Shikhshya

O

114

O

O

111

u@o u

O

~d l,u@o , Q@u

Ou@o u

~h : u @ N, u , u _}@ N, ud N

hb : s, 1954; 2l NSd @Md N@b :@ 1965; 5 @Md N@b : 2002;ND N@b : 2012

u@o , Q@u - 605002 :~d ~,u@o ~ s, Q@u - 605 002

Shiksha (Oriya)by Sri Aurobindo and The MotherTranslated by : Sri Rama Krishna Das, Sri Prapatti, Sri Biswambhara Samanta, Sripati Das1st Edition : August, 1954; 2nd Revised Edition : October, 1965;5th Enlarged Edition (with Sri Aurobindos writings) : 2002;7th Impression : 2012

Price Rs. 70/-ISBN 978-81-7058-692-0 Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, Pondicherry - 605 002Published by Navajyoti PublicationA unit of Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publication DepartmentPondicherry - 605 002Printed at Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press, PondicherryPRINTED IN INDIA

O

111

u@o u

O

~d l,u@o , Q@u

Ou@o u

~h : u @ N, u , u _}@ N, ud N

hb : s, 1954; 2l NSd @Md N@b :@ 1965; 5 @Md N@b : 2002;ND N@b : 2012

u@o , Q@u - 605002 :~d ~,u@o ~ s, Q@u - 605 002

Shiksha (Oriya)by Sri Aurobindo and The MotherTranslated by : Sri Rama Krishna Das, Sri Prapatti, Sri Biswambhara Samanta, Sripati Das1st Edition : August, 1954; 2nd Revised Edition : October, 1965;5th Enlarged Edition (with Sri Aurobindos writings) : 2002;7th Impression : 2012

Price Rs. 70/-ISBN 978-81-7058-692-0 Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, Pondicherry - 605 002Published by Navajyoti PublicationA unit of Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publication DepartmentPondicherry - 605 002Printed at Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press, PondicherryPRINTED IN INDIA

O

112

F

rB @d N@b (2005)

u@o u@ d Oh hg@ N@@d O hg@ G N@b (2002)@ @d N@b > 1954 ]u@ u `]dO hg 1958@ dN Qdhl h Qdhlhg N_d @ d ` > 1965 ]u@ h hg Nd u `]d @ul Ooh O hg@ _dul @Md N@b d` > 2002 ]u@ @ 5 N@b@ u`]d @ ddu~ d Oo@Ou~h X N ~y y ? h s @ N N hg@ @}@u@o `]d dul O N F, dulO@ , hMsd O, @u@Q Nbu @u@@ FCd ~ rlshh h @ >_@ u@o @h d Sri Aurobindo and theMother on Education hg@ Ng rl@ ~hh hg@ ~ @ @h r@Md @ > G N@b@ ~Ndu@o `]d rlsh@ d @ Osd @ ~h@ O- u Nh~u` @u d

@~@ g @h }~ dh S~ bh >~@ rB N@b@ hg@ d ~@ @~ @ >

u@o u d FC O N@ suOd, , dd d ~NS@bN hg s~ @ `}~ @h >

O

112

F

rB @d N@b (2005)

u@o u@ d Oh hg@ N@@d O hg@ G N@b (2002)@ @d N@b > 1954 ]u@ u `]dO hg 1958@ dN Qdhl h Qdhlhg N_d @ d ` > 1965 ]u@ h hg Nd u `]d @ul Ooh O hg@ _dul @Md N@b d` > 2002 ]u@ @ 5 N@b@ u`]d @ ddu~ d Oo@Ou~h X N ~y y ? h s @ N N hg@ @}@u@o `]d dul O N F, dulO@ , hMsd O, @u@Q Nbu @u@@ FCd ~ rlshh h @ >_@ u@o @h d Sri Aurobindo and theMother on Education hg@ Ng rl@ ~hh hg@ ~ @ @h r@Md @ > G N@b@ ~Ndu@o `]d rlsh@ d @ Osd @ ~h@ O- u Nh~u` @u d

@~@ g @h }~ dh S~ bh >~@ rB N@b@ hg@ d ~@ @~ @ >

u@o u d FC O N@ suOd, , dd d ~NS@bN hg s~ @ `}~ @h >

O

113

NFQud

u@o

rl B

dul O N F ... ... 5

dul O@ :

1. ~ ~ ... ... 25

2. ~@ N ... ... 30

3. ~d d ... ... 35

4. u~ ~h O ~ ... ... 43

5. olNF@ d` ... ... 49

6. N _@ ol~hFd@ ... 57

7. ~N NF@ d` ... ... 61

8. hNsd @ d` ... ... 67

hMsd O :

hMsd O ... ... 73

@u@Q N :

@u@Q N@ bu ... ... 85

@u@@ FCd ... ... 92

u

rl B

O N :

1. u~-~ ... ... 119

2. O ... ... 128

3. @u@ O ... ... 133

4. b O ... ... 142

5. ~N O ... ... 150

6. Qd k O ... ... 159

QdhS dN QdhS h :

1. @u@ b dN ... ... 174

2. ~N dN ... ... 189

3. @ dN ... ... 200

@ul Oo ... ... 211

@ ddu~ d ... ... 216

Oo@ Ou~hX N ~y y ? ... 218

a

O

113

NFQud

u@o

rl B

dul O N F ... ... 5

dul O@ :

1. ~ ~ ... ... 25

2. ~@ N ... ... 30

3. ~d d ... ... 35

4. u~ ~h O ~ ... ... 43

5. olNF@ d` ... ... 49

6. N _@ ol~hFd@ ... 57

7. ~N NF@ d` ... ... 61

8. hNsd @ d` ... ... 67

hMsd O :

hMsd O ... ... 73

@u@Q N :

@u@Q N@ bu ... ... 85

@u@@ FCd ... ... 92

u

rl B

O N :

1. u~-~ ... ... 119

2. O ... ... 128

3. @u@ O ... ... 133

4. b O ... ... 142

5. ~N O ... ... 150

6. Qd k O ... ... 159

QdhS dN QdhS h :

1. @u@ b dN ... ... 174

2. ~N dN ... ... 189

3. @ dN ... ... 200

@ul Oo ... ... 211

@ ddu~ d ... ... 216

Oo@ Ou~hX N ~y y ? ... 218

a

O

1

2

O N@ u@o

O

2

43

dul O N F

u@o@ d _@ Nd (Arya) ~ @u d @ r h N]@(~@-XN@, 1920 ~h@, 1921) hs@ A Preface on National Education @~@ ` > h @ d@ ~ o@h NFC @ >

@ ~h ~d d@`, 1980@h @} @ ~@, 1981 @ d` > d @~ N d @ d >

O

3

(1)

dul O N F

(1)

_~u~ O@ d er@ d Sh~ Q@hM @~ul d@ @bd , bN @ Q sd dul _@ dud rl sb @~, d bN d @ NFCZ@ ~h, ~ y, d@ M b lN@ Nd d @h@u dh F@b @h` S@ ~@ > h O b, @Od@ sd @ Qd, @ hh z bN S@b N@ bN_~u~ @~ N~u~ ` ~y > ~ldN s @ N dul S@b@ O > @, O@ Nul Qd~, ~ O@ @ul d Qd~ N~ Nd s`,Nsh @ Nr @ @u @dul ~

Nd@ @@g ~ Q @ dNd @~ud @Su~d _@ O@ QF @F@]~Cl ~lb u~ dh Q` dh N_Su~d ~ rl @ @ S@b@ dh, ~ @ @ g d@ @ N@`hb, N@ sh hb d@ @@h >

@b, NS@b @ O @ b b Qd, d b ~ , d dulO@ dO bh ` hnh > N NNd ` ~h, d ` l _l~@ O ~ S@b@ dNd dul ~, k Q@dh dul, Sdd h @ @b u _@ d `O,Md, d Qd~@ u > h NFC~gQ @~ h u F@h sN@ @@~y; @h d hn@h ~y ~ud N@h b Qh ~@ ~ b dB@ Qd > bN ~ @ S @ h bN l l @bN O@r X Nd dul ,rd ~ }~ ~o @h

5 6

O

3

(1)

dul O N F

(1)

_~u~ O@ d er@ d Sh~ Q@hM @~ul d@ @bd , bN @ Q sd dul _@ dud rl sb @~, d bN d @ NFCZ@ ~h, ~ y, d@ M b lN@ Nd d @h@u dh F@b @h` S@ ~@ > h O b, @Od@ sd @ Qd, @ hh z bN S@b N@ bN_~u~ @~ N~u~ ` ~y > ~ldN s @ N dul S@b@ O > @, O@ Nul Qd~, ~ O@ @ul d Qd~ N~ Nd s`,Nsh @ Nr @ @u @dul ~

Nd@ @@g ~ Q @ dNd @~ud @Su~d _@ O@ QF @F@]~Cl ~lb u~ dh Q` dh N_Su~d ~ rl @ @ S@b@ dh, ~ @ @ g d@ @ N@`hb, N@ sh hb d@ @@h >

@b, NS@b @ O @ b b Qd, d b ~ , d dulO@ dO bh ` hnh > N NNd ` ~h, d ` l _l~@ O ~ S@b@ dNd dul ~, k Q@dh dul, Sdd h @ @b u _@ d `O,Md, d Qd~@ u > h NFC~gQ @~ h u F@h sN@ @@~y; @h d hn@h ~y ~ud N@h b Qh ~@ ~ b dB@ Qd > bN ~ @ S @ h bN l l @bN O@r X Nd dul ,rd ~ }~ ~o @h

5 6

O

4

Md@ d`D , N@ N_u N d@Nshh , ~] rl @ d, s, ls @~ N N r@dMdh h~@l ls @, @ @~b NN@ NS~ ` Nh _@g@ @d h ~y > @ ls@ Nh @ @ hMsd rb o@Q@]@ F~Qd ~ @; F@h @`h N@y @ ~ Od@ Gh ` d r Nr~ S@ >~Fd~ ~@ @Qd ~hB~sh ~ ~hB~shO hd S O~ @h ~ @h,h @ sh S dul, @ Nh@hNd N~hFdNFQ N`Q~u hM ~@ ~h >

NN, g@ h d @ h `S h Q @ oh@h@} @h , ~Fd~ ~hB~h F~ud ~hN@b@ sh S@@ @ ~ d@ @h Nh @ @ N ~h > d @h , dh NFC ~Fd~ S@@N @h > @d@ bN Nl@ Qd bN dud ~ud, Md @udh d d ~ @ dud Nd Nd Nd d@ d Nsd

~ y d@ h~Q~ @ Nh @h ~y > dudh d~ @@ ~ N} Q ~@ @h@u rd@ h@ @ N ~@~D > ~ O@, @u, ~ @~l _l OS@h sb @~ @duld@ @b NNh@ @~ Nsb @ hd rbul NN S@@ dP_@ hd u Q @@h ~Fd~@uO~@uO@ d@h O @, h N Od@O@ dul@b N ~ _~ @@ h ~y, N d ` ~lb,O~@ , @ G ~ d@b@ rlghsh @ @N @O > h ~h~@h rl@ hh, d O S su@, ~ ~hN~ @@ rl h@F d N ` @dul k,d , ~N d Nd@ su O @~hN~ @@ }~ ; @ @ ~h dud d _g, h @d@ uk d, d@ rd d d, d@ suk-N~@ ~d d, d@ _d k d _g > rly }~ ~@ , ~N~ @ F@h }~ d@ h

87dul O N F

O

4

Md@ d`D , N@ N_u N d@Nshh , ~] rl @ d, s, ls @~ N N r@dMdh h~@l ls @, @ @~b NN@ NS~ ` Nh _@g@ @d h ~y > @ ls@ Nh @ @ hMsd rb o@Q@]@ F~Qd ~ @; F@h @`h N@y @ ~ Od@ Gh ` d r Nr~ S@ >~Fd~ ~@ @Qd ~hB~sh ~ ~hB~shO hd S O~ @h ~ @h,h @ sh S dul, @ Nh@hNd N~hFdNFQ N`Q~u hM ~@ ~h >

NN, g@ h d @ h `S h Q @ oh@h@} @h , ~Fd~ ~hB~h F~ud ~hN@b@ sh S@@ @ ~ d@ @h Nh @ @ N ~h > d @h , dh NFC ~Fd~ S@@N @h > @d@ bN Nl@ Qd bN dud ~ud, Md @udh d d ~ @ dud Nd Nd Nd d@ d Nsd

~ y d@ h~Q~ @ Nh @h ~y > dudh d~ @@ ~ N} Q ~@ @h@u rd@ h@ @ N ~@~D > ~ O@, @u, ~ @~l _l OS@h sb @~ @duld@ @b NNh@ @~ Nsb @ hd rbul NN S@@ dP_@ hd u Q @@h ~Fd~@uO~@uO@ d@h O @, h N Od@O@ dul@b N ~ _~ @@ h ~y, N d ` ~lb,O~@ , @ G ~ d@b@ rlghsh @ @N @O > h ~h~@h rl@ hh, d O S su@, ~ ~hN~ @@ rl h@F d N ` @dul k,d , ~N d Nd@ su O @~hN~ @@ }~ ; @ @ ~h dud d _g, h @d@ uk d, d@ rd d d, d@ suk-N~@ ~d d, d@ _d k d _g > rly }~ ~@ , ~N~ @ F@h }~ d@ h

87dul O N F

O

5

@ dh uFd @ > d ~ `Nhh N , Nd ` dud S_~h l @ @} @ d Odh @h ~ @] @ h` oh@hd@} @ @h h F@@ F@@ d @ > h bN `O@ d G ~y @h @b F~d d >

h h Od@ -sNhh @h @@ @h d Nshh ~ h ` Nh]h bh >N ssh `: d dul O@ S@b@bN ~y bN @ N_u@ @F`u~ > S@b Od@ ~s@d_N d` dud N_-@ bN ~lNd~ ~y, d@ h NuC N_-@ Ld Od@ ~S@ > N P ~bN r @ bu@ O ~, dh ~s@d_ N d ` Q d@, ` ~u ~ @d@ , NgN Ng N@gh Nd N~ > ~d @ dN Nd N~ N ~r@ Nd ~ ; O N~u~ rl N dul sd Nu@]@hh > @bN_@F, ~-Od@ dul O@ b

@ b jh @ hSh~ Nd ~@ Sh~ Mdh ~ @h dh ]h NNh @@h N ? Qu~ @d@FC d ~ s@ @ s`` ~~ ~ ~ @ N NNhh b ~ @ @Q, @@h b`, Ndy ] ? Nd d ulr~@ O~ ` ~ Sh~ @ulr~@ O~@h @ Md@ @ Qd ? d b ~ul@ `~@OMdh dOu ~`o@ Qu~ O-h, dh @ @ @@h, @ b ?d u@ @@, d ` @dud@ Oh gd@ ~ , @ u r@ O ~@~ul rNhh @F sb @ @u rh ~d@~ _dul r@F sb @ h @ @~Nhb@ d N @@ N}~ @ >N@, du@ N @hh QoshD @ hs@ @drh ~ h~ud @@h ~y;}~ Nd ~@ ssd N Nd sQ`, g @d @ G ~ }~hh @ sd ; N @b@h}~@ O @F d N@dj@ hssu u~ d d~@ Sh~ >

109dul O N F

O

5

@ dh uFd @ > d ~ `Nhh N , Nd ` dud S_~h l @ @} @ d Odh @h ~ @] @ h` oh@hd@} @ @h h F@@ F@@ d @ > h bN `O@ d G ~y @h @b F~d d >

h h Od@ -sNhh @h @@ @h d Nshh ~ h ` Nh]h bh >N ssh `: d dul O@ S@b@bN ~y bN @ N_u@ @F`u~ > S@b Od@ ~s@d_N d` dud N_-@ bN ~lNd~ ~y, d@ h NuC N_-@ Ld Od@ ~S@ > N P ~bN r @ bu@ O ~, dh ~s@d_ N d ` Q d@, ` ~u ~ @d@ , NgN Ng N@gh Nd N~ > ~d @ dN Nd N~ N ~r@ Nd ~ ; O N~u~ rl N dul sd Nu@]@hh > @bN_@F, ~-Od@ dul O@ b

@ b jh @ hSh~ Nd ~@ Sh~ Mdh ~ @h dh ]h NNh @@h N ? Qu~ @d@FC d ~ s@ @ s`` ~~ ~ ~ @ N NNhh b ~ @ @Q, @@h b`, Ndy ] ? Nd d ulr~@ O~ ` ~ Sh~ @ulr~@ O~@h @ Md@ @ Qd ? d b ~ul@ `~@OMdh dOu ~`o@ Qu~ O-h, dh @ @ @@h, @ b ?d u@ @@, d ` @dud@ Oh gd@ ~ , @ u r@ O ~@~ul rNhh @F sb @ @u rh ~d@~ _dul r@F sb @ h @ @~Nhb@ d N @@ N}~ @ >N@, du@ N @hh QoshD @ hs@ @drh ~ h~ud @@h ~y;}~ Nd ~@ ssd N Nd sQ`, g @d @ G ~ }~hh @ sd ; N @b@h}~@ O @F d N@dj@ hssu u~ d d~@ Sh~ >

109dul O N F

O

6

Nh - s Ndsu @ NNhh N dul O-~@N@ ~h@b @S@ @Qd @@, dul O, Nl@ Nd@ u S@` h ~ d hFrh @ @, d@ Ndud h N@@Su s~ @@l@F ~h sb @ > h N s@ bN S@b~y Q ~ > dul O ~ @ uk, ~ h~ @Q d sbd@ ~o@ OMd@ S@bh @h Q~y, @ @ N_u o~@ u k@s @ s@ Q~ h Qu~@Q~ s@ Q~h @h Q ~y >@ bN No ~y N subd @ NS@b ~ h @ dhd b ~@u ]]` @ gNNh h@ ]@ @h > h ~ rl@N N~ @b d rlh g @@@zd @ > h @h , y d@u @ NN @ h dSh~d Qu~d @ ~h, h sdNd @dul ~ d@ @ N}~ @;~ dud @ ~h, h ~ rd @ > G duh s~ ~h h su

duNh@ @}; d~ ~h, h ~@d @h u ~ @d-k @d- _@ @ @ Nd s@ss~ >

dul O @S@ h @ dd @} h bu~ dNh` S@b @ d@ @by dul O@ Ns oulrlgh > h @ d-@b O@ l d@ h] rl ~h, s rl d >@ oul `O ~@ ~ f@ N~; ~, Q@d Nd@ @ ~@ N~, Q@@, ~ d d, u ~ @ > h (~,Q@d Nd@ @ ~ @ s~ ~) @]h r @ > ]h Nd , Qh, NNh @ N ~hN@ ~ _@d@ @bh hn, d d ~h l ~@ Ns l @ R@ N d@sb @ @ > h h] , @@ ~h O @hh, Nd ~h, h~Nd ~ ` @ ~ @@ Nh@ ~h ~ @ b @h @dul~@ N_d@ N_Su~ @ ~Fd~ Md@ @ ~h ~Fd~ s@ @Q d @ @

11 12dul O N F

O

6

Nh - s Ndsu @ NNhh N dul O-~@N@ ~h@b @S@ @Qd @@, dul O, Nl@ Nd@ u S@` h ~ d hFrh @ @, d@ Ndud h N@@Su s~ @@l@F ~h sb @ > h N s@ bN S@b~y Q ~ > dul O ~ @ uk, ~ h~ @Q d sbd@ ~o@ OMd@ S@bh @h Q~y, @ @ N_u o~@ u k@s @ s@ Q~ h Qu~@Q~ s@ Q~h @h Q ~y >@ bN No ~y N subd @ NS@b ~ h @ dhd b ~@u ]]` @ gNNh h@ ]@ @h > h ~ rl@N N~ @b d rlh g @@@zd @ > h @h , y d@u @ NN @ h dSh~d Qu~d @ ~h, h sdNd @dul ~ d@ @ N}~ @;~ dud @ ~h, h ~ rd @ > G duh s~ ~h h su

duNh@ @}; d~ ~h, h ~@d @h u ~ @d-k @d- _@ @ @ Nd s@ss~ >

dul O @S@ h @ dd @} h bu~ dNh` S@b @ d@ @by dul O@ Ns oulrlgh > h @ d-@b O@ l d@ h] rl ~h, s rl d >@ oul `O ~@ ~ f@ N~; ~, Q@d Nd@ @ ~@ N~, Q@@, ~ d d, u ~ @ > h (~,Q@d Nd@ @ ~ @ s~ ~) @]h r @ > ]h Nd , Qh, NNh @ N ~hN@ ~ _@d@ @bh hn, d d ~h l ~@ Ns l @ R@ N d@sb @ @ > h h] , @@ ~h O @hh, Nd ~h, h~Nd ~ ` @ ~ @@ Nh@ ~h ~ @ b @h @dul~@ N_d@ N_Su~ @ ~Fd~ Md@ @ ~h ~Fd~ s@ @Q d @ @

11 12dul O N F

O

7

N}~h @ h h ~-~@~~ Nd ~ ~h ~ ~ Nd Nd@h Nd S @ hM d@ ` ~@u NF ~h > N@@dul ~@ hd S@, @ ~gj @@,Fh@hrsd N, bd, ~ d @ sh@hd_FCNd ~@ ~ @ > dul ~ NNh@h N_, h Pu rh Nd ~ rh bN l@ ` @h bN @ dud ~@ OS@h hS@ ~ > h @ Nd ~ ~ul rshh @ @ @@ ~ Nd@ @d @ h @@, ~ ud dud@ rd N N ~ @ S@dh dB @; @u ~ bN u rh @ O @ d @ @ @ ~ ~@ u~, S@ Ndh @ Nl @ b@; Qdh s@ sd Nd @ N dB@@ > dul O@ `O Fdj, ~d @Sh~ Nd ~h d]~ @ ~h, h @ ~N, @ ~ ~, @ ~ k@ @ dBd >

]`]` @ @ @Su h@ _dul @b d @, d Sh~d lh@ul Ndhy h sb @h dN ~ h @ }~h ghd @h ; dy }~ G@ NMu @ }~ O }~ N y @ >dul O@ S@ S@b@ Qhh @ >lh@ d@ Qu~ Ndh sd` dS@b@ Qsd@h : , Q `, ~N, @d@hsb @ @; h ~Fd~ sd ~ u~-S@b s@ ~h @d @` suN @@~N_ Qd~, d, ~ N d _@; dh@ N h~ ` @` d@ @@h, @ sb @` N@ ~Q@h @d@h; dS d@ ~@ ~s@b _@ > h d@ ~, `~, ` N d~@ ~N_Qd~, d, ~ N d@ ~hF ~Fd~@~ sd sb @` > Nd @ @s u S@ N ~-~@ @ bu@F ~h dd @N > h N@sh h sb @h ~h, N~ S `@ ~h s, Nl ~Fd~ ~ lh@ @ S@ d ~@ ~, Nd,~@ N_ul d Qd~, ~ N d ~hlu

13 14dul O N F

O

7

N}~h @ h h ~-~@~~ Nd ~ ~h ~ ~ Nd Nd@h Nd S @ hM d@ ` ~@u NF ~h > N@@dul ~@ hd S@, @ ~gj @@,Fh@hrsd N, bd, ~ d @ sh@hd_FCNd ~@ ~ @ > dul ~ NNh@h N_, h Pu rh Nd ~ rh bN l@ ` @h bN @ dud ~@ OS@h hS@ ~ > h @ Nd ~ ~ul rshh @ @ @@ ~ Nd@ @d @ h @@, ~ ud dud@ rd N N ~ @ S@dh dB @; @u ~ bN u rh @ O @ d @ @ @ ~ ~@ u~, S@ Ndh @ Nl @ b@; Qdh s@ sd Nd @ N dB@@ > dul O@ `O Fdj, ~d @Sh~ Nd ~h d]~ @ ~h, h @ ~N, @ ~ ~, @ ~ k@ @ dBd >

]`]` @ @ @Su h@ _dul @b d @, d Sh~d lh@ul Ndhy h sb @h dN ~ h @ }~h ghd @h ; dy }~ G@ NMu @ }~ O }~ N y @ >dul O@ S@ S@b@ Qhh @ >lh@ d@ Qu~ Ndh sd` dS@b@ Qsd@h : , Q `, ~N, @d@hsb @ @; h ~Fd~ sd ~ u~-S@b s@ ~h @d @` suN @@~N_ Qd~, d, ~ N d _@; dh@ N h~ ` @` d@ @@h, @ sb @` N@ ~Q@h @d@h; dS d@ ~@ ~s@b _@ > h d@ ~, `~, ` N d~@ ~N_Qd~, d, ~ N d@ ~hF ~Fd~@~ sd sb @` > Nd @ @s u S@ N ~-~@ @ bu@F ~h dd @N > h N@sh h sb @h ~h, N~ S `@ ~h s, Nl ~Fd~ ~ lh@ @ S@ d ~@ ~, Nd,~@ N_ul d Qd~, ~ N d ~hlu

13 14dul O N F

O

8

NNhh sb @ d~ d@ ~, hF, sd, sbd Nd ~ OlD h @} `b ~ hF@ N dd @ @ s~ @ }~ O@ ~d d@ S d Qu dsh@ hNl@ ~Fd~ Sd@ kNd@ @] N@ d s@ h] @,Nd @ rl }~ ~@kN h d]~ @ O S `rl Q @ ~ @h lh@@ Olu d l dudNd @ ~ >

@r@, @ s @ ~No ~-~ Nd N~ Ndy Md@ N@F @ d N} @ > h h@ h@ d~ uC hN@h @ds @@ Nl N d > @b ~d@_sd ~ k @ Nu d, NS@bd_ ~hd_ Nd sd ~ k @ l@@ @ u , dul ~, ~-N@ k > Oh ~d @ @bd ~@ ~N@ ~ k@ NF@ N u _~@F sdh h, d dh dS QS@h Q@h ~h >

(2)

dul O@ QS@ N Nh @ Nd @h Qhd S@bNhh ~ @ @S @, NNh Njh S ~d@F @h dulO N QS@, N d@ b,@d@ dul O@ dj @F b , _@ bN` @h ~ Md @~ Nh Q @h > Q@ @}@ dNhS @} , @b h ~ S@, OOd@ ~h, h l Nh Od@, @ Ns Ndu~@, @ dul k h @ Nh ~ bN , su@ Q u@Q ~ y @ d @ h~@hM @ @@h dbh rl@ d ~hr bN d @ bN d~ ] ~y > du@ u bd NS@b hdu~ bd Nul f _@ Nh @h h @ hMsd ~hN, N ]]`Nd N d@ @b luNd, h @ Q@ d > ` ~ ~@ dul k,

15 16dul O N F

O

8

NNhh sb @ d~ d@ ~, hF, sd, sbd Nd ~ OlD h @} `b ~ hF@ N dd @ @ s~ @ }~ O@ ~d d@ S d Qu dsh@ hNl@ ~Fd~ Sd@ kNd@ @] N@ d s@ h] @,Nd @ rl }~ ~@kN h d]~ @ O S `rl Q @ ~ @h lh@@ Olu d l dudNd @ ~ >

@r@, @ s @ ~No ~-~ Nd N~ Ndy Md@ N@F @ d N} @ > h h@ h@ d~ uC hN@h @ds @@ Nl N d > @b ~d@_sd ~ k @ Nu d, NS@bd_ ~hd_ Nd sd ~ k @ l@@ @ u , dul ~, ~-N@ k > Oh ~d @ @bd ~@ ~N@ ~ k@ NF@ N u _~@F sdh h, d dh dS QS@h Q@h ~h >

(2)

dul O@ QS@ N Nh @ Nd @h Qhd S@bNhh ~ @ @S @, NNh Njh S ~d@F @h dulO N QS@, N d@ b,@d@ dul O@ dj @F b , _@ bN` @h ~ Md @~ Nh Q @h > Q@ @}@ dNhS @} , @b h ~ S@, OOd@ ~h, h l Nh Od@, @ Ns Ndu~@, @ dul k h @ Nh ~ bN , su@ Q u@Q ~ y @ d @ h~@hM @ @@h dbh rl@ d ~hr bN d @ bN d~ ] ~y > du@ u bd NS@b hdu~ bd Nul f _@ Nh @h h @ hMsd ~hN, N ]]`Nd N d@ @b luNd, h @ Q@ d > ` ~ ~@ dul k,

15 16dul O N F

O

9

N_, QS@ d @h O @ b @h NN@ @ Nd NOh @ ls @ @ > dy @@, _N sd Nd@ NhsN ghd @@h ~@ , N@ O@ ~@ N~, ~@, ~Fd~ O l@ ghh, rd@@dul ~h rd_ @ , u N~u`~~h dBd @ @ >

h N O ` hnh d @ Nd, d @ `O Nd @Ng ~d @h h , dh d b > @bdy @ @} N ~d @h Nd shb Q N h h Q hh,d@ ~h Ns Nh @ ~~@@ sN@ @h > dul O b b Qd, ~d h b F@h d ~dbh O ` b hn b Qd > d @ @} N @} @ h h, N rl@ r ~h @ ~y g u O@ h] d~ rlh Q@h~h : ~@ dh~uld N NS@b sd ~, `NF, Ns _@ ~N > @ @u Q rl ` dy

u O ~u~@ FC @N @, FC `O Od ~ dh ghd@ > @ ~u~@ ` Ns sd ~ N ~NF@ @ N sd,d@ u~, ~ k@ N@ N ~ dh N @, ~d@ N dNs u~, ~ k@ ~ s d@ N @ N_d d > Ns h d Ns dj@`@ Q@ @y @ O b dulO _@ b N~ @h Q @, d@N S@b@ ~ud @ > ~@d@ b @ j r ,@b @d@ u~-`O@ Ns , d@ ~ld@ Nl @~ Nl@, d@ r ds@ ~ld sd sd u~@d@ kN@ @ h~s~ @ h~ d@ @ jh h~@S@ @ Ns~d@ u~@ d@ N_ ~ sb @ >

, ~hr d@ u~ N, d@ u~ N ~d d@ u~ N S@bNh @, O N@ @ S@b Q N d ~hN@ ~ @b@ @d

17 18dul O N F

O

9

N_, QS@ d @h O @ b @h NN@ @ Nd NOh @ ls @ @ > dy @@, _N sd Nd@ NhsN ghd @@h ~@ , N@ O@ ~@ N~, ~@, ~Fd~ O l@ ghh, rd@@dul ~h rd_ @ , u N~u`~~h dBd @ @ >

h N O ` hnh d @ Nd, d @ `O Nd @Ng ~d @h h , dh d b > @bdy @ @} N ~d @h Nd shb Q N h h Q hh,d@ ~h Ns Nh @ ~~@@ sN@ @h > dul O b b Qd, ~d h b F@h d ~dbh O ` b hn b Qd > d @ @} N @} @ h h, N rl@ r ~h @ ~y g u O@ h] d~ rlh Q@h~h : ~@ dh~uld N NS@b sd ~, `NF, Ns _@ ~N > @ @u Q rl ` dy

u O ~u~@ FC @N @, FC `O Od ~ dh ghd@ > @ ~u~@ ` Ns sd ~ N ~NF@ @ N sd,d@ u~, ~ k@ N@ N ~ dh N @, ~d@ N dNs u~, ~ k@ ~ s d@ N @ N_d d > Ns h d Ns dj@`@ Q@ @y @ O b dulO _@ b N~ @h Q @, d@N S@b@ ~ud @ > ~@d@ b @ j r ,@b @d@ u~-`O@ Ns , d@ ~ld@ Nl @~ Nl@, d@ r ds@ ~ld sd sd u~@d@ kN@ @ h~s~ @ h~ d@ @ jh h~@S@ @ Ns~d@ u~@ d@ N_ ~ sb @ >

, ~hr d@ u~ N, d@ u~ N ~d d@ u~ N S@bNh @, O N@ @ S@b Q N d ~hN@ ~ @b@ @d

17 18dul O N F

O

10

@ > Nh rl@ @d@ N ~N_NS@b S@b ` ] O d@ F@ @ , @ N@ ~y, drl Oh d@ g dul shb-S ~@ d ~y > @dul QS@@ ~hrh ] ~y d _@ d u @u@@F d b , , ~ hhM, d Oh d@ Nl@ sd d@ bu, }~ Od@ @dul ~hrd@ bu, @ Ns u~ O sd dul @ N NhS ~ d ` D ~ hhM@N~-bu Su~@ Nh @ dh s@ @Qd > @ bu~ O S hhMNbu@F ~hrh Q@ @ s@ @d@ ~ Y ~y, h@ N NhQd Nhg@d @ @d Q @ ~y ~hr Qu, ~hu Nu d u,d@ ~Nhd, d@ O ~N N@ Nddh`, N ~hr@ C~ ~y @~d, N ~d N@F d@Oh ~y d N @@O, ~O ~l~hu NN@F ~hrhh @ s ~ d` > ~ No@

h@ Nh ~ N@ @d Nhh d@ d @ S~, h NNh ` gh, d@ ~, b @ @ , Ns g ~hr ~h >

@d N sd ~hr @ ] k, ~ @u@ _@ d d_@ , d@ _sd N k@ NQd~ > ~hr@ @d N @O @ ~N,M, ~d , sdu @, Nosd,Nh]ssd, b @u@ N@ ~hu~ @, hNhh N ] k@ N@F NNh NNh@ M Nd M d NNh k@ NN_ ~h, @b @@b@ N ]@@ NNh O @g@h dd k N @ @y @d N @ @ ~ k@N d@ Q@ ~hrd_, d@@ d@ N h@hr > N@ @d d `NFh hn ~y Nsd@ @ NhNd `N @ u~-Ns dul @ N@ ~ Nhh ls@ ~ Nhghd d `@

O

10

@ > Nh rl@ @d@ N ~N_NS@b S@b ` ] O d@ F@ @ , @ N@ ~y, drl Oh d@ g dul shb-S ~@ d ~y > @dul QS@@ ~hrh ] ~y d _@ d u @u@@F d b , , ~ hhM, d Oh d@ Nl@ sd d@ bu, }~ Od@ @dul ~hrd@ bu, @ Ns u~ O sd dul @ N NhS ~ d ` D ~ hhM@N~-bu Su~@ Nh @ dh s@ @Qd > @ bu~ O S hhMNbu@F ~hrh Q@ @ s@ @d@ ~ Y ~y, h@ N NhQd Nhg@d @ @d Q @ ~y ~hr Qu, ~hu Nu d u,d@ ~Nhd, d@ O ~N N@ Nddh`, N ~hr@ C~ ~y @~d, N ~d N@F d@Oh ~y d N @@O, ~O ~l~hu NN@F ~hrhh @ s ~ d` > ~ No@

h@ Nh ~ N@ @d Nhh d@ d @ S~, h NNh ` gh, d@ ~, b @ @ , Ns g ~hr ~h >

@d N sd ~hr @ ] k, ~ @u@ _@ d d_@ , d@ _sd N k@ NQd~ > ~hr@ @d N @O @ ~N,M, ~d , sdu @, Nosd,Nh]ssd, b @u@ N@ ~hu~ @, hNhh N ] k@ N@F NNh NNh@ M Nd M d NNh k@ NN_ ~h, @b @@b@ N ]@@ NNh O @g@h dd k N @ @y @d N @ @ ~ k@N d@ Q@ ~hrd_, d@@ d@ N h@hr > N@ @d d `NFh hn ~y Nsd@ @ NhNd `N @ u~-Ns dul @ N@ ~ Nhh ls@ ~ Nhghd d `@

O

11

~N_ dh N d@ S~h @, d@ N_ N_S, @ hMsd, Nosd, ~udsd, @, N @~d @F Nd@ h F @ > N~ @ ~N N @ Nd S@b ~d @ d@ _sd @Qu~ ~hN@, u~ ~ d h d Nd @ dh k `O, k , ~d@ k ssd @ Ns Nd @ d_ sh, dP_@ M @@ dh, @ h`@ Qd Nd u~-P@ Qdh l @], sd@ d@ d@ N u~ s@ ssd@ FCd ~ N~ @; h Su@ Su@ ` ~d@ u~@ FCd ` @@ Nh ~h@ > ~hr u~@ dul N@ g @b,@ No @@; h @ C~h Nd` N_u@ @, d dy d O d@ ~ @u@@ k@ g Md ~ >dy N Nd h @ Nhhsd , dy oul P ~@u > @ O, ~ @ oul `O k d@ N}~@ M; d ~ @ P dul

k @ S@ N@Ob, M~ NMNS~ lh ~d@ u~ Zsu ~ k@ Qlh dd @ > bN Nl@ ~hr@N `O, d@ k N@ s@b ~h @ N ~y >

(NFC)

21 22dul O N F

O

11

~N_ dh N d@ S~h @, d@ N_ N_S, @ hMsd, Nosd, ~udsd, @, N @~d @F Nd@ h F @ > N~ @ ~N N @ Nd S@b ~d @ d@ _sd @Qu~ ~hN@, u~ ~ d h d Nd @ dh k `O, k , ~d@ k ssd @ Ns Nd @ d_ sh, dP_@ M @@ dh, @ h`@ Qd Nd u~-P@ Qdh l @], sd@ d@ d@ N u~ s@ ssd@ FCd ~ N~ @; h Su@ Su@ ` ~d@ u~@ FCd ` @@ Nh ~h@ > ~hr u~@ dul N@ g @b,@ No @@; h @ C~h Nd` N_u@ @, d dy d O d@ ~ @u@@ k@ g Md ~ >dy N Nd h @ Nhhsd , dy oul P ~@u > @ O, ~ @ oul `O k d@ N}~@ M; d ~ @ P dul

k @ S@ N@Ob, M~ NMNS~ lh ~d@ u~ Zsu ~ k@ Qlh dd @ > bN Nl@ ~hr@N `O, d@ k N@ s@b ~h @ N ~y >

(NFC)

21 22dul O N F

O

12

dul O@

(d Q@S@)

u@o Nd Karmayogin ~ @ud@ d@ 1910 ]u@ ASystem of National Education @~@ d` > h sh@ F rl dul O N @O Q@S@@ dud @ d@su@h @ ~ ` > d@ ~ o@h NFC @s` > d @ drlghsh@ dul O N d sh@hd_FC rl@`] @@h 1924 ]u@ hhg@@ @` >

@ ~h ~d d@s 1971 N]@h @} @ ~@ 1975 @d ` > N ~hh d ~@@d @ @ d @ >

O

13

(2)

dul O@

(d Q@S@)

(1)

~ ~

O@ , @ @ ~-~@ ~hu~ > ~-o FCd @ NM @ dBd O Sl~@ @bh O@ d FC Nhr ~@ s~ ~ @ hMsd erhS S@ Odsg @@ N}~ > @bOdh @ d N ~u @bh ~ ~h,h Nu NFO< N~u u~h ~ @h h > N B g@ N bN ~hOOd@ B ~@ @Fld @@ ~ y, ~hhn h@F d@ ~h ~ dh @h h@ ~-@u@ _ @ N ~ @ @ d Nud @ dh Q~ @h >

~No @@ Sh~ OQu~ @ ~ O O r ssd @,

h @ dN > ~-~gj@ FC ~y@ F, @@y h @~ @b@h Nh@Od @ @ > @b N@ O- @ lh NS@b d N_u@ @,@h @O dh@ @uO@ uC ~d Nd Sl~@ N @,d Nl N @@ @u@ l `~@ > @d@y @u@, ~ Q@d @ O@ Q~ul @b r @`Od h >dul O-@ NN ` @ul O- N , dO S NFC d du~O~ @ y@ S ~N u~ h]@@ h@b ] ~y > ~~@@b@ l~ N_, N O-@ @ _@ N} @ > ~~@ @bshh NNh@ N N@u duOb @ _@y Sh~ @ l~ulMD @ ~ @@ > ~NNhh N@ N l _@ d d d`@h , dy d F@h ~hhMsd@ NS@b N NNh _@ NSd @ >

O~@ ~ud O @ ~y > O b S~ ~h,N b Nd > d@ `

25 26

O

13

(2)

dul O@

(d Q@S@)

(1)

~ ~

O@ , @ @ ~-~@ ~hu~ > ~-o FCd @ NM @ dBd O Sl~@ @bh O@ d FC Nhr ~@ s~ ~ @ hMsd erhS S@ Odsg @@ N}~ > @bOdh @ d N ~u @bh ~ ~h,h Nu NFO< N~u u~h ~ @h h > N B g@ N bN ~hOOd@ B ~@ @Fld @@ ~ y, ~hhn h@F d@ ~h ~ dh @h h@ ~-@u@ _ @ N ~ @ @ d Nud @ dh Q~ @h >

~No @@ Sh~ OQu~ @ ~ O O r ssd @,

h @ dN > ~-~gj@ FC ~y@ F, @@y h @~ @b@h Nh@Od @ @ > @b N@ O- @ lh NS@b d N_u@ @,@h @O dh@ @uO@ uC ~d Nd Sl~@ N @,d Nl N @@ @u@ l `~@ > @d@y @u@, ~ Q@d @ O@ Q~ul @b r @`Od h >dul O-@ NN ` @ul O- N , dO S NFC d du~O~ @ y@ S ~N u~ h]@@ h@b ] ~y > ~~@@b@ l~ N_, N O-@ @ _@ N} @ > ~~@ @bshh NNh@ N N@u duOb @ _@y Sh~ @ l~ulMD @ ~ @@ > ~NNhh N@ N l _@ d d d`@h , dy d F@h ~hhMsd@ NS@b N NNh _@ NSd @ >

O~@ ~ud O @ ~y > O b S~ ~h,N b Nd > d@ `

25 26

O

14

NFQ~ , h @g ` ~h > g@N d@ ~h d` @ ~y, N d@ ~~@shh @ FCd ~ @h , d ] d@ Md@ fd Nld @ > Ndh ~ ~ @ ~y, ~ @ ~ ~ @@d@ l ] > N d @ ~d ~hh b d@ ls @ ~y, dh ] d @ ~d dh h bhN @ g @ > ~l @ ~h O ~ ls @ @ h-~h O ~ ~h, @Obu ~F d > h l , , Ng ~ O~@ d ~l > lN@ d@d ~hN@l~ul N s-~@ d @ h Fd ~l@ d@ bN @~h ~y >

_dul ~ud ` erNS~ ~ ~h ~@ @ sb @h > d~h dd O rdG@ @ s d@ S@b @Qd ~hN@ d > d ~y ~@ N_ ~hlu Dh ~h bd Qd > hd-~h F~M @d bN~ shbu, , S@, ~d er@ S@u@ ~ Fd u~~-A ~

ghd @@ ~ S@b @@h dd O@ h` ~y > N_h d@ ~ Sds @~ @@ Nh~ d@ Od ,@ d b FCd`h d @ > ~-k @ N_d dQ@ @ N d; @b @ @ ~ d@ Ne ~ d @ @ N dd @ d@h sb @h h FC,d, _dul bul, su~ NS@b > d ~hr@ @ ~d , d@ ~N_, FCd ND ~ d@ @ Nhs d@@N@ d Oh ~ y s~ dh ~@ h N sb ~ @@ > @ ` h @ @, d @ @ @ > O@ NS~ `O Qd d PNS~ ~ u @kh d@ ~ Ne ghh @ @ b@ dh FCd~ @@ N @ >

O~@ ddul ~ud ~ @_@h @} @ F@-F@ , ~ ddy@h @} @ rd@ N ~@ > l NN, ~d@ F `d@ @k@ dud d@ @@,@, duld, , @h N ] sb

~ ~ 27 28

O

14

NFQ~ , h @g ` ~h > g@N d@ ~h d` @ ~y, N d@ ~~@shh @ FCd ~ @h , d ] d@ Md@ fd Nld @ > Ndh ~ ~ @ ~y, ~ @ ~ ~ @@d@ l ] > N d @ ~d ~hh b d@ ls @ ~y, dh ] d @ ~d dh h bhN @ g @ > ~l @ ~h O ~ ls @ @ h-~h O ~ ~h, @Obu ~F d > h l , , Ng ~ O~@ d ~l > lN@ d@d ~hN@l~ul N s-~@ d @ h Fd ~l@ d@ bN @~h ~y >

_dul ~ud ` erNS~ ~ ~h ~@ @ sb @h > d~h dd O rdG@ @ s d@ S@b @Qd ~hN@ d > d ~y ~@ N_ ~hlu Dh ~h bd Qd > hd-~h F~M @d bN~ shbu, , S@, ~d er@ S@u@ ~ Fd u~~-A ~

ghd @@ ~ S@b @@h dd O@ h` ~y > N_h d@ ~ Sds @~ @@ Nh~ d@ Od ,@ d b FCd`h d @ > ~-k @ N_d dQ@ @ N d; @b @ @ ~ d@ Ne ~ d @ @ N dd @ d@h sb @h h FC,d, _dul bul, su~ NS@b > d ~hr@ @ ~d , d@ ~N_, FCd ND ~ d@ @ Nhs d@@N@ d Oh ~ y s~ dh ~@ h N sb ~ @@ > @ ` h @ @, d @ @ @ > O@ NS~ `O Qd d PNS~ ~ u @kh d@ ~ Ne ghh @ @ b@ dh FCd~ @@ N @ >

O~@ ddul ~ud ~ @_@h @} @ F@-F@ , ~ ddy@h @} @ rd@ N ~@ > l NN, ~d@ F `d@ @k@ dud d@ @@,@, duld, , @h N ] sb

~ ~ 27 28

O

15

30

@, lh N ~_N@ N~ @, , N@ N N g > dh NNh dhd@ dN@@ d @, d ~h NNh u dh s d > dbh NNhh~y }~h O @} @h > @ N@, N_o@ s @ @~h @d @ dy@h d@ d@ Q@Fh d@ d@ @udSu u~@ ~N Qd S@h sb @ Qd ~h > @h bh d dh sb @ ~ ~ ~@ Nb@h h @ ` h ~y > N_Su~ N_ My @ N > @~kNh ] ~ N_d N~@ @S@ u Sh N~ hs @ > N~ N~N_ sh ~hN@b @ Qd; h N~ @hS N, u~, F~ d N~h d bN @udSu G@ s@ lN @ > _@@ N~bN ~ , hs N@ Qd;N~ Qd dud@ hsb, ~@ S@u,rd@ N > dud }~@ F, ~}~@ rlgh rd }~@ `O sd@ @B > dul O @ dy ~~@ h N_ ~ sb @ Qd >

(2)

~@ N

Od@ @b ` ~ @b @Q@ g@ @ > ~@ g@ dud S@bNh@ S@ NN @ N d d@ ~l N

O

15

30

@, lh N ~_N@ N~ @, , N@ N N g > dh NNh dhd@ dN@@ d @, d ~h NNh u dh s d > dbh NNhh~y }~h O @} @h > @ N@, N_o@ s @ @~h @d @ dy@h d@ d@ Q@Fh d@ d@ @udSu u~@ ~N Qd S@h sb @ Qd ~h > @h bh d dh sb @ ~ ~ ~@ Nb@h h @ ` h ~y > N_Su~ N_ My @ N > @~kNh ] ~ N_d N~@ @S@ u Sh N~ hs @ > N~ N~N_ sh ~hN@b @ Qd; h N~ @hS N, u~, F~ d N~h d bN @udSu G@ s@ lN @ > _@@ N~bN ~ , hs N@ Qd;N~ Qd dud@ hsb, ~@ S@u,rd@ N > dud }~@ F, ~}~@ rlgh rd }~@ `O sd@ @B > dul O @ dy ~~@ h N_ ~ sb @ Qd >

(2)

~@ N

Od@ @b ` ~ @b @Q@ g@ @ > ~@ g@ dud S@bNh@ S@ NN @ N d d@ ~l N

O

16

~@ N

Qe@ S@ @ d ~r N@Od ~ > Nl N

_dul g@ ` ~ ~N h @dul~gj@ rB ol ` h, @ ~Nhol@ ~hFd Nsud > ~@ Md `, , s, N_ , Gol @ ddghN@ d@F sb @ hb Nhh Q~hFd@@d @ > ~@ dO Su _@ d@F sb @ NNhh ~N S@b@ @bd@ > ~hFdN ` Q@ @b d, h Q ~h; h r sh@hd_FC Q d@D NFC Nsushh ~ @ Qd > dbhOd@ ` h @ rol@ ls@ ; @ _@ olsh @N~ @ SD Odsg ~ h, h Nsh FC d su@ NFO< N~ud ~ NN ~ O dO ~~hN@ h _@ Nshhd`D @ ~ > N olsh_@ Nld ` @@ NNhh NFC@F ~ld @ > @bN_@F QOh ] ~ ~h@ g dh @u @~ d` Qd > Ns @b ~ N`@ d h FCd @ ~ d ` Qd >

ddul g@ ` hM, Q@ @b d Ns @ ~ sh _@ ~ ` @ dh d d @ > h ~@ d~ g@ rl@ d~ hM ~@ @ d ~ bu@Fsd; Nshh S~d h bu@ @@ :Ob s@ Od d NF s@ d -OdNF > Ob s@ Od `, N~u N~_lF; s@ Od` N`Q~F mrbk > Obs@Od@ sd ` Q@, ~, NN`Q~F OdNh ], dh~ @,bus @, N~@b @, NM @, ~h~@ , ~w @ ; Nh ` h Nd @b@~N > Ob s@ OdNh l @, @, N~ ~ Od~hN@ Q@ @,d sb @, S@b @, Od@ N @@ > ~@ Obs ~@ h, s d > s ~@ @@bh @,Obs ~@ kh @ > s ~@Fd Ndh~ Nud @, Ob s N ~hru

31 32

O

16

~@ N

Qe@ S@ @ d ~r N@Od ~ > Nl N

_dul g@ ` ~ ~N h @dul~gj@ rB ol ` h, @ ~Nhol@ ~hFd Nsud > ~@ Md `, , s, N_ , Gol @ ddghN@ d@F sb @ hb Nhh Q~hFd@@d @ > ~@ dO Su _@ d@F sb @ NNhh ~N S@b@ @bd@ > ~hFdN ` Q@ @b d, h Q ~h; h r sh@hd_FC Q d@D NFC Nsushh ~ @ Qd > dbhOd@ ` h @ rol@ ls@ ; @ _@ olsh @N~ @ SD Odsg ~ h, h Nsh FC d su@ NFO< N~ud ~ NN ~ O dO ~~hN@ h _@ Nshhd`D @ ~ > N olsh_@ Nld ` @@ NNhh NFC@F ~ld @ > @bN_@F QOh ] ~ ~h@ g dh @u @~ d` Qd > Ns @b ~ N`@ d h FCd @ ~ d ` Qd >

ddul g@ ` hM, Q@ @b d Ns @ ~ sh _@ ~ ` @ dh d d @ > h ~@ d~ g@ rl@ d~ hM ~@ @ d ~ bu@Fsd; Nshh S~d h bu@ @@ :Ob s@ Od d NF s@ d -OdNF > Ob s@ Od `, N~u N~_lF; s@ Od` N`Q~F mrbk > Obs@Od@ sd ` Q@, ~, NN`Q~F OdNh ], dh~ @,bus @, N~@b @, NM @, ~h~@ , ~w @ ; Nh ` h Nd @b@~N > Ob s@ OdNh l @, @, N~ ~ Od~hN@ Q@ @,d sb @, S@b @, Od@ N @@ > ~@ Obs ~@ h, s d > s ~@ @@bh @,Obs ~@ kh @ > s ~@Fd Ndh~ Nud @, Ob s N ~hru

31 32

O

17

~@ N

hhM@ @FCd ~ ls @ > h@O FC u h ~ Qh d ~-@ sh@hd_FC Odshh N~@ d NFO

~@ Od@ Qdh g@ @ ~@ FCd d ~y gd@ Sd@ FC ~ s@ sd @h >~@ d g@@ hd shh S~d NS@bSu@ @h }~ b; NNh ` N Q@, N_dF Nd, ] @b,dO ~, d @b@ ~ Nl@ d_@budh` dul~ h, ~hr sd dNd@ @bd > N Nsh@ d@ N d d @, ~ FC @ Nd NNh ~@ N ` Q~ F hhM _ @ r _N @b NNh@ , ~h]d, b ~@ Nb Nsh@ FC lhSD d @ > d ~Nd@ ~@ g@h ud @ ~ Nh@u Od@ Nld ~ , @F ] h Odsb dd S@@ ~ h @b, NS@b Su@ u h @b@ @

@ @h > (O ~h),N dh df ~ @h Q @, S @ O N dh N_sd@ > @u OdNh ~N Nd sh@hd_FC, Nshh }~ Q@-`Q~@ @N@@h d @ @] ~ @ > Nhh @y ~Sd > NNh@ FC h FC@h ; dy@ , ~h]d, b]]l`@ Nbh NS~d ~@ N N@d@h > h O ~ @ @ ~y, N @ gO @ d NOd@h h NN N dh ~F @ >N Orl NS~ N @ O ~ ~ @ h@ u kh d@ N_ulFCd@ @ ~ G >

33 34

O

17

~@ N

hhM@ @FCd ~ ls @ > h@O FC u h ~ Qh d ~-@ sh@hd_FC Odshh N~@ d NFO

~@ Od@ Qdh g@ @ ~@ FCd d ~y gd@ Sd@ FC ~ s@ sd @h >~@ d g@@ hd shh S~d NS@bSu@ @h }~ b; NNh ` N Q@, N_dF Nd, ] @b,dO ~, d @b@ ~ Nl@ d_@budh` dul~ h, ~hr sd dNd@ @bd > N Nsh@ d@ N d d @, ~ FC @ Nd NNh ~@ N ` Q~ F hhM _ @ r _N @b NNh@ , ~h]d, b ~@ Nb Nsh@ FC lhSD d @ > d ~Nd@ ~@ g@h ud @ ~ Nh@u Od@ Nld ~ , @F ] h Odsb dd S@@ ~ h @b, NS@b Su@ u h @b@ @

@ @h > (O ~h),N dh df ~ @h Q @, S @ O N dh N_sd@ > @u OdNh ~N Nd sh@hd_FC, Nshh }~ Q@-`Q~@ @N@@h d @ @] ~ @ > Nhh @y ~Sd > NNh@ FC h FC@h ; dy@ , ~h]d, b]]l`@ Nbh NS~d ~@ N N@d@h > h O ~ @ @ ~y, N @ gO @ d NOd@h h NN N dh ~F @ >N Orl NS~ N @ O ~ ~ @ h@ u kh d@ N_ulFCd@ @ ~ G >

33 34

O

18

35

(3)

~d d

~@ u~-@Q ~ Od@ ~N d ~dd @ ~@u > hMsd Oh ~d sld@ FCd @h @ d d ~-d@Od@ > d ~ bN ~M @d ~@ d` ~ r Nl , d@ NNO ` Sh~ @d@ d~@ h`- `@ ~d d ` N @ N} @~y > ~d S N hg@ O~ _@d~h ~ud@lb S@lb @ s @ lN ` N@ d > @ h s`,@ @b l ~ ~r ~h ~h ` d l@ , @ bN~dd ~y > ~h @ h` > Q@ d u @b h ~O@ QNF Nsd h d NNh_@ Q@b d > h ~udF hg@O~@ d u@ Qh NNh d @ dd bN NS~ ~ @u >

~@ ~d d N@ h s` d~rl r sh@hd_FC : s, N@N NsdNu NNs N_ d > ~h ~d d ` ~ ~@ d l ` s,d NNs, B ~N, sl @u@ NN g oul d@ s@ lS@h ~hN@b @ > h~ @ dhd h @@ ` @, ~ YG@N~h @ @, bN ^Od @@g Q@, h N~@ l dhdh s@ rd @ ~ @, N @@` Nh ~l ~hlu @ FC, lu~, sd~hsd ~Nl@ u@hdF ~ > y @@, l@ d s@ -@ @ @ @ @b N ]d N_ rl h hb @ N d lh@ul u~@ > ~hr d S@b rb @ h N_d sb@, dhy d u~@ uFd @, ~ Nh h] @b N ~h > N l@~d @ S@h @ ~,N h ~ @h N d Nd, h d@ u~h, @ @

36

O

18

35

(3)

~d d

~@ u~-@Q ~ Od@ ~N d ~dd @ ~@u > hMsd Oh ~d sld@ FCd @h @ d d ~-d@Od@ > d ~ bN ~M @d ~@ d` ~ r Nl , d@ NNO ` Sh~ @d@ d~@ h`- `@ ~d d ` N @ N} @~y > ~d S N hg@ O~ _@d~h ~ud@lb S@lb @ s @ lN ` N@ d > @ h s`,@ @b l ~ ~r ~h ~h ` d l@ , @ bN~dd ~y > ~h @ h` > Q@ d u @b h ~O@ QNF Nsd h d NNh_@ Q@b d > h ~udF hg@O~@ d u@ Qh NNh d @ dd bN NS~ ~ @u >

~@ ~d d N@ h s` d~rl r sh@hd_FC : s, N@N NsdNu NNs N_ d > ~h ~d d ` ~ ~@ d l ` s,d NNs, B ~N, sl @u@ NN g oul d@ s@ lS@h ~hN@b @ > h~ @ dhd h @@ ` @, ~ YG@N~h @ @, bN ^Od @@g Q@, h N~@ l dhdh s@ rd @ ~ @, N @@` Nh ~l ~hlu @ FC, lu~, sd~hsd ~Nl@ u@hdF ~ > y @@, l@ d s@ -@ @ @ @ @b N ]d N_ rl h hb @ N d lh@ul u~@ > ~hr d S@b rb @ h N_d sb@, dhy d u~@ uFd @, ~ Nh h] @b N ~h > N l@~d @ S@h @ ~,N h ~ @h N d Nd, h d@ u~h, @ @

36

O

19

~d d

u~h ~@ @hQ oldD N @Qd @ ~N ~h N_Su~ ` Q@ @ > ~ s@ ~dd S-Oh @ _@ d ~ > N_u o~@ N@Ob@u F@h hN @ hF ~d d ]` d ` @u O-@ ~N u@ dO > o ul oh l (Central Hindu College) N ~hB~-~@ N@ d @ h@ d` ~y h O bh ` >

~@ O N l@ O ~ B l` hh d@ ~ FCdNS~ N @g@Q`h d @ bN gO ~ @ sd @], ~~ g , Nld @ d~h N@b @ h f d @ > @u Nlsh@ Nh@h Nho@ ~r ` O ~d @Q @ @ d~h N_Su~ ] N~h ~u@ d dh N~ @~hN@b @ @@h d d Nld ~ @ >h Md@ N @ d d dS -@@ d @b@h

d~ l sh N~ @ Nld ~dud Nd bN N~ ] ~ > dP_@ N~ @ h dO u Od @ ] >Qu~ @dul sh@hs-O@ @ sh@h d@ ~ hQd N rh r d@ ~d~hd, FC M, FC ~hN@b _@ dh ~@ > d d e S@b@ ~d @ Md >~ N Qu~ @ h~dB @ N} > h Sh~ @ul @ NS@bd O~ d~su Od d@u @O (police-man) N~ ~@ ~u,h, Nl O~@ @N} ~h >

~d d`@ ~l ` NFQ~ (suggest) b @ (invite) h (command) @ @ ` (impose) ~h >d @ B Md ` sd , d~ ~o~ hg~ > Nh hg@ Qd : l d~ dud@ d ~Nh, bN ~d gh @F ~h h ~~@r rbul gh@F > l d~ Nhhg@ @ Qd : k~@ QS@, Nd@NNh d sh Pud @ d uNh d@ @, dN u~u@ @bu

37 38

O

19

~d d

u~h ~@ @hQ oldD N @Qd @ ~N ~h N_Su~ ` Q@ @ > ~ s@ ~dd S-Oh @ _@ d ~ > N_u o~@ N@Ob@u F@h hN @ hF ~d d ]` d ` @u O-@ ~N u@ dO > o ul oh l (Central Hindu College) N ~hB~-~@ N@ d @ h@ d` ~y h O bh ` >

~@ O N l@ O ~ B l` hh d@ ~ FCdNS~ N @g@Q`h d @ bN gO ~ @ sd @], ~~ g , Nld @ d~h N@b @ h f d @ > @u Nlsh@ Nh@h Nho@ ~r ` O ~d @Q @ @ d~h N_Su~ ] N~h ~u@ d dh N~ @~hN@b @ @@h d d Nld ~ @ >h Md@ N @ d d dS -@@ d @b@h

d~ l sh N~ @ Nld ~dud Nd bN N~ ] ~ > dP_@ N~ @ h dO u Od @ ] >Qu~ @dul sh@hs-O@ @ sh@h d@ ~ hQd N rh r d@ ~d~hd, FC M, FC ~hN@b _@ dh ~@ > d d e S@b@ ~d @ Md >~ N Qu~ @ h~dB @ N} > h Sh~ @ul @ NS@bd O~ d~su Od d@u @O (police-man) N~ ~@ ~u,h, Nl O~@ @N} ~h >

~d d`@ ~l ` NFQ~ (suggest) b @ (invite) h (command) @ @ ` (impose) ~h >d @ B Md ` sd , d~ ~o~ hg~ > Nh hg@ Qd : l d~ dud@ d ~Nh, bN ~d gh @F ~h h ~~@r rbul gh@F > l d~ Nhhg@ @ Qd : k~@ QS@, Nd@NNh d sh Pud @ d uNh d@ @, dN u~u@ @bu

37 38

O

20

~d d

NNh ~ Q, d s uNd@ u @F @ > @ Nu, NdN, ~udFC S ds @ _Qd u~ NNF d~ Nh]@ @] ~Nhh O d sd u~@ @Fld @ > ` , FCd@ u@ ~y d@hbu~@ Nud @N@ @Nh ~d s d @h dd h NNhh d@Fld @ Nhs ~ > Ns@@ d@hb~ @ }~ Qh ~d Ss~ @@ Nh r Nl > h Nh shb}~ @ ` @ d ~hN@d@hb~ ~h d ` @ N, ~Nhh~ N~@ lD u~ Nsd NNh Ndh @ g Nh@Qd N}~ N~h Nhs ~ ?

dbh d h, d@ N_@ Bshb @, NNh@ ~ @ Nhs dM f ~ @ > d@ @u@

~N bN hshb, N hN@ @, ddh @Su ~@ d d @ @ @Qd ~h @ @s@ Md N, d]~ (re-jection) N @~ (substitution) bu _@NNhh F@ @ `s dh fd @ Qd > NNhhshbh bN @S @ ~h, h bN @s@ `Ob , N N ~@@ Q_@ @~ul ` N dh fd @Qd > d ~@ @ Nddh ds @ d ~@ Ndh, l ~@ NNh,N_@d ~@ kfs dsh, _r ~@ hrb @h > Nsd ~d shbh r` @ ~ @ ~ , N r R ~h > d@hbd@ hd @bdh dS ,~d @d@ ~ ` hnh > NshhhM @ sh , dfd @h ~y >

h ~dd N , ~ SON S > dQd hd S@b@ S@ O _@ h~S@lb ~udu > @ul, @ N hd bN Sd d@ ~h~ s@ ~ @ bN @ @ ~y d N~ , d@ @ S~

O

20

~d d

NNh ~ Q, d s uNd@ u @F @ > @ Nu, NdN, ~udFC S ds @ _Qd u~ NNF d~ Nh]@ @] ~Nhh O d sd u~@ @Fld @ > ` , FCd@ u@ ~y d@hbu~@ Nud @N@ @Nh ~d s d @h dd h NNhh d@Fld @ Nhs ~ > Ns@@ d@hb~ @ }~ Qh ~d Ss~ @@ Nh r Nl > h Nh shb}~ @ ` @ d ~hN@d@hb~ ~h d ` @ N, ~Nhh~ N~@ lD u~ Nsd NNh Ndh @ g Nh@Qd N}~ N~h Nhs ~ ?

dbh d h, d@ N_@ Bshb @, NNh@ ~ @ Nhs dM f ~ @ > d@ @u@

~N bN hshb, N hN@ @, ddh @Su ~@ d d @ @ @Qd ~h @ @s@ Md N, d]~ (re-jection) N @~ (substitution) bu _@NNhh F@ @ `s dh fd @ Qd > NNhhshbh bN @S @ ~h, h bN @s@ `Ob , N N ~@@ Q_@ @~ul ` N dh fd @Qd > d ~@ @ Nddh ds @ d ~@ Ndh, l ~@ NNh,N_@d ~@ kfs dsh, _r ~@ hrb @h > Nsd ~d shbh r` @ ~ @ ~ , N r R ~h > d@hbd@ hd @bdh dS ,~d @d@ ~ ` hnh > NshhhM @ sh , dfd @h ~y >

h ~dd N , ~ SON S > dQd hd S@b@ S@ O _@ h~S@lb ~udu > @ul, @ N hd bN Sd d@ ~h~ s@ ~ @ bN @ @ ~y d N~ , d@ @ S~

O

21

~d d

Q@u @ > Sh u~@ @Fld @h, Sd O @h ~y > @dd dul O@, S_N@ Oh Sd@ h bN ~hB~ Ssd lh u~@N @ ~ ~rS @ @ hd d ` ~~d @ @b rlgh @h ~NS@b@ QO >@ s~@ , ~rS `S~@Odh @@ l d > bN S-Oh u~@ N @ ~ d d F`u~ > @ NS~@ N, k k-d` ly S-u~@ ghd ~ d rl > ~, M-, f d@ ~hB~h ghd@F ~ Qy > Su~@r ~r ~h d k sd ~ rNl > h o @ d ~@ ~, SF @ ~ bN @Fhsb @ Qd > ~Qd SO@ bN F` @~y O ~ y l l@ >

h S@ bN @F@ O ~ @ ~ , S@ N@ : s~ ~, ~d ~, ~, @ ~ d N~ @ ~ ~u~~ @ d dul l@ @Fsud > ohS@ h] @ Ng

l@ ~h @y @dul rlgh-sh@ @dul Md@ @ oh-_N oh-@ O S u ~ l-~ @h ` @ l~@ duld @Fdj Qd >

41 42

O

21

~d d

Q@u @ > Sh u~@ @Fld @h, Sd O @h ~y > @dd dul O@, S_N@ Oh Sd@ h bN ~hB~ Ssd lh u~@N @ ~ ~rS @ @ hd d ` ~~d @ @b rlgh @h ~NS@b@ QO >@ s~@ , ~rS `S~@Odh @@ l d > bN S-Oh u~@ N @ ~ d d F`u~ > @ NS~@ N, k k-d` ly S-u~@ ghd ~ d rl > ~, M-, f d@ ~hB~h ghd@F ~ Qy > Su~@r ~r ~h d k sd ~ rNl > h o @ d ~@ ~, SF @ ~ bN @Fhsb @ Qd > ~Qd SO@ bN F` @~y O ~ y l l@ >

h S@ bN @F@ O ~ @ ~ , S@ N@ : s~ ~, ~d ~, ~, @ ~ d N~ @ ~ ~u~~ @ d dul l@ @Fsud > ohS@ h] @ Ng

l@ ~h @y @dul rlgh-sh@ @dul Md@ @ oh-_N oh-@ O S u ~ l-~ @h ` @ l~@ duld @Fdj Qd >

41 42

O

22

43u~ ~h O~

(4)

u~ ~h O~

Sh~ d`@ d r @ rl @d@ @O d@u b@F (reductioabsurdum) ~hd, d ` rl@ O@ (teaching by snippets) N > ~ hrl Nd s rl@ @ d@ O ,d@ N_@F ] rl s r@ ]h` O @ @ dh Nd r@ d ]@@ O @ ]d FC ~ _@ @rd d ghd O ND @, ~ ~@bN s@ O @ ~y > dul @r_@ sud O- ` lQ@ _d buN > Md@ O~@ @}@ n@ N rl@ O @ Nh M @ @ r@ d h @d @ S@b@ rd~ @@ lN @ > bN dh@urohh F@ @] d @ ` @N rl >

O~@ Qu~ ` N s h rl@ h~hh ~~ @ d@

~ rl s@ sN@ ~d@F Sh~ O S hNd ` > N rl@ ~~ @@h ~ ` d su@d@, @ gd@ Nd ` > NS@bSh~ ~@ su@d, N `hd Q@~ud@ S@ @b ` N rl@h O@ rh Md > h@d~ @@S@ ~d@F s r @ @-@ d ` h s@h O @ rl-gh, @u g@@ l~ ~@h Nh Qu~ Od~ Nrd@ O@ h Qu~ Sh~ d~ @M @ @]h ~y, h ~~ ~ FCd ddd l ~~l~ @h >

Sh~ O~-@ NO@ h @F h h~@ ~s N@ m s ~P rl@ u s @ Q d_@ h~ dy@ ud h ~y > @@rlgh@ @~ _@ ~h > @ N_d : Sh~ hs@ h~ Qu~ @ h~O b d , dy h d N~hu Nl N ~ @ ~ ~@hfd @@] _@ N~ @ ~ ?

44

O

22

43u~ ~h O~

(4)

u~ ~h O~

Sh~ d`@ d r @ rl @d@ @O d@u b@F (reductioabsurdum) ~hd, d ` rl@ O@ (teaching by snippets) N > ~ hrl Nd s rl@ @ d@ O ,d@ N_@F ] rl s r@ ]h` O @ @ dh Nd r@ d ]@@ O @ ]d FC ~ _@ @rd d ghd O ND @, ~ ~@bN s@ O @ ~y > dul @r_@ sud O- ` lQ@ _d buN > Md@ O~@ @}@ n@ N rl@ O @ Nh M @ @ r@ d h @d @ S@b@ rd~ @@ lN @ > bN dh@urohh F@ @] d @ ` @N rl >

O~@ Qu~ ` N s h rl@ h~hh ~~ @ d@

~ rl s@ sN@ ~d@F Sh~ O S hNd ` > N rl@ ~~ @@h ~ ` d su@d@, @ gd@ Nd ` > NS@bSh~ ~@ su@d, N `hd Q@~ud@ S@ @b ` N rl@h O@ rh Md > h@d~ @@S@ ~d@F s r @ @-@ d ` h s@h O @ rl-gh, @u g@@ l~ ~@h Nh Qu~ Od~ Nrd@ O@ h Qu~ Sh~ d~ @M @ @]h ~y, h ~~ ~ FCd ddd l ~~l~ @h >

Sh~ O~-@ NO@ h @F h h~@ ~s N@ m s ~P rl@ u s @ Q d_@ h~ dy@ ud h ~y > @@rlgh@ @~ _@ ~h > @ N_d : Sh~ hs@ h~ Qu~ @ h~O b d , dy h d N~hu Nl N ~ @ ~ ~@hfd @@] _@ N~ @ ~ ?

44

O

23

u~ ~h O~

d h g@ ~h bN rl@ uNl N ~ @ @ ~y, h hnh bN d h bN @ l-O~ ~ ~hh > bN @ SM l~ ~h~@ lN d Nd r Qd > lN@ h@ r s d N d@ s h N > N@ sysd@ > h@ rlh d sF~ d~ @, O~@ @ dF, d@ h@ @ ~sdN@ s @h ! Qd N_ ~@hh N_ N_lOMd@ O @@ Nhss` h@ Od N@ s @@ bN N@ @ ~y > h, l~ @, bN rl@ su d N rlhNFC @F ~ NFC @ dy@`s@ > hh N~ @ N~ s ~,l~@ d@ Nh]h N dh NFC@FlSu~ @ su ~ @yO~@ >

O@ N ~s O@ @b@ sh FC ~ N ~ld hS rl@O~ @ Nl @ Ql d >

d ~N @bsh bN rhN@ u l @h r d h,Ndy dh ~~ r N@ S@b @ Nl N, h Nd ~h, ddh O N hn@ h @ @ FC l @@ >Sh ~@ drh l @@ N ~ rhl @h NhS > ~ dr@Nr~ ~ @, rdj ~ _@ ~~rh l @ N} > Ob, Q@, h dh~@ ~ r d ~ N ~@ l~@ d ~ Nu~ d > ~~ rl@ l~ @ >

dry O@ h N N h r lSu~ @ h@ h ~ld @ Qd > l d h@ @ ~-, @ , ~l-Od, @hQ@ N > Nhh d@ Nd dN s@ s~_d@ Qd > ~S h ~~, hg-~, ~@~o ddu~ ~ @ hh d@ Nd@ rQr , d@ Qdh_@ d@ u~-Qd Nd d du g@ @Qd @ Qd > NNh d@ Nh]@ @ d @

45 46

O

23

u~ ~h O~

d h g@ ~h bN rl@ uNl N ~ @ @ ~y, h hnh bN d h bN @ l-O~ ~ ~hh > bN @ SM l~ ~h~@ lN d Nd r Qd > lN@ h@ r s d N d@ s h N > N@ sysd@ > h@ rlh d sF~ d~ @, O~@ @ dF, d@ h@ @ ~sdN@ s @h ! Qd N_ ~@hh N_ N_lOMd@ O @@ Nhss` h@ Od N@ s @@ bN N@ @ ~y > h, l~ @, bN rl@ su d N rlhNFC @F ~ NFC @ dy@`s@ > hh N~ @ N~ s ~,l~@ d@ Nh]h N dh NFC@FlSu~ @ su ~ @yO~@ >

O@ N ~s O@ @b@ sh FC ~ N ~ld hS rl@O~ @ Nl @ Ql d >

d ~N @bsh bN rhN@ u l @h r d h,Ndy dh ~~ r N@ S@b @ Nl N, h Nd ~h, ddh O N hn@ h @ @ FC l @@ >Sh ~@ drh l @@ N ~ rhl @h NhS > ~ dr@Nr~ ~ @, rdj ~ _@ ~~rh l @ N} > Ob, Q@, h dh~@ ~ r d ~ N ~@ l~@ d ~ Nu~ d > ~~ rl@ l~ @ >

dry O@ h N N h r lSu~ @ h@ h ~ld @ Qd > l d h@ @ ~-, @ , ~l-Od, @hQ@ N > Nhh d@ Nd dN s@ s~_d@ Qd > ~S h ~~, hg-~, ~@~o ddu~ ~ @ hh d@ Nd@ rQr , d@ Qdh_@ d@ u~-Qd Nd d du g@ @Qd @ Qd > NNh d@ Nh]@ @ d @

45 46

O

24

u~ ~h O~

Qd @ h h@ Nh shb Nsh_@ r d u > Nl@ ~N l~ ~N l ~d Q@d@ FCd~ ~ld Qd > d dN, ~,~, d rl@ d Qd, h @g ~hB~ @ ~h > d hQr bu hbh `, u@d_h N~ ] ~ h @ > Nh shb d d @rb N@ NNh @ d@ bd@N d@ dN@ u ~ul shbNhh l@h > d h , ~hN~@u, mrb@u h~hh @uO@u > Nh shb dd@ rb @ d@ bd@ N ~@ ~ ~ @b @h >d h@ dD ~sd dF @ ~~hN~ d @ bd > Nh@ N@ @sd ~ N@ ~ @b ~ hhSu@ Su@ rb @ > d h@ ~h@b d~F @ N_ d @ > h @@ ~@ s~ ~ shb@ N@@ >

_-dh d@ N_ A@ @hNhs s` d }~h Nh @ ~@ NNh@ @ }~ @ >

~N hsbh O~ @@ d@ lh S~ @h @ _@ @ ~ ssd@ dd@ d@S d N @h > Nh]@ , ~Nhd@ S@bNh @ h > h l ] @ @ ~y > dud d@ NgFN@ N @ Qdhs@ F@h`h }~h ~y; }~ lN @ @h P_@ N~S@bu s~ d@ ~sb @ dh ~l@NM` s@ ls @ ~ }~@ NN > rl@ O @ (teach-ing by snippets) Mdh N@ l~ul @h ~Nd @h > N hhu~, ~ s@ su @; d h~hh d@ ~~@ @b-shh d @,N r @ @ dy@ dh Od ~@ > @ @u @ N dd@ NdO` @ d ~ld l~@ bN @ h@F@b @ ] N ~ drlh ]@ O@ ~@ ~ rlhh~hhd@ N ` @ O @@ >

47 48

O

24

u~ ~h O~

Qd @ h h@ Nh shb Nsh_@ r d u > Nl@ ~N l~ ~N l ~d Q@d@ FCd~ ~ld Qd > d dN, ~,~, d rl@ d Qd, h @g ~hB~ @ ~h > d hQr bu hbh `, u@d_h N~ ] ~ h @ > Nh shb d d @rb N@ NNh @ d@ bd@N d@ dN@ u ~ul shbNhh l@h > d h , ~hN~@u, mrb@u h~hh @uO@u > Nh shb dd@ rb @ d@ bd@ N ~@ ~ ~ @b @h >d h@ dD ~sd dF @ ~~hN~ d @ bd > Nh@ N@ @sd ~ N@ ~ @b ~ hhSu@ Su@ rb @ > d h@ ~h@b d~F @ N_ d @ > h @@ ~@ s~ ~ shb@ N@@ >

_-dh d@ N_ A@ @hNhs s` d }~h Nh @ ~@ NNh@ @ }~ @ >

~N hsbh O~ @@ d@ lh S~ @h @ _@ @ ~ ssd@ dd@ d@S d N @h > Nh]@ , ~Nhd@ S@bNh @ h > h l ] @ @ ~y > dud d@ NgFN@ N @ Qdhs@ F@h`h }~h ~y; }~ lN @ @h P_@ N~S@bu s~ d@ ~sb @ dh ~l@NM` s@ ls @ ~ }~@ NN > rl@ O @ (teach-ing by snippets) Mdh N@ l~ul @h ~Nd @h > N hhu~, ~ s@ su @; d h~hh d@ ~~@ @b-shh d @,N r @ @ dy@ dh Od ~@ > @ @u @ N dd@ NdO` @ d ~ld l~@ bN @ h@F@b @ ] N ~ drlh ]@ O@ ~@ ~ rlhh~hhd@ N ` @ O @@ >

47 48

O

25

49olNF@ d`

(5)

olNF@ d`

~~@ Nl ol : ~ol,bol, bol, ol, @N~ol ~Nol >r ol ~ dud ~ olsh h]u @u@Nlh olsh@ r@ sh : QOh,C, ~N, d_ _ @h Q@ rlghNs @ > Q @ N l N@ olsh@ FCd NS~ O~@ ~s@ rlsh @hd > olsh@h }~ h ~r Qh d` ~h` d ~hFdud > hn ~h`d ~hFdud N d@ @ Nsh@ F@u@b ~ N l`~ @ @ > ~ FCd N uN@ N~y FCd@ @b hn >

olsh N~@ ~h`d ~hFdud ~~hFd-@b@ sd Nlhsh@ dF~ l sb@u ~@ ~l N_ud @ ~@ @ >sh ~ N~ NFC @ > QOh @F ~ @, C sb @, _d N_sb @, Q @, ~N

~h` b @ > N@ hn@ b @b-@F QOh@ l~ @h >] O @ N_ll dh~@hd ; @ Qd ~M@b@ d ] d @ r ~h, ~ @@b @ >

N lh @ d @@ > N lhsh sd dud ~ ~h > ol _@ ~hFd @b @ dh @d @ Nlhsh@~@ bN ~y > h ~hFd@b@ SD @ N S ~hFd-@b@ FCd Nd hd @ @; h ~hN@ N_ll @FC@F @ ol ~@ G@ N@ bNd @ ~y, d d Nlh ~@ G > @ d d N@ ol@ bN @u@ d > dd Od O@ rlgh ~h, d X@@] >

@ S N P_@ ~@ ~hF d @ G@ ~y, d olsh@ D~hFdudy d@ @b > d ol@ bN @u@ Od d ~ Nd ,d, b, N_ ~hFd@ d d ~hFdu~d@ ~@l @@ > S

50

O

25

49olNF@ d`

(5)

olNF@ d`

~~@ Nl ol : ~ol,bol, bol, ol, @N~ol ~Nol >r ol ~ dud ~ olsh h]u @u@Nlh olsh@ r@ sh : QOh,C, ~N, d_ _ @h Q@ rlghNs @ > Q @ N l N@ olsh@ FCd NS~ O~@ ~s@ rlsh @hd > olsh@h }~ h ~r Qh d` ~h` d ~hFdud > hn ~h`d ~hFdud N d@ @ Nsh@ F@u@b ~ N l`~ @ @ > ~ FCd N uN@ N~y FCd@ @b hn >

olsh N~@ ~h`d ~hFdud ~~hFd-@b@ sd Nlhsh@ dF~ l sb@u ~@ ~l N_ud @ ~@ @ >sh ~ N~ NFC @ > QOh @F ~ @, C sb @, _d N_sb @, Q @, ~N

~h` b @ > N@ hn@ b @b-@F QOh@ l~ @h >] O @ N_ll dh~@hd ; @ Qd ~M@b@ d ] d @ r ~h, ~ @@b @ >

N lh @ d @@ > N lhsh sd dud ~ ~h > ol _@ ~hFd @b @ dh @d @ Nlhsh@~@ bN ~y > h ~hFd@b@ SD @ N S ~hFd-@b@ FCd Nd hd @ @; h ~hN@ N_ll @FC@F @ ol ~@ G@ N@ bNd @ ~y, d d Nlh ~@ G > @ d d N@ ol@ bN @u@ d > dd Od O@ rlgh ~h, d X@@] >

@ S N P_@ ~@ ~hF d @ G@ ~y, d olsh@ D~hFdudy d@ @b > d ol@ bN @u@ Od d ~ Nd ,d, b, N_ ~hFd@ d d ~hFdu~d@ ~@l @@ > S

50

O

26

olNF@ d`

d@ F@u@b ~hFdud@ d Nlh@ hMu@b _@ d@ d@ @@ > d@ d N@ S@b@, _N-_N@~lb @b `O ~ ~@@ r ~l > bu ~d@FN lh@ dF~ d Su~ lh h~d @ ` NFC@F @, d _@ olNF@ l d S@b@ > Mdh s ~l@ ~-hM Nlh-hMu@bh >

~hFd@ -(N lh)@ d ]d_@ ~hFd-@b FCd o ~y > dd@ ` d Nl , h ~hFd d @] > @ bhb @b ` ol@l@ l d Ndd@ > NNlh@ sh d ]d@ @b ` Nlh-@ d @ sFdgd@ l > Nh d@ d d@ `Nlh@ ~u@d @d@ N > ~-hM Nlh-hM _@ @ d@ @@ Ng

Nlhh @], @@ Ng lh PF @d ~ @, ~@ hMu@b ~ghdF @ >

Nlh- @ @@ d ~hFd-@b N ~@h ~ S-@N}~ @@ > ~ ~N rB ol ~~hFd @b@ sd, g- hM N N~ ~ NsNFd > S Z@h ~@h@ > @h Nh N gh N d ol@ s@ sud h d@ Nlh@ ~ Q@ ~l N , ,b, N_@ Ng d@F N@y sd @ ~N NNhh hM ~h @b @ > ~N N@ ~ol ~hFd@ sd >ol @ ~~ ol N N_lNFC; ~hFd@sd N@ @ S@ N}~ @d d >

~ol N@ ~ @@h @@h dOQ@ S@bshh sb @ > NNh S@bsh ~NFC , h hM ~h N~ Nh @bu d N@ G ~ @ @ dG@ P_@ N@ S@b@N h > ~@ d N h d QOh, C,~N, d_ _@ N-@b@ Nld @h

51 52

O

26

olNF@ d`

d@ F@u@b ~hFdud@ d Nlh@ hMu@b _@ d@ d@ @@ > d@ d N@ S@b@, _N-_N@~lb @b `O ~ ~@@ r ~l > bu ~d@FN lh@ dF~ d Su~ lh h~d @ ` NFC@F @, d _@ olNF@ l d S@b@ > Mdh s ~l@ ~-hM Nlh-hMu@bh >

~hFd@ -(N lh)@ d ]d_@ ~hFd-@b FCd o ~y > dd@ ` d Nl , h ~hFd d @] > @ bhb @b ` ol@l@ l d Ndd@ > NNlh@ sh d ]d@ @b ` Nlh-@ d @ sFdgd@ l > Nh d@ d d@ `Nlh@ ~u@d @d@ N > ~-hM Nlh-hM _@ @ d@ @@ Ng

Nlhh @], @@ Ng lh PF @d ~ @, ~@ hMu@b ~ghdF @ >

Nlh- @ @@ d ~hFd-@b N ~@h ~ S-@N}~ @@ > ~ ~N rB ol ~~hFd @b@ sd, g- hM N N~ ~ NsNFd > S Z@h ~@h@ > @h Nh N gh N d ol@ s@ sud h d@ Nlh@ ~ Q@ ~l N , ,b, N_@ Ng d@F N@y sd @ ~N NNhh hM ~h @b @ > ~N N@ ~ol ~hFd@ sd >ol @ ~~ ol N N_lNFC; ~hFd@sd N@ @ S@ N}~ @d d >

~ol N@ ~ @@h @@h dOQ@ S@bshh sb @ > NNh S@bsh ~NFC , h hM ~h N~ Nh @bu d N@ G ~ @ @ dG@ P_@ N@ S@b@N h > ~@ d N h d QOh, C,~N, d_ _@ N-@b@ Nld @h

51 52

O

27

olNF@ d`

S@bh d @, h @ d d@u > ~@ dO S@b @ @ @b Q@u @ S~ f > dQ@hy ~ dO S@b ~ h d, g@ ~ Ng gh ~ ~ol @ ~@@h ~ No @ d@@h S@b ~ > ~@ ~hFd-ud@ FC h s Md@ NFO rB ol@ h ~hru-d`@ uFd @ ~y > rd hs@ ~No @ ~hr-@ d`@ ~sb @ > d @ @ bN @b ~ y N hMh N N ~h d` ~ @s` @ Q FCS@b N ~ ` NFC sN@ @ >

@ d Nl sh Nlh@hMu@b _@ F@ @ @ > _dul d `ssh ~, sh F S@bNhh d

@ > d _@ @, b _@@, bN s ^O @ d ~hN@ S@b@ h d @@ > S-h s@ ~lb ~d N@hMu@b _@ F@ @ @ > ~d d`@ ~ N Nul Q@-`Q~hsd @]@ > @u S ` Q ~lN }~@ d@ ghN dd @@ Nsd Md @Obu dNd@ g Md@ N d@bN ~Fd~ dh @ @ > Sd ~Nhy ~Fd~ d@ ~Fd~d @S@ bNQd~ Odd_ dud S@bshh sb @@ >@bN_@F h, d@ S@b ` @h d Nd ,d @ Nsd @ @h }~ g @ d O h, d h@hb Q-NNs h Q@ NOd@ hM ~h @d @bu y@hd ~Fd~ d h@d~ d _@ QD h `hQ d N d > rl@h@ sh ` h su@ h~hh @~gj @ @h > r @by

53 54

O

27

olNF@ d`

S@bh d @, h @ d d@u > ~@ dO S@b @ @ @b Q@u @ S~ f > dQ@hy ~ dO S@b ~ h d, g@ ~ Ng gh ~ ~ol @ ~@@h ~ No @ d@@h S@b ~ > ~@ ~hFd-ud@ FC h s Md@ NFO rB ol@ h ~hru-d`@ uFd @ ~y > rd hs@ ~No @ ~hr-@ d`@ ~sb @ > d @ @ bN @b ~ y N hMh N N ~h d` ~ @s` @ Q FCS@b N ~ ` NFC sN@ @ >

@ d Nl sh Nlh@hMu@b _@ F@ @ @ > _dul d `ssh ~, sh F S@bNhh d

@ > d _@ @, b _@@, bN s ^O @ d ~hN@ S@b@ h d @@ > S-h s@ ~lb ~d N@hMu@b _@ F@ @ @ > ~d d`@ ~ N Nul Q@-`Q~hsd @]@ > @u S ` Q ~lN }~@ d@ ghN dd @@ Nsd Md @Obu dNd@ g Md@ N d@bN ~Fd~ dh @ @ > Sd ~Nhy ~Fd~ d@ ~Fd~d @S@ bNQd~ Odd_ dud S@bshh sb @@ >@bN_@F h, d@ S@b ` @h d Nd ,d @ Nsd @ @h }~ g @ d O h, d h@hb Q-NNs h Q@ NOd@ hM ~h @d @bu y@hd ~Fd~ d h@d~ d _@ QD h `hQ d N d > rl@h@ sh ` h su@ h~hh @~gj @ @h > r @by

53 54

O

28

olNF@ d`

~ > Q-hM Q@ sd ~N ~d N@ hMu@b dud d@h h N} > s@ l h@d~@ l@ `, h Sh~O-@ @ bN ~ ~y ` Qd >

dbh }~ h@d~@ d NFdh h~ @ @ ~ Nh N h Ng @ fh l @]@ Nh @h > dul O @ r sh@hd_FCrl@ lh@ul S@b _@ ~ld h Q ~y > @ d N@ l~ul l @ hd N@ @ uFd @@ >

}~ N N@ Fd ~l N h@d~ NNs S@b@ @S @h hMh h @ > ~l N -~@Fb, Q@, ~Q~,@b Nh ` hM@ > h Q-hM ~ N NFC N@ @ ~ FC Frd @

~N-@ N Q@, ~, N hM@ h, hMu@b ~h` ~Q@ hMu@b >

55 56

O

28

olNF@ d`

~ > Q-hM Q@ sd ~N ~d N@ hMu@b dud d@h h N} > s@ l h@d~@ l@ `, h Sh~O-@ @ bN ~ ~y ` Qd >

dbh }~ h@d~@ d NFdh h~ @ @ ~ Nh N h Ng @ fh l @]@ Nh @h > dul O @ r sh@hd_FCrl@ lh@ul S@b _@ ~ld h Q ~y > @ d N@ l~ul l @ hd N@ @ uFd @@ >

}~ N N@ Fd ~l N h@d~ NNs S@b@ @S @h hMh h @ > ~l N -~@Fb, Q@, ~Q~,@b Nh ` hM@ > h Q-hM ~ N NFC N@ @ ~ FC Frd @

~N-@ N Q@, ~, N hM@ h, hMu@b ~h` ~Q@ hMu@b >

55 56

O

29

N_@ ol~hFd@

(6)

N_@ ol~hFd@

~-@b@u N@ olNF@ ~hbd@~ @b NNh@ @@ N_d > }~bN ghh r ~s ~d N `O@h ~y > ~ Nl@ , , s, N_@`@ Nhs ` }~ ~sd dhNNh Nhs h > sb@u sh@ dNd ~No@ hM@ ~sd sh > dbh@ NS~ M l@ h d`@ N} ` S @, h h @@ ] @ @h NhS~ ` ~gj @h NFC ~h > d d@ Qdh_@, dh sb @, Nsh @ ~Cl @, Nsh@ d, shb fh `O @~ g Q@ Nshh @ @ @] @ Nsh N N

h~hh @uO _@ bd N @b , ~ h F@h bNb dO ], N~h N~ N d @bu@d ] g b@h N~@bu d@ > FCd@h @O ~ h F@ @ ~ NlNO > h olshhNFC @ @ ~ d` _@ N} @ > olsh b hM N~@h @ bshh Nsh@ ~ N N

~-@b@ r ~ ` ~s,@ sh@hd_ N N_u@ @ > N d@ @d @ d@ ~ ` N ~ @h d @ ~su , N@ `@@, h @ g , ~s@rlghh Qr @ > bN d rl@ ~sh sd h > , u~ ~ gh @ s ~ , Ndh l O @ >` d sd rl@ NdN~ d@ @ : Nl@ srl @ ~h ouFd @ > h Nl@ h,

57 58

O

29

N_@ ol~hFd@

(6)

N_@ ol~hFd@

~-@b@u N@ olNF@ ~hbd@~ @b NNh@ @@ N_d > }~bN ghh r ~s ~d N `O@h ~y > ~ Nl@ , , s, N_@`@ Nhs ` }~ ~sd dhNNh Nhs h > sb@u sh@ dNd ~No@ hM@ ~sd sh > dbh@ NS~ M l@ h d`@ N} ` S @, h h @@ ] @ @h NhS~ ` ~gj @h NFC ~h > d d@ Qdh_@, dh sb @, Nsh @ ~Cl @, Nsh@ d, shb fh `O @~ g Q@ Nshh @ @ @] @ Nsh N N

h~hh @uO _@ bd N @b , ~ h F@h bNb dO ], N~h N~ N d @bu@d ] g b@h N~@bu d@ > FCd@h @O ~ h F@ @ ~ NlNO > h olshhNFC @ @ ~ d` _@ N} @ > olsh b hM N~@h @ bshh Nsh@ ~ N N

~-@b@ r ~ ` ~s,@ sh@hd_ N N_u@ @ > N d@ @d @ d@ ~ ` N ~ @h d @ ~su , N@ `@@, h @ g , ~s@rlghh Qr @ > bN d rl@ ~sh sd h > , u~ ~ gh @ s ~ , Ndh l O @ >` d sd rl@ NdN~ d@ @ : Nl@ srl @ ~h ouFd @ > h Nl@ h,

57 58

O

30

N_@ ol~hFd@

d~ @ ~ rl @ s N}@ > d bN b Ndd Nl@ S b@ N Nl@ @d@ ~ @ @ , , dsh , dsh, dsh @ Nl@ ~ Nl@ N~ > ~@ ` s rl @~h M @ d rlh `O@, ~ dh `O ~ @ ~hNh rl @ s h @ d dhM bN s rlh NFC ~su `O @@ ~y > d @ d@ @@ @d b @ @ N~~s @@ P_@ d @d bhFC N Ob N N Q N_ N@ rl >

r L~ul QOh d@l@ rl Nd N@ N ~h`dN@ ~d ~ g N@ N @ NN Qd > @ d d Nh d ~ N u Nl Q@ ~ > ~@ N g_@~h@by Ob@ Ndh ~d @ > ~(drawing)@ @sh @h d rl@ O~h o lNF@ d` ~ d @ @bd @ N y >

59 60

O

30

N_@ ol~hFd@

d~ @ ~ rl @ s N}@ > d bN b Ndd Nl@ S b@ N Nl@ @d@ ~ @ @ , , dsh , dsh, dsh @ Nl@ ~ Nl@ N~ > ~@ ` s rl @~h M @ d rlh `O@, ~ dh `O ~ @ ~hNh rl @ s h @ d dhM bN s rlh NFC ~su `O @@ ~y > d @ d@ @@ @d b @ @ N~~s @@ P_@ d @d bhFC N Ob N N Q N_ N@ rl >

r L~ul QOh d@l@ rl Nd N@ N ~h`dN@ ~d ~ g N@ N @ NN Qd > @ d d Nh d ~ N u Nl Q@ ~ > ~@ N g_@~h@by Ob@ Ndh ~d @ > ~(drawing)@ @sh @h d rl@ O~h o lNF@ d` ~ d @ @bd @ N y >

59 60

O

31

~N NF@ d`

(7)

~N NF@ d`

~@ shbuh d @h Nshh Ob@ buh @@ > dghh ]h dh ~ ]` @ s @h >@ ]h dy@h d N~ Ob@h > bN gh N@ NS@b ~hFd NS@bdd M~su ~O@h S@b @ > ~d@ ~s _@ bN ghh d@ Qdhsgh@@h N_d @F Q@ @ d@ ~, @F, d@~M@b @ > bN gh N h] oldl (QOh,~N C) _@ Ng ~ @b @@,Ob@ Ng @ ou@b _ @ d y ` @ ; ghh N_ ~ @@h d Gol_@ gh@ Nh d shb b @, NNhh b@h > ~ rB o l@ @@@, @bN_@F , Qd@ su d,N~ NS@b O _@ Nh S ~ sb@ ~ @ d Ns @@ > ~ dd@uO @ h~hh Ob _@ N}@ rlNh~M@b @ @, @ `

~s, @ ~ ~ dh~hh > @ bN gh @ NN@ ~ d Ns @@ @~sh ouFd @@ Nj sbud@ N > Oh @h d ` d~hN~ ~sh ouFd @ ~ g @ >

h`@ @b ~@h > h`h R ~s N@ ~ ] d@ s, @F @N N ~@ _@ h`@ s~@ud NS@bd N@ N ~d > d@ h`h ] ]@ h Ob@ N~ NS~d Nh`@ s~h @uO @ > Nhh dF @Q N@ @ Qd ~h, h @h Nd h _@ Ou@ s N @@ `O~ dh l d@ bd@ s @ s Ns rlh Od N l @~ Ob @uO @Q` ~ @ >

@ @u ul shb N s rlh N

O

31

~N NF@ d`

(7)

~N NF@ d`

~@ shbuh d @h Nshh Ob@ buh @@ > dghh ]h dh ~ ]` @ s @h >@ ]h dy@h d N~ Ob@h > bN gh N@ NS@b ~hFd NS@bdd M~su ~O@h S@b @ > ~d@ ~s _@ bN ghh d@ Qdhsgh@@h N_d @F Q@ @ d@ ~, @F, d@~M@b @ > bN gh N h] oldl (QOh,~N C) _@ Ng ~ @b @@,Ob@ Ng @ ou@b _ @ d y ` @ ; ghh N_ ~ @@h d Gol_@ gh@ Nh d shb b @, NNhh b@h > ~ rB o l@ @@@, @bN_@F , Qd@ su d,N~ NS@b O _@ Nh S ~ sb@ ~ @ d Ns @@ > ~ dd@uO @ h~hh Ob _@ N}@ rlNh~M@b @ @, @ `

~s, @ ~ ~ dh~hh > @ bN gh @ NN@ ~ d Ns @@ @~sh ouFd @@ Nj sbud@ N > Oh @h d ` d~hN~ ~sh ouFd @ ~ g @ >

h`@ @b ~@h > h`h R ~s N@ ~ ] d@ s, @F @N N ~@ _@ h`@ s~@ud NS@bd N@ N ~d > d@ h`h ] ]@ h Ob@ N~ NS~d Nh`@ s~h @uO @ > Nhh dF @Q N@ @ Qd ~h, h @h Nd h _@ Ou@ s N @@ `O~ dh l d@ bd@ s @ s Ns rlh Od N l @~ Ob @uO @Q` ~ @ >

@ @u ul shb N s rlh N

O

32

~N NF@ d`

@@ h~@ @ ~hQd > d N d g@N@ ~ h` Qd N~ R@ N NN@ ~s Qd, h h h` @ NzN h `O @@ N_ud P Nd d@ > d @@ N @ _@N Nd~h, _@ dh~ r ~@ ~N osh d > Ou N@F ghsh @ NzN @ Ob @h @} @ > N@ FC M ~ Ouh fd @hO Ng @ R @ > Nl@, d(species) d (genus)@ SS~NF Ou@~@ l h @} @ d@hb u ~@~hN@b dh ~ @ _@ ~Nd N ~ ~Nd ~@ dNFh Nl @ d@ lu @bsh@ @ @bd@@ > ~ h S@ ~~ h]@ @} h d Nd dN _@ ~ ~ Nh ~~ b@,d_@ ~h @ ~ @ hw, d, sh N y bu@ ~Od~h Ob@ d~; , g@ d@ Ob _@

F; ud hOu~@ Ob _@ udj budj@ ~ @@ > @,bN S@ O~ dud ~ @ bN NFd(formula) hgsd ~h h ~ @ @uO~@uO@~ol Ob _@ @Nl~ @ l~ @}@@ > @ bN ~sd rl ~y h bu@ gh@ Ob, dh~, N N@ d@ ~@ Q@ sbu s N N~@ @ > @ @hQ N @ @, dd d@ N@ Nl@ d@hbNh` f Nd h~hN@b @ ` @]@ > @u @dh bus @ Nh O @ dh F@ @@ >

~~ N N_ Q@@ d`@ > d O@ dh @ @h S@b, @, @, s@ No b b > S Nl@ Q@ ~@Fb @ d dd@ NFO< Nho@ h > ~ h` , h Ouh ]h @b d N ~ ~@ Q@ @ @]h > ] , Q@ ~ uN _~ ~hlu d u N d ; d Ng

63 64

O

32

~N NF@ d`

@@ h~@ @ ~hQd > d N d g@N@ ~ h` Qd N~ R@ N NN@ ~s Qd, h h h` @ NzN h `O @@ N_ud P Nd d@ > d @@ N @ _@N Nd~h, _@ dh~ r ~@ ~N osh d > Ou N@F ghsh @ NzN @ Ob @h @} @ > N@ FC M ~ Ouh fd @hO Ng @ R @ > Nl@, d(species) d (genus)@ SS~NF Ou@~@ l h @} @ d@hb u ~@~hN@b dh ~ @ _@ ~Nd N ~ ~Nd ~@ dNFh Nl @ d@ lu @bsh@ @ @bd@@ > ~ h S@ ~~ h]@ @} h d Nd dN _@ ~ ~ Nh ~~ b@,d_@ ~h @ ~ @ hw, d, sh N y bu@ ~Od~h Ob@ d~; , g@ d@ Ob _@

F; ud hOu~@ Ob _@ udj budj@ ~ @@ > @,bN S@ O~ dud ~ @ bN NFd(formula) hgsd ~h h ~ @ @uO~@uO@~ol Ob _@ @Nl~ @ l~ @}@@ > @ bN ~sd rl ~y h bu@ gh@ Ob, dh~, N N@ d@ ~@ Q@ sbu s N N~@ @ > @ @hQ N @ @, dd d@ N@ Nl@ d@hbNh` f Nd h~hN@b @ ` @]@ > @u @dh bus @ Nh O @ dh F@ @@ >

~~ N N_ Q@@ d`@ > d O@ dh @ @h S@b, @, @, s@ No b b > S Nl@ Q@ ~@Fb @ d dd@ NFO< Nho@ h > ~ h` , h Ouh ]h @b d N ~ ~@ Q@ @ @]h > ] , Q@ ~ uN _~ ~hlu d u N d ; d Ng

63 64

O

33

~N NF@ d`

dh d b@ N h~hh @ Q@@h @} @ > B A ` ~~ Q@Nd ~ Q@h dh~ @@ g > dd@ bN h` , N dh d bh N dF@ ` @b@h N h``; d@ ~@ N h`shh `O @~ dh fd @h > d@ d@ Q@ , Nd@ Nd d f@ Nd d@h rb @h @ N@ d@ _N d >

dh~ @ d r ~ @ Nl@ ~ o ~d@F d , d ` N~M@b@ o > Ou @@F Nshhsb @ N gh~ N N h@ > @ Nudd `O @ N N h @ @ ~ dh fd @h > @ d N~M@b@ N N @hd`D ~~@ d Nl >

dO h @@ dud ~ h h d ~ > r sh@hd_FC d @b > h d~ @@ @@ > ~N Qd@ s~; Q Qd @ N @@ ~ d @Q Qd @ ~h@b ~Fd~ Ns Nu@b; gh@ ~d kN_@F@, No@, ~@d@

~d@ d@ su s@ Sku~@ N@ > NF@ d` gh@Ob dh~ @, d @ sh@hd_FC Nh@ N@ sh@hd_FC > h d N_d FCd@~hu~ @ >

~N sh gh @ , d@ r @ d @ ls@ Qd > r Nd @ @@ dSNu~d ~ ~ NoS@y hMh h @ @ @u Nd Noh Nud @ > @ ~Nbu, @b hN @F `O @h ~ g Qd;d@ N @h ~~ @ N~Nbu Nd d@ ~Nbuh dh~ @h , @bsd S@ s~ @h > d@ Nsh@ @ Nho@ NFO< @~ @ @ s~ o @ ~M@b @h @F Nd s~sd @ s~@h > Nhh bN S@ ~l@ ~ @d@ dF s rb @ bN ~O~ NFd r@ buh ~hN@b ~ @ @h > ~ d@ dB @ k gh @ d k ghh lSu~@, Ndy @ ~ @Fld h@} @ >

65 66

O

33

~N NF@ d`

dh d b@ N h~hh @ Q@@h @} @ > B A ` ~~ Q@Nd ~ Q@h dh~ @@ g > dd@ bN h` , N dh d bh N dF@ ` @b@h N h``; d@ ~@ N h`shh `O @~ dh fd @h > d@ d@ Q@ , Nd@ Nd d f@ Nd d@h rb @h @ N@ d@ _N d >

dh~ @ d r ~ @ Nl@ ~ o ~d@F d , d ` N~M@b@ o > Ou @@F Nshhsb @ N gh~ N N h@ > @ Nudd `O @ N N h @ @ ~ dh fd @h > @ d N~M@b@ N N @hd`D ~~@ d Nl >

dO h @@ dud ~ h h d ~ > r sh@hd_FC d @b > h d~ @@ @@ > ~N Qd@ s~; Q Qd @ N @@ ~ d @Q Qd @ ~h@b ~Fd~ Ns Nu@b; gh@ ~d kN_@F@, No@, ~@d@

~d@ d@ su s@ Sku~@ N@ > NF@ d` gh@Ob dh~ @, d @ sh@hd_FC Nh@ N@ sh@hd_FC > h d N_d FCd@~hu~ @ >

~N sh gh @ , d@ r @ d @ ls@ Qd > r Nd @ @@ dSNu~d ~ ~ NoS@y hMh h @ @ @u Nd Noh Nud @ > @ ~Nbu, @b hN @F `O @h ~ g Qd;d@ N @h ~~ @ N~Nbu Nd d@ ~Nbuh dh~ @h , @bsd S@ s~ @h > d@ Nsh@ @ Nho@ NFO< @~ @ @ s~ o @ ~M@b @h @F Nd s~sd @ s~@h > Nhh bN S@ ~l@ ~ @d@ dF s rb @ bN ~O~ NFd r@ buh ~hN@b ~ @ @h > ~ d@ dB @ k gh @ d k ghh lSu~@, Ndy @ ~ @Fld h@} @ >

65 66

O

34

hNd @ d`

(8)

hNd @ d`

hNd Q@hM@ d` ~d@F NNh @d`h ~hN@b @ Nh NNhrlghh Ns @ h ~ hNd Q@hM @ > Nd ~h, ~ sh NN @ @ F@h, d h sh N @@h @ d @b@ h > @ @s` @, d(premises) shh ~ Q @ N l@ hh O h > @b dsh dud hNd hM sN@ @ ~y >hd bN d@h ~ bN NMh F@hsd NM@h ~Fd~ NMh bN s d@h~ dh ~h~ @ > hd bN NS@b~l@ ~ud @ (induce) NM @(deduce) ~h~ @(infer) > @bN_@F, h ~ @~ NFl ], dy@h h NM @ u uu~ @ @ ~l N@ dNFl > h ~d @N@ @ SF ,N@ ~ > g b@ Ob@h h

NS@b ~l@ ~ud > h NM @ SF@ ~ @ d @ ~ > h ~h~ @ bN bN ~ @d@ bN ~bN @b@h N ~y > h h NM@@ ~y dh ~ N ~hr _@ ~ ; bN sls@@ shd @ hd-Nr @ ~u bN @ Nr@ sb@h d @ >

bN hh NS~ @ ~ d~ ~ : d b NM@h h @} @d@ Nd; _duld N_ud Nd@h h @} @d@ @FCd d Nd; dduld N~ b d@h~ N} N} NMsh@ @ds > hNd@bsh@ @ Nsh@ d@ @ d @, Ng d@ Nd ` @@ NhS dh,h@ r, Ng dh FCd ` @@ NhSdh, Nh@h S @ s NM @Nd d dud ~ N} NMsh@ @ds@ Q@NhS dh > u ~l N@ rbNFd@ N~u~d O ~ bN d S NFC@ dBd ` ~hd h ~y, d NdNzN s d ~Fd~ d ~hd N~u~dhg @ d dNF ~ >

67 68

O

34

hNd @ d`

(8)

hNd @ d`

hNd Q@hM@ d` ~d@F NNh @d`h ~hN@b @ Nh NNhrlghh Ns @ h ~ hNd Q@hM @ > Nd ~h, ~ sh NN @ @ F@h, d h sh N @@h @ d @b@ h > @ @s` @, d(premises) shh ~ Q @ N l@ hh O h > @b dsh dud hNd hM sN@ @ ~y >hd bN d@h ~ bN NMh F@hsd NM@h ~Fd~ NMh bN s d@h~ dh ~h~ @ > hd bN NS@b~l@ ~ud @ (induce) NM @(deduce) ~h~ @(infer) > @bN_@F, h ~ @~ NFl ], dy@h h NM @ u uu~ @ @ ~l N@ dNFl > h ~d @N@ @ SF ,N@ ~ > g b@ Ob@h h

NS@b ~l@ ~ud > h NM @ SF@ ~ @ d @ ~ > h ~h~ @ bN bN ~ @d@ bN ~bN @b@h N ~y > h h NM@@ ~y dh ~ N ~hr _@ ~ ; bN sls@@ shd @ hd-Nr @ ~u bN @ Nr@ sb@h d @ >

bN hh NS~ @ ~ d~ ~ : d b NM@h h @} @d@ Nd; _duld N_ud Nd@h h @} @d@ @FCd d Nd; dduld N~ b d@h~ N} N} NMsh@ @ds > hNd@bsh@ @ Nsh@ d@ @ d @, Ng d@ Nd ` @@ NhS dh,h@ r, Ng dh FCd ` @@ NhSdh, Nh@h S @ s NM @Nd d dud ~ N} NMsh@ @ds@ Q@NhS dh > u ~l N@ rbNFd@ N~u~d O ~ bN d S NFC@ dBd ` ~hd h ~y, d NdNzN s d ~Fd~ d ~hd N~u~dhg @ d dNF ~ >

67 68

O

35

hNd @ d`

~ y, r Ndd _@ h`shh ~F~d@bh @ >

hNd hMh d` @@ NS@b N` h~@ O > ` dQd @ @b _@ dO rlgh@ O @rlgh@ hgsd ~y O@ `O@F sb @ >h @ N@ d ~h Qd Nh N_d @ @, dy Ob _@ O Qd > O @b@h @} @ NFdh (rule) NFdsh@ Nd NhNzN@h @} @ rlgh@~hB~ ~-Oh sN@ Qd, h ~hB~~@h @} @ NFdh NFd@h @} @ @bhsN@ Qd ~h >

O `, @b @bh Qd @dNh@h NMNh sb @@ N_l d@hb ~hsu @ > d@ @ Nd d Nd d@ @bNhh `O @ ~ h ]h ; d@ d@h d @}`, @d dNh@h NM sb @@ QGd ]`, NM N}, N_udNd _@ Nd No~ A@ @ N}~h ~F~d @,

~hru h~ dd h l h ~hd@ Nd h ~Nh h N Q@F NM @ ~h d` @@ >Qd h~@ Oh d @ N@ l@@ @u h sd @]@,dh Nd @ ~ d ~ FCd Nh@d h buM@ >

69 70

O

35

hNd @ d`

~ y, r Ndd _@ h`shh ~F~d@bh @ >

hNd hMh d` @@ NS@b N` h~@ O > ` dQd @ @b _@ dO rlgh@ O @rlgh@ hgsd ~y O@ `O@F sb @ >h @ N@ d ~h Qd Nh N_d @ @, dy Ob _@ O Qd > O @b@h @} @ NFdh (rule) NFdsh@ Nd NhNzN@h @} @ rlgh@~hB~ ~-Oh sN@ Qd, h ~hB~~@h @} @ NFdh NFd@h @} @ @bhsN@ Qd ~h >

O `, @b @bh Qd @dNh@h NMNh sb @@ N_l d@hb ~hsu @ > d@ @ Nd d Nd d@ @bNhh `O @ ~ h ]h ; d@ d@h d @}`, @d dNh@h NM sb @@ QGd ]`, NM N}, N_udNd _@ Nd No~ A@ @ N}~h ~F~d @,

~hru h~ dd h l h ~hd@ Nd h ~Nh h N Q@F NM @ ~h d` @@ >Qd h~@ Oh d @ N@ l@@ @u h sd @]@,dh Nd @ ~ d ~ FCd Nh@d h buM@ >

69 70

O

36

dul O@ Md

hMsd O

u@o h@d~ h`sh @h (@@ Nl@ : 1893-1906) NFC d ` > @ @h b ~h@ ~ d `]d ` > h Nsh@ bNN~ ~y > Sri Aurobindo and the Motheron Education hg@ d EducationIntellectual ~ NFC @ ~h @ d @s` >

~h ~d d @~@, 1978 @-`, 1979N]@ d ` > @ d@~ N d d >

71 72

O

36

dul O@ Md

hMsd O

u@o h@d~ h`sh @h (@@ Nl@ : 1893-1906) NFC d ` > @ @h b ~h@ ~ d `]d ` > h Nsh@ bNN~ ~y > Sri Aurobindo and the Motheron Education hg@ d EducationIntellectual ~ NFC @ ~h @ d @s` >

~h ~d d @~@, 1978 @-`, 1979N]@ d ` > @ d@~ N d d >

71 72

O

37

dul O@ Md

hMsd O

hMsd O @u@ d` Q@d@ ~dd O S sh@hd_FC ~ ` ~d @ @ ~d@ rl, ~ O@ N @ `Q~ @ > @dul _l@ O~h NFC O@ ] @ NuM @ @] ~ h O@ d ]h ~ d@ N NNud @ @ sdh ~lr Od h~hhd N ls @ > hh sd rl @ ~h > OMd @u@d`@ @ dh h ~ ~d d` d l ~h F~, d ~N d`h h @b@ N_ shb@ F` u~ > NS@bd ` , dh Q@ u~-~@ h O@ P@F @], dbh @y > @ _N h g > Q@ @h ` bN Xsu dbh` Xsu h Q @ > ` ! d N@y > h b dh Xsu ` @h `,h ` ]h dh O ` @h > P ` @ ~ F`u~ Oy h, O@

d ~ @, d d h~ ` ~@ d ` @ ~ ~ @hbN r NhS -ls@ @~ ~Nh Qy ~y > h h , Nd ~h ` N_u@ @, d] y rbul P, ~ dh o O@ Nh @h , d dh Nd ~ s@ Q ~ @ > @u~@ ~hr@F }~ b @] ~~ ~@ ~ N ] f NS@b~hr~ @ NS@b hs@y @u > N ~@ O N ~@F~~ ~ NS@b dB@ h r @d Nd Fd@ ~hFdNh @ N@ ~@~ l @] d `~ N~ @ d ~ ~ >@d@ }~ d @ h ~ ~bN ~N_@ s dud Fd suP Ndy @ h~h lh ;h O sb @h dy ~ lu > o O ~ ~N_@ f rb @@~y, u~@ d @ @bd@l@F sb @ > h Oh , h~hh sl @, N_@F ~@ ~ d

73 74

O

37

dul O@ Md

hMsd O

hMsd O @u@ d` Q@d@ ~dd O S sh@hd_FC ~ ` ~d @ @ ~d@ rl, ~ O@ N @ `Q~ @ > @dul _l@ O~h NFC O@ ] @ NuM @ @] ~ h O@ d ]h ~ d@ N NNud @ @ sdh ~lr Od h~hhd N ls @ > hh sd rl @ ~h > OMd @u@d`@ @ dh h ~ ~d d` d l ~h F~, d ~N d`h h @b@ N_ shb@ F` u~ > NS@bd ` , dh Q@ u~-~@ h O@ P@F @], dbh @y > @ _N h g > Q@ @h ` bN Xsu dbh` Xsu h Q @ > ` ! d N@y > h b dh Xsu ` @h `,h ` ]h dh O ` @h > P ` @ ~ F`u~ Oy h, O@

d ~ @, d d h~ ` ~@ d ` @ ~ ~ @hbN r NhS -ls@ @~ ~Nh Qy ~y > h h , Nd ~h ` N_u@ @, d] y rbul P, ~ dh o O@ Nh @h , d dh Nd ~ s@ Q ~ @ > @u~@ ~hr@F }~ b @] ~~ ~@ ~ N ] f NS@b~hr~ @ NS@b hs@y @u > N ~@ O N ~@F~~ ~ NS@b dB@ h r @d Nd Fd@ ~hFdNh @ N@ ~@~ l @] d `~ N~ @ d ~ ~ >@d@ }~ d @ h ~ ~bN ~N_@ s dud Fd suP Ndy @ h~h lh ;h O sb @h dy ~ lu > o O ~ ~N_@ f rb @@~y, u~@ d @ @bd@l@F sb @ > h Oh , h~hh sl @, N_@F ~@ ~ d

73 74

O

38

sd Sd@ N_@ P Nd d NNh@ @~ @ >

dbh ~@ f N@ s @hhd rl; Q~ul _@ @ Oh d @b ` h`hnh ~h NS@b @F NuC ~h@ @] @h > dh d~ @ , hd@h h@ S d @ ~@ N~ @ > b h @ , Q `@d d@ @h @ d@ @s@u ~ d NNh ~ ] dh BNs ~ @ O-~ @h d ] ` -O ~y > d, @ O y @ > N N Nd @ @ _l dh , rb @hh dh @ S ` @, dhh duOb h@ `h dh @} @ N ` s h > d@hb, dh ~ s Q`, uB@ ~@b @ @b-@Ou Q@u S ~ d dh ~ s Ns @@ >

~ d Nh N@z ~ sQ` Nb -Nlu @, h N NS@b hM~ ~ d N b S@b@ @ ~y > ~ dh~Frl@h g Odh @ N` ] l@ b Nd b ` @b, b NS@b` b Qbul X@ @ h N NS@b du ~ , N b N ~Nlu X@u @ b S@b@ g @ ~y > @ sh lh@ul~ _@ NSd @ NNh@ N~y SBd @ > b@dul N~@ NO h @ d dhN S@b@ ~, ~ su@ Nd@d@b@ ~_ N @h Nh @ @ @ `d @ h > d Nj , N _Qd d, @b N d@b@ `@ ~_ N @N d@ _N d h O >

dbh ` Nsu N g@@~hr~ Z g@@ Ng ~hr @

hMsd O 75 76

O

38

sd Sd@ N_@ P Nd d NNh@ @~ @ >

dbh ~@ f N@ s @hhd rl; Q~ul _@ @ Oh d @b ` h`hnh ~h NS@b @F NuC ~h@ @] @h > dh d~ @ , hd@h h@ S d @ ~@ N~ @ > b h @ , Q `@d d@ @h @ d@ @s@u ~ d NNh ~ ] dh BNs ~ @ O-~ @h d ] ` -O ~y > d, @ O y @ > N N Nd @ @ _l dh , rb @hh dh @ S ` @, dhh duOb h@ `h dh @} @ N ` s h > d@hb, dh ~ s Q`, uB@ ~@b @ @b-@Ou Q@u S ~ d dh ~ s Ns @@ >

~ d Nh N@z ~ sQ` Nb -Nlu @, h N NS@b hM~ ~ d N b S@b@ @ ~y > ~ dh~Frl@h g Odh @ N` ] l@ b Nd b ` @b, b NS@b` b Qbul X@ @ h N NS@b du ~ , N b N ~Nlu X@u @ b S@b@ g @ ~y > @ sh lh@ul~ _@ NSd @ NNh@ N~y SBd @ > b@dul N~@ NO h @ d dhN S@b@ ~, ~ su@ Nd@d@b@ ~_ N @h Nh @ @ @ `d @ h > d Nj , N _Qd d, @b N d@b@ `@ ~_ N @N d@ _N d h O >

dbh ` Nsu N g@@~hr~ Z g@@ Ng ~hr @

hMsd O 75 76

O

39

sh d @b@ d @ ~hr~ @ @ ] >h sh rd N ~@ d@ bu@~hr~ @, h du S@ OD N bN @ ~ @ d @ ] >h ~ d@ d d@ d ` sh@ rb ; N_ N O@g @ gh, d@ ~ Nsh @ > ~@ N Nsh@ ~ , d Nsh ~ @h Q @ Nsh@Od o ; @ @@], d Oub, NuC @ > ~@hfd Nj bN NS@b d~@ rd_h l @]@, h Ng @ N d ` D ` d @ ~ol @b,N_Su~ lud ` @@, N yd ~ ~ d ` d dd_ N` @@~y > ~@ @b sh@hd_FC rl ~h h r sh@hd_FC d ` d ~@ N @ > Od~@ N S@b ` ~@ ds@ @@ dNh ~h s h ~h d@ NhS~ @ ~ ~ @ ~ h > h S@b

~@hM, ~-~hFd@ @hM N~@_~u~ d@ @hM > g shb@ S@u d~@ M Sd~@ dN N d~ ~N-@ ~ld Nd, Nshh ~@ dS rb _@ @} > dN@ ~ @h, d M Ndd,Od dh N Nh@Od @ @]h; h@ Nr r shb _l- _@N @ Nh]u~ S > ~ h, d h F@bul Sd~ ~@ @} ` hnh >

dbh N@@ N O O@ `O d Md@ F @~ > Nl ~N@ O ~ @ O~h N~ @~ fs @ N g @ >N N N ~l ~d sh h h N @ l _l@ @uONhhhN @b @ `O @ @~ h~ _@ NSd @ ~y > Nd d Su-@ ~d rl ~ d rl O SdFC; d, d~ @~ud, ~ud d

hMsd O 77 78

O

39

sh d @b@ d @ ~hr~ @ @ ] >h sh rd N ~@ d@ bu@~hr~ @, h du S@ OD N bN @ ~ @ d @ ] >h ~ d@ d d@ d ` sh@ rb ; N_ N O@g @ gh, d@ ~ Nsh @ > ~@ N Nsh@ ~ , d Nsh ~ @h Q @ Nsh@Od o ; @ @@], d Oub, NuC @ > ~@hfd Nj bN NS@b d~@ rd_h l @]@, h Ng @ N d ` D ` d @ ~ol @b,N_Su~ lud ` @@, N yd ~ ~ d ` d dd_ N` @@~y > ~@ @b sh@hd_FC rl ~h h r sh@hd_FC d ` d ~@ N @ > Od~@ N S@b ` ~@ ds@ @@ dNh ~h s h ~h d@ NhS~ @ ~ ~ @ ~ h > h S@b

~@hM, ~-~hFd@ @hM N~@_~u~ d@ @hM > g shb@ S@u d~@ M Sd~@ dN N d~ ~N-@ ~ld Nd, Nshh ~@ dS rb _@ @} > dN@ ~ @h, d M Ndd,Od dh N Nh@Od @ @]h; h@ Nr r shb _l- _@N @ Nh]u~ S > ~ h, d h F@bul Sd~ ~@ @} ` hnh >

dbh N@@ N O O@ `O d Md@ F @~ > Nl ~N@ O ~ @ O~h N~ @~ fs @ N g @ >N N N ~l ~d sh h h N @ l _l@ @uONhhhN @b @ `O @ @~ h~ _@ NSd @ ~y > Nd d Su-@ ~d rl ~ d rl O SdFC; d, d~ @~ud, ~ud d

hMsd O 77 78

O

40

hMsd O

rl Q@@ ~ Nld @,@ h d d`D @ ~ r@l~ _@ sh@hd_FC ` @@; dN@Nh l~ O ~ bN rl dh~ ~Cl@ Nh S N@d @@ ~y > hr dud ~ bN ~ rl d @ ~h,@ ~ bN Su Nd d su~h > @bN_@F, @ d hM shd NN, @ d~@ ~lNM hshNd @@ ~lsd N dNsh ~ hMsd Od@ su@, uDl b@u > @ N-~@Fb ~ (The sciencesof calculation) dud @ bN rl ~y bNN O d@ ` ~@ Ng NS@b sh@ ~ Od s ~y > dbh ,d ` ~@ OMdh F @@ ds @ @@ S u~@ N~u~ @ OMd sud dh sb @ >

h @ d-@b@ NuCd@ Od@,y@ NuM, dy@ d @ k h` Nh @ >hM sbd (pure mathematics) ~ s@ @ @, d dud ~h hg s@ @@ : gh Nul ~

~ Nul ~, d ~@ Q, ~@ l,~@ d Nd, dN, ~ Q@h d~N rlsh @ b `M, Nh@Od Qdd > @u sh h~ (humanities) ~hru O ~@ g Od@ h@ > F d O Nh @y NuM ` @u @ N@d sbdh ~@h @` h~ Sd@ N@d Sh~@ ~@ h ~@ h @ > dbh ,sbd ~ sh ` ~-@@@ d~s~u O@ bN k-N~ Md Sh~hs@ sh @h bN s@ Od N ` N NNhsh rl@ NS@b ~ N`@ @ > @y O @ g h`@} h > d @ d~h Nh rl@~@ S@ Y `h S@ h @h, Nd N~h bN srl@ ~@ O ~y > @bN_@Fsbd @ rl y@ d~h h~hh ~ d ~ @ Qd ~h, @b rl@~ S@ sd~hsd ~M@drl @h N Nd dN Q Qd shbsb@ s}u@ h ~y >d `d @h h sbd@

79 80

O

40

hMsd O

rl Q@@ ~ Nld @,@ h d d`D @ ~ r@l~ _@ sh@hd_FC ` @@; dN@Nh l~ O ~ bN rl dh~ ~Cl@ Nh S N@d @@ ~y > hr dud ~ bN ~ rl d @ ~h,@ ~ bN Su Nd d su~h > @bN_@F, @ d hM shd NN, @ d~@ ~lNM hshNd @@ ~lsd N dNsh ~ hMsd Od@ su@, uDl b@u > @ N-~@Fb ~ (The sciencesof calculation) dud @ bN rl ~y bNN O d@ ` ~@ Ng NS@b sh@ ~ Od s ~y > dbh ,d ` ~@ OMdh F @@ ds @ @@ S u~@ N~u~ @ OMd sud dh sb @ >

h @ d-@b@ NuCd@ Od@,y@ NuM, dy@ d @ k h` Nh @ >hM sbd (pure mathematics) ~ s@ @ @, d dud ~h hg s@ @@ : gh Nul ~

~ Nul ~, d ~@ Q, ~@ l,~@ d Nd, dN, ~ Q@h d~N rlsh @ b `M, Nh@Od Qdd > @u sh h~ (humanities) ~hru O ~@ g Od@ h@ > F d O Nh @y NuM ` @u @ N@d sbdh ~@h @` h~ Sd@ N@d Sh~@ ~@ h ~@ h @ > dbh ,sbd ~ sh ` ~-@@@ d~s~u O@ bN k-N~ Md Sh~hs@ sh @h bN s@ Od N ` N NNhsh rl@ NS@b ~ N`@ @ > @y O @ g h`@} h > d @ d~h Nh rl@~@ S@ Y `h S@ h @h, Nd N~h bN srl@ ~@ O ~y > @bN_@Fsbd @ rl y@ d~h h~hh ~ d ~ @ Qd ~h, @b rl@~ S@ sd~hsd ~M@drl @h N Nd dN Q Qd shbsb@ s}u@ h ~y >d `d @h h sbd@

79 80

O

41

hMsd O

S uD~ d@ @~ul ~hFd N@ N~ r@ @ N~ Nh l ~rd N~h NFC ~Fd~ @Qd @b h h > ~d Q~ul rl @d@ sbd @ h~hh O ` @ ~ N} `@h ` bN h @ @ ` @@ ] @h > h~, ~ dd @h, d OMd@ ~ N l~ul N~ ~ ` @, d@ @b b ? d u@ O @ ` O~hs ~ ~ @ ~~h N @ @ N @ >...

(NFC)

81 82

O

42

@u@Q N@ bu

@u@Q N@ bu

@u@@ FCd

1949 N @ N@ h@} @ @u@ O@ h]d (@ @ ~ `u@o d Oo@ h]d Bulletin of SriAurobindo International Centre of Education) u@o S@ `]` d@ s @Q~@r `] >

@ ~Fd `]d h d@ h N]@ Message Perfection of the Body@~@ d ` > ~d l_@ 1980 ]u@ d uB@ d~N@ hg@ h d > @N h hy d @ >

83 84

O

43

@u@Q N@ bu

@u@Q N@ bu

@ @u@Q N@ dN d @u@ O@ h]d@ N]@ `Oh dh d N Ndh (J.S.A.S.A. JeunesseSportive de lAshram de Sri Aurobindo) @ u > Nd h NO@ Nh Nd@ su@ d r @ dul u~@ @ N~@ @ S@b@ ]-N@d @u@Q d@ g@@ l~uld sd N@`Q~ @ > d @ ~ S@b@ ]-N@dh `~ sb @ N~ -s ~ h sb @ @u@@ N_ d @ l Od N@ @u@@ N_ N@ d Nh@O@ l N@ > h sh@ d d s O ~ S dh h @ Sd@@@ > @Nh N, shb @ Od @ sh d@~sb , hM Nl@ Nl@ ,N~@ @~d N @, r @NF ~ Q@ Od@ d l~ul @Nl > h rl@ dul

` @h @ @y h r sh@hd_ hQh >

~, }~ Nl@ Nh ] hgN@d ~ sb @ `~ d@ s N @ d Qu~ @ suN ~@ ] ` > suN@ ~ul @ Ngs N~ @ d ` ~N Od@ ,d ~ @ sh@hd_ `, Od@l, @Q~-dsd ~~ ] hgN@d d N sh@hd_ @ @` ~s@-N~@ O~ Nh@ ~hB~ d r~ ` shh fd @h` > suN y `]@ ~hB~h ~ S@b@ s f ~ @ @b@ N@ ` @ @dr ` d dsd@ sb @h @}@ > N_Su~ @d@ ~dBd @ dulu~@ Ng s@ s@ ~ @}@ F Nh Od@ h N@@us d@ ` , ~ ~h Nsh@~ @Q~@ @ Nl sb @ >@bN_@F @ N_ N sd

85 86

O

43

@u@Q N@ bu

@u@Q N@ bu

@ @u@Q N@ dN d @u@ O@ h]d@ N]@ `Oh dh d N Ndh (J.S.A.S.A. JeunesseSportive de lAshram de Sri Aurobindo) @ u > Nd h NO@ Nh Nd@ su@ d r @ dul u~@ @ N~@ @ S@b@ ]-N@d @u@Q d@ g@@ l~uld sd N@`Q~ @ > d @ ~ S@b@ ]-N@dh `~ sb @ N~ -s ~ h sb @ @u@@ N_ d @ l Od N@ @u@@ N_ N@ d Nh@O@ l N@ > h sh@ d d s O ~ S dh h @ Sd@@@ > @Nh N, shb @ Od @ sh d@~sb , hM Nl@ Nl@ ,N~@ @~d N @, r @NF ~ Q@ Od@ d l~ul @Nl > h rl@ dul

` @h @ @y h r sh@hd_ hQh >

~, }~ Nl@ Nh ] hgN@d ~ sb @ `~ d@ s N @ d Qu~ @ suN ~@ ] ` > suN@ ~ul @ Ngs N~ @ d ` ~N Od@ ,d ~ @ sh@hd_ `, Od@l, @Q~-dsd ~~ ] hgN@d d N sh@hd_ @ @` ~s@-N~@ O~ Nh@ ~hB~ d r~ ` shh fd @h` > suN y `]@ ~hB~h ~ S@b@ s f ~ @ @b@ N@ ` @ @dr ` d dsd@ sb @h @}@ > N_Su~ @d@ ~dBd @ dulu~@ Ng s@ s@ ~ @}@ F Nh Od@ h N@@us d@ ` , ~ ~h Nsh@~ @Q~@ @ Nl sb @ >@bN_@F @ N_ N sd

85 86

O

44

@u@Q N@ bu

dh OhC @] s@ rl@ sh@hd_ N@@ ~NS@b @ NQd h Ns@ sb @h > ]-N@d, ldB~ S@b@ @u@QF Ng hfd ` d _@ s@ @Nu Nld >`, ~ Dl @ S@b@ @u@Q@ sb@ Nh @ N@d @@`,d N, ~ B d sd s@h @ Nld @ >

h d d ` @u@@ N_,N Od d@ @ O Nh@u@QF @ ~ d@ d @, d N @ s@ NhQ@ds~ s@ Nld @@ > @ ~ ]@ @ F s@ ]h F`~, ~Nshbs~@ N @, @b dy@ l~ hNN, ~ , , s @ ls,@ N, d NM, d N~ @h@u @d b @h d hn@@ Od@ Ndd N @@ Od > Nhh F`~ `h, d Fsd Nd @u@Qd~@ s@b ~N Q@ bN ~ dud l~ulh ]@ N @@; @u@@ shb ~@ O @ N_dF d dh@

~w ~@ Od N N~ > N ` rl s @@ > d NhNdFC Q~@ Od, r @ Nd @u@Q@ ` h , @u@ @ S ` Ql@ N > d` ~ @u@@ Od@NS@bd Nh , @ QlFQ~ , , X` Nd @u@Q_@ Nshh NSd @ > Nh @ F` ]h ~@ M >]h ~@ Nh shb sd, Nsh Nh N@ d, Nh rl@ Nh Q@, d_Ju dsu~ N@ hd_FC Qd~, kN ]@ ~lsh@ ~B@ ~,~lQd ], Nhl@ ~, N ~ l @lh sb @, lu dsu~ d bN_r N rb ~ @, ~h @@u, Q@@ ~wh hQ@ ~~ > uOd@ ~h , NS@b u~Od@ shbsh@ ~ F` @, h shbsh@ ]-N@d @ N @@ d dO F` > @ u~Od@ ~h, dul d u~Od@ shbsh@ h dB hd @ Oh sd@ shbsh@ @ud shy r S~ ` @ N@

87 88

O

44

@u@Q N@ bu

dh OhC @] s@ rl@ sh@hd_ N@@ ~NS@b @ NQd h Ns@ sb @h > ]-N@d, ldB~ S@b@ @u@QF Ng hfd ` d _@ s@ @Nu Nld >`, ~ Dl @ S@b@ @u@Q@ sb@ Nh @ N@d @@`,d N, ~ B d sd s@h @ Nld @ >

h d d ` @u@@ N_,N Od d@ @ O Nh@u@QF @ ~ d@ d @, d N @ s@ NhQ@ds~ s@ Nld @@ > @ ~ ]@ @ F s@ ]h F`~, ~Nshbs~@ N @, @b dy@ l~ hNN, ~ , , s @ ls,@ N, d NM, d N~ @h@u @d b @h d hn@@ Od@ Ndd N @@ Od > Nhh F`~ `h, d Fsd Nd @u@Qd~@ s@b ~N Q@ bN ~ dud l~ulh ]@ N @@; @u@@ shb ~@ O @ N_dF d dh@

~w ~@ Od N N~ > N ` rl s @@ > d NhNdFC Q~@ Od, r @ Nd @u@Q@ ` h , @u@ @ S ` Ql@ N > d` ~ @u@@ Od@NS@bd Nh , @ QlFQ~ , , X` Nd @u@Q_@ Nshh NSd @ > Nh @ F` ]h ~@ M >]h ~@ Nh shb sd, Nsh Nh N@ d, Nh rl@ Nh Q@, d_Ju dsu~ N@ hd_FC Qd~, kN ]@ ~lsh@ ~B@ ~,~lQd ], Nhl@ ~, N ~ l @lh sb @, lu dsu~ d bN_r N rb ~ @, ~h @@u, Q@@ ~wh hQ@ ~~ > uOd@ ~h , NS@b u~Od@ shbsh@ ~ F` @, h shbsh@ ]-N@d @ N @@ d dO F` > @ u~Od@ ~h, dul d u~Od@ shbsh@ h dB hd @ Oh sd@ shbsh@ @ud shy r S~ ` @ N@

87 88

O

45

@u@Q N@ bu

u~S@ hd Sd@ N N_o ~r Nhh S l~ul N du@ s@ Sd@ ~ h@ Ssh@hd_FC rlNh d ]@ @@ d , ~hsd, ~l~hd, d @N > sh dud N` ~ d N} >u~@, r @ dul u~@ N] @ Nd Q _@ bN N` Ns@l` bN `ONM ~dd_@ d ~dd_h ~Q@ l~ @ > Ng @ Nd NsdQ@ d sh@hd_FC rl ~d d@F, d@ ~dd_@ Od Od, ~ @ ~ @@ h ~hsd @@ d@N > h ~ ~@ ~ @h ~ ]`,@ ~~ N ~, b @h~ ]` ]h `y ~dd_@ shbsh@ @@ > h d` O @ @d,~ ~hd@ N@ -N_Su~dN bN @S ~y > ~ Nl@ @ N_ Su~d@ s N , @ N_Su~d N @ @S ~y @N_Su~d@ s y N @ d@ Nh@O d dB @ S~ l~ > Ng @ Nd @

~l @, ~Nh` Nh@Nd @O @~d l~ul, ~ ` bN ~@d d@ ~ ]`-]hN ~hlu @Q@ ~h hb ~y, d` NOd@ bN Nd N}@ ~h > k u~@ ~l h, NS sh@h@ ~ d Cd~ @ ~@ @_ @b _@ Qd h No@ d` ~ Nl@ k NM @ Nh, p~, @ l~ @ @,dO Nsh d@h ~g@ hN h > ]-N@d @u@Q @h ~~ b @@ dul u~@ Nsh@ b Nhsd h N rl@ S `Q~ @h ~y, d d > N , h` @ h`sh@ _l-sh@ u, l @ N_ud ~ sb @N@, @b@u@@ O dud ~@ Bd O FCd O ~h > Nh shbsh rl@ h ` Nsh@ NFC @ d d@ @,N@ B sd dul Nshh s @ > h Nsh@ ]-N@d dO @ N @ d ~sb ~h >@ @ sh d ~ yN @b ~~ @b @,

89 90

O

45

@u@Q N@ bu

u~S@ hd Sd@ N N_o ~r Nhh S l~ul N du@ s@ Sd@ ~ h@ Ssh@hd_FC rlNh d ]@ @@ d , ~hsd, ~l~hd, d @N > sh dud N` ~ d N} >u~@, r @ dul u~@ N] @ Nd Q _@ bN N` Ns@l` bN `ONM ~dd_@ d ~dd_h ~Q@ l~ @ > Ng @ Nd NsdQ@ d sh@hd_FC rl ~d d@F, d@ ~dd_@ Od Od, ~ @ ~ @@ h ~hsd @@ d@N > h ~ ~@ ~ @h ~ ]`,@ ~~ N ~, b @h~ ]` ]h `y ~dd_@ shbsh@ @@ > h d` O @ @d,~ ~hd@ N@ -N_Su~dN bN @S ~y > ~ Nl@ @ N_ Su~d@ s N , @ N_Su~d N @ @S ~y @N_Su~d@ s y N @ d@ Nh@O d dB @ S~ l~ > Ng @ Nd @

~l @, ~Nh` Nh@Nd @O @~d l~ul, ~ ` bN ~@d d@ ~ ]`-]hN ~hlu @Q@ ~h hb ~y, d` NOd@ bN Nd N}@ ~h > k u~@ ~l h, NS sh@h@ ~ d Cd~ @ ~@ @_ @b _@ Qd h No@ d` ~ Nl@ k NM @ Nh, p~, @ l~ @ @,dO Nsh d@h ~g@ hN h > ]-N@d @u@Q @h ~~ b @@ dul u~@ Nsh@ b Nhsd h N rl@ S `Q~ @h ~y, d d > N , h` @ h`sh@ _l-sh@ u, l @ N_ud ~ sb @N@, @b@u@@ O dud ~@ Bd O FCd O ~h > Nh shbsh rl@ h ` Nsh@ NFC @ d d@ @,N@ B sd dul Nshh s @ > h Nsh@ ]-N@d dO @ N @ d ~sb ~h >@ @ sh d ~ yN @b ~~ @b @,

89 90

O

46

h @ Nsh@ `] ~wl~ > @ @ ]N@d @ @ sh@hd_ @ d Nh shb s~ @ @, dul u~ Nsh@ @ d @ > d Nhshb d S @b@ ~ @, l , N` ~d N d Nd S N dy N N ~d@ rd @hh, N d S NsdN~_lFC _ b s@ ~@ B ~ h Nd S N h >

30 XN@, 1948

@u@@ FCd

@u@Q@ QF `O @ N~hlu dF@ N} @u@ FCd b > k,Qd, ~N b Q Ng Q@ `O FCd; Nhd@ @u@Q@ N `O @ Qd > @`O h Nhl N@ Ns FCd, d @@u@ h ` ~ @ > @b@u@ d S@ @u@@F hyh @ @h > Qu~ Nd ~hN@ @u@ ]`h SNS~, d @u@ S-NS~@ S@ > S@ `O Nhh sb @h Nshh @u @ ~l sb @h > s@ QF`O @]h d Nub FCd; @b @ ` u~ u@ ~@h h d k@ u~ uB@ d@Q@ FCd ` @ u~ d@ ~@ k@F@ N @ u@, -_@ @d@ > h d N} ~y @u@@ bN@F@ ~ , d O@ ~ d N} d d@ d N}~ ~d N ~hN@ d@l sd N Od FCd ` ~ @ >

91 92@u@Q N@ bu

O

46

h @ Nsh@ `] ~wl~ > @ @ ]N@d @ @ sh@hd_ @ d Nh shb s~ @ @, dul u~ Nsh@ @ d @ > d Nhshb d S @b@ ~ @, l , N` ~d N d Nd S N dy N N ~d@ rd @hh, N d S NsdN~_lFC _ b s@ ~@ B ~ h Nd S N h >

30 XN@, 1948

@u@@ FCd

@u@Q@ QF `O @ N~hlu dF@ N} @u@ FCd b > k,Qd, ~N b Q Ng Q@ `O FCd; Nhd@ @u@Q@ N `O @ Qd > @`O h Nhl N@ Ns FCd, d @@u@ h ` ~ @ > @b@u@ d S@ @u@@F hyh @ @h > Qu~ Nd ~hN@ @u@ ]`h SNS~, d @u@ S-NS~@ S@ > S@ `O Nhh sb @h Nshh @u @ ~l sb @h > s@ QF`O @]h d Nub FCd; @b @ ` u~ u@ ~@h h d k@ u~ uB@ d@Q@ FCd ` @ u~ d@ ~@ k@F@ N @ u@, -_@ @d@ > h d N} ~y @u@@ bN@F@ ~ , d O@ ~ d N} d d@ d N}~ ~d N ~hN@ d@l sd N Od FCd ` ~ @ >

91 92@u@Q N@ bu

O

47

@u@@ FCd

F@h @ h NFQ~ ` l @u@Q , @ @ r NhS-Nhs , d@ L~ul @bd Qd @u@@ ~N_ Nd Od@ s@b -NS~ NN @u@ Qd~ d @u@h l @h~, b Q@d @ d~hlu FCdNS~ > Qd~@ h @ `O@ @@ r ~ Qd N N_l @u@@ d M@ sh@hd_ @ > N_, N -Od l~, h N_l @u@-S@h N @ sh > d sd@ u~@ ` N@ h s k ]@ d Fd@ ~ > k, @ u~@ d@ dBd,N @b @ Z Qd~@ @h, h d@h ~ y; d su@d d@ d NsdB @ > N@ Qd~ dsd d@h d@b @ ~@ Ng `, _ N NNh@ @ d sd@ u~ FC @F@d S@h S d_@ @bd h > @F@ duol NFO< k h @d ~h, @b @ N_@ @ Nh NFO h @F@ h Qd~@y @F ` Q@

@, ~ d Qd~h Nsd @ @]hd @F@ _@ y N Qd~@ l @@bd > @ , N Mdh @ds@ ~y, N~@ s~ N}~Nhh @, d @F@d @ N~@ ~dd_h ~d @ > u~ @ bN ghhd]~ @ ~y d_@ @F@d @ >Nhh sb @h , Nhh ud @h QF FCd@ @F h > @ ~ ~NhM ~ @ @ ~ h]@ sN@ ~ Ns @h, d h d~N d Nd s@sd @ d h h N Nd dh~ @ d@b @ bh , @ @Ng Q , dO ~@ Ng d _ @ @m d N~@ Ng @ sd@ QF Nd@d@ uD > @ u~ ~ ~ ~ ~ @ @FC ~ ~ ~ S ~d@ `O ~g d ~h @ d @ Ng s ud uD N N_l Z d~N du~@ @ s@l d@F > @u@ Qd~ , @u@N N_l@u@ ~@ Ng l N_@F@ @ FCd ` @ ~ ~@ dud > @r@ Z@h d, No ~o _@ @FC @d u~ @u@ sb @ >

93 94

O

47

@u@@ FCd

F@h @ h NFQ~ ` l @u@Q , @ @ r NhS-Nhs , d@ L~ul @bd Qd @u@@ ~N_ Nd Od@ s@b -NS~ NN @u@ Qd~ d @u@h l @h~, b Q@d @ d~hlu FCdNS~ > Qd~@ h @ `O@ @@ r ~ Qd N N_l @u@@ d M@ sh@hd_ @ > N_, N -Od l~, h N_l @u@-S@h N @ sh > d sd@ u~@ ` N@ h s k ]@ d Fd@ ~ > k, @ u~@ d@ dBd,N @b @ Z Qd~@ @h, h d@h ~ y; d su@d d@ d NsdB @ > N@ Qd~ dsd d@h d@b @ ~@ Ng `, _ N NNh@ @ d sd@ u~ FC @F@d S@h S d_@ @bd h > @F@ duol NFO< k h @d ~h, @b @ N_@ @ Nh NFO h @F@ h Qd~@y @F ` Q@

@, ~ d Qd~h Nsd @ @]hd @F@ _@ y N Qd~@ l @@bd > @ , N Mdh @ds@ ~y, N~@ s~ N}~Nhh @, d @F@d @ N~@ ~dd_h ~d @ > u~ @ bN ghhd]~ @ ~y d_@ @F@d @ >Nhh sb @h , Nhh ud @h QF FCd@ @F h > @ ~ ~NhM ~ @ @ ~ h]@ sN@ ~ Ns @h, d h d~N d Nd s@sd @ d h h N Nd dh~ @ d@b @ bh , @ @Ng Q , dO ~@ Ng d _ @ @m d N~@ Ng @ sd@ QF Nd@d@ uD > @ u~ ~ ~ ~ ~ @ @FC ~ ~ ~ S ~d@ `O ~g d ~h @ d @ Ng s ud uD N N_l Z d~N du~@ @ s@l d@F > @u@ Qd~ , @u@N N_l@u@ ~@ Ng l N_@F@ @ FCd ` @ ~ ~@ dud > @r@ Z@h d, No ~o _@ @FC @d u~ @u@ sb @ >

93 94

O

48

@u@@ FCd

h d@ ~ @ @G dO h@hr@NOd ` @, k @~ uN ~h@ @F@@bu @ @ l d ~h ]`S@ > @ FCd, Nub FCd N}@@ ~-~ d@ @F@ _@, d ~@F@d dl gh@, d @F@du~ l, @ d@ Ng ~ld s@ > ~@N}~ s@ ~@ Ng NuCd Nuh d@ ud u~@ ~o @ N_lFC@ > N@ @u@@ @F@ bh , d@, lbu N@ N@ Od@ F@~ _@, d ~@ Ng Nuh d@, Nu , @ NB ~dd_@ Od@ @ Ng h d @hM@ @] > Ns @~ bh Qh, N@~ l Nhh sb @; NNhh ~ ~Fd~ u~@ N@ N~ NN}~@ Nshh d @h @ >br@ ~ ~ b@ @ uB@ u~@ ~ N@ Nshh d @F@d@@ S@b r @ ~h, h @u@@ FCdrl@ S@b@ N_@F b ?

dud@ k Nh~ @u@h kFCd@ k @F@@ Od ` ~ ~@ ~ @h` h S ` h d@ @ds @y d A > F N@ ~d d@F ~od N N @u@@rdNhh @~ul ` S@ ~ d@ @F@NFC N} ` ~ @` > @ @b ~hr @u@ d@ N @ b@ _@ @Qd ` ~h, ~@ ~~rd@ @FC ~d@ @u@ l@ d ~uQd, Fd ~~ r@ Frd > N_l@u@ @ dNd ~d~ _@ @sg > @ sd Nl l _@ Nu sdu d @ r NlhduNh ~@ s~ l@ NFC Qd~ >@ @u@ ~@ FCd N NNoh ` d ~d~@y h~ d > ~d~@ d@hy @u@@ M ~@ Od@ @N@h D @ s@ @ ~h d @ s@ Ng lN @S@ @@ NuC Nu d @ > h uB@ u~ ~ N}@ h d @u@~h d @ y N} >

FCd@ `O ~hN@b N@

95 96

O

48

@u@@ FCd

h d@ ~ @ @G dO h@hr@NOd ` @, k @~ uN ~h@ @F@@bu @ @ l d ~h ]`S@ > @ FCd, Nub FCd N}@@ ~-~ d@ @F@ _@, d ~@F@d dl gh@, d @F@du~ l, @ d@ Ng ~ld s@ > ~@N}~ s@ ~@ Ng NuCd Nuh d@ ud u~@ ~o @ N_lFC@ > N@ @u@@ @F@ bh , d@, lbu N@ N@ Od@ F@~ _@, d ~@ Ng Nuh d@, Nu , @ NB ~dd_@ Od@ @ Ng h d @hM@ @] > Ns @~ bh Qh, N@~ l Nhh sb @; NNhh ~ ~Fd~ u~@ N@ N~ NN}~@ Nshh d @h @ >br@ ~ ~ b@ @ uB@ u~@ ~ N@ Nshh d @F@d@@ S@b r @ ~h, h @u@@ FCdrl@ S@b@ N_@F b ?

dud@ k Nh~ @u@h kFCd@ k @F@@ Od ` ~ ~@ ~ @h` h S ` h d@ @ds @y d A > F N@ ~d d@F ~od N N @u@@rdNhh @~ul ` S@ ~ d@ @F@NFC N} ` ~ @` > @ @b ~hr @u@ d@ N @ b@ _@ @Qd ` ~h, ~@ ~~rd@ @FC ~d@ @u@ l@ d ~uQd, Fd ~~ r@ Frd > N_l@u@ @ dNd ~d~ _@ @sg > @ sd Nl l _@ Nu sdu d @ r NlhduNh ~@ s~ l@ NFC Qd~ >@ @u@ ~@ FCd N NNoh ` d ~d~@y h~ d > ~d~@ d@hy @u@@ M ~@ Od@ @N@h D @ s@ @ ~h d @ s@ Ng lN @S@ @@ NuC Nu d @ > h uB@ u~ ~ N}@ h d @u@~h d @ y N} >

FCd@ `O ~hN@b N@

95 96

O

49

@u@@ FCd

bN s @h NS~ @} @@h dd@h d NS~@ @ ~Qd A@~h@F l lh sb @h > s@ Md k @k; @ s@ sdb @u@ Mdh k @k b @ N_ l sd ONNh h h @ d@ g@h ~ ,@bN_@F s @s@ Qd bl N~ > NS@bd k @ sb @k MdNh@ Ns~ N h ` ~,b h F@h ghd @ , h Od@ s@ ~h@F r Md@ l ~ >h @ O@ ~@ bN Od@h l@} @h d h b @ ~h@F l Mdsb @h b @ N lsSh~ Qh > @} @ s@ Nhl sb @ Nh N` FCd N`@ NNhh h@ g@d @@, @ s@ NS@b N}~N h h d @@, h d F@h l @}@, d@ @y h h h d@Nu d@y @h h > ~h h@h @} @ l @@ Nd d ~y d@ FCd ~ d@ ~d@ FCdh sb @

dh @h ~ @ ~y > h @b, uN `O@ ~@h Zh @F@ _@ @ `O h ~ u~h sdu~@ @F@d @, d h @hy >h l~ ~-u~@ lNhh sb@ dh k@ _@ @F@d @ > @~d@ FCd ` ~y, @h d@ FCd _@ h@ @ @F@d Qd~@ _@ N} > , ~ QS@, `]d r@ FCd u~@Ns~ FCd rl Q@ @h d @@ > Ngh sb @h Od@ N}~Nhh @u @ N@ FCd N` N@ NNhh h @h ~d@ @ FCd d@ dNd s @h k Qd~@ d@ @b d ~Fd~@F > @u@@ FCd Od@ y h >

@ k ~_rb@ u~ h sb @s` @ d rlh ~ h h@d~ k ~hB~sh ~ `O@ dF `~ @ > @b h@d~ kd NN@-u~@h h]@ d@h NFC F@ h Q d@ `O` u~ @ ~ r@ d@ NFC @ds >h u~ NN@ d@y @Fld

97 98

O

49

@u@@ FCd

bN s @h NS~ @} @@h dd@h d NS~@ @ ~Qd A@~h@F l lh sb @h > s@ Md k @k; @ s@ sdb @u@ Mdh k @k b @ N_ l sd ONNh h h @ d@ g@h ~ ,@bN_@F s @s@ Qd bl N~ > NS@bd k @ sb @k MdNh@ Ns~ N h ` ~,b h F@h ghd @ , h Od@ s@ ~h@F r Md@ l ~ >h @ O@ ~@ bN Od@h l@} @h d h b @ ~h@F l Mdsb @h b @ N lsSh~ Qh > @} @ s@ Nhl sb @ Nh N` FCd N`@ NNhh h@ g@d @@, @ s@ NS@b N}~N h h d @@, h d F@h l @}@, d@ @y h h h d@Nu d@y @h h > ~h h@h @} @ l @@ Nd d ~y d@ FCd ~ d@ ~d@ FCdh sb @

dh @h ~ @ ~y > h @b, uN `O@ ~@h Zh @F@ _@ @ `O h ~ u~h sdu~@ @F@d @, d h @hy >h l~ ~-u~@ lNhh sb@ dh k@ _@ @F@d @ > @~d@ FCd ` ~y, @h d@ FCd _@ h@ @ @F@d Qd~@ _@ N} > , ~ QS@, `]d r@ FCd u~@Ns~ FCd rl