Shared Mobility Factsheet

Shared Mobility: A Part of a Low Carbon Culture

plus

THE RISE OF THE SHARING ECONOMY

Sharing is nothing new. However, since 2010, different media

and authors have shown an increased interest in the trend

for sharing. Sharing, or collaborative consumption has been

defined as: a class of economic arrangements in which parti-

cipants share access to products or services, rather than

having individual ownership.

The rise of the sharing economy has many reasons:

• Ashiftinprioritiesfromowningtosimplywantingtouse

an item

• Increasedawarenessonclimatechangeandscarcityof

space and resources

• Financialcrisisandthehighcostsassociatedwithowning

items that are seldom used

• Accesstotechnologyandsocialmediamakessharingmore

convenient than owning.

Forgenerationsgrowingupwithinternetandsocialmedia,

sharingisnotsorry,it’s“sexy”.However,sharingisnotjust

foryoungpeople,itcanprovidemobilitysolutionsforall

ages.

Therearemanydifferentkindsofsharing:Money-drivenvs.

impact driven, and centralised vs. decentralised. This paper

willfocusontheimpact-drivensharingeconomy(alsoknown

as“initiativesoflocalresilience”)throughdiscussingthe

mostprevalentformsofsharedmobility:Carsharing,

plus

Source: Michel Bauwens, Peer-to-Peer Foundation

CAR SHARING

Carsharing(alsoknownascarclubsintheUK)isamodelof

car rental where people rent cars for short periods of time,

oftenbythehour.Theyareattractivetocustomerswhomake

onlyoccasionaluseofavehicle,aswellasotherswhowould

likeoccasionalaccesstoavehicleofadifferenttypethan

theyuseday-to-day.Theorganisationloaningthecarsmay

beacommercialbusinessortheusersmaybeorganisedasa

company,publicagency,cooperative,oradhocgrouping.

ride-sharingandbikesharingwhileprovidingdefinitions,

examples,describingbenefitsandpolicyrecommendations.

Centralized

De-centralized

Money-driven(capital)

Impact-driven(commons)

There are 4 different types of Car sharing:

1. Fleet-owned station-based Car sharing: Here, operators

offerafleettotheirusers.Thecarsalwayshaveafixedcar

sharingstation.Thecarshavetobebroughtbacktothesame

station.Examples:cambio(Germany,Belgium),Co-Wheels

(Scotland),Greenwheels(Netherlands).

2. Fleet-owned free-floating car sharing (one-way): Inthis

kindofprogram,carscanbepickedupatpointAand

droppedatpointBinacertainzone.Therearenodedicated

parkinglots.Examples(Car2Go,Germany,Netherlands).

AGermanstudy(http://matters.civity.de/index_en.html)on

free floating car-sharing has shown that the average distance

offreefloatingcar-sharingis5km.Likethat,one-way

car-sharing is also competition for urban public transport,

taxi,walkingandbiking.Nevertheless,itcreatesapositive

imageonsharedmobilityanditmighthaveanimpacton

car-ownership as well.

3. Centralised peer-to-peer car sharing: Anoperatorof

peer-to-peer car sharing offers an open platform to bring

privatecar-ownersincontactwithusers.Anonlineplatform

bringsofferanddemandtogether.Theoperatorskimsa

Shared by Taxistop #WeLoveSharing

Car-Sharing (UK: Car Club)

Ride-Sharing (Carpooling, UK: Car-Sharing)

Bike-Sharing

Centralized Fleet owned station based car-sharing (cambio, greenwheels)

Fleet owned one way/free floating car-sharing (drivenow, car2go)

Peer-to-peer car-sharing With access technology (getaround, mywheels) Key Swap (snappcar, mywheels)

Decentralized Decentralized peer-to-peer/private car-sharing (autopia, caruso)

Planned journeys Ride-sharing without e-payment (corporate ride-sharing) (carpool.be, liftshare)

Monetized ride-sharing (blablacar, carpooling.com)

Dynamic (instant) E-hiking (flync, avego)

(Peer-to-peer) taxi (über, djump)

Urban Urban bike-sharing (copenhagen city bikes, vélo antwerp)

Last-mile Last-mile bike-sharing (ov-fiets, bluebike)

Bike-leasing Bike-leasing programs (fietsenwerk, opwielekes)

certain percentage of the transaction cost between the owner

and user to provide an appropriate insurance, and the

operatingcosts.Examples:Tamyca(Germany),Mywheels,

Snappcar(Netherlands).

4. Decentralised car sharing: This is the most spontaneous

formofsharingprivatecars.Thistypeofpeer-to-peercar

sharingdoesn’tdeliveranopenplatformbutsupports

groups who are sharing their car in their neighbourhood.

Examples:Autopia(Belgium)

What’s the difference between sharing and renting a car?

CAR SHARING

Pay-as-you-go(distancerelatedprice)

Longtermcustomerrelation(subscription,seasonprice,…)

Short trips (mileageandtime)

Short reservation procedure andaccesstechnology

CAR RENTAL

Duration related price

Customerrelationrelatedon transaction

Longtrips

Contracthandlingandkeyswap

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“I’m on my way to [see] you”: Car sharing promotes

multimodal journeys in Bremen.

Inadditiontotheconventionalcarsharingstations,apilot

E-MobilitySharingStationwasalsoopenedinBremenin

2014:thefirstofitskindtofeaturesuchabroadmixof

vehicles!The“VahrVernünftig”Projectisacooperative

venturebetweenthelocaltransitorganisation(BSAG),a

housingsocietybasedinBremen(GEWOBA)andtheelectric

carsharingprovider,MoveAbout.

Thesharingstationislocatednearatramstop,iseasily

accessible and allows users to continue their individual,

low-emissionjourneythroughtherentalofthevehicle

suitedbestfortheircontinuedjourney:beitane-bike,

cargo

Example of a new “small” mobility station in a neighbour-

hood with narrow streets and a high demand for parking

space. Test drive at new mobility station, to show the benefits

of keeping intersections free of illegally parked vehicles

(Autumn 2013).

CASE STUDY:

Station-based Car Sharing in Bremen

ThebaseofcarsharingusersinBremenandinGermanyin

generalisincreasingsteadily.

Bremen’sambitiousCarSharingActionPlanseekstopromote

thebroadscaledeploymentofCarsharinginthecityinorder

toreach20,000usersbytheyear2020.

StreetspaceinBremenisscarceandthenumberofcarslead

tovariousproblems,suchasillegalparkingwhichhinders

pedestrians,cyclistsandthepassageoflargevehicles(i.e.

firetrucksandtrashcollectiontrucks).Byincreasingthe

availablesupplyofcarsharingoffers,residentswhodonot

needtheircarsonadailybasisarepresentedwithatrans-

portation alternative and are able to get rid of their own car,

savetimeandmoney.CustomersurveysinBremenshowthat

one car sharing vehicle replaces 10-11 private cars.

ThecarsharingoffersinBremenarestation-basedand

generallylocatednearbusand/ortramstationstoencourage

multi-modal travel.

“The already existing mobil.punkte (Car sharing stations

on public street space) verifiably relieve pressure on the

parking situation in our neighbourhoods. We want to

expand on this success story and continue to provide

space for Car sharing on public street space.”

Joachim Lohse, Minister for the Environment, Construction

and Transportation, Free Hanseatic City of Bremen.

In October 2014, Filip Watteeuw, Counsellor for Transport of the City of Ghent, announced the Ghent Car Sharing Action Plan. The very ambitious plan set the goal of growing from 4.000 car-sharers to 20.000 by 2020. This Car Sharing Action Plan was inspired by Bremen, through CARE-North plus dissemination activities.

Ich bin unterwegs zu dir

TAXI

UDo_post_RZf.indd 901.03.2013 15:24:42 Uhr

CASE STUDY:

City Car Club schemes in West Yorkshire, UK

LeedswasoneofthefirstcitiesintheUKtoembracethecar

clubmodelin2004.Asaresult,therearecurrentlymore

than2,000CityCarClubmembersinLeedsusinganetwork

of32pay-as-you-drivevehicles.CityCarClubhasalsoproved

tobeavaluabletransportoptionforpeoplevisitingthecity,

withtouristsandbusinessesmakinghundredsoftripsand

addingtothecity’sthrivingeconomy.LeedsCityCouncilhas

workedinclosepartnershipwiththeoperatorCityCarClubto

deliver and grow the scheme.

CASE STUDY:

Decentralised Car-Sharing through Autopia

Autopia,aBelgiannon-profitorganisation,offerstoolsfor

sharing own private cars in local communities to neighbour-

hoods, cities and organisations. Their ultimate goal is to

enhancesustainablemobility,particularlytroughprivatecar

sharing.Autopia’sactivitiesinclude:supportingnewand

existinggroupsofpeoplewhowanttosharetheirowncars

bydevelopingtoolssuchascontracts,onlinereservation

tools, schedules to determine and calculate prices and on-

line search engines to find other candidates for car sharing;

lobbyingforincentivesandalegalframeworkandinnovative

experiments.

SomeresultsofAutopia’seffortsinclude:

1. Parking incentivesforprivatecar-sharers.Duetolobby-work,

privatecar-sharershavededicatedparkinglots,orafree

parkingpermitforthewholecityinvariousFlemishcities

(Antwerp,Mechelen,Hasselt).

2. Home-parties. People can invite neighbours and other

friends and acquaintances to their house for a

peer-to-peer informational session about car sharing.

3. Some municipalities are too small for commercial car

sharingoperators.Autopiasupportsthosemunicipalities

to share the municipal car fleetwithcitizensonthe

weekendwhenthevehiclesarenotinuse.It’savery

cost-efficient solution in less dense or rural areas.

4.AVIRA,AutodelenVoorIedereenmetRolstoelvriendelijke

Auto‘s‘–iscarsharingforpeoplewithwheelchair-friendly

cars.Pegodevzwsharesitswheelchairvanswithits

members in Edegem and the inhabitants of Edegem and

surroundings.

City of Ghent: Subsidies for electric cars if you share

them with your neighbors.

Howcanyoucombinecarsharingandthepromotion

ofelectricvehicles?TheCityofGhenthasananswer:

Itprovidessubsidiesifyoubuyanelectriccar,butonly

ifthecarisofferedtoothers.Carsharingoperatorscan

enjoythesefundsinadditiontoprivatepersons.

Alltypesofcarsharinghavethepotentialtoincitepeopleto

makeashiftfromownershiptosharingbecausetheycreate

ashiftfrommobilityasareflex(hopinyourcaratyourfront

dooranytime)tomobilityasarationalprocess(thejourney

made,thetypeofmodeusedoreventhetypeofcarusedis

well-considered).Thiscanleadtoamodalshiftfromcaruse

tomorefrequentuseofenvironmentallyfriendlymodes

(walking,cyclingandpublictransport).

plus

RIDE-SHARING

Ride-sharingorcarpoolingisthesharingofcarjourneys

sothatmorethanonepersontravelsinacar.Aswithcar

sharing,thereareseveralkindsofride-sharing.

1. Planned journeys - Matching software for ride-sharing

without payment:Thisride-shareserviceismainlyused

to bring commuters together. This service is sometimes

subsidisedorpaidbyemployerswhowanttoreducethe

numberofcarstowardswork.Asride-sharinghappens

regularly.Examples:Carpool.be,Liftshare.co.uk.

2. Planned journeys - Monetised ride-sharing: This is a

ride-sharingbusinessmodelbasedonskimmingthe

transactioncostbetweendriverandpassenger.Driverslike

toshareridesintheseschemesastheyhaveaguarantee

tosharethecosts.Examples:Carpooling.com,Blablacar.

3. Dynamic ride-sharingisreal-timeorinstant(notplanned)

ride-sharing.It’sthenewhitchhiking,usingyourthumb

for the smartphone instead of using the thumb as a sign

fordriversontheroad.Examples:Carma,Flync.

What about Uber?

Uberandotherpeer-to-peertaxiservicescallthemselves

‘newride-sharingoperators’.However,ride-sharingmakes

use of additional capacities in vehicles; the offered rides

arecarriedoutregardless.Uberofferstransporton-

demand,likeataxiservice.ServicesofferedbyUberand

similarprovidersdonotreallyqualifyassharingeconomy,

but fulfil the potential for transport on-demand. However,

such services have potential for the future: real ride-

sharingbyUberPool,andtaxi-sharing.Anexampleof

therevitalisingimpactofUberistheraiseofstart-up

PickMeUpinFlanders:Ataxi-app,whoprovidestaxi

on-demand,anewtechnologyformanydifferenttaxi

operators,offeringsameuserexperienceasUber.

BIKE-SHARING

Bike-sharingisaserviceforbikeaccessasanalternativeto

bikeownership.Ithasbeenproveninmanycities,likeParis,

BarcelonaandRiodeJaneiro,thatbike-sharinghasthe

potentialtocreateacycleculturewhereitdoesnotyetexist.

Therearealsodifferenttypesofbike-sharing:

1. Urban bike sharingisabikesharingnetworkofferedina

certaincity.Userscaneasilypick-upbikesatdifferentbike

stationsinthecity.Thebicyclescanbedroppedatother

stations.Veryoftentheshort-termuseisveryinexpensive.

Longerusebecomesexpensive:Thepriceschemeisdefined

likethis,toconvinceuserstoputthebikebackinthe

systemafterusingitandtoavoidparkingthebike

elsewhere.Examples:Velo(Antwerp),Copenhagenbike.

2. Last mile bike sharingisnotconcentratedinonecity,but

inanetworkofdifferentcities.Thebikesareofferednear

trainstationsorpublictransporthubs.Thebicyclesare

mainlyusedforthelastmileafteratrainjourneyby

visitorstoacity.Thebikeshavetobedroppedinthesame

bikesharingstation.Therentalpriceistypicallyperdayor

half-day,asthisnatureofthetripmakesitdifficultto

returnthebike,forinstance,duringameeting.Thistype

ofbikesharingencouragesmultimodalmobility.Examples:

OV-Fiets(TheNetherlands),BlueBike(Belgium),

Call-a-bike(Germany).

3. Bike leasing: Bikeleasingislong-termbikerental.This

typeofbikesharingsupportscertaintargetgroupstohave

saferandbetterqualitybikes.Someexamples:FietsenWerk

(Belgium),abikeserviceforemployees;StudentenMobiliteit

(Ghent),abikeserviceforstudents.

IMPACTS OF SHARED MOBILITY

ON MODAL CHOICES

Studieshaveshownthatvariousformsofsharedmobility

tendtocomplementoneanother.Intermsofmobilityimpacts,

thediagramshowsthesamefindingsandwhichkindsof

sharedmobilityhavethemostconsiderableimpacton(urban)

mobility.Themainimpactsofsharedmobilityareondaily

travel behaviour and the choice of transport mode for various

distances.

Shared by Taxistop #WeLoveSharing

Low impact High impact

Sporadic

Overall: Long-term impact on space consumption and mobility patterns ownership mobility = reflex

sharing mobility = ratio

short journeys long journeys

urban bike-sharing

peer-to-peer taxi

one-way car-sharing

train + last mile bike-sharing

corporate ride-sharing

decentralized car-sharing station based car-sharing

peer-to-peer car-sharing with access

technology

peer-to-peer car-sharing

with key swap

monetized ride-sharing

Competitive for walking, cycling or public transport

Allsharedmobilityservicesinthisclassificationhavethe

potentialtomakeashiftfromcarownership,leadingto

reflective car use and toward rational transport behaviour

because their users tend to choose the most appropriate

modeperjourney.Inotherwords:The more alternatives

people have, the more opportunities they have to become

a multimodal transport user.

Cargo bike sharing in Ghent, Belgium

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CASE STUDY:

Corporate carpooling by Taxistop

Taxistophasofferedcarpoolmatchingsoftwareforcompanies

andprivatepersonsformanyyears.Duringthestart-up,

Taxistophaslearnedmanylessonsabouttheneedsof

corporate users:

1.Changingdailyhabitsistough.Therefore,Taxistop

organisescampaignstostartwithonedayoroneweek

(e.g.CarFreeDay,Carpoolweek).Thesoftware(carpool.be)

isadjustedtofindcarpoolpartnersforoccasionalor

irregularjourneys.

2.Acompanyneedscustomisedadviceandpromotional

activities,notjustasubscriptiontoacarpoolwebsite.

3. Statistics and administration tools are also important.

Taxistopcreatedatoolforregisteringdailycarpool

behaviour:Thistoolmakesitpossibletoenabletax

incentives for the carpoolers.

CASE STUDY:

ShareFest in Belgium

ThefirstShareFestwasbornin2011withacarsharingfocus.

Sincethen,theannualeventorganisedbyTaxistopand

Autopiahastransitionedintoafestivalthatappealstomany

aspectsofthesharingeconomyandgivesvarioussharing

initiatives a platform.

TheattractionsofthemostrecentShareFestincludedmany

attractionstoengagethevisitors’curiosity,including:a

surrealisticAnti-Sharelobby(here,peoplecouldsignape-

titionagainstthecollaborativeeconomy,theonlyproblem

beingthatthelobbyistswouldn’tsharetheirpens,which

madeitdifficulttosign),arepaircaféandbookswapping.

TheShareFestcreatesmanyopportunities:neighbourhoods

caninspireeachother,peoplecangetincontactwithmany

sharingeconomyprojectsandorganisations,representatives

fromthecitycouncilgainabetterunderstandingofthereal

potentialofthecollaborativeeconomy.

ShareFest Ghent at Car Free Sunday, September 2013

CASE STUDY:

Carpool lanes in Norway

Asubstantialincentiveforride-sharinginNorwayisthe

alloweduseofcarpoollanes.InBergen,thereisa2.5km

longcarpoollanebetweentheairportandthecity.Vehicles

with two or more passengers are allowed to use this carpool

lane.Thelanesarenotonlyaccessibleforcar-poolersbut

alsoforbuses,taxisandelectriccars.

Thisroutewasverycongestedbecauseoftravellerjourneys,

butalsohighemploymentatandneartheairport.The

congestion problem has been alleviated

somewhat due to the carpool lanes.

TofindcarpoolpartnersinBergen,

thepeoplecanusetheCarmaApp.

ProjectNumber/JournalID:35-2-4-13

ProjectName:CARE-Northplus-Carbonresponsibletransport

strategiesfortheNorthSeaArea-CARENorthplus

FundingPeriod:2013-2015

EuropeanRegionalDevelopmentFund

EuropeanTerritorialCooperation2007-2013

Partners

PROMOTING SHARED MOBILITY

IN YOUR CITY OR REGION

Don‘t just “Like” sharing, plan sharing and focus on its impact!

Manypublicauthoritiesaremakingthesamemistake.

Inpolicyplans,itcanoftenbereadthatpublicofficials,

citiesandregionswillsupportnewformsofsharedmobility.

And,yes,thisisagoodstart.However,realvisionsforshared

mobilityarestillmissing!Sharedmobilityshouldnotsimply

beviewedasagoalbutasarealandviablestrategyfor

reducing congestion, regaining public space and improving

theliveabilityandattractivenessofcitiesandregionsforits

citizens.So,insteadofjustlikingsharing,createarealplan

withambitiousobjectives.Herearesomerecommendations

forpromotingsharedmobilityinyourregion:

1. Leadbyexample: Start to promote carpooling for own

employees,reduceyourowncarfleet,andbecome

memberofcarsharingandbike-sharingoperators

2. Start with a vision onsharedmobility.Whatkindof

sharedmobilitydoyouwantinyourcity?

3.Create awareness:Sharingissexy,notsorry.Sharingis

easy,notcomplicated.Sharingiscost-saving,not

expensive.

4.AdoptarealCarsharing(orevensharedmobility)

action plan, instead of ad hoc measures. Define goals:

Howmanycarsdoesyourcityneed?Howmany

car-sharersin202x,averagecaroccupancy,etc.?

5.Createpublic spaceforsharedmobility:SharedMobility

mustbeeasyaccessiblenearpublictransporthubs,and

veryvisible.

6. Createalegal frameworkforsharedmobility,removelegal

barriers.Definingsharedmobilityisthefirststeptocreate

incentives.

7.Giveincentivestoboostsharedmobility:Parking

incentives,subsidiesorreducedtax.

8. Embrace bottom-up initiatives

9.Getinspiredbygoodexamples!

Aberdeen

Leeds

Ghent

Leeuwarden

Bremen

Bergen

ICLEI

Malmö

Free Hanseatic City of Bremen

MinistryoftheEnvironment,Construction

and Transportation

CARE-NorthplusProjectCoordination

Contrescarpe72

D28195Bremen

Michael Glotz-Richter

Phone+49.421.361.6703

Rebecca Karbaumer

Phone+49.421.361.59427

E-Mail:[email protected]

Web:www.care-north.eu

Contact Taxistop

K.M.Hendrikaplein65B

9000Gent

Belgium

Angelo Meuleman

Phone +32 9242 32 18

E-Mail:[email protected]