Citation: Srivastava, R.; Alsamhi S.H.; Murray, N.; Devine, D. Shape Memory Alloy-Based Wearables: A Review, and Conceptual Frameworks on HCI and HRI in Industry 4.0. Sensors 2022, 22, 6802. https:// doi.org/10.3390/s22186802 Academic Editor: Giovanni Andrea Casula Received: 18 July 2022 Accepted: 25 August 2022 Published: 8 September 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). sensors Article Shape Memory Alloy-Based Wearables: A Review, and Conceptual Frameworks on HCI and HRI in Industry 4.0 Rupal Srivastava 1,2, * , Saeed Hamood Alsamhi 1,3 , Niall Murray 4 and Declan Devine 2 1 Confirm Center for Smart Manufacturing, Science Foundation Ireland, V94 C928 Limerick, Ireland 2 PRISM Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Athlone, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, IBB University, Ibb 70270, Yemen 4 Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Athlone, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Ever since its discovery, the applications of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) can be found across a range of application domains, from structural design to medical technology. This is based upon the unique and inherent characteristics such as thermal Shape Memory Effect (SME) and Superelasticity (or Pseudoelasticity). While thermal SME is used for shape morphing applications wherein temperature change can govern the shape and dimension of the SMA, Superelasticity allows the alloy to withstand a comparatively very high magnitude of loads without undergoing plastic deformation at higher temperatures. These unique properties in wearables have revolutionized the field, and from fabrics to exoskeletons, SMA has found its place in robotics and cobotics. This review article focuses on the most recent research work in the field of SMA-based smart wearables paired with robotic applications for human-robot interaction. The literature is categorized based on SMA property incorporated and on actuator or sensor-based concept. Further, use-cases or conceptual frameworks for SMA fiber in fabric for ‘Smart Jacket’ and SMA springs in the shoe soles for ‘Smart Shoes’ are proposed. The conceptual frameworks are built upon existing technologies; however, their utility in a smart factory concept is emphasized, and algorithms to achieve the same are proposed. The integration of the two concepts with the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is discussed, specifically regarding minimizing hazards for the worker/user in Industry 5.0. The article aims to propel a discussion regarding the multi-faceted applications of SMAs in human-robot interaction and Industry 5.0. Furthermore, the challenges and the limitations of the smart alloy and the technological barriers restricting the growth of SMA applications in the field of smart wearables are observed and elaborated. Keywords: shape memory alloys; smart wearables; hand exoskeletons; human-robot interaction; human-computer interaction 1. Introduction The exponential advancement in cobotics, human-integrated robotics, and human- computer interaction require affordable, lightweight, and efficient smart materials. High- performing intelligent systems which can integrate humans in real-time Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), thus expanding the reach of human capacity one step further, are the need of the hour. Even though the concept of human-machine integration might seem a more recent development, the research in the field can be dated back to the 1970s. Reddy [1], compiled the recent research in the field of speech recognition by machines and how human- machine interaction will revolutionize future technologies. In the early 1970s, a group of graduate physics students at the University of California SC started working on the concept of a concealed computer in a shoe to play roulette and completed the project in 1978 with a considerable profit. This work, and the group which called themselves Eudaemons, was Sensors 2022, 22, 6802. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186802 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors
Shape Memory Alloy-Based Wearables: A Review, and Conceptual Frameworks on HCI and HRI in Industry 4.0
Jun 24, 2023
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