Sheep and goat marketing and consumption in relation to religious festivities in shifting and permanent farming system in shifting and permanent farming systems in western Ethiopia.

I - IntroductionBackground

Demand for meat and human popn are increasing in Ethiopia A low growth rate of livestock output vis-à-vis high human popn

growth rate becomes one of the major concerns in the country

Thus, efforts have to be made to increase production and productivity of sheep and goats to overcome this concern

In the country, sheep and goats provide 25% of the domestic meat consumption with production surplus, exported mainly as live animals

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Problem statement and justification

Sheep and goats in BGRS traditional farming systems Shifting farming system (SFS) and Permanent farming systems (PFS)

SFS practiced among native and PFS settler farming communities

These communities have their own:Long developed farming practicesLivestock keeping, Natural resource management Land holding and Farming implements

Each FS has:Different cropping patternsLand use management andProduction potentials andConsequently feed resources for

livestock

FS oriented marketing and

consumption research

3So far, no livestock research except comprehensive ones by AsARC like :

Problem statement and justification contd.FS survey general perspective picture of livestock resources

and Agricultural research strategy designed to set priorities and

thematic areas Results showed shoat improvement and characterization top

prioritized However, little was known about marketing and consumption of

the highly prioritized thematic areas of livestock research Besides, an overall improvement of the sheep and goat utilization

cannot be achieved without the basic understanding of this issue in relation to the existing FSs

:Due to this, in filling this gap, sheep and goat research on marketing and consumption of these livestock species was required just prior to initiating improvement or intervention Programmes

4

Objectives

To explore marketing of sheep and goats and

To identify the consumption pattern of sheep and goats

To explore marketing of sheep and goats and

To identify the consumption pattern of sheep and goats

In relation to the two FSs of W- Ethiopia, the specific objectives were:

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II - Materials and methods

Description of the study areas

Location

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Description of the study areas contd.Farming systems: Sheep and goat production is integrated with traditional crop production SFS and PFS are the two major traditional FSs Each FS has different:

These differences in the FS characteristics differences in sheep and goat marketing and utilization characteristics as well

cropping patterns land use management

livestock production potentials

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Data collection

Exploratory study To have an overview of the study components

and to pre-test the designed questionnaire

Participants:

Tasks:

Focus groups of key informantsWereda and Peasant Associations administrative membersSubject matter specialists Model farmers and Other pertinent bodies who directly and indirectly involved in sheep and goat production and utilization

Questionnaire was pre-testedRelevant issues for sheep and goat marketing and utilization were identified Market places representing the two farming systems were identified

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Data collection contd.

Cross-sectional survey A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to gather adequate data

on different variables to attain the objectives:

Sampling Ninety households (HHs) from each FS purposefully

Basis

- FS of the households

- Availability of sheep and goats

- Accessibility of the area in that order

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Sampling contd.

Priorities HHs who keep both sheep and goat Minimum requirements

A HH having a flock of at least one breeding female and A minimum of 1 year experience since acquisition of sheep and goats

Households at equal chance to be incorporated in to the sample, were randomly selected

A total of 180 households and their sheep and goat flocks were the intimate study samples.

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Questionnaires design and data collection

Both structured and semi-structured questionnaires Enumerators were provided with the necessary data collection

techniques prior to the actual data collection Interviewers were: The researcher, Trained enumerators and DAs Accordingly, primary data were collected on marketing and

consumption aspects of sheep and goats likeDemand and supplyPrice trendsMarketing and consumption constraintsRoutes of sheep and goats and Incomes obtained 11

Market survey

Carried out by paying specific attention to marketing aspects of sheep and goats during the religious festivities and the normal market events in the FSs

The monitoring was conducted in two market areas representing the two FSs

Assosa market area represented PFS and Kiburhamsa SFS

A total of 676 observations were recorded

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Focus group discussions

Conducted to gather additional information on marketing and consumption

A total of 5 group discussions comprising of 8 – 10 members Participants:

Key informantsAdministrative members Subject matter specialists

Model farmers and Other pertinent bodies

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Data analysis

Data was transported to and analyzed using JMP-5

In all the comparisons, the level of significance was set at α = 0.05

Statistical tools were: Descriptive statisticsT-testChi-square testAnalysis of variance

Multivariate pair wise correlationsRank analysis

and Qualitative analysis

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III – Results and DiscussionMarketing of sheep and goats

Demand and supply

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Prices of sheep and goats in relation to market situations, color, buyer, and seller types

Species by FS

Special occasions TestEid Al-Fetir Normal Eid Al-Adha ChristmasMean(SE) Mean(SE) Mean(SE) Mean(SE) P-

value

SFSSheepGoat

378.2(30.68)a

300.2(13.77)a

325.0(41.54)a

307.1(17.99)a

361.9(125.36)a

287.6(13.32)a

413.0(80.40)a

290.0(11.73)a

0.2490.784

PFSSheepGoat

370.0(16.03)ab

299.8(16.01)ab

337.8(7.36)b

259.4(70.03) b

383.1(14.34)a

297.1(88.43)a

409.4(14.34)a

302.6(84.84)a

0.0000.002

1. Prices in relation to market occasions

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Prices in both FSs for the past 10 yrs due to: Increased consumption The current price rise consumption of beef Decreased producers Reduced production disease prevalence

Prices in both FSs for the past 10 yrs due to: Increased consumption The current price rise consumption of beef Decreased producers Reduced production disease prevalence

2. Prices in relation to coat color, buyer, and seller types

Colors by price (mean (SE)) of sheep and goats

White Red Black Grey Other

Sheep Goat

430.7(20.56)a

268.8(9.88)b

358.8(6.98)b

327.7(10.13)a

-292.5(7.23)ab

366.3(10.88)b

261.2(10.13)b

337.2(115.22)b

278.4(7.75)b

Buyer type by price (mean (SE)) of sheep and goats

Traders Farmers Consumers Bucher Hotelier

Sheep Goat

341.4(14.26)ab

288.7(7.27)ab

312.1(13.79)b

266.9(8.07)b

383.6(8.24)ab

269.5(12.42)ab

393.3(38.18)ab

292.0(34.25)ab

372.6(10.33)a

310.1(8.62)a

Seller type by price (mean (SE)) of sheep and goats

Farmers Traders

Sheep Goat

373.4(6.51)a

273.1(4.30)a

343.6(9.82)b

336.7(10.47)b

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Marketing channels

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Intermediaries

Kiburhamisa market (SFS)

Assosa market (PFS)

Smallholders in SFS and PFS Within the districtOut of the districtOut of the region

Cross-border

Consumers (rural and urban)HotelsRestaurantsButchersInstitutes

Neighbor households

Marketing constraints

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In both FSs:

Households’ sheep and goats consumptionPreference and frequency of consumption

SFS PFS TestN (%) N (%) P-value

Preference

Sheep

Goat

67(79.76)

17(20.24)

70(79.55)

16(18.18) 0.367

Frequency of consumption

Quarterly

Twice a year

During religious festival

On other occasions

4(4.44)

7(7.78)

65(73.03)

21(23.33)

1(1.11)

7(7.78)

74(82.22)

15(16.67)

0.174

1.000

0.140

0.264

Cultural taboos on consumption 2(2.78) 3(4.00) 0.683

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Income and socio-cultural usesSpecies SFS PFS Test

Mean(SE) Mean(SE) P-valueCash income from sell of:Sheep 47.8(38.78)a 125.6(38.78)a 0.158

Goat 274.7(48.11)a 134.1(48.11)b 0.040Sale rate (%)SheepGoat

1.65(0.99)a

6.7(1.49)a

3.8(0.99)a

6.7(1.49)a

0.1250.992

Slaughter rate (%)SheepGoat

9.5(2.37)a

7.9(1.84)a

5.8(2.37)a

8.6(1.84)a

0.2740.778

Sheep and goats (%) exploited socio-culturally21

V – Conclusions and recommendations Demands, supplies, prices, and HH consumptions were typically

seasonal and reached peak during the major holidays in both FSs. For producers to better benefit from higher prices during festivals,

plan their production and supply to match the fluctuating but predictable patterns of demand.

Seasonal fluctuations in supply, disease prevalence, lack of export abattoirs, long distance to markets, lack of market incentive, sudden death of animals, and unstable prices major constraints

Studies on market access improvement options, exploring additional marketing opportunities in the Sudan are recommended.

Sheep and goat consumption in SFS and PFS appeared to be low. Thus, technical and institutional support needs to be provided to

realize rural development and poverty alleviation endeavors.22

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