Shape english l3_3.11.2014_reasoning

Lecture #3

ILLUSTRA

TION

REASONING

Schedule

• 2:00-2:40 REASONING – WRITING TYPE / CRITICAL THINKING

• 2:40-3:20 ACADEMIC ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS

• 3:20-4:00 MOCK PRESENTATION

B. Johnson, C. Wright 2009

Descriptive

Descriptive-type writing, at its most basic – describes a person, place or thing.

When possible, students should describe it as experienced through all 5 senses.

Sight, smell, sound, taste, touch should be shared as vivid images.

B. Johnson, C. Wright 2009

Classification

Classification-type writing:

= leads into critical thinking skills

= organizes some things (concepts, events, ideas, objects, etc.) into categories

B. Johnson, C. Wright 2009

Cause and Effect

Cause and effect-type writing explains what caused a specific effect.

= aim is to inform the audience.

= aim is to use an objective view.

B. Johnson, C. Wright 2009

Argumentative

= emphasis on critical thinking skills

= a persuasive argument to an opposing audience,in order to change their minds

Which type of writing do YOU need to use for the dissertation?

Critical thinking

• the ability to properly understand and evaluate the topic at hand.

Eg: Answering these questions

• What is the purpose of my thinking?

• What precise question am I trying to answer?

• Within what point of view am I thinking?

• What information am I using?

• How am I interpreting that information?

• What concepts or ideas are central to my thinking?

• What conclusions am I coming to?

• What am I taking for granted, what assumptions am I making?

• If I accept the conclusions, what are the implications?

• What would the consequences be, if I put my thought into action?

Logical Fallacies

1.Hasty Generalizations

2. Post Hoc (Faulty Cause and Effect)

3. Reductive Reasoning

4. False Analogies

5. Begging the Question

6. Circular Reasoning

7. Ad Hominem

8. False Dilemma

9. Appeal to Popularity (Bandwagon Appeals_)

10. Non Sequiturs

1) Hasty generalisations

2) Post Hoc

A false conclusion drawn from the outcome, rather than the cause.

*Let’s not take Bill on our picnic. Every time we take him out with us, it rains.'

3) Reductive reasoning

4) False Analogies

When an argument is based on false/misleading similarities.

5) Begging the question

6) Circular Reasoning

7) Ad Hominem attack

• Replacing facts with insults

8) False Dilemma

• A fallacy of oversimplification that offers a limited number of

options (usually two) when in reality more options are available.

9) Appeal to Popularity

10) Non-sequitors

• A conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement

ACADEMIC ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS

Topic→ Context→ Research Q’s→ Hypothesis→ Methods →Update

Let’s practice – Time for a MOCK PRESENTATION!

ReferencesImage – (7) Ad hominem:

http://www.renterence.com/category/thought/logic/

Images – (1) Hasty generalisations:

http://e8ulis.wordpress.com/

teenskepchick.org

Image – (5) Begging the question

www.thadguy.com

Image – (9) Appeal to popularity

http://xorandomstuff.blogspot.hk/2013/04/fallacies-why-your-argument-is-invalid.html

Critical Thinking – Key questionshttp://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/critical-thinking-identifying-the-targets/486

ReferencesImage – (6) circular reasoning

www.psquare.org

Image - (2) Post Hoc

http://www.renterence.com/category/thought/logic/

Image – (3) Reductive reasoning:

http://e8ulis.wordpress.com/

teenskepchick.org

Image – (4) False Analogies:

thewritersadvice.com

Image – (10) Non Sequitors:

jazzroc.wordpress.com