZ Nickerie 94VSBV3 CanMar Ambassador 96

Ships recruited by the USAIBPA Americana 98KLRZ Sealand Atlantic 100KRGJ Julius Hammer 102KRJL Margaret Lykes 104KRJP Sheldon Lykes 106KTPB Sealand Commitment 108WMLG Delaware Bay 110WPFZ Adabelle Lykes 112WPHZ Charlotte Lykes 114WPVF Galveston Bay 116WPWH Nedlloyd Hudson 118WSDG Lyra Lykes 120

Appendix 1: Hull Sensor Specifications

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SHIPS OBSERVING MARINE CLIMATE:

A CATALOGUE OF THE VOLUNTARY OBSERVING SHIPSPARTICIPATING IN THE VSOP-NA1

E.C. Kent and P.K. TaylorJames Rennell Centre for Ocean Circulation, Chilworth Research Park, Southampton, UK

PART 1 SUMMARY OF THE SHIP CHARACTERISTICS

1. INTRODUCTION

Our present knowledge of the marine climate, as represented by data sets such as COADS (Woodruff et

al., 1987), is based on meteorological observations from the Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS). Because the

VOS are merchant ships, rather than specially designed meteorological platforms, errors and biases exist in the

data. However there is little information readily available to the climatologist either on the nature of the VOS

fleet or on the observing practises which are used. This report, describing the forty-six ships that participated

in the Voluntary Observing Ships' Special Observing Project - North Atlantic (VSOP-NA), therefore serves

two purposes:

(i) it provides a reference document to aid analysis of the VSOP-NA data set,

(ii) it gives a detailed description of a subset of the VOS, which will be of value in the

interpretation of marine climate data sets.

This report is in two parts, Part 1 is an overall summary of the ship characteristics, Part 2 is a ship

by ship description. The next section will briefly describe the VSOP-NA project, followed by a summary of

the characteristics of the VSOP-NA ships (Section 3). Since these ships were specially selected (Section 2.2),

the degree to which they are representative of the whole VOS fleet will be carefully considered. The

meteorological instrumentation used by the VOS varies depending on which meteorological agency recruited the

ships. That used on the chosen VSOP-NA ships is typical of VOS recruited by the countries bordering the

North Atlantic, and will be described in Section 4. Section 5 is a summary of Part 1 of the report.

Part 2 presents the VSOP-NA ship catalogue. This includes, for each ship, diagrams of the layout

(indicating in particular the exposure of the sensors), a summary of the geographical positions at which

observations were obtained, and details of the instrumentation used.

2. THE VSOP-NA PROJECT

2.1 Introduction

The VSOP-NA was a pilot study with the primary objective of assembling a detailed subset of marine

meteorological data. The aim was to determine whether systematic biases in the measurements could be

quantified through the acquisition of additional ship information that is not routinely collected. The stages of

the VSOP-NA project consisted of the initial ship selection and documentation by the Port Meteorological

Officers (PMO’s), an observational phase during which extra observation codes were reported by the ship’s

officers, and the data processing and analysis conducted collaboratively by the Deutscher Wietterdienst,

1 Prepared for the VSOP-NA Management Committee Meeting, June 24 - 27 1991, Reading U.K.

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Seewetteramt, the UK Meteorological Office, and the James Rennell Centre. The data collection phase of

VSOP-NA was in operation from May 1988 to September 1990. Full details of the analysis procedures and the

results of the comparisons are reported by Kent et al. (1991).

2.2 Ship Selection

In planning the VSOP-NA it was determined that ships should be recruited using three main criteria

(WMO, 1987). First, the ship had to be operating almost exclusively in the North Atlantic. This meant

that if the routing of a ship changed away from this region it had to be dropped from the project. Second, the

normal reporting record of the ship was to be taken into account and only ships with good reporting records were

to be considered for recruitment. The final consideration was to be the quality of instrumentation on the ship,

ideally the ships were required to have:

(a) accurate and well-exposed wet and dry bulb mercury in glass or electrical resistance thermometers;

(b) sea surface temperature measuring instruments for one of the preferred methods (buckets, precision

thermometer placed close to the engine room intake point, or trailing thermometers);

(c) permanently-mounted, well exposed anemometers;

(d) precision marine barometers.

Thus, as originally specified, these criteria would have prevented the VSOP-NA ships from forming a

representative subset of the VOS. However, in practise it was found that, in order to attempt to recruit the

target of 50 ships into the VSOP-NA, the ships were mainly selected on the basis of good reporting record, a

likelihood of operating mainly in the North Atlantic, and the readiness of the ships’ owners and crew to

cooperate in the project. Even then only a total of 45 ships were recruited and subsequently provided reports.

Thus the VSOP-NA ships are likely to be typical of the regularly reporting VOS in the North Atlantic, and

probably also of a significant fraction of the VOS fleet. This question will be considered in more detail in the

following sections.

2.3 Ship Documentation

Following the selection of a ship, the Port Meteorological Officers were requested to obtain details of

the types of instrumentation carried, the siting of fixed instruments (or the position in which hand held

instruments were used), and, if possible, to obtain scale drawings and photographs showing the general

layout of the ship and the exposure of the instruments. It is the information from this documentation that is

presented in this report, in summary in Sections 3 and 4 and in detail in Part 2. The original documentation

will be submitted to the UKMO for permanent archiving.

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2.4 Extra Observations

The ships’ officers were requested to report extra information with each observation (Table 1). The

extra codes were entered onto a VSOP-NA logsheet which was collected by the PMO’s and returned to the

Deutscher Wietterdienst, Seewetteramt in Hamburg.

Table 1. The extra information which ship’s officers were requested to report with eachobservation.

Code Information1 SS Instantaneous ship’s speed at time of observation2 DDD Ship’s heading in degrees true3 LL Height in metres of deck cargo above main deck4 hhh Departure of reference level from actual sea level5 M Method of sea surface temperature measurement6 n Location of air temperature measurement7 f f f Relative wind speed (knots or m/s)8 ddd Relative wind direction in degrees off the bow

2.5 Data Processing and Analysis

At the Deutscher Wietterdienst, Seewetteramt the data were transcribed onto magnetic tape and

forwarded to the UK Meteorological Office where the final data set was constructed by merging the observations

with the corresponding variables output from the analysis stage of the Meteorological Office atmospheric

forecast model. The final data set was prepared in March 1991, observations which arrived at the

Meteorological Office after that time had to be excluded from the analysis. Nevertheless, data recorded up to

April 1991 were transcribed and became part of the special archive of VSOP-NA data. Also excluded from the

data set were observations in areas near the coasts of North America and Spain where the model value were

considered to be strongly affected by the nearby land. The area for which data were accepted and the

geographical distribution of observations is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Distribution of observations for the final data set. The scale is in number of

reports per one degree square in the final data set.

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The data analysis was conducted jointly at the Meteorological Office and at the James Rennell Centre

for Ocean Circulation. The main aim was to determine the effect of different observing practises on

measurement accuracy, and whether any improvement might be gained by reporting extra information or by

changing observing practises. The method used was to calculate and compare the mean differences between the

observations and the model values, the latter being used purely as a comparison standard rather than as any

indication of the “true” value. The results were classified according to observation method and also according to

the recruiting country. Since the VOS are variously recruited by the marine meteorological agencies of member

countries of the WMO, it was considered important to determine whether the different national procedures and

preferences gave rise to systematic biases in the data.

Although not specifically taking part in the VSOP-NA the data from the weather ship OWS Cumulus

stationed at ocean weather station Lima (57.5°N, 20°W) was included in the study for comparison purposes.

During the VSOP-NA observation period the Cumulus conducted the normal activities of a weather ship but

was also equipped with automatic meteorological instrumentation furnished by the Institute of Oceanographic

Sciences/James Rennell Centre. It was hoped to use the Cumulus to determine the absolute accuracy of the

ship reports, however these results must be interpreted carefully since the observations from the Cumulus are

accorded greater importance in the model assimilation scheme (see Kent et al., 1991).

3. SUMMARY OF THE VSOP-NA SHIP CHARACTERISTICS

3.1 Names and Call Signs of the VSOP-NA ships

The ships recruited for the VSOP-NA project and their call signs are shown in Table 2. In this and

succeeding tables and figures the ships are shown in alphabetical order of the recruiting countries (divided by

horizontal lines) and, for a given country, of the ships’ call signs1.

3.2 Period of Participation in the VSOP-NA

The start and end dates of each ships participation in the VSOP-NA is given in Table 2 together with

the number of observations from each ship which were included in the VSOP-NA data set. Figure 2 (page 10)

shows the frequency of reports received from each ship and illustrates that the different countries participating in

the VSOP-NA were able to begin recruitment at varying times, and also that not all the recruited ships were

able to participate throughout the VSOP-NA project.

Thus, referring to Figure 2, the Canadian recruited ship, Irving Forest (call sign VSBG8),

reported reliably until being lost at sea, fortunately with no loss of life. The French recruited ships joined

the project in 1989. By far the most frequent reports were from the Edouard L.D. (FNFD), a liquid gas tanker

operating between Brittany and the Mediterranean. Unfortunately many of the reports were close to the Spanish

coast and had to be excluded from the VSOP-NA data set in order to avoid the use of misleading values from the

1 Confusion as to the correct callsign for Sealand Atlantic KRLZ (in one dataset it was entered as KLRZ) has

resulted in this ship being out of order alphabetically in the diagrams.

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Table 2. List of ships participating in the VSOP-NA according to recruiting country.The last column represents the reporting efficiency in percent (see text for details).

Country Ship Call Star t End No. Main Inter.Sign day year day year obs Eff. % Eff. %

Canada Irving Forest VSBG8 4 0 1 9 8 9 3 2 4 1 9 8 9 4 3 9 9 4 0France Ariana DIDA 8 9 1 9 8 9 2 3 7 1 9 9 0 2 2 8 9 5 9

C R Libreville FNCZ 1 1 4 1 9 8 9 2 0 5 1 9 9 0 1 3 3 8 4 1Atlantic Cartier FNEF 1 1 3 1 9 8 9 2 6 8 1 9 9 0 6 5 3 7 2 1Edouard L D FNFD 1 0 3 1 9 8 9 2 6 3 1 9 9 0 7 6 6 6 4 6 5Le Carabie FNGM 1 0 0 1 9 8 9 2 1 9 1 9 9 0 8 1 6 3 6La Fayette FNGS 1 5 6 1 9 8 9 3 2 1 9 9 0 1 6 6 7 0Jean Charcot FNOY 1 6 3 1 9 8 9 2 9 5 1 9 8 9 2 7 1 8 6 8 5

Germany Independent Endeavor DDLN 2 6 5 1 9 8 8 7 1 1 9 9 0 7 5 1 7 1 0Euro Texas DDUC 3 1 7 1 9 8 8 6 4 1 9 8 9 1 4 8 9 5 0Nurnberg Atlantic DHNE 2 5 0 1 9 8 8 1 2 8 1 9 9 0 9 8 1 8 6 8Alemania Express DHRG 3 0 4 1 9 8 8 1 0 6 1 9 9 0 7 7 2 8 7 1America Express DIMC 2 8 9 1 9 8 8 1 3 6 1 9 9 0 7 2 1 8 8 0Independent Concept DNBR 2 8 5 1 9 8 8 1 2 3 1 9 8 9 4 5 9 8 5 0Independent Pursuit DNJR 2 4 4 1 9 8 8 1 2 1 1 9 9 0 5 9 9 5 0 0

Netherlands AEL America PCEL 3 2 5 1 9 8 8 6 4 1 9 8 9 2 5 9 9 9 0Gulf Speed PELT 1 4 4 1 9 8 8 2 5 4 1 9 8 8 1 5 3 8 7 0Gulf Spirit PELU 1 2 2 1 9 8 8 2 5 3 1 9 8 8 1 7 5 8 8 0Nedlloyd Kingston PGDG 2 7 8 1 9 8 8 1 2 4 1 9 9 0 4 7 3 9 6 0Nedlloyd Kyoto PGDS 2 6 2 1 9 8 8 5 8 1 9 9 0 4 2 2 9 7 1Nedlloyd Zeelandia PGDW 3 6 1 1 9 8 8 1 3 0 1 9 9 0 1 9 7 9 2 0Nedlloyd Neerlandia PGEG 1 2 0 1 9 8 8 9 2 1 9 9 0 4 4 3 9 2 0

OWS (UK) Cumulus LIMA 2 8 2 1 9 8 8 2 0 8 1 9 9 0 3 8 4 6 1 0 0 9 9UK Atlantic Link C6DS 3 3 7 1 9 8 8 2 3 1 9 9 0 5 1 1 8 9 0

Author GBSA 2 4 5 1 9 8 8 1 5 5 1 9 9 0 4 5 6 9 4 1 2Geestbay GBVV 2 5 2 1 9 8 8 2 1 4 1 9 9 0 1 0 0 1 7 2 4 5Geestport GBVW 2 6 7 1 9 8 8 2 0 1 1 9 9 0 9 4 4 7 6 4 3Geestcape GJMR 2 5 9 1 9 8 8 1 9 3 1 9 9 0 1 1 8 4 8 5 5 8Geesthaven GJMS 2 7 3 1 9 8 8 1 8 0 1 9 9 0 8 6 8 7 4 4 4CGM Provence GXES 2 8 0 1 9 8 8 1 8 9 1 9 9 0 1 1 4 1 9 7 2 7Atlantic Conveyor GZMM 2 7 1 9 8 8 1 6 8 1 9 9 0 8 0 9 8 8 0Nickerie VRAZ 2 4 2 1 9 8 8 1 7 9 1 9 9 0 5 5 3 9 7 0CanMar Ambassador VSBV3 2 5 8 1 9 8 8 1 8 6 1 9 9 0 1 3 3 7 9 5 9 0

USA Americana IBPA 2 2 7 1 9 8 9 2 4 8 1 9 8 9 3 4 9 7 0Sealand Atlantic KLRZ 5 8 1 9 8 9 3 6 3 1 9 8 9 4 1 5 8 6 0Julius Hammer KRGJ 6 2 1 9 8 9 5 6 1 9 9 0 3 4 9 9 2 1Margarette Lykes KRJL 9 2 1 9 8 9 1 4 7 1 9 9 0 5 3 9 8 5 0Sheldon Lykes KRJP 5 0 1 9 8 9 2 4 6 1 9 8 9 2 9 9 8 1 0Sealand Commitment KTPB 6 5 1 9 8 9 3 5 1 9 9 0 5 2 2 9 2 0Delaware Bay WMLG 1 9 1 9 8 9 3 1 0 1 9 8 9 2 7 6 7 2 0Adabelle Lykes WPFZ 5 9 1 9 8 9 3 4 3 1 9 8 9 3 5 9 9 0 0Charlotte Lykes WPHZ 3 8 1 9 8 9 5 0 1 9 9 0 7 0 9 8 7 0Galveston Bay WPVF 7 2 1 9 8 9 9 2 1 9 9 0 6 0 9 9 4 1Nedlloyd Hudson WPWH 9 0 1 9 8 9 5 1 1 9 9 0 4 2 7 9 3 0Lyra WSDG 2 8 0 1 9 8 9 4 5 1 9 9 0 1 2 4 8 7 0

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Figure 2. The distribution of observations in the VSOP-NA data set as a

function of time. The vertical scale of the histogram bars is from 0

to 40 (or more) observations during a 2 week period.

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Meteorological Office model. The research ship Jean Charcot (FNOY) also reported frequently until being

taken out of service following a fire. Two German recruited ships, Euro Texas (DDUC) and Independent

Pursuit (DNBR) left the project early; the other German recruited ships reported reliably throughout. The

Netherlands succeeded in recruiting ships very early in the project but the two ships, Gulf Speed (PELT) and

Gulf Spirit (PELU) were sold and left the project after a few months. Most of the UK recruited ships reported

reliably throughout the project until April 1990 when it was considered that a suitable data set had been

obtained. The USA recruited ships did not begin reporting until January 1989, but then generally reported

reliably. Unfortunately delays in receiving the data meant that many USA ship observations from January

1990 onwards were received too late to be included in the data set.

3.3 Reporting Efficiency

The reporting “efficiency” shown for each ship in Table 2 and Figure 3a, was calculated by assuming

that the ship could have returned 4 reports per day (0000, 0600, 1200, 1800 GMT) during the period that it

participated in the VSOP-NA, excluding periods when the ship was in port or outside the area of the

Meteorological Office fine-mesh forecast model. The average efficiency of the VSOP-NA ships as defined

above, is 86%. These efficiencies include periods when navigational requirements exclude other duties and

therefore an efficiency of 100% would not be expected (except for an OWS on station). In addition , some

ships reported intermediate reports (0300, 0900. 1500 and 2100 GMT) and the percentage of the possible

intermediate reports made is also given in Table 2 and Figure 3a.

Figure 3 (a) Histogram showing the reporting efficiencies of the VSOP-NA ships.

(b) The mean reporting efficiency for the main reporting hours of ships

recruited by the various participating countries

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3.4 Ship Routes

The ship routes used by the VSOP-NA ships were constrained by the requirement that the chosen ships

should mainly operate in the North Atlantic. The overall distribution of VSOP-NA ship reports (shown in

Figure 1) indicated that the VSOP-NA ships mainly plied a number of routes which are listed in Table 3 and

illustrated in Figure 4.

The geographical distribution of observations for each ship is shown in the ship catalogue (Section 5),

and summarised in Table 4 (page 14). Although most of the routes included the Western Approaches to the

English Channel, and contributed observations in the northeast part of the VSOP-NA area, observations in

other regions were obtained from ships on only one or two of the main routes. This resulted in significant

variations in the geographical distribution of the observations when classified according to the different ship

recruiting countries. This is shown in Figure 5 (page 15).

Referring to Figure 5, the reports from the one Canadian recruited ship, Irving Forest, were from

the Canada route, and provided reports in the Northwest Atlantic region of the VSOP-NA area, as did reports

from French recruited ships. However the data set of observations from the French ships was dominated by

reports from the Edouard L.D. (in the Bay of Biscay on route from Brittany to the Mediterranean), and the Jean

Charcot (a research ship which spent some time in the region of 42°N 16°W). Other French reports were from

routes in the Southeast region, and few or no reports were obtained from the Mid South. In contrast, the

German recruited ships provided observations on the Europe to USA routes with no observations in the

Southeast region. The Dutch recruited ships provided reports over all regions except the Northwest (Europe to

Canada route) with most reports in the Mid South region. Observations from the British recruited ships were

dominated by the Caribbean route, giving observations in the Mid South region, but there were also

significant numbers of observations from the Southwest and Northwest regions with only the Southeast region

being sparsely sampled. The USA recruited ships provided observations in all regions except the Northwest.

Table 3 Main routes played by the ships participating in the VSOP-NA. The lastcolumn gives the region of the VSOP-NA area for which the observations predominantlycame from ships on these routes.

To/from From/to Region

1 Europe Canada (Newfoundland, St Lawrence, Nova

Scotia region)

Northwest

2 Europe East Coast USA (Boston, New York etc.) Southwest

3 Europe Straits of Florida (N Gulf region)

4 Europe Caribbean (West Indies, Gulf of Mexico,

Panama Canal)

Mid South

5 Europe South America

6 Europe Mediterranean Southeast

7 Europe Cape of Good Hope

8 East Coast USA Mediterranean (Southwest to southeast

regions)

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Figure 4 Regional division of the VSOP-NA area and the approximate location

of the main shipping routes.

3.5 Ship Type

Table 5 shows the types of the 45 ships recruited for the VSOP-NA both overall and for the individual

recruiting countries. The VSOP-NA requirement that the ship should mainly operate in the North Atlantic led

to the selection of mainly container vessels and the exclusion of most tankers.

Table 5. Summary of the type of ships recruited to the VSOP-NA, overall and byrecruiting country

Type All Canada France Germany Netherlands UK USA

Container 29 4 7 7 3 11

Ro-Ro Container 2 1 1

Closed Container 1 1

Container/Banana 5 5

Tanker 1 1

Gas tanker 1 1

General Cargo 1 1

Research Ship 1 1

Weather Ship 1 (1)

All types 45 1 7 7 7 10 + (1) 12

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Tabl e 4 . Summary o f mo s t us ual ro utes fo r each s hi p . Ro ute names refer to the po s i t i o ns fro mwhi ch o bs erv at i o ns were rece i v ed and are no t neces s ari l y the s hi p’s o ri g i n o r des t i nat i o n .

Europe to USA to

Canada East Coast Straits ofFlorida

Caribbean SouthAmerica

Med. Cape Med.

VSBG8 ✔

DIDA ✔

FNCZ ✔

FNEF ✔

FNFD ✔

FNGM ✔

FNGS ✔

FNOY ✔ ✔

DDLN ✔

DDUC ✔ ✔

DHNE ✔

DHRG ✔

DIMC ✔

DNBR ✔

DNJR ✔

PCEL ✔

PELT ✔

PELU ✔

PGDG ✔ ✔

PGDS ✔ ✔

PGDW ✔

PGEG ✔ ✔

LIMA At Ocean Station Lima (20°W 57.5°N)

C6DS ✔ ✔

GBSA ✔ ✔

GBVV ✔

GBVW ✔

GJMR ✔

GJMS ✔

GXES ✔ (✔ )GZMM ✔

VRAZ ✔

VSBV3 ✔

IBPA ✔ ✔

KLRZ

KRGJ ✔

KRJL ✔ (✔ )KRJP ✔ (✔ )KRPB ✔

WMLG ✔

WPFZ ✔ (✔ )WPHZ ✔ (✔ )WPVF ✔

WPWH ✔

WSDG ✔ ✔

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Figure 5 The geographical distribution of reports from the VSOP-NA ships,

classified according to the recruiting country. The scale is in number

of reports per one degree square during the project.

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3.6 Ship Size

The length of each of the VSOP-NA ships is shown in Figure 6, together with a histogram showing

number of ships in each length category. The most likely length was between 200 and 225m. The UK

recruited ships were generally smaller than this, the USA recruited ships were that size or larger.

There is no published table of the lengths of ships in the VOS fleet as a whole, however Figure 7

shows that, for the VSOP-NA ships, the height at which the temperature was measured was, as might be

expected, roughly related to the length of the ship. For 4378 of the 7491 VOS ships, WMO (1990) contains

the heights of the observing platforms (where for most ships the temperature is measured), so this variable can

be used to compare the VSOP-NA ships with a large fraction of the VOS fleet. The peak of the histogram for

the VSOP-NA ships (Figure 8) corresponds to a significantly greater height than that for the VOS fleet,

suggesting that the VSOP-NA ships tended to be larger than is typical. This is probably because of the

selection of ocean going container vessels, and the exclusion of small coastal vessels, for the VSOP-NA

project.

3.7 Ship Speed

For each ship the mean speed at the time of the observation is shown in Figure 9. The most likely

speed was 16 to 18 knots which, given the larger size of the VSOP-NA ships, is likely to be higher than

average for the VOS fleet.

3.8 Variation in Sensor Heights

In order to determine changes in sensor height, the instrument heights on each VSOP-NA ship were

specified with respect to a reference level (for example the main deck level, or mean sea level) and the height of

this reference level above the actual sea surface was reported with each observation. Unfortunately this variable

was not always reported correctly since some ships reported a constant value throughout the project, which is

very unlikely. For those ships which did report changes, the variation in the reference level height was

usually about 2m, extending to about 5m for certain of the larger ships. This represents the amount by which

the ship was higher or lower in the water depending on the amount of cargo and fuel carried. For some ships

this variation was regular, corresponding to the ship being more lightly laden when travelling in one direction

compared to its return. In addition to this regular 2 to 5m variation the data from some ships indicated jumps

of 10m or more. Whether this represents journeys with the ship in ballast or errors in the value reported for the

reference level is not known.

Variations in the deck cargo height will alter the nature of airflow over the ship and may therefore affect

anemometer measurements of wind velocity and possibly also the temperature and humidity measurements.

For each ship, the height of the deck cargo above the main deck and the amount of variation are shown in

Figure 10.

- 13 -

Figure 6. (a) The length of each of the VSOP-NA ships (metres).

(b) Histogram showing number of ships in each length category

for the VSOP-NA ships.

- 14 -

3 0 02 5 02 0 01 5 01 0 05 000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Length of Ship (m)

He

igh

t o

f T

em

pe

ratu

re

Me

as

ure

me

nt

(m)

Figure 7 Relationship between the height of the

temperature measurement and the

length of the ship.0

- 5

5

- 1

0

10

-

15

15

-

20

20

-

25

25

-

30

30

-

35

35

-

40

40

-

45

45

-

50

50

-

55

>5

5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

VOS ships

All VSOP ships

Nu

mb

er

of

sh

ips

(%

)

Figure 8 Histogram of the distribution of

temperature measurement heights on the

VSOP-NA ships and of the observing

platform height on the VOS ships.

4. INSTRUMENTATION SUMMARY

4.1 Winds

4.1.1 Technique Used

Wind speeds are estimated visually from sea state (“Beaufort” estimates) or measured by fixed or

handheld anemometers. The percentage of ships in the VSOP-NA project and in the VOS fleet as a whole

which use each method is shown in Table 6. Of the VSOP-NA countries, Germany, the Netherlands,

and the UK require ships officers to give visual estimates. Compared to anemometer measurements, this

technique is considered to represent an integration of the wind speed and direction over the past hour or so,

rather than a spot value. It also avoids effects such as errors due to ship motion, sheltering of the measurement

site, or air flow disturbance over the ship. The USA recruited ships used visual estimates or fixed

anemometers, the Canadian ship used a fixed anemometer, and the French ships used either fixed or hand-

held anemometers. Fixed anemometers might be considered to provide a more objective wind measurement

provided that the sensors are well maintained and calibrated, and properly exposed. The supplied plans and

photographs (Section 2.3) suggested that in general the fixed anemometers were well exposed, often being

positioned high on the signal mast. The quality of exposure of handheld anemometers is difficult to estimate.

- 15 -

Figure 9. Speed of the ship at the time of observation (knots):

(a) mean value for each ship

(b) numbers of ships with mean speeds in the ranges shown.

- 16 -

0 - 5

5 - 10

10 - 15

15 - 20

20 - 25

0

5

10

15

20

Figure 10. Height of cargo above main deck (m):

(a) height and reported variation for each ship

(b) numbers of ships with cargo heights in the ranges shown.

- 17 -

Table 6. Measurement technique used for wind observations for the VSOP-NA ships andfor the VOS fleet as a whole.

No. of Fraction of each fleet (%) N o .

Country Ships Visual Fixed Handheld Unknown

VSOP VOS VSOP VOS VSOP VOS VSOP VOS VSOP

Canada 1 424 0 10 1 0 0 87 0 3 0

France 7 153 0 0 4 3 49 4 3 50 1?

Germany 7 597* 1 0 0 96 0 4 0 0 0

Netherlands 7 273 1 0 0 100 0 0 (14)** 0 0

UK 1 0 464 1 0 0 100 (50)** 0 0 0 0

U S A 1 3 1470 3 1 74 2 3 26 0 0 6

All ships 4 5 7491 6 3 70 1 7 22 7 8 1 3

* Combined East and West German Fleets** Not used for wind measurement.

The statistics for the VOS fleet as a whole, shown in Table 6, were obtained from the “List of Selected Ships”

(WMO, 1990). 70% of the VOS are listed as not being equipped with anemometers and it is assumed that

these ships report visual estimates, compared to a figure of 63% for the VSOP-NA. The fractions of ships

using fixed and handheld anemometers in the VSOP-NA and the VOS fleet are also similar (17% against 22%

for fixed, 7% against 8% for handheld). Unfortunately the accuracy of the WMO (1990) figures is known to be

questionable. For example 50% of the UK recruited VSOP-NA ships carried fixed anemometers. Although

the VSOP-NA ships reported that the anemometers were not used for meteorological reports, Ive (1987) found

that in the mid 1980’s, 11% of observations from UK recruited VOS were reported to be anemometer measured

winds (other figures were Canada 58%, France 88%, FRG 10%, Netherlands 3%, USA 49%). There is also

the question of to what degree, if any, visual winds are influenced by the availability of an anemometer

reading.

4.1.2 Height of Measurement

The height in metres above mean sea level of the anemometers for the VSOP-NA ships is shown in

Figure 11. All anemometers carried are shown, although in the case of the UK and Dutch ships the

anemometers were only used for docking purposes. Visual estimates are shown at 10m, which is the effective

height for VOS estimates using Beaufort scale WMO 1100 as specified for the VOS (WMO, 1970). The

anemometer heights for the VSOP-NA ships are compared to those for the VOS fleet as a whole in Figure 12.

The most likely height for the VSOP-NA ships was about 30m, considerably higher than the value for the

whole VOS fleet of about 15 to 20 metres. This was due to the larger size of the VSOP-NA ships (Section

3.6). Inspection of Figures 11 and 12 emphasises that the use of anemometers on large, modern ocean going

ships will increase the measurement height for winds compared to the visual estimates.

- 18 -

Figure 11 Height of the anemometer (m) or effective height of visual wind estimate:

(a) height and reported variation for each ship

(b) numbers of ships with wind measurement heights in the ranges shown.

Visual estimates are shown at 10m, handheld anemometers are ringed.

- 19 -

4.1.3 Types of Instruments

The anemometers carried by the VOS have usually been fitted by the ship operators for docking purposes and

will vary considerably. Where instruments are recommended or fitted by meteorological agencies the European

countries tend to favour cup anemometer and wind vanes whereas the US use propeller-vane instruments. The

French recruited ships either used cup anemometers (Figure 13a - c ) or handheld anemometers (Figure 13d).

4.2 Air Temperature and Humidity


Air temperature and humidity measurement on the VSOP-NA ships was by dry and wet bulb thermometers

housed in a Stevenson screen or used in a sling psychrometer. Mostly the thermometers were mercury-in-glass

which require manual reading, however on 3 French recruited ships platinum resistance thermometers (PRT’s),

allowing a remote readout, were installed. Screens require a well exposed position for good ventilation and

usually two screens must be installed to either side of the ship, normally on the bridge wing or wheelhouse

top. Of the 21 VSOP-NA ships using screens, 8 were only equipped with one screen. Observations obtained

using a handheld psychrometer were normally taken from the windward1 bridge wing. These “sling

psychrometer” instruments are swung to drive air over the thermometer bulbs; a disadvantage is that the

thermometers are easily broken.

Table 7. Measurement technique used for temperature and humidity observations for theVSOP-NA ships and for the VOS fleet as a whole. For the latter, only the VOS which

observe humidity are included (about half the VOS fleet).


Country Ships Screen Psychrometer Unscreened Unknown

VSOP VOS VSOP VOS VSOP VOS VSOP VOS VSOP

Canada 1 129 1 0 0 95 0 5 0 0 0

France 7 151 57* 42 4 3 58 0 0 0

Germany 7 596 0 <<1 1 0 0 >99 0 0 0

Netherlands 7 273 0 0 1 0 0 100 0 0 0

UK 1 0 459 1 0 0 >99 0 <<1 0 0 0

U S A 1 3 393 4 6 18 8 82 0 <<1 4 6

All ships 4 5 3867 4 9 44 3 8 55 0 1 1 3

* of which 3 (43%) are remote reading screens containing PRT’s and 1 (14%) is a conventional screen 1 In bad weather it is possible that the leeward bridge wing is used, however no reports of this happening were

received from the VSOP-NA ships. Errors could be introduced if the psychrometer is read in the wheelhouse

after exposure on the Bridge Wing.

- 20 -

0 -

5

5 -

10

10 -

15

15 -

20

20 -

25

25 -

30

30 -

35

35 -

40

40 -

45

45 -

50

50 -

55

>55

0

10

20

30

40

All VOS ships

VSOP ships

Num

ber

of s

hips

(%

)

Figure 12 Anemometer heights for the VSOP-NA ships and for the whole of the VOS fleet.

Figure 13 Types of anemometer used by the VSOP-NA ships. (a - c ) Anemometer and wind vane of

the “Pommar” met system (France). (d) Handheld anemometer (France).

- 21 -

Table 7 shows that about half the ships in the VSOP-NA used screens with the rest using

psychrometers. Only about half the VOS fleet report humidity values, again about half these use screens

and half use psychrometers. Of the different VSOP-NA recruiting countries, Germany and the Netherlands

and the USA normally provide psychrometers, Canada and the UK provide screens, and France provides

screens or psychrometers. The main difference between the VSOP-NA and VOS instrumentation was that

nearly half the USA recruited VSOP-NA ships used screens whereas psychrometers are more usually used on

American recruited VOS ships.


The height at which the measurements were taken on each VSOP-NA ship is shown in Figure 14. It

was shown in Section 3.6 that the temperature measurement height is related to ship length and that the most

likely measurement height on the VSOP-NA ships was higher than for the VOS fleet as a whole.

Measurement heights were lowest on the Netherlands and UK recruited ships and highest in the German and

USA ships.

4.2.3 Type of Instrument

Sling psychrometers used by the VSOP-NA ships are illustrated in Figure 15(a) - (c). Screens used on

the Canadian and British ships and on the French ships are shown in Figure 15(d) and (e). The screens used on

the USA recruited ships varied in design and effectiveness.

4.3 SST


Sea surface temperature measurements on the VSOP-NA ships were obtained using bucket, engine

room intake or hull sensor thermometers. Addition instruments sometimes employed within the VOS fleet are

expendable bathythermographs (XBT), and trailing thermistors.

Sea surface temperature buckets are normally lowered from the bridge wing to sample the surface water.

Buckets were used on ships recruited by Canada, Germany, and the Netherlands and on about half of the

UK ships. Hull contact sensors are being fitted to an increasing fraction of the VOS, but were only present

on UK recruited VSOP-NA ships with 3 of the ships (the Geestbay, Geestcape, and Geesthaven) being fitted

with sensors during the project1. The engine room intake temperature is used predominantly on the VSOP-NA

ships recruited by France and the USA . It is monitored routinely by all ships as the water is used as a

coolant and some ships report either bucket or intake temperatures flagging the observation accordingly.

1 Geestport had been fitted with a hull sensor prior to the project start.

- 22 -

Figure 14 Height of the temperature and humidity measurements (m):

(a) height for each ship

(b) numbers of ships with measurement heights in the ranges shown.

- 23 -

Figure 15 Temperature and humidity instruments on the VSOP-NA ships. Sling psychrometers: (a) KNMI,

(b) Deutscher Wietterdienst, (c) French (U01-4230). Screens: (d) Canada, UK: Marine Screen Mk

1B (M.O., 1981), (e) Pommar Screen (France).

- 24 -

Table 8. Measurement technique used for sea surface temperature observations for theVSOP-NA ships and for the VOS fleet as a whole.


Country Ships Bucket Condenser or

Engine Intake

Hull Sensor Not

known

Other

VSOP VOS VSOP VOS VSOP VOS VSOP VOS VSOP VOS

Canada 1 225 1 0 0 96 0 4 0 0 0 0

France 7 153 3 6 10 6 4 90 0 0 0 0

Germany 7 592 1 0 0 71 0 29 0 0 0 0

Netherlands 7 273 1 0 0 83 0 17 0 0 0 0

UK 1 0 445 5 2 87 1 8 3 3 0 9 0 0

U S A 1 3 751 4 3 8 8 95 0 2 8 <1

All ships 4 5 6180 5 2 32 3 8 65 4 2 4 1

4.3.2 Depth of Measurement

For engine intake and hull sensor measurements the depth of the sea surface temperature measurement on the

VSOP-NA ships was usually between 3 and 7 metres (Figure 16). However subduction of water around the

ships hull may result in an effective measurement depth which is nearer the surface. Sea temperature buckets

are difficult to use from a high bridge wing and it is unlikely that water much below the surface is sampled. A

measurement depth of 0 metres has been assumed, although mixing by the ship’s bow wave may mean that the

water sampled represents a greater depth.

4.3.3 Type of Instrument

Engine intake thermometers are normally part of the ship’s equipment and will vary from ship to ship.

They are not necessarily calibrated or designed to the precision desirable for meteorological measurements.

They may be poorly sited with large parallax errors affecting the reading. The various types of sea surface

temperature buckets used on the VSOP-NA ships are shown in Figure 17. The hull contact sensor used on the

UK recruited ships is a platinum resistance thermometer bonded to the inner skin of the hull, and insulated from

the ship’s internal temperature (MO, 1981). Details of hull sensors used by the Netherlands and the UK are

attached to this report as Appendix 1.

4.4 Pressure


The VSOP-NA ships measured pressure measured either by using a digital Precision Aneroid Barometer

or with an analogue barometer (Table 9). In addition many ships also carried a barograph.

- 25 -

Figure 16 Depth of the sea surface temperature measurements (m):

(a) depth for each ship (buckets are shown as 0 metres depth.)

(b) numbers of ships with measurement depths in the ranges shown.

- 26 -

Figure 17 Types of sea temperature bucket designs used on the VSOP-NA ships. (a,b) France,

Germany, (c - e) Netherlands, (f) U.K.(MO Mk.3A).

- 27 -


The barometers were normally situated on the Bridge or in the chart room, that is at a similar height

(or one deck lower) to the temperature measurement and somewhat higher than for the VOS fleet as a whole

(Section 3.6). Instruments are typically at the ‘height of eye’ used for navigation.

4.4.3 Type of instrument

Figure 18 shows the Precision Aneroid Barometer used on the VSOP-NA ships.

Table 9. Measurement technique used for sea surface pressure observations for theVSOP-NA ships and for the VOS fleet as a whole.

No. of Fraction of each fleet (%)

Country Ships Digital

Aneroid

Aneroid Mercury

VSOP VOS VSOP VOS VSOP VOS VSOP VOS

Canada 1 320 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 100 0 0

France 7 153 0 0 1 0 0 100 0 0

Germany 7 597 0 0 1 0 0 100 0 0

Netherlands 7 273 1 0 0 100 0 0 0 0

UK 1 0 464 1 0 0 >99 0 <<1 0 0

U S A 1 3 745 0 <1 1 0 0 >99 0 <1

All ships 4 5 6527 4 0 9 6 0 89 0 2

Figure 18 The Precision Aneroid Barometer (PAB) (MO, 1980).

- 28 -

4.5 Communications

The ease and reliability of communications between the ship and the shore will effect the reporting

efficiency of the ship as a meteorological observing platform. All ocean going ships can be expected to carry

MF, HF and VHF band radio communications equipment. The availability of satellite communications and of

satellite navigation equipment on the VSOP-NA ships is shown in Table 10. However this table only shows

systems which were reported and it is likely that more of the VSOP-NA ships had these systems fitted.

Table 10. Satellite communications and navigation equipment on the VSOP-NA ships.

System Number of ships

Inmarsat 12

Argos 1

Satellite Navigation (Navstar) 7

Satellite Navigation (GPS) 1

5. SUMMARY OF PART 1

Compared to the rest of the VOS fleet the VSOP-NA ships were different in several ways. The

VSOP-NA ships were selected as having a good reporting record, because they regularly plied routes in the

North Atlantic Ocean, and because they were willing to take part in the project. Once recruited, the VSOP-

NA ships were documented as to ship details and instrumentation and asked to provide extra information with

each observation.

The typical VSOP-NA ship was a container vessel of about 210m length which travelled at 17 knots

(8.5 m/s). It was loaded with cargo to about 10m to 20m above the main deck. Sea temperatures were

measured by bucket or by engine intake or hull contact sensors at depths between 3m and 9m. The air

temperature and humidity observations were taken at about 20m to 30m height above the sea, and the

anemometer, if carried, was at about 30m to 35m. In these respects the VSOP-NA ships were biased toward

greater length (and higher observing platforms) compared to the VOS fleet as a whole. The VSOP-NA ships

reported between 20% and 40% of the maximum possible number of observations, the missing reports being

partly due to in port periods or time spent outside the VSOP-NA area.

In general the mix of instrument types used on the VSOP-NA ships was similar to that for the VOS

fleet as a whole. This was true for the fraction of visual and anemometer wind estimates (about 2/3 are visual),

and for screen and psychrometer temperature and humidity measurements (roughly half and half with the VOS

biased toward psychrometers and the VSOP-NA toward screens). For sea surface temperature 50% of the

VSOP-NA used buckets compared to 30% of the VOS. There were also more VSOP-NA ships with hull

contact sensors. The VSOP-NA ships used digital aneroid barometers to measure air pressure rather than the

analogue aneroid barometers used by most of the VOS fleet, however this may really only indicate different

ways of describing the same instrument for at least some cases.

- 29 -

Despite the various differences between the VSOP-NA ships and the VOS fleet as a whole, it is

considered that the observations from the VSOP-NA ships will be of great value for investigating the accuracy

of VOS reports. To aid that analysis, the full descriptions of the VSOP-NA ships are presented in Part 2.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to acknowledge the following with out whose contribution this report could not have

been assembled: the Owners, Masters, and Officers of the VSOP-NA ships; the Port Meteorological Officers,

members of the VSOP-NA Management Committee, and staff of the Atmospheric Environment Service

(Canada), Direction de la Météorologie Nationale (France), Deutscher Wietterdienst, Seewetteramt (Germany),

Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI, Netherlands), Meteorological Office (UK), National

Weather Service/NOAA (USA); and the World Weather Watch and World Climate Research Programme

(WMO) and the Committee on Climate Changes and the Ocean (IOC/SCOR).

The report was prepared at the James Rennell Centre for Ocean Circulation as part of the UK

contribution to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment.

7. REFERENCES

Ive, D.S. (1987) A comparison of numbers of visually estimated and instrumentally measured wind data,Marine Technical Note No. 2, Revised February 1987, (unpublished report available from MarineAdvisory and Consultancy Service, Meteorological Office, Bracknell, U.K.) 43pp.

Kent, E.C., Truscott, B., Hopkins, J., and Taylor, P. (1991) The accuracy of ship’s meteorologicalobservations - results of the VSOP-NA (in preparation)

MO (1980) Handbook of Meteorological Instruments - 2nd Edition, Volume 1: Measurement of AtmosphericPressure, London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office. pp. 11 - 20.

MO (1981) Handbook of Meteorological Instruments - 2nd Edition, Volume 2: Measurement of Temperature,London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office.(Air temperature and Humidity, pp.11-12, Sea Surfacetemperature, pp.51 - 56)

WMO (1970) The Beaufort scale of wind force (technical and operational aspects). Reports on Marine ScienceAffairs, No. 3, World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva, 22pp.

WMO (1987) Final Report - Implementation Co-ordination meeting for the Ocean Observing SystemDevelopment Programme Pilot Study on a high-quality Voluntary Observing Ships’ subset, De Bilt,Netherlands, 21-23 September 1987 (unpublished report).

WMO (1990) International List of Selected, Supplementary, and Auxiliary Ships, (1990 Edition - Magnetictape version) WMO-47, World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva.

Woodruff, S.D., Slutz, R.J., Jenne, R.L. & Steurer, P.M. (1987) A Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere DataSet, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 68 (10), 1239-1250.

- 30 -

- 31 -

PART 2 THE SHIP CATALOGUE

1 Introduction

The following pages describe in detail each of the VSOP-NA ships. For each ship there is a set of

ship drawings showing the position and surroundings of the sensors or measurement locations. The second page

shows the ship size and the geographical positions of observations from that ship which are included in the

VSOP-NA database. A table indicates the sensors carried and an assessment of the quality of the instrument

exposure for relative winds from ahead (315° to 45°), the starboard beam (45° to 135°), astern (135° to 225°)

and the port beam (225° to 315°). This exposure index (9 = good, 0 = bad) was assessed from the plans and

photographs furnished by the PMO’s using the following table. Three independent assessments were made by

different people and a consensus used for the few cases of disagreement.

Exposure Index Definition

0 Flow fully blocked adjacent to sensor (within 1m)

1 Flow fully blocked at medium distance (1m to 4m)

2 Flow fully blocked further away (4m to 10m)

3 Flow partially blocked near sensor (within 1m)

4 Flow partially blocked at medium distance (1m to 4m)

5 Flow partially blocked further away (4m to 10m)

6 Clear flow, long upwind fetch over ship (>30m)

7 Clear flow, upwind fetch over ship (10m to 30m)

8 Clear flow, upwind fetch over ship (1m to 10m)

9 Clear flow, short upwind fetch over ship (<1m)

- 32 -

IRVING FOREST - CALLSIGN VSBG8

Length: 129.4 mBreadth: 19.4 mDraft: 8.1 / 6.4Type: CargoRecruiting Country: CanadaReference Level: 17±4 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

1

1

1 1 151

24

142

132

115

131

112

122

214

123

11

213

2

12

22

123

2

131311

22112

13

21

1

231111

1222

1

131

11

112121

1

22

1

1

12231

2

22

1

2

12151

1

23

1

11

312

1

1112

1

133

213

111

2231

1

1231

11

2131

11

241

2

1321

1

62

25

321

1

11

141

1

223

11

224

1

11

113

11

132

1

1

34

11

1232

1

6

2

121

1

132

122

1

24

1

4

1

4 2

1

2

Instrument Location Instrument Type Height Height Above Exposure SeeASL (m) Deck (m) 315-

045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Radar mast Centreline AES U2A 26 8 4 3 4Port Screen Bridge deck AES Marine Screen 19 1.5 5 1 8 9 1Starboard Screen Bridge deck 19 1.5 5 9 8 1 1Psychrometer Not fittedBarometer Wheelhouse Three fitted inc. PAB 19SST Bucket AES Rubber Sea Bucket

Note 1 The screens are lashed to open metal rails with a solid metal bulwark to the front

The Irving Forest was lost at sea during VSOP-NA with no loss of life

The Irving Forest made 439 observations in the North Atlantic between 58°N and 33°N

- 33 -

Barometers

Screen

Screen

IRVING FOREST - CALLSIGN VSBG8

Anemometer

Radar Mast Starboard

Radar Scanner Starboard

Radar Scanner Centreline

9m

Wheelhouse

~8m

Anemometer

Wheelhouse

Radar Mast

solid metal bulwark

open metal railsopen metal rails

129m

- 34 -

ARIANA - CALLSIGN DIDA

Length: 115 mBreadth: 19 mDraft: 7 mType: ContainerRecruiting Country: FranceReference Level: 19±5 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

2 24 2

2 32 2

1 35

41

3

41

13

14

1

16

31

1

14

3

16

3

15

11

22

3

14

3

151

11

132

3

13

2

4

1

122

14

123

121

2

413

13

3

3232

34

2

362 6 2

4 6 5 11 3


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Mast on starboard forward cornerof wheelhouse top

Pommar 27 9 7 7 8 1

Port Screen Not fittedStarboard Screen Rails on rear of wheelhouse top Pommar 25 8 5 9 9 2Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Naudet Compense 21SST Engine room intake -4

Note 1 The anemometer is on a mast about 2 m above the front edge of the wheelhouse topNote 2 Screen is situated 3 m from the front of the wheelhouse top. Wet and dry bulb temperatures are measured using

platinum resistance thermometers

The Ariana has made 228 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 51°N

- 35 -

ARIANA - CALLSIGN DIDA

mwl

115m

25m

cover of bridge wing

cover of bridge wing

anemometer

screen

Wheelhouse Top

open rails

screen and anemometer positions

- 36 -

LIBREVILLE - CALLSIGN FNCZ

Length: 169.5 mBreadth: ~20 mDraft: 5 mType: Container ShipRecruiting Country: FranceReference Level: 22.5±1 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

1 12

1 2

12

2

1

52

63

1

522

110

1

143

27

1

72

1322

2

261

1

81

1

34

1251

251


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Handheld Richard Pekly 21.5 ~1.5 6 6 8 6 1Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing U01 4230 21.5 ~1.5 4 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on starboard Bridge Wing U01 4230 21.5 ~1.5 4 8 8 1 2Aneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Naudet 21.5SST Engine room intake -5.7 3SST Bucket Maurer 3

Note 1 Exposures have been estimated as no photographs were available. The handheld anemometer is used on the windwardside of the Bridge Wing

Note 2 The psychrometer is used on the windward side of the Bridge Wing. Exposures are estimated. Thermometers aremercury

Note 3 The bucket is only used when sea water samples are taken, measurement is usually by collection thermometer

The Libreville has made 133 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 38°N

- 37 -

LIBREVILLE - CALLSIGN FNCZ

mwl

measurement site

170 m

Wheelhouse Top

WheelhouseFunnel

Measurement site

Measurement site

wind deflector

partially enclosed area

partially enclosed area

- 38 -

ATLANTIC CARTIER - CALLSIGN FNEF

Length: 293 mBreadth: 32 mDraft: 9.2 mType: Ro-ro ContainerRecruiting Country: FranceReference Level: 32±0.5 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

11 1

41

2122

21

122

122

1

2

12

11

211

1441

2

211

3

11

153

1

1

112

33

11

21

11

1

131332

3

1131

1121222

2

11321

1121151

2

122212

1

111321

112111

2

2

1

3

1

153

4

1

2

1

213

1132

1

1

21

22

1

14

1111

2222211

1

21

311

13211

21

32

2

1

32

2

111

2421

3

1

4

1431

41

312

1

512

2

141

21

134

11

322

1

1

53

3

122

11

233

2

33

31

1246

2

3

3

115

1

1

5

4

4

2

4 3

41

238

2

111

13 1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Main mast on Wheelhouse Pommar / Walker 41 9.3 9 9 9 6 1Port Screen Wheelhouse Top Pommar 33 2.2 8 7 8 9 2Starboard Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Pommar ~30SST Engine room intake ?

Note 1 The anemometer appears to be well exposed on the main mast but no photographs are available. The wind speedmeasurements must be affected by the large fetch over the containers

Note 2 Exposure ratings are estimated as no photographs available. Thermometers are electric resistance

The Atlantic Cartier has made 653 observations in the North Atlantic between 38°N and 56°N

- 39 -

Anemometer

230m63m

ATLANTIC CARTIER - CALLSIGN FNEF

mwl

Plan of Wheelhouse Top

Front View

55m

H

Funnel

Screen

Wheelhouse

Anemometer

Screen

- 40 -

EDOUARD-LD - CALLSIGN FNFD

Length: 280.6Breadth: 41.6Draft: 11.2Type: Gas TankerRecruiting Country: FranceReference Level: 18±1 m asl

-40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

27452

4911

111 3082113

23286

1122

3

12785


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Mast on starboard forward cornerof wheelhouse top

Tavid anemomgraph 30 9 9 6 9

Port Screen Not fittedStarboard Screen Upper Bridge ~26 8 9 7 7 1Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Vibrochoc ~20SST Engine room intake -1

Note 1 Screen is situated behind the anemometer mast, the forward exposure is therefore slightly blocked. The platinumresistance thermometers are remotely read from Bridge

The Edouard has made 1275 observations in the North Atlantic between 35°N and 47°N. Only 766 of these observations were included inthe analysis at the James Rennell Centre as the remainder were too close to land to enable a suitable comparison with the model to be made.

- 41 -

EDOUARD-LD - CALLSIGN FNFD

281 m

screenanemometeranemometer

screen

Wheelhouse - Front View

Wheelhouse - Starboard Side

- 42 -

LE CARABIE - CALLSIGN FNGM

Length: 204 mBreadth: 31 mDraft: 10 mType: ContainerRecruiting Country: FranceReference Level:

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

1 11

1

1

1 11

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

111

1

1

1

2

1

11

1

1

1

1

21

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

11

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

11 1

1

1

11

1

1

1

11 1

11


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Handheld Jules Richard 26.5-28.5 ~1.5 4 4 4 4 1Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing Precis Mechanique 26.5-28.5 ~1.5 4 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on starboard Bridge Wing Precis Mechanique 26.5-28.5 ~1.5 4 8 8 1 2Aneroid Barometer Wheelhouse 26.5-28.5SST Bucket STIL thermometer 3

Note 1 The handheld anemometer is used on the Bridge WingNote 2 Bridge Wings are enclosed by a solid metal bulwark, to the rear of the Bridge Wings are open metal rails. thermometers

are mercuryNote 3 The bucket is lowered from the Bridge

Le Carabie has made 81 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 54°N

- 43 -

CARABIE - CALLSIGN FNGM

204m

Wheelhouse

x

x

Bridge Wing

Bridge Wing

solid bulwarkopen metal rails

Measurement Site

site for psychrometer and anemometer measurement


mwl

- 44 -

LA FAYETTE - CALLSIGN FNGS

Length: 204 mBreadth: 31 mDraft: 10 mType: ContainerRecruiting Country: FranceReference Level: 26±0.5 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

11 1

11

11 1

11

1 1

1

11

1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Handheld Jules Richard No 64 29 ~1.5 4 4 4 4 1Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing MNU04 Precis Mechanique 29 ~1.5 4 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on starboard Bridge Wing MNU04 Precis Mechanique 29 ~1.5 4 8 8 1 2Aneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Naudet Holosterique No 776 ~29SST Bucket Metio 3

Note 1 The handheld anemometer is used on the Bridge WingNote 2 Bridge Wings are enclosed by a solid bulwark, to the rear of the Bridge Wings are open metal rails. Thermometers are

mercuryNote 3 The bucket is lowered from the Bridge

La Fayette has made 16 observations in the North Atlantic

- 45 -

LA FAYETTE - CALLSIGN FNGS

204m

Wheelhouse

x

x



Bridge Wing

Bridge Wing

solid bulwarkopen metal rails

Measurement Site

mwl

- 46 -

JEAN CHARCOT - CALLSIGN FNOY

Length: 75 mBreadth: 14 mDraft: 5 mType: Research VesselRecruiting Country: FranceReference Level: 14±2 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

9 34 2

2121

211

222

821

45

216

21

40442232

2121

52

2

3

1

263

1

23

2

14

2

578

2

32

3

13

1

42622221

3 2 21

21

210

32

1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Port mainmast cross-tree Pommar 21 9 6 9 9 1Port Screen Not fitted 1, 2Starboard Screen Mast on aft of wheelhouse top Pommar 18 5 8 8 7 1, 2Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Naudet Compense 17SST Engine room intake -3.5

Note 1 Exposures have been estimated as no photographs were availableNote 2 Thermometer is electric resistance

The Jean Charcot has made 271 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 48°N

- 47 -

screen

anemometer

vane

JEAN CHARCOT - CALLSIGN FNOY

screen

anemometer

vane

vane

front

75m

Wheelhouse Top

mwl

- 48 -

INDEPENDENT ENDEAVOR - CALLSIGN DDLN

Length: 136 mBreadth: 22 mDraft: 7 mType: Container ShipRecruiting Country: GermanyReference Level: 0 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

612

313

916

144

277

32

110

743

110

33531

1567

13731

1162

1

642

12922

1844

162

15421

3342

114241

111341

1

335

211223

21322

12332

21

43

1

1

421311

1

24112

1131131

3111312

1

3

1

1

1

23

1

321

1

314

111

1

1122221

1332

14

2

321212

1

1

112311

21

1

213

111

1231

31

1

1311

1

1

2

2131

3

1

1

1223311

1

1222

21

2111212

1

1

2112222

1

222

1

1

21111

1

1

22311

1

4

31221

1

1

213111

121

1221

13511

1

1

111

241

1

12232

1

1

321211

1113111

1212

1

25431

1224

1

12321

2125

1

421

1223

2122

2


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing G K Walker Eigenbrodt 21 ~1.5 4 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on starboard Bridge Wing G K Walker Eigenbrodt 21 ~1.5 4 8 8 1 2Aneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Fuess type 15 PM 21SST Bucket See Figure 17 3SST Engine room intake -6 3

Note 1 Method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 The psychrometer is used on the windward side of the Bridge Wing which is surrounded by a solid metal bulwark with

a wind deflector to the fore and open metal rails to the rear. Thermometers are mercuryNote 3 Method of sea surface temperature measurement is reported with each observation

The Independent Endeavor has made 751 observations in the North Atlantic between 37°N and 56°N

- 49 -

INDEPENDENT ENDEAVOR - CALLSIGN DDLN

mwl

Wheelhouse

x

x



Bridge Wing

Bridge Wing

solid bulwark with wind deflector to foreopen metal rails

136 m

measurement site

- 50 -

EUROTEXAS - CALLSIGN DDUC


-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

2 1 2 12 1 2 1

2 1 21 2

21

1 111

11

11

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

21

11

21

1

1

2

1

1

11

21

1

1

1

1

11

1

11

11

1

1

11

11

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

111

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

2

1

12 1

11

1

1

1

2

11

1

1

1

1

21

1

1

12

11

131

1

1

2 2

1

1 11 2


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing G K Walker Eigenbrodt 21 ~1.5 4 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on starboard Bridge Wing G K Walker Eigenbrodt 21 ~1.5 4 8 8 1 2Aneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Fuess type 15 PM 21SST Bucket See Figure 17

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 The psychrometer is used on the windward side of the Bridge Wing, if the observation is made on the outboard end of

the wing the forward exposure becomes 8. The Bridge Wing is surrounded by a solid metal bulwark and to the rear areopen metal rails. Thermometers are mercury

The EuroTexas has made 148 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 50°N

- 51 -

EURO TEXAS - CALLSIGN DDUC

Wheelhouse

measurement site

measurement site

wind deflector

solid metal bulwark

open metal rails

solid metal bulwark

open metal rails

186 m

measurement site

- 52 -

NURNBERG ATLANTIC - CALLSIGN DHNE


-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

42

41

111

211

312

3

1

1321

12

3212

1

1

22

10

211

1252

121

13

52

4112267

12

1215

1211

2292

131111252

13113167

31

21432

21111241

1

31322811

3114

1511

22162291

13

21

441

33321531

1

1

222

101

23131

61

11227117

1

1

1121172

1451

61

11122

8111

124128

1

11

61

31

1

24

29

2

114316

22416

1

121281

121735

1

1518

1

114251

2828

1

1

117251

2537

1

11566

1

238

1

1

378

3981

1

1

287

1841

1

1

96

104

86

1

111

4 11

3 1 11 1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing G K Walker Eigenbrodt 31 ~1.5 4 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on starboard Bridge Wing G K Walker Eigenbrodt 31 ~1.5 4 8 8 1 2Aneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Fuess type 15 PM 31SST Bucket See Figure 17 3SST Engine room intake -8 3

Note 1 Method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 The exposures of the observation sites have been estimated as no photographs were available. Thermometers are

mercuryNote 3 Method of sea surface temperature measurement is reported with each observation

The Nurnberg Atlantic has made 981 observations in the North Atlantic between 40°N and 57°N

- 53 -

NURNBERG ATLANTIC - CALLSIGN DHNE

Wheelhouse Top

Wheelhouse

Sheltered Area

mwl

240 m

- 54 -

ALEMANIA EXPRESS - CALLSIGN DHRG


-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

24

45 9

23211

8

4

33

2

1

6311

24111

1

1522

261

11

22511

63231

26

1

1

142212

12251

1

1

1122113

1

321

1

21243

1

1

1

321121

222211

1

12

11

22

11

21232

1

11311112

3

41

1

1213

2

2

13

31

1

1

111312

111

111131

1

1

1

312

2

133

13

111

12

24122

1

3

4

1

1

1

12

4111

2112

1

2

2

1

2

322

1

112

1

211

312111

11

11

22

211

12

1

3

1

1

311

3212

2

111

112

11

23

12211

112

12

2

11

21

3

1

1

1

211

21

11

1

3

1

4

21

1112113

1111

12

11

1

1

11115

21

12111

2

3

1

2

17

2

1

1

2112

1

2

1

11522

2

1

312

3

1

1

23

111

1

13

5

2

1

1

1

5

1

1

11

131111

113

21

1

1

16

1

1226222

1

1311

13111

1

3531

22

241

62

12 4 1

1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing G K Walker Eigenbrodt 25 ~1.5 4 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on starboard Bridge Wing G K Walker Eigenbrodt 25 ~1.5 4 8 8 1 2Aneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Fuess type 15 PM 25SST Engine room intake -8SST Bucket See Figure 17

Note 1 Method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 The psychrometer is used on the windward side of the Bridge Wing. The Bridge Wing is surrounded by a solid metal

rail with a wind deflector to the front. To the rear are open metal rails. Thermometers are mercury

The Alemania Express has made 772 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 51°N

- 55 -

mwl

ALEMANIA EXPRESS - CALLSIGN DHRG

Wheelhouse

Bridge Deck

204m

- 56 -

AMERICA EXPRESS - CALLSIGN DIMC


-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

222

212

124

1

341

1

112121

1

232

1

63121

1

1

2133

1

11222

11

23221

1

11211

1

223114

1

2211

1

1211322

22111

1

2112121

1

1

23

2311

2

223

1221221211

12

1122

2

1

13

22

133

11

2

1

31

1141

41

1

11

1112

1

211

11

2

1

31123111

1

1

1

1

51142121

1

11

1

11

1

116

2131

2

1

32

2

52

1

1

1

12

3

11

1

2

21

31

1

1

21114

31

1

2

1

12

1

11

12

331

1

313

1

111

1

1

1

4

1

11

11

3

1211

1

2111

11

1

1

12

41211

1

3

111

111

1

1

131

1

1

31

11211

1

111

43

32

2

1121

1

1111132

3112111

21

351

1

1

31

231

1111

1

2

1

1121123

1

21111211

11

21

1

243

32

22

124122

12

31

121

5

1323

1316

3

3

321

123

62

32

12 2 1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing G K Walker Eigenbrodt 25 ~1.5 4 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on starboard Bridge Wing G K Walker Eigenbrodt 25 ~1.5 4 8 8 1 2Aneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Fuess type 15 PM 25SST Engine room intake -8SST Bucket See Figure 17


rail with a wind deflector to the front. To the rear are open metal rails. Thermometers are mercury

The America Express has made 721 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 51°N

- 57 -

mwl

AMERICA EXPRESS - CALLSIGN DIMC

Wheelhouse

Bridge Deck

204m

- 58 -

INDEPENDENT CONCEPT - CALLSIGN DNBR

Length: 118 mBreadth: 20 mDraft: 7.5 mType: Container ShipRecruiting Country: GermanyReference Level: 0 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

411

231

3

2

331

13

2

211

112

2132

333

231

234

162

144

25

143

42

1621

1412

24

14

1

123

341

1

3

1331

24

1

211

1

25

2

1

13 4

1

1

141

14

1

1

22

1

1142

113

12

1132

121

1

1232

1

3

21

1

41

1

1

3211

11

1

1

1

41

2

21

1

1

1

231

1121

11

5

1

1

1

411

122

1

141

1

1

11

21

12411

1

22

1

1131

1

1

31

1

2

311

121

1

123

1

1421

511

14

1

221

332

41

241

14 2

123 1 2


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note



bulwark, to the rear of the Bridge Wing are open metal rails. Thermometers are mercury

The Independent Concept has made 459 observations in the North Atlantic between 36°N and 50°N

- 59 -

Wheelhouse Top

INDEPENDENT CONCEPT - CALLSIGN DNBR

mwl

measurement site

measurement site

measurement site

WheelhouseFunnel

Bridge Wing Cover

Bridge Wing Cover

solid metal bulwark

open metal rails

open metal rails

118m

walkway

- 60 -

INDEPENDENT PURSUIT - CALLSIGN DNJR

Length: 133 mBreadth: 22 mDraft: 7.5 mType: Container ShipRecruiting Country: GermanyReference Level: 0 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

33

121

115

32

124

215

123

324

115 3

4

453

522

3432

521

3642

3543

2312

435

3321

4254

16

2

3236

5421

13121

15

41

513

1

23211

4553

254112

22432

1323212

441

114

2

1

1

12111

1

5332

111432

1

23222

1

2

1

1

1

1

1212

1

115121

1

2

13

1

11

41

2

21

1151

111

3

111

213212

1121

111

1

212

121

221

1

112

2

11

142

213

2

1

2

12113

111111

212

3

11123

1

2

15

4

1113

314

1

3

1242

13

15 1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note



bulwark, to the rear of the Bridge Wing are open metal rails. Thermometers are mercury

The Independent Pursuit has made 599 observations in the North Atlantic between 37°N and 50°N

- 61 -

Wheelhouse Top

INDEPENDENT PURSUIT - CALLSIGN DNJR

mwl

measurement site

measurement site

measurement site

WheelhouseFunnel

Bridge Wing Cover

Bridge Wing Cover

solid metal bulwark

open metal rails

open metal rails

133m

- 62 -

AEL AMERICA - CALLSIGN PCEL

Length: 156.9Breadth: 22.9Draft: 11.2Type: ContainerRecruiting Country: NetherlandsReference Level: 3±1 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

21

1 112

121 1

122 1

12111

1

2

1

1

1

2

2

11

1

112

1

11

11111

1

11

211

1

111

1

1

12

1

212

1

2

1

1

11

1

1

121

1111

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

11

11

1

11

11

1

3

1

1

1

1

1

1

21

1

1

1

1

1

111

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

2

1

11

1

11

11

1

11

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

1111

1

1

12

2

1

112

1

1

11

1

12

1

1

1

111

2

1

1

1

1

21

21 3

1

1

11

21 4

1

1 3 2 2 1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing KNMI 21 ~1.5 4 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on starboard Bridge Wing KNMI 21 ~1.5 4 8 8 1 2Barometer Wheelhouse PAB 21SST Bucket 3

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 Exposures are estimated as no photographs or plans of the ship were availableNote 3 Bucket is lowered from the Bridge Wing

The AEL America has made 259 observations in the North Atlantic between 35°N and 59°N

- 63 -

AEL AMERICA - CALLSIGN PCEL

mwl

measurement site

157 m

- 64 -

GULF SPEED - CALLSIGN PELT

Length: 203 mBreadth: 30.5 mDraft: 10.5 mType: ContainerRecruiting Country: NetherlandsReference Level: 10±0.5 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

3 2 13

1 1

21

1

2

1

11

1

2

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

2

111

1

12

1

3

212

1211

1

1

1

1

11

11

1

1

1

11

1

1 11

1

1

2

1

1

1

111 1

1

2

1

1

12

1

1

111

1

111

1

111

1

2

1

22

1

41

12 1

11 2 2

1 2 2

1

2 11


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing 28 ~1.5 4 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on starboard Bridge Wing 28 ~1.5 4 8 8 1 2Barometer Wheelhouse PAB 26SST Intake Probe PT100(CSI) thermometer -6

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 Bridge Wings are enclosed by a solid metal bulwark, to the rear of the Bridge Wings are open metal rails. No

photographs are available so exposure ratings are estimated

The Gulf Speed has made 153 observations in the North Atlantic between 32°N and 51°N

- 65 -

mwl

203 m

Wheelhouse

open metal rail

solid metal bulwark

position of psychrometer measurement


Wheelhouse Top

GULF SPEED - CALLSIGN PELT

38 m


- 66 -

GULF SPIRIT - CALLSIGN PELU

Length: 203 mBreadth: 30.5 mDraft: 10.5 mType: ContainerRecruiting Country: NetherlandsReference Level: 10±0.5 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

22

11

2

1 1

3

12

12

1

1

11

2

1

1

1

211

2

1

1

11

1

11

11

1

111

111

1211

1

111

1

2

121

1

21

2

1

11

1

2

1

1 11 1

1

1

11

11

1

1

21

1

3

11

21

1111

1

1

1

11

1

4

1

22

1 1

51

11

31

1 1

11

1

4

1

3

1

11

11

111

12

1 2


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing 28 ~1.5 4 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on starboard Bridge Wing PAB 28 ~1.5 4 8 8 1 2Barometer Wheelhouse 26SST Intake Probe PT100(CSI) thermometer -6

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 Bridge Wings are enclosed by a solid metal bulwark, to the rear of the Bridge Wing are open metal rails. No

photographs were available so exposure ratings are estimated

The Gulf Spirit has made 175 observations in the North Atlantic between 32°N and 51°N

- 67 -

mwl

203 m

Wheelhouse

open metal rail

solid metal bulwark



Wheelhouse Top

GULF SPIRIT - CALLSIGN PELU

38 m


- 68 -

NEDLLOYD KINGSTON - CALLSIGN PGDG

Length: 163 mBreadth: 22 mDraft: 10 mType: ContainerRecruiting Country: NetherlandsReference Level: 7±1 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

11

2

11

22

12

4

1

11

2

1

421

1

112

1

1

3432

1

11211111

342211

1

143

3211

73

112

1

16

3111

1

371

114

11

1622

1

424

112

111

1513

11

21113231

11

1

1

212

1

224251

2

16

3

11

1

22

232

21

233331

2

11541

11

12

46

1

1

1234311

1

1

55121

225612

1

23111

1

13542

1

13711

1

11

1012

1

192

1

532

1124

442

82

45 4

1 1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Screen Not fittedPort Psychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing Sling KNMI 19 ~1.5 8 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on Starboard Bridge Wing Sling KNMI 19 ~1.5 8 8 8 1 2Aneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Negretti and Zambra N2236 PAB 19SST Bucket or XBT See Figure 17 e 3

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 Bridge Wings are enclosed by a solid metal bulwark, to the rear of the Bridge Wings are open metal rails.

Thermometers are mercuryNote 3 The bucket or XBT is lowered from the port side of the Bridge Wing. The method of sea surface temperature

measurement depends on the sea state, the bucket being used in calm conditions

The Nedlloyd Kingston has made 473 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 50°N

- 69 -

NEDLLOYD KINGSTON - CALLSIGN PGDG

mwl

Wheelhouseopen metal rails

Bridge Wing

site for psychrometer measurement


solid bulwark

Bridge Wing

163 m

- 70 -

NEDLLOYD KYOTO - CALLSIGN PGDS


-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

3 11 3

2 22 2

2

1

211

1

1

11

111

21

121

211

12

2

13

12

1

123

2

12

1131

1

11311

21

12152

1

1

11

2

3

1

2

123131

1

2

23

23

12

112332

111

1

212121

2

12

2

221

11

2

4332

2

1

11

1211

2

1312221

2

13

4322

2

1

5

1

2

13

4322

11

3136

1

2

1

2122

2

212612

2

113321

2

234121

233111

4421

1

23413

46111

1

3721

23

1

6911

121

241

11


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing KNMI 19 ~1.5 8 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on starboard Bridge Wing KNMI 19 ~1.5 8 8 8 1 2Aneroid Barometer Wheelhouse No 1110/M/69 PAB 19SST Bucket See Figure 17 e 3


Thermometers are mercuryNote 3 Bucket is lowered from the Bridge Wings

The Nedlloyd Kyoto has made 422 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 50°N

- 71 -

NEDLLOYD KYOTO - CALLSIGN PGDS

mwl


Bridge Wing



solid bulwark

Bridge Wing

163 m

- 72 -

NEDLLOYD ZEELANDIA - CALLSIGN PGDW

Length: 207 mBreadth: 30 mDraft: 10 mType: ContainerRecruiting Country: NetherlandsReference Level: 10±0.5 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

1 53

248

23255

132381

1

15152

1

2486

1

2672

11

394

1

189

1

1

85 8

6 57 1

41


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing KNMI 26 ~1.5 8 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on starboard Bridge Wing KNMI 26 ~1.5 8 8 8 1 2Aneroid Barometer Wheelhouse PAB 26SST Hull sensor


Thermometers are mercury

The Nedlloyd Zeelandia has made 197 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 50°N

- 73 -

NEDLLOYD ZEELANDIA - CALLSIGN PGDW

mwl

207 m


Bridge Wing



solid bulwark

Bridge Wing

- 74 -

NEDLLOYD NEERLANDIA - CALLSIGN PGEG


-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

13 6

11

311

1212

1

222

113121

1421

2

21

13211

2

2

1111

1133

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

133

3

1

3

1

11

1

31

3111

1

1

21

1

11

11

2131

1211

2

31

1

4

311

1131

11

11

111

11

2

114

2

1

1111

1

211

1141

21

1

1

1

1

1

121111121

1

12111

13

1

1

4

232211

1

1

1

1125

1

31111

111

1

12

1

31

12

322

11

1

12

1311

151

211

1

22311

1

4233

1

121

1

2442

2

313

1

1

561

1

232111

531

1

125

2

342

35

2

21

1

2

21

42

3 1

1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Handheld Boosman 24 4 4 4 4 1Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Used on port Bridge Wing Sling KNMI 24 ~1.5 4 1 8 8 2Psychrometer Used on starboard Bridge Wing Sling KNMI 24 ~1.5 4 8 8 1 2Aneroid Barometer Wheelhouse PAB 25SST Bucket See Figures 17c and d 3


Thermometers are mercuryNote 3 Bucket is lowered from the Bridge Wings

The Nedlloyd Neerlandia has made 443 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 52°N

- 75 -

NEDLLOYD NEERLANDIA - CALLSIGN PGEG

mwl

207 m


Bridge Wing



solid bulwark

Bridge Wing

- 76 -

OWS CUMULUS - CALLSIGN LIMA

Length: 71 mBreadth: 12.5 mDraft: 4.6 mType: Ocean Weather ShipRecruiting Country: BritainReference Level: ? m asl

-40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60690

1105651

108941

7

340

4

222

2


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer x 2 Port and Starboard, Aft mast Munroe Mk 4 23Port Screen Wheelhouse Top Electrical Resistance (remote read) 11 6Starboard Screen Wheelhouse Top Electrical Resistance (remote read) 11 6Psychrometer Not fittedBarometer Instrument Room PAB 5.8SST Hull Sensor -1

Note The Cumulus dataset does not include codes for instrumentation

The Cumulus has made 3846 observations in the North Atlantic at 18-22°W by 56-57°N

- 77 -

O.W.S. CUMULUS - CALLSIGN LIMA

71mmwl

12.5m

anemometer

screen

anemometerscreen

screen

open metal rails

- 78 -

ATLANTIC LINK - CALLSIGN C6DS

Length: 145.5 mBreadth: 20.5 mDraft: 5 mType: Closed ContainerRecruiting Country: BritainReference Level: 13±1 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

2

2

1

13

1

2

1

13

21

11

12

21

1

11

2

11

2

2

2

1

12

1

2

3211

12

111

11

1

1

1

111

21

1

112

21

1

121

1

11

1

111

1

1

121

1

2

1

1

1

12

1

1

1

1

111

1

21

221

1

1

22

1112

1

1

221

1

1

131

112

1

1

31111

2

1

12

1

1

1111

2

11

1

1

1

1

1

21

1

11

2

21

1

2

1

1

1

2

31

1

1

1

3

1

2

11

1

21

1

1

1

1

21

1

113

1

1

2

1

11

1

1

2

21

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

211

1

11

3

1

1

132

11111

1

1

11

1

112

1

1

1

111

11

1

1

2

11

11

11

2

2

212

1

1

2

2111

2

22

1

11

1

11

1

1

1

1

2

2

21

121

12

1

1

311

211

13

1

11

1

1

1

2

31

1

1

1

111

1

11

1

22

1

112

1

11

112

111

11

13

3

312

1

2121

1

2

2

1

1

1211

1

2

1

3

2

1 2 1

1

2

1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Port Screen Bridge Wings Marine Screen 13 ~1 3 0 6 4 2Starboard Screen Bridge Wings Marine Screen 13 ~1 3 4 6 0 2Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Barograph, PAB 13SST Bucket Rubber

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 The screens are lashed to the side of the wheelhouse and are positioned 3 m inboard and clear of the superstructure. To

the front is a wind deflector on a solid metal bulwark, to the side a solid metal bulwark and to the rear, open metal railsaround the large enclosed cargo area. Thermometers are mercury

The Atlantic Link has made 511 observations in the North Atlantic between 58°N and 31°N

- 79 -

145.5m

ATLANTIC LINK - CALLSIGN C6DS

Wheelhouse ScreenScreen

Wind Deflector

Solid Bulwark Solid Bulwark

Open Rails

Open Rails

- 80 -

AUTHOR - CALLSIGN GBSA

Length: 204 mBreadth: 31 mDraft: 11 mType: ContainerRecruiting Country: BritainReference Level: 25±1 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

2 31

12

114

3

11

21

4

42233

142131

331122

114

1

1

242123

3131

1

144114

4112

1222

41

1

231

2

1

1422

3

51

3

1

2422

3

1

141

4

24212

1

53

3

1

1413

35

4

1

414

1

44

3

1

614

1342

1316

1

621

164

1534

455

127

273

2

101

27

358

13

12451

344

3112

5

4

2

21

3

3

3

21


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Port Yard-arm on mainmast Walker 39 9 9 9 9 1Port Screen Wheelhouse Top Marine Screen 27 1.5 5 1 7 5 2Starboard Screen Wheelhouse Top Marine Screen 27 1.5 4 5 7 1 2Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Chartroom PAB 27 ~1.5SST Bucket Rubber ~1.5

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 The deck is made of steel and the screens are mounted on posts with a solid metal bulwark to the front and open metal

rails behind. Both screens are 17 m forward of the funnel. Thermometers are mercury

The Author has made 456 observations in the North Atlantic between 52°N and 30°N

- 81 -

AUTHOR - CALLSIGN GBSA

Bow

Screen

Funnel

mwl

204m

Anemometer

Screen

Wheelhouse

Screen

open metal rails

metal bulwark

wind deflector

metal bulwark

open metal rails

- 82 -

GEESTBAY - CALLSIGN GBVV

Length: 159 mBreadth: 21.5 mDraft: 8.8 mType: Container / BananaRecruiting Country: BritainReference Level: 16±2 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

1 1 31

621

9511

6842

25221

155

11

1

2

5322

123773

2117332

1

16852

21

312

421

21

56

3

1312

1078

2116

1046

21

93411

4326

113111

31

12473

221293611

152

9363

113

114

2

21

1

2

89431

1212

13851

1213835

1

3237632

1

314

1747

2

218821

21322

1234

1

13

42976

11

136

1243

21

52767

1

44

152

11

32

1083

11

1

28

124

11

16862

15681

123

103

23

107

498

1

13

101

1

375

2

44

414

112

123 2


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Port Screen 0.5 m above Bridge Wing

bulwarkMarine Screen 16 1.5 8 1 7 9 2

Starboard Screen 0.5 m above Bridge Wingbulwark

Maine Screen 16 1.5 8 9 7 1 2

Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Chartroom PAB Barograph 16SST Bucket Rubber 3SST Engine Intake / Hull Sensor -7 3

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 Screens are positioned on the Bridge Wings, clear of the funnel and superstructure and have good exposure but are

partially sheltered by wind deflectors to the front. The screens are hung on hooks secured to stanchions above the solidbulwark. The deck below the screens is wood sheathed. Thermometers are electric resistance

Note 3 The Geestbay had a hull sensor fitted in September 1989 but in March 1990 the sensor ring was found to be cracked anddetached from the ships’ side plate. The damage probably occurred ~19 February 1990. The rubber bucket is usedfrom the lee Bridge Wing for SST measurements when weather permits

The Geestbay has made 1011 observations in the North Atlantic between 52°N and 30°N

- 83 -

GEEST BAY - CALLSIGN GBVV

159m

Screen

solid metal bulwark

wood sheathed deck

wind deflector

wood sheathed deck

screensolid bulwarkmetal rails on

solid bulwark

wood sheathed deck

screensolid bulwark

metal rails on solid bulwark

steel deck

steel deck

wheelhouseE.R. supply vents

Vents Navigation Bridge Deck

- 84 -

GEESTPORT - CALLSIGN GBVW

Length: 159 mBreadth: 21.5 mDraft: 8.8 mType: Container / BananaRecruiting Country: BritainReference Level: 16±2 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

1 12 86

514

6

46

134

15

1281

22683

1

2994

6943

1125

1141

14

1456

13

1246

13

13331

14854

12243

216

36

113

434

47341

1

134

51

513

242

116

413

5937

14516

910

152

314

314

86

7

216

524

210

436

23

11361

11

16237

11

1466

11

1247

12934

1

1454

1

16

1381

1453

11747

12

125

1773

1103

110

116 4


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Port Screen Side of Wheelhouse Marine Screen 16 1 4 7 3 3 2Starboard Screen Side of Wheelhouse Marine Screen 16 1 5 3 3 7 2Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Chartroom PAB Barograph ~16 1.3SST Hull Sensor -3

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 Screens are suspended by hooks on stanchions 7 m inboard, 3.2 m from each funnel and are partially sheltered by the

bulwark and funnel but are clear of the superstructure. The deck below the screens is made of steel. Thermometers areelectric resistance

The Geestport has made 944 observations in the North Atlantic between 52°N and 30°N

- 85 -

GEESTPORT - CALLSIGN GBVW

159m

Screen

solid metal bulwark

wood sheathed deck

wind deflector

wood sheathed deck

screen

solid bulwarkmetal rails on solid bulwark

wood sheathed deck

screen

solid bulwarkmetal rails on solid bulwark

steel deck

steel deck

wheelhouseE.R. supply vents

Vents Navigation Bridge Deck

- 86 -

GEESTCAPE - CALLSIGN GJMR

Length: 157.5 mBreadth: 22.5 mDraft: 9.1 mType: Container / BananaRecruiting Country: BritainReference Level: 20 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

1 3 11

812

18

2

10631

1

7566211

211

331

24

103522

310

14711

2364211

4685512

1

15761411

38

10772

1

14572613

4476453

1

659

243

1

2748141

1

55

102252

4534

72

1

727

321

431

131831

1

7167151

1

243

11144

1

29347152

1

373

10283

1

2643829

1

264

112

102

2

756837

1

3825781

1

473964

1

265457

558842

198565

1

373

107

1

168561

1

38591

1

86

106

1

2996

1

61012

1

213

91

11

9115

1

18

11

1159

191

11


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Port Screen Bridge Wing Marine Screen 20 1.3 4 1 6 9 2Starboard Screen Bridge Wing Marine Screen 20 1.3 4 9 6 1 2Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Chartroom PAB BarographSST Engine Room Intake / Hull

Sensor-3 3

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 The screens are well exposed on the Bridge Wings but stand directly on a solid metal bulwark above a steel deck

covered by rubber matting. Thermometers are electric resistanceNote 3 The Geestcape had a Hull Sensor fitted in November 1989

The Geestcape has made 1184 observations in the North Atlantic between 52°N and 30°N

- 87 -

Screen

Screen

Gyro Repeater

Gyro Repeater

Barograph

Barometer

Engine Room Supply Vents

158m

GEESTCAPE - CALLSIGN GJMR

Screen

Wheelhouse Top

mwl

wind deflector

wind deflector

solid bulwark

solid bulwark

- 88 -

GEESTHAVEN - CALLSIGN GJMS

Length: 157.5 mBreadth: 22.5 mDraft: 9.1 mType: Container / BananaRecruiting Country: BritainReference Level: 25±0.5 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

2 421

93

8733

3921

21933

246732

21743

21612

1

12

12713

112611

318

11

3

111841

125

1212

1245

3

14

10411

134313

1

3244

2

155

1311

229712

65933

1126712

149

1152

21358721

1

169653

159921

411

772

311

722

511

77

56

142

111

45

8863

211

92

678

21311

2

1883

411

7

1

139

4112

94

31010 2

21


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Port Screen Bridge Wing Marine Screen 18 1.3 4 1 6 9 2Starboard Screen Bridge Wing Marine Screen 18 1.3 4 9 6 1 2Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Chartroom PAB Barograph ~20SST Engine Room Intake / Hull

Sensor-5.5 3

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 The screens are well exposed on the Bridge Wings but stand directly on a solid metal bulwark above a steel deck

covered by rubber matting. Thermometers are electric resistanceNote 3 The Geesthaven had a Hull Sensor fitted in August 1989

The Geesthaven has made 868 observations in the North Atlantic between 52°N and 30°N

- 89 -

Screen

Screen

Gyro Repeater

Gyro Repeater

Barograph

Barometer

Engine Room Supply Vents

158m

GEESTHAVEN - CALLSIGN GJMS

Screen

Wheelhouse Top

mwl

wind deflector

wind deflector

solid bulwark

solid bulwark

- 90 -

PROVENCE - CALLSIGN GXES

Length: 203.8 mBreadth: 31 mDraft: 10 mType: ContainerRecruiting Country: BritainReference Level: 25±0.5 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

43

27

13 9

2113

5

4

2

441

1

44

421

23312

15

214

172121

61

41

134222

32112

116

33

1

42111

1

7

115

33121

1

232

31

14

221

1171141

7

131

1

1132

21

53

121

16323

5

241

4

13

1

233331

1

52

21

1

123221

1

16

13

1

233122

1

6

31

1

1112112

1

34143

1

1

1

2112111

1

15133

1

1

32

4112

1

2

23111

1

51123

11

1

2

2221

1231

6

2

1

4132111

1

14

41121

3

1311

1

41

23

21

351

9121

71

73222

153141111

55135241

91

8121

731

10331

3716221

9226

31

6524321

91

1032

738331

527231

111

1831

9384

1

36551

8953

7762

4782

810

3

9831

11241

111

1

96

27 4 3 2

1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Port Yard-arm Walker 37 9 9 9 9 1Port Screen 0.5 m above Bridge Wing rails Marine Screen 25 1.5 7 5 9 9 2Starboard Screen 0.5 m above Bridge Wing rails Marine Screen 25 1.5 7 9 9 5 2Psychrometer Not fittedDigital Barometer Chartroom PAB Barograph 25 ~1.5SST Bucket Rubber 3SST Intake -9 3

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 Screens are well exposed and are positioned on a post above an open metal rail 3 m inboard. Both screens are close to

the funnel. Thermometers are mercuryNote 3 The method of SST measurement is reported with each observation

The Provence has made 1141 observations in the North Atlantic between 51°N and 30°N

- 91 -

PROVENCE - CALLSIGN GXES

mwl

Anemometer

Screen

204m

Bow

Screen

Funnel

Wheelhouse

Screen

open metal rails

metal bulwark

wind deflector

metal bulwark

open metal rails

- 92 -

ATLANTIC CONVEYOR - CALLSIGN GZMM

Length: 293 mBreadth: 32 mDraft: 10 mType: Container, Ro-roRecruiting Country: BritainReference Level: 33±1 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

1

2

1

1

34

12

44

42

123

122

213

132

212

2

4325

1312

41

131233

2211224

231115

12123241

11212

31

1321224

2214112

1

11

1

7

23231221

2

211133

133113

1

11

4

3

6

1

2212

3

1231

22

1

1

122316

2132123

1

2

31214

1

134

221

1

222122

11

1122314

1

131211

1

1

52346

1

321

2

1

11132

1

117246

1

1

4

12

1

4335

1

3231

1

1

13234

1535

1

1112

1

1

16431

2153

1

184

1

145

1

252

1

1

68

1

9

4

925

1

7

2

23

1

71


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Signal Mast Thomas Walker 43 7 7 4 4 7 1Port Screen Not fittedStarboard Screen Wheelhouse Top Marine Screen 37 1.3 7 3 7 6 2Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Wheelhouse PAB, Barograph 34 ~1.5SST Hull Sensor -4

Note 1 The anemometer is positioned 1.5 m from the mast with diameter 30 cm. Wind is funnelled around the accommodationblock giving eddies over the monkey island. The method of wind measurement is visual.

Note 2 The screen is positioned on the aft port leg of the signal mast 1.3 m above the steel deck of the wheelhouse top, 15 minboard and 23 m forward of the funnel. An intermittent exhaust fan is sited 4 m from the screen on the port side andnatural vents from the wheelhouse are sited 12 m from the screen on both the port and starboard sides. Thermometersare electric resistance.

The Atlantic Conveyor has made 809 observations in the North Atlantic between 54°N and 37°N

- 93 -

Natural Exhausts

Scanner

Signal Mast

Radar Platform

Screen

Wind Vane Cup Generator

AnemometerScreen

230m63m

ATLANTIC CONVEYOR - CALLSIGN GZMM

MWL

8m

15m

32m

Plan of Wheelhouse Top

View of signal mast from forward

- 94 -

NICKERIE - CALLSIGN VRAZ

Length: 108 mBreadth: 16 mDraft: 6 mType: Banana ShipRecruiting Country: BritainReference Level: 13±4 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

1

11

3

1

102

1

1

113

1

11

11

1

122

10

1

42254

1222

1061

2131

741

1

52293

1

2

51283

1

2

5

492

1

13

25

1

2

43174

1

1

42391

21

5

56

1

1213181

1

23159

11

24153

112532

101

1

16357

1

1515

12645

1

1525

1

1

663

1

11549

1547

364

13751

1

154

1

591

1

73

25 3 1

1 1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Starboard mainmast gardarm Propeller vane - Seiki, Japan 24 10 9 9 9 4 1Port Screen 5 m above bulwark Marine Screen 12 0.7 4 1 6 8 2Starboard Screen 5 m above bulwark Marine Screen 12 0.7 4 8 6 1 2Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Chartroom Barograph, PAB 13 1.5SST Bucket Rubber 3

Note 1 The anemometer is well exposed but the method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 Screens are lashed to open metal rails 70 cm above a steel deck with rubber matting and 1.5 m from the ship's side.

Both are sheltered to the front by a solid metal bulwark with a wind deflector. Thermometers are mercuryNote 3 The bucket is lowered from the leeward side of the Bridge Wing

The Nickerie has made 553 observations in the North Atlantic between 50°N and 30°N

- 95 -

mwl

NICKERIE - CALLSIGN VRAZ

Midship - Front View

screen

screen

barometer

Navigation Bridge DeckCompass Bridge Deck

anemometer

anemometer

screen

anemometer

screenscreen

108m

solid metal bulwark

open metal rails

open metal rails

- 96 -

CANMAR AMBASSADOR - CALLSIGN VSBV3

Length: 231.5 mBreadth: 30.6 mDraft: 10.6 mType: ContainerRecruiting Country: BritainReference Level: 21±0.5 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

167

52

119

84

1953

732

1745

82

1666

833

469

815

3891

511

11837

624

12

1024

614

12928

623

182

10

9

5

210

18

61

2

1816

723

39275614

1

17268212

217329322

11734

11423

11746

111

4

774

10312

461

13

2

1259

123

4

1295

122

1

283

132

3

373

121

3

244

142

3

110

312

12

192

1413

193

14

2

76

1113

74

17

1

73

15

3

64

16

2

58

12

3

44

163

1013

2

11115

3

21014

3

1711

2

1392

1911

2011

186

132

9


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Mast on wheelhouse Munroe 30 10 6 5 9 9 1Port Screen Bridge Wing Marine Screen 25 1 1 5 7 9 2Starboard Screen Bridge Wing Marine Screen 25 1 1 9 7 5 2Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Barograph, PAB 25SST Bucket RubberASAP

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 The screens are positioned on a walkway behind the Bridge. They are 4 m inboard and clear of the superstructure.

Thermometers are mercury

The Canmar Ambassador has made 1377 observations in the North Atlantic between 54°N and 44°N

- 97 -

CANMAR AMBASSADOR - CALLSIGN VSBV3

Navigation Bridge Deck

Anemometer

Screen

screen

screen

funnel

Enclosed Bridge

walkway

231.5m

mwl

- 98 -

AMERICANA - CALLSIGN IBPA

Length: 208 mBreadth: 30.6 mDraft: 10.4 mType: Ro - Ro / ContainerRecruiting Country: USAReference Level: 24 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

1 11

1 1

1

1 1 11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11 1

1 11 1 1 1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Unknown 1Port Screen Bridge Wing 24 1.7 2Starboard Screen Bridge Wing 24 1.7 2Psychrometer Not fittedBarometer Chartroom 24 1.0SST Engine room intake -5

Note 1 Method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 Screens are small and are made of white plastic. Screens are sheltered by the wheel house and a wind deflector to the

front.

The Americana has made 34 observations in the North Atlantic

- 99 -

AMERICANA - CALLSIGN IBPA

208 m

Wind Deflector

Screen

Screen

- 100 -

SEALAND ATLANTIC - CALLSIGN KLRZ

Length: 290 mBreadth: 32 mDraft: 12 mType: Container ShipRecruiting Country: USAReference Level: 31±0.5 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

1

11

3241

1

12

1

432

1

2

1

3212

1

22

12

12

122

2112

11

321

1

111111

1

1312

1111

1

4112

1121

1

32111

33

1

1

1

21211

21

1

1

1

24

1

2

211

1

112

1

1

211

1

2

11

11312

1

1

111121

12111

1

1

111

222121

1

1

11

1

11123

11

1

12

1

3211

11

1

12

1

2

211

11

212

1

11

1

1

1211

1

1

121

1133

1

2

2

1

1

21

1

2

22

1

112

1

221

1

111

13

2

1

1

3221

1

1

12

2

31

1

13 1

212

1

42 3

11

42

1

1

1

222 2

22 4 2


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Pole on port of bridge deck ~38 6.4Port Screen Shelter on bridge deck ~32 ~1.5 1Starboard Screen Shelter on bridge deck ~32 ~1.5 1Psychrometer Not fittedBarometer Chartroom ~32 ~1.8SST BucketSST Engine room intake ~-8

Note 1 Thermometers are mercury

The Sealand Atlantic has made 415 observations in the North Atlantic between 31°N and 50°N

- 101 -

SEALAND ATLANTIC- CALLSIGN KRLZ

mwl

290 m

anemometer pole

screens

porch

funnel

porch

- 102 -

JULIUS HAMMER - CALLSIGN KRGJ

Length: 207 mBreadth: 27 mDraft: 10 mType: TankerRecruiting Country: USAReference Level: 15±4 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

21

3 11

21

12

1

2211

1

1

2111

1221

21

1

1

21

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

11

1

11

1

1

1

1

11

1

11

11

11

2

1

11

2

2

1

11

1

1

12

1

1

1

2

1

1111

1

1

12

11

1

12

1

12

1

11

211

11

11

1

1

211

1

1

1

11

111

1

2

1

1

12

1

2

3

1

1

1

1

12

1

2

21

1

1

1

112

11

3

1

1

1

22

1

11

21

2

11

21

21

11

1

1

111

21

21

1

1

2

21

11

1

11

211

11

21

1

12

12

12

1

1

21

21

1

1

2

1

11131

1

11

1

2

13

1

12

21

32

22

11

42

12

1

2122

1121

332


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Port Screen Not fittedStarboard Screen In shelter on Bridge Wing Taylor Instruments 27.5 1.8 4 8 1 0 2Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Wheelhouse NWS Marine Barometer, Belfort

Instrument Company27.5 1.8

SST Engine room intake -5

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 The white wood screen is located on the starboard side of the exterior bulkhead of the wheelhouse. Thermometers are

mercury

The Julius Hammer has made 349 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 43°N

- 103 -

207 m

JULIUS HAMMER - CALLSIGN KRGJ

measurement site

Wheelhouse

solid metal bulwarkopen metal rails

funnel

funnelscreen

mwl

- 104 -

MARGARET LYKES - CALLSIGN KRJL

Length: 202 mBreadth: 25 mDraft: 8 mType: Container ShipRecruiting Country: USAReference Level: 15±1 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

33 2

1

11

234

122

1431

1

223

1611

1

1121

15

5

1

321

222

2

121111

1

411

23131

2

221

32121

112

1

11

23131

1

1

11

3

1111

12121

21

212

1

1132

111

21

112

1

1

2

31

211

11

11

3112

11

2

1

1

2

13122 1

2

1

1132111

1

3

1

1

2

132

1

1

1

1

1

3211

2

1

2111

1

1

12

1

3

1

112

1

1

1

2121

1111

1

1

1

1

121

1

21

221

1

1

211

11111

1

1

2

121

1

11132

1

11113

1

1221

11

21

11

1

12

2

122

2

1

213

2

13

1

1

13

1

1

2

151

231

1

2

111

1

4

1

31

1

52

2141

1

11

223

23

22

13

12 4 1 1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Port Screen Porch on Bridge Wing Taylor Thermometers 28 3 7 4 7 2Starboard Screen Porch on Bridge Wing Taylor ThermometersPsychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Chartroom Barometer, National Weather Service

Barograph, Bendix Friez28

SST Engine room intake -1

Note 1 Method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 Screens are located in the 'porches' of the Bridge Wings and are made of white wood (starboard screen has brown

wood inside). Screens are fitted to the side of the wheelhouse above the level of the solid metal bulwark whichsurrounds the Bridge Wing. Thermometers are mercury

The Margaret Lykes has made 539 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 50°N

- 105 -

screen

mwl

202 m

funnel

screen

Wheelhouse sheltered area

solid metal bulwark

MARGARET LYKES - CALLSIGN KRJL

screen

- 106 -

SHELDON LYKES - CALLSIGN KRJP

Length: 202 mBreadth: 25 mDraft: 8 mType: Container ShipRecruiting Country: USAReference Level: 22 ± 2 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

24 2

11 1

131

1

41

11

2

1

42

2

1

122

221

1

121

132

1

31133

2 2312

121

211

1121

4 122

112

12

1

113

1

2

1

1121

111

1

211

1

1

12

3

1

1

1

1

1112

1

11

2

1

2

11

21

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

111

1

1

22

2

1

1

1211

1

22

1

1

1

11

1

311

1

1

132

1

1

1

1

11

1

122

1

1

1

1121

1

1

1

11 3

1

2

1

111

1

31 1

13

1

1

22

12

12 1

11 2


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Port Screen Porch on Bridge Wing Taylor Thermometers 22 1.5 2Starboard Screen Porch on Bridge Wing Taylor Thermometers 22 1.6 2Psychrometer Not fittedBarometer Chartroom Unites States Weather Bureau 22 1.7SST Engine Room Intake -7

Note 1 The method of wind measurement is visual.Note 2 The screens are made of brown wood and are shielded to the front.

The Sheldon Lykes has made 299 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 50°N

- 107 -

mwl

202 m

SHELDON LYKES - CALLSIGN KRJP

funnel

screen

Wheelhouse sheltered area

solid metal bulwark

screen

- 108 -

SEALAND COMMITMENT - CALLSIGN KRPB


-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

3 3 1 12

3

12

12

3122

1

2

3

3111

112312

2

13

1

2212

22

31

1113

3

112

3

12

221

1

112

22131

1

2

2

1

21

22

1211

1

1131

11

311

1

2

2

2

1421

2

1

1

12

22

1

112

1

1

15

1

1

211

1

1

1

2

1

12

12

33

1

1

1

1

1

12

41

1

21

1

1

111

511

122

1

2

1

13

1

13

3112

1

1

11

1

112114

2

1

1

22

11

1

3

1

11

122

1

3

144

1

12

1

1

1

2

241

21

2

1

11

132

1

111

4

2

31

1

11

221

112

1

2

232

21

2

11

1

5

3

41

111131

11

32

11132

2131

11

3

233

1121

12

2

355

2 22

26 3 2 1

1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Mast on Bridge Deck 37.5 6.4Port Screen Shelter by Wheelhouse 32.7 1.6 1Starboard Screen Shelter by Wheelhouse 32.7 1.6 1Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Chartroom 33 1.8SST Engine room intake -7.8

Note 1 Screening is grey metal and there is very little air movement in the box. Thermometers are electric resistance

The Sealand Commitment has made 522 observations in the North Atlantic between 31°N and 50°N

- 109 -

SEALAND COMMITMENT- CALLSIGN KRPB

mwl

290 m

anemometer pole

screens

porch

funnel

porch

- 110 -

DELAWARE BAY - CALLSIGN WMLG

Length: 206 mBreadth: 32 mDraft: 11.5 mType: ContainerRecruiting Country: USAReference Level: 25 ± 1 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

1 1

11

1 1

3

2

1

1

1

12

12

1

1111

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

132

11

1

1

1

233

1

111

1

1

1

32

1

2 23

1

1

12

1

14

1

1

3122

1

4

1

22

12

2

212

323

1

23

43

1

1

21

32

11

1

111

2

1

111

1

21

2

1

2

1

11

2

12

11

21

2

11

12

1

22

1

1112

2

1

1

11

2

1

1

1

1

211

1

1

1

21

1

21

1

11

2

1

12

1

1

21

1

111

1

1111

1

12 2

11

1

1 2 1

1

2


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Antenna Mast Unknown 36.6 9.1 1Port Screen Not fittedStarboard Screen Below Rail (Bridge Deck?) Unknown 27.4 0.8 2Psychrometer Not fittedBarometer Unknown National Weather Service 27.4 1SST Engine room intake -9

Note 1 Anemometer is not well exposed as there are many antennae in the same region.Note 2 Screen is fitted below the level of the rail and thermometers are in a white wooden box.

The Delaware Bay has made 276 observations in the North Atlantic between 32°N and 59°N

- 111 -

DELAWARE BAY - CALLSIGH WMLG

antenna mast

shielded area

screen

- 112 -

ADABELLE LYKES - CALLSIGN WPFZ

Length: 202 mBreadth: 25 mDraft: 8 mType: Container ShipRecruiting Country: USAReference Level: 22 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

11 1

11

41

1

14

16

1

1

111

15

1

12

1

51 1

1

32

1

31

1

122

1

111

1

232

1

21

1

23

11111

142

2

1

331

31

1

113

25 1

2

1

2411

121

1

22131

2

11

1

2

12

211

1

3

13

2

12

1

11

121

11

13

1

13

111

11

1

122

1

11

1

1

122

2

12

1

121

11

1

1

2

11

11

1

22

1

1

222

1

1

1

1

222

11

1

2

12

222

1111

11

2

1

115

11

11 2

4

1

1121

121

1

32 5

1

11

221

22

122

21

13


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fitted 1Port Screen Porch on Bridge Wing Weksler thermometers 37 1.4 0 3 4 3 2Starboard Screen Not fittedPsychrometer Not fittedBarometer Chartroom Analogue, Weksler Instruments 37 1.4SST Engine room intake -6

Note 1 Method of wind measurement is visualNote 2 Screen is made of brown varnished wood and is located in the 'porch' of the Bridge Wing of the port side. It is fitted to

the side of the wheelhouse above the level of the solid metal bulwark which surrounds the Bridge Wing

The Adabelle Lykes has made 359 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 50°N

- 113 -

screen

mwl

202 m

funnel

screen

Wheelhouse

sheltered area

solid metal bulwark

ADABELLE LYKES - CALLSIGN WPFZ

sheltered area

- 114 -

CHARLOTTE LYKES - CALLSIGN WPHZ

Length: 202 mBreadth: 25 mDraft: 8 mType: Container ShipRecruiting Country: USAReference Level: 20 ± 0.5 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

73 5

11

342

1

142

1643

1

4

2

1

1313

341

11

4

1

1331

2

411

113122

62121

51

2

122411

42

121

1342

2

1

51111

2112

31

511111

1231

22

4213

13113111

21131

11

22212

14211

21

311

132122

1

1

23

1212232

1

1

21

12

224

1

112

2

1

12

1141

1

1

1

12

1

11

1323

1

1

13

2

1

12322

1

12

1113

1

1

1

132

12

1

11

1

1

21

1211

12

2213

11

1

1

1

1121

2

1

321

1

1

13

131

111

212

111

11212

1

112

1311

11

111

12

2121

1

221

111

122

11311112

12

221

411114

1

2

14

51

1121

11

1

13

122

13314

21

1

5262

232

1513

57

332

63

43 5 4 1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Not fittedPort Screen Bridge deck 24.4 1.2 1Starboard Screen Bridge deck 24.4 1.2 1Psychrometer Not fittedBarometer Unknown National Weather Service Barometer 24.4 1.3SST Engine room intake -6

Note 1 Port and starboard screens are shielded just behind the forward part of the bridge deck. Screens are of brownvarnished wood.

The Charlotte Lykes has made 709 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 50°N

- 115 -

mwl

202 m

CHARLOTTE LYKES - CALLSIGN WPHZ

funnel

screen

Wheelhouse

sheltered area

solid metal bulwark

sheltered area screen

Bridge Deck

- 116 -

GALVESTON BAY - CALLSIGN WPVF


-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

4 2 1 1321

111

1525

1

12121

23331

2

131

25131

21

15

22322

13

22

1

2211

33

321

21111

1131221

21112

211124

112134

211

1

21431

21

21

1

12241

2

2

1

2

1

111341

1

1112

3

1

3

131

4123

1

11

31

113132

1

11

1

2

21

112313

1

1

1

121

1

1

11111

11

2122111

1

131

1

11

2111

1

132

1

112

221

11

1

3211

1111

121

11

1

12

11

1222

11111

1

211

113212

1

2

13

11

4

31

2

11

2

31

11111

2

2132

2

1

221

121113

41

1

14

2

21

1

1

331

33

122

11

211

121232

2

21

31141

2124

12

21

522

1

5

123

142

11

22 1


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Mast on Bridge Deck Seiki F235 37.5 6.4 9 9 9 9 1Port Screen Bridge Deck Murmberg Thermometers 32.7 1.6 1 0 0 7 2Starboard Screen Bridge Deck Murmberg Thermometers 32.7 1.6 1 7 0 0 2Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Chartroom Barograph, USWB G101 33 1.9SST Engine room intake -7.8

Note 1 Anemometer appears to be well exposedNote 2 Rating exaggerates exposure?. Screens are grey metal and thermometers are mercury.

The Galveston Bay has made 609 observations in the North Atlantic between 31°N and 50°N

- 117 -

anemometer

screen

GALVESTON BAY- CALLSIGN WPVF

mwl

290 m

solid metal bulwark

wind deflector

screens

porch

funnel

porch

Wheelhouse Top

anemometer pole

- 118 -

NEDLLOYD HUDSON - CALLSIGN WPWH


-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

13 1

82

2

1

136

121

1152

131

1

33

151

1

31 5

3

11

1

271

11

1

1133 3

1

215

1

32

1

1131

25

1

1

1

1

233

1

1

2

1

213

1

141

1

2

1

1

1331

1

1

1112

14

1

2

2

11

11

32

1

11

2111

1

12

2

1

1

321

1

1

2

1

1

1

112

1

21

1

1

1

1

42

11

2

1

11

312

2

1

23

1

12

1

1111

1

12

1

11

2

11

11

2

1

11

51

1

11

111

11

111

1

121

3

1111

1

411

3

121

2

1

1

1

1111

3

21

312

41111

13

4

12

3331

1

1

123

11

212


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer Mast on Bridge Deck Seiki F235 37 7 9 9 9 9 1Port Screen Bridge Deck Murmberg Thermometers 32 1.5 1 0 0 7 2Starboard Screen Bridge Deck Murmberg Thermometers 32 1.5 1 7 0 0 2Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Chartroom Analogue, USWB G101 32 1.8SST Engine room intake -7.8

Note 1 Anemometer appears to be well exposedNote 2 Rating exaggerates exposure?. Screen is chrome metal, thermometers are mercury

The Nedlloyd Hudson has made 427 observations in the North Atlantic between 32°N and 50°N

- 119 -

anemometer

screen

NEDLLOYD HUDSON - CALLSIGN WPWH

mwl

290 m

solid metal bulwark

wind deflector

screens

porch

funnel

porch

Wheelhouse Top

anemometer mast

- 120 -

LYRA - CALLSIGN WSDG

Length: 193 mBreadth: 27 mDraft: 9 mType: Container ShipRecruiting Country: USAReference Level: 9 m asl

-80 -60 -40 -20 030

35

40

45

50

55

60

1 1 11 1

11 1

1

1

1

1

11

11 1

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

11

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

11

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

11

11

11

1

2

1

1

11

1

11 1

1

11 1

1

1

1

1

11

11 1 2 1

11

11

1 11


045045-135

135-225

225-315

Note

Anemometer On mast Thomas Walker 29 2 9 9 9 9Port Screen In shelter on Bridge Wing Taylor 27 1 0 0 3 3 1Starboard Screen In shelter on Bridge Wing Taylor 27 1 0 3 3 0 1Psychrometer Not fittedAneroid Barometer Wheelhouse Barograph, USWB 27.4 ~1.8SST Engine room intake -6.4 2

Note 1 The wooden screens are located inside the Bridge Wing 'porch'. Thermometers are mercury.Note 2 Inlet temperatures are cross checked with another thermometer at the pump.

The Lyra has made 124 observations in the North Atlantic between 30°N and 50°N

- 121 -

mwl

193 m

LYRA - CALLSIGN WSDGanemometer

screen

Wheelhouse Top

screen

Wheelhouse

sheltered area

sheltered area

screen

- 122 -

- 123 -

APPENDIX 1 HULL SENSOR SPECIFICATIONS

In view of the recommendation that hull sensors should be fitted to VoluntaryObserving Ships whenever possible, details of hull sensors used by the United Kingdom andthe Netherlands Meteorological Services are given in this appendix.

A1. United Kingdom hull-mounting sea-temperature sensor Mk. 2

A platinum resistance element, wound in the form of a thin plate (A in Figure A1a), isfitted behind and in close contact with a copper plate let into a disc of synthetic resin-bondedfibre, B. The disc is fitted inside a ring C, either of resin-bonded fibre fixed with adhesive tothe inside of the ship’s hull below the water-line, or of stainless steel welded to the ship’s hull.The mounting position needs to be as free as possible from curvature to allow maximumcontact between the hull and the copper plate. The output from the element is fed to a manuallybalanced bridge indicator or an automatic digital temperature indicator.

A2. Netherlands hull-contact sensor PT100

The sensor is fitted within a seamless steel pipe fitted to the ship’s hull. Isolating glassfibre is packed around the sensor and a plastic lid then covers the instrument. The sensor isshown in Figure A1b

Figure A1 UK Hull Contact Sensor (a) Netherlands Hull Contact Sensor (b)

SHIPS OBSERVING MARINE CLIMATE · 2020-06-12 · - 1 - SHIPS OBSERVING MARINE CLIMATE: A CATALOGUE OF THE VOLUNTARY OBSERVING SHIPS PARTICIPATING IN THE VSOP-NA1 E.C. Kent and P.K.

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