Shanthi English Edited

8/10/2019 Shanthi English Edited

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ENGLISH

GRAMMER

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Grammar Unit One:Lesson One

Types of Nouns

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Kinds of Nouns

There are two basic kinds of nouns:

1

Common

2 Proper

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Common Nouns

A COMMON NOUNnames a general person, place,thing, or idea. It does not refer to somethingspecific.

cat

house

shoe

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Proper Nouns

A PROPERNOUNnames a specific person, place,thing, or idea. It refers to a NAME of a noun.

Felix

White House

Nike

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Concrete & Abstract Nouns

In addition to common and proper

nouns, there are also CONCRETE and

ABSTRACT nouns.

Hatsconcrete noun Loveabstract noun

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CONCRETE NOUNS

CONCRETE NOUNSare nouns that you

can see, hear, touch, smell, or taste.

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Abstract NOUNS

ABSTRACT NOUNS are nouns that youcannot see, hear, touch, smell, or taste. Theyare ideas, qualities, and feelings that cannot

be seen or touched.

RESPONSIBILITY

FAIRNESS

JUSTICE

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Count and non-count nouns

Count nouns

a book booksone book two books

some books

a lot of books

many books

a few books

Non-count nouns

money some money

a lot of moneymuch money

a little money

Common non-countnouns

advice, furniture, love, peace,

homework, luck information, foodmail, music, traffic, weather, worbread, cheese, coffee, rice, sand,meat, milk, water, sugar, money,

oil,

liquids materials (paper)

abstracts general

food

gases



Nouns (singular and plural)

Rule No. 1 (Add s to the end of noun)cup cups

student students

Rule No.2 consonants before ychange yto iand add escity -cities party- parties lady-ladies

Rule No.3 vowels before y

add sboy boys key keys day -days



Singular and plural (cont.)

Rule No. 4(f and fe endings)change the for feto v and es

life lives wife wives thief thieves

Rule No. 5(sh, ch, x, ss endings) add es

bush bushesmatch matchesbox -boxeskiss -kisses

Rule No. 6 (consonant + o) add es(vowel +o) stomato tomatoes

radio radios


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Practice ExercisesUse the plural form to fill in the blanks. (provided list)

Baby

Boy

City

Country

LadyParty

Tray

Key

Dictionary

cowboy

They have one girl and two ______.

I visited many _______ last year.

Women give birth to _______.

She lost the _____ of the car and the house!

_____ rides horses in Texas. Madrid and Paris are beautiful _______.

We must bring ______ to the English class.

Good evening _____ and gentleman.

On Saturday nights, I like to go to _______.

People carry their food on _____ at the cafeteria.


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Pronunciation of plurals(s / es)

Group A Final sis pronounced/z/after voiced sounds

(taxicabs, beds, dogs, balls, years, days, boys, trees, etc.)

Group B Final s is pronounced /s/ after voiceless sounds

(books, cups, groups, cats, students, desks, etc.)

Group C Final

s, es is pronounced/ez/after s sounds (classes, horses, boxes, faces)

after z sounds (sizes, roses, noises)

after sh sounds (dishes, bushes)

after ch sounds (matches, sandwiches)

after ge/dge sounds (pages, ages, bridges, edges)


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Irregular plural forms (exceptions)

Child children Foot feet

Man men

Woman women

Mouse mice Tooth teeth

Fish fish

_____ people

(is always plural) (no s)


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Classify these Nouns:

COMMON PROPER

CONCRETE

ABSTRACT

bike

planet

desk

scissors

Jupiter

justice

judge

dollar

Christian

snow

city

Islam

Roaring Spring

Pennsylvania

friendship

bikeplanet

desk

scissorsJupiter

justice

judge

dollar

Christiansnow

cityIslam

Roaring

Spring

Pennsylvania

friendship

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Practice

Identify the nouns in each sentence. Then classify it as cc(common

concrete), ca(common abstract), pc(proper concrete), or pa(properabstract).

1. The children play with their toys.

An: The childrenplay with their toys.

cc cc2. Skylar rides the bus to Spring Cove Middle School.

An: Skylarrides the busto Spring Cove Middle School.

pc cc pc

3. Ramadan is celebrated by Muslims around the world.

An: Ramadanis celebrated by Muslimsaround the world.pc pc cc

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Practice Continued

4. Mrs. Maugles students have great respect for her.

AN: Mrs. Mauglesstudentshave great respectfor her.pc cc ca

5. Students have a barrel of fun in Miss McElhattens class.

AN: Studentshave a barrelof funin Miss McElhattensclass.

6. Write a sentence using a common concreteand a properconcretenoun. Underline each of the nouns and label themaccordingly.

7. Write a sentence using a common concreteand a commonabstractnoun. Underline each of the nouns and label themaccordingly.

cccc ccca pc

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Testing Your Knowledge

What is a noun? a person, place, thing, or ideaWhat is a concrete noun? a noun that can be seen, touched, heard, tasted, or smelled

What is a abstract noun? a noun that cannot be seen, touched, heard, tasted, or felt.

They are ideas, qualities, and feelings that cannot be seen orsmelled

What is a proper noun? A noun that names a specific person, place, thing, or idea

What is a common noun? A noun that names a general person, place, thing, or idea.

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Lesson 2:

What are Pronouns?I

He

WeWe

She

Us

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What are pronouns?

Pronouns take the placeof nouns.The word or

phrase replaced by apronoun is called anantecedent.

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Example:

Diwali is one of India'sholidays. It is celebrated inOctober.

(Diwaliis a noun.Itis apronoun that refers to the

antecedent, Diwali.)

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Example:

When Robert was fixing thecar, he cut his hand.

(Robertis a noun. Heis apronoun that refers to theantecedent, Robert.)

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Examples:

1.Hetook herplacein the game.

2.Theirmain

objective is to scarestudents.29


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Now you try. Which of the following

contains a correct pronoun?

A.A hill is next to them. It isvery steep.

B.Jeff rides his new bike. Himrides it down the block.

C.Rickie gets on the plane. They

are very excited about his trip.

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Missed it! Try

Again

Think about what or whothe pronoun represents.

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Choose the correct pronoun.

Skateboards are fun, but

can be dangerous.

A. them

B. it

C. theyD. we

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Missed it! Try

Again


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Got it! Now try

another.

Skateboards are fun, but

they can be dangerous

Skateboards = they

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Speed bumps help to slow downcars. are found inmany parking lots.

A. It

B. You

C. ThemD. They

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Missed it! Try

Again


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G i ! N


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Got it! Now try

another.

Speed bumps help to slowdown cars. They are foundin many parking lots.

bumps = They

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Marisa and Nora made their owncostumes.

wanted to save money.A. Them

B. We

C. TheyD. She

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Mi d it! T


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Missed it! Try

Again


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G t it! N t


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Got it! Now try

another.

Marisa and Nora made their owncostumes.

They wanted to save money.Marisa and Nora = They

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Whi h f th f ll i t i


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Which of the following contains a

correct pronoun?

A.A hill is next to them. Theyare very steep.

B.Jeff rides his new bike. Himrides it down the block.

C. Rickie gets on the plane. He is

very excited about his trip.

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G t it! N t


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Got it! Now try

another.

Rickie gets on the plane.He is very excited about

his trip.Rickie = He

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Whi h f th f ll i t i


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Which of the following contains a

correct pronoun?

A.Blake skated to the edge of therink. He was finished withpractice.

B.The house has two stories. Shewas built in 1910.

C.Mary and Dave rode their bikes to

the playground. Them will build asandcastle.

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Missed it! Try


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Missed it! Try

Again


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Lesson 3

Appositives


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example

Miss McElhatten, a teacher, is from

Northwestern Pennsylvania.

appositive

commas


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Appositive phrases

There are alsoAPPOSITIVE PHRASES.AnAPPOSTIVE PHRASEis a group ofwords that include es an appositive and otherwords that help it.

Mr. Grozanick, a totally awesome

social studies teacher, teaches at

Spring Cove Middle School.Appositive phrase


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Guided practice: Answers

Check your answers.

1. My new puppy, a golden retriever, is learning to swim.

2. A true sportsman, Uncle Bill, never keeps the fish he catches.

3. My science teacher, Mr. Synder, has a pet bearded dragon.4. Mr. Nevins, a math teacher, always displays a Christmas tree.

5. Diwali, the Hindu New Year, is celebrated in October or November.


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Testing Your Knowledge

1. What is an appositive?

AN: word or phrase that identifies a noun

2. What punctuation do you use with appositives?

AN: commas


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What is an adjective?

Adjective is a word which describes a noun

fast

big

expensive

car

adjectives noun


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Exercises

List of adjectives

hot big thin

nice pleasant young

short intelligent lovely

kind happy attractiveexciting pretty unhappy

good annoyed careless

bad tasty perfect

tired upset terrible

ugly


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VERBS


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Action Verbs

jump


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What is an action verb?

A verb is one of the most importantparts of the sentence. It tells thesubjects actions, events, or state ofbeing. It is always found in the

predicate of a sentence. A verb thatshows action is called an action verb.


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To find the verb:

Locate the subjectThen ask yourself, What is it doing?

The dog barked.

Who?

barked

dog

What did the dog do?

The verb is barked, its what the dog is doing.


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Lets Practice:


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The lighthouse shines brightly.

What?

shines

lighthouse

What does the lighthouse do?

The verb isshines,its what the lighthouse does.

Let s Practice:

Lets P actice


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The snowman waves his hat to us.

Who?

waves

Snowman

What did the snowman do?

Lets Practice:

The verb iswaves, its what the snowman is doing.


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Alexander takes his bath.

Who?

takes

Alexander

What does Alexander do?

Lets Practice:

The verb istakes, its what Alexander is doing.


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Sally dances in the recital.

Who?

dances

Sally

What does Sally do?

Lets Practice:

The verb isdances, its what Sally is doing.


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Mrs. Smith arrives late.

Who?

arrives

Mrs. Smith

What did Mrs. Smith do?

Lets Practice:

The verb isarrives, its what Mrs. Smith does.


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L P i


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Time flies when youre having fun.What?

flies

time

What does time do?

Lets Practice:

The verb isflies, its what time is doing.


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The bumble bee buzzes near the flower.What?

buzzes

bee

What does the bee do?

Lets Practice:

The verb isbuzzes, its what the bee is doing.

Can you find the action verb in each


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Can you find the action verb in each

sentence?

1. The girls dancedin the recital.2. Our mailman drovea funny car

last week.

3.

His teacher wrotethe answers onthe board.

4. Alice workedon her homework lastnight.


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Past Verbs


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Past Verbs

Verbs which tell about actions

which happened some time agoarepast tense verbs.

The dog wantedabone.Wantedis a past tense verb

because the action hasalready happened.


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Past tense verbs

Many past tense verbs endwith ed, but some end withd, oried.

clapped

played

tried

P t t t t t


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Present tense to past tense.

The following sentences are written in the present tense.Try changing them to the past tense by putting Yesterdayat the beginning of each.

I eat spaghetti.

They skip quickly. Bob is seven.

I play football.

How have the verbs changed?


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How did you do?

Yesterday I atespaghetti.

Yesterday they skippedquickly.

Yesterday Bob was seven.Yesterday I playedfootball.

Present verbs


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An action verb that describes an

action that is happening now iscalled a present tense verb.

The bird fliesthroughthe sky.

Fliesis a present tense verbbecause it is happening right

now.


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Present tense verbs

Many present tense verbsend with s, but some endwith es, or ies.

sleepssplashes

cries


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Past to present

These sentences are in the past.

Change them to the present by putting todayat the front ofeach.

Sarah felt hot.

The cow jumped over the moon. John sat outside in the garden.

The mouse ran up the clock.


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How did you do?

TodaySarah feelshot.

Today the cowjumpsover themoon.

Today John sitsoutside in thegarden.

Today the mouse runsup theclock.

Future Verbs


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Future Verbs

Verbs which tell about actionswhich are going to happen arefuture tense verbs.

We will awaken at six a.m.

Will awakenis a futuretense verb because the

action has not yet happened.


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Future tense verbs

Future tense verbs use specialwords to talk about things thatwill happen: will, going to, shall,

aim to, etc.

going to start

shall email

will enjoy


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Helping Verbs

A helping verb works with a main verbto help you understand what action istaking place.

Elmer wasusingthecomputer.

23 H l i V b


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23 Helping Verbs

may

mightmust

be

beingbeen

am

are

is

was

were

(main)

do

doesdid

(main)

should

couldwould

have

hadhas

(main)

will

canshall

Helping Verbs


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Helping Verbs

Other things to keep in mind:

Not every sentence will have a helping verb with

the main verb.

When you see an "ing" verb such as "running", be

on the lookout for a helping verb also.

Helping Verbs


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Helping Verbs

Sometimes there is another word which

separates the helping verb from the main

verb. One common example is "not", asin: The boy couldn' t f ind his socks. The helping

verb is could and the main verb is find.

Helping Verbs


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Helping Verbs

A sentence may contain up to three

helping verbs to the main verb. An

example would be: The dog must have beenchasing the cat. The helping verbs are: must,

have, and been; the main verb is

chasing.


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The future tense.

The future tense is used to describe what willorcouldhappen. Change these sentences to thefuture tense by adding tomorrow at the start ofeach.

Jack and Jill went up the hill.

Thomas chased the mouse.

Lucy entered the wardrobe.

Bo Peep lost her sheep.


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How did you do?

Tomorrow Jack and Jill could/will goupthe hill.

Tomorrow Thomas could/will chasethemouse.

Tomorrow Lucy could/will enter thewardrobe.

Tomorrow Bo Peep could/will losehersheep.

Verb Tense Overview with ExamplesSimple Present Simple Past

Simple Future


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p p p

I study English every day.Two years ago, I studied English

in England.

If you are having problems, I will he

you study English.

I am goingto study English next yea

Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous

I am studyingEnglish now.I was studyingEnglish when

you called yesterday.

I will be studyingEnglish when you

arrive tonight.

I am going to be studyingEnglish wh

you arrive tonight.

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

I have studiedEnglish in

several different countries.

I had studieda little English

before I moved to the U.S.

I will have studiedevery tense by th

time I finish this course.

I am going to have studiedevery tense

the time I finish this course.

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous

I have been studyingEnglish

for five years.

I had been studyingEnglish for

five years before I moved to the

U.S.

I will have been studyingEnglish fo

over two hours by the time you arriv

I am going to have been studyingEngl

for over two hours by the time you arr

Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepresent.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefuture.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefuture.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futurecontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futurecontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futurecontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futurecontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefuture.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefuture.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepresent.html


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I

accept

I

Was accepting

I have accepted

you accept you Were accepting you have accepted

He, She

accepts

He, She

Was accepting

He, She

has accepted

we accept we Were accepting we have accepted

you

accept

you

Were accepting

you

have accepted

they accept they Were accepting they have accepted


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PRESENT SIMPLE: Use

We use present simple to talk abouthabits and routines.

When appear these adverbs: Always,every day, usually, often, sometimes,rarely, barely, hardly ever, never.

With timetables: Bus, planes,underground,


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PRESENT SIMPLE: Form

The present simple uses the same formas the infinitive for all persons, exceptthe third person singular.

To form the negative, we add theauxiliary verb do + not (dont)beforethe verb, except the third personsingular, when we use does + not(doesnt)


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PRESENT SIMPLE: Form

AFFIRMATIVE

I play

You play

He/She/It plays

We play

They play

NEGATIVE

I do not (dont) play

You do not play

He does not(doesnt)play

We do not play

They do not play

INTERROGATIVE

Do I play?

Do you play?

Does he/she/it play

Do we play?

Do they play?


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PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Use

To talk about actions happening now, at themoment of speaking. (I'm writing a letter)

When you talk about something happening

now but not necessarily when you arespeaking. (Im looking for a job at the moment)

When you talk about something has decidedand itll do in the future. (I'm meeting a friend

this evening)


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PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Form

We form the present continuous with verb TO BE + addinging directly to the infinitive of the verb. DO - DOING

With verbs that end ine, we omit the vowel and adding.

HAVE - HAVING

With verbs of one syllabe that end in a vowel + a consonant,

we double the final consonant and adding. CUT -CUTTING

With verbs that end inl, we always double thel. TRAVEL- TRAVELLING


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PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Form

AFFIRMATIVE

Im playing

Youre playing

He/She/It is playing

Were playing

Theyre playing

NEGATIVE

I am not playing

You are not playing

He is not playing

We arenot playing

They arenot playing

INTERROGATIVE

Am I playing?

Are you playing?

Is he/she/it playing?

Are we playing?

Are they playing?


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PRESENT PERFECT:Use

To talk about past experiences when you dont say whensomething happened.

With already, just,andyet.

With superlatives and the first, second, last time,etc.

For finished actions (no time is specified) which are

connected in some way with the present. With How long?Andfor/sincewith non-action verbs

(=verbs not usually used in the continuous form, e.g. be,have, know, like, etc.) to say that something started in thepast and is still true now.

TIME EXPRESSIONS Ever and never


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PRESENT PERFECT: Use

JustIve just made tea, would you like a cup?

Yet and already

'yet'Have you done your homework yet?

'already

Yes, Ive already finished my homework


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PRESENT PERFECT: Form

We form the present perfect with to have (auxiliary) andpast participle of the verb.

to have + past participle

Ive lostmy book. I dont have it nowHaveyou seenthe new Leonardo Di Caprio film?Your sister has leftthe door open. The door is open nowHasntDanny got marriedyet? Is he still single?Ivefinally founda job . I have a job nowIve knownher sinceI was a child.

Shes hadthe job for six months.Have you ever eaten orange? Ive never eaten an orange.


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PRESENT PERFECT: Form

AFFIRMATIVE:

I have played

You have played

He has played

We have played

They have played

NEGATIVE:

He has not played

INTERROGATIVE:

Have you played?


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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:Use

With How long?And for/sincewithaction verbs to say that action startedin the past and is still happening now.

For repeated actions, especially with atime expression, e.g. all day, recently.

For continuous actions which havejust finished (but which have present

results)


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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:Use

The present perfect simpleemphasizes the completion of an action.Weve painted the kitchen.(=thepainting is finished).

The present perfect continuousemphasizes the continuation of anaction. Weve been painting the kitchen.(=the painting is probably not finished).


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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:Form

I have been playing

He has been playing

I have not been playing

Have I been playing?

Haven't I been playing?


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PAST SIMPLE: Usea.) Use past simple when you talk about finished actions in the past.

Usually goes with frequency adverb.

I bought this car last year

b.) To express indeterminate action in the past.

They used pencils and paper

c.) To express habits and routines in the past.

They never drank alcohol

d.) To express improbable condition.

If I saw her, I should speak to her

PAST SIMPLE: Form


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Add ed at the end of the verb. SAVE -SAVED

Verbs that end in e: add d only. TRY-TRIED Verbs that end in a consonant + -y: change the y to i and add

ed. ROB-ROBBED

One-syllable verbs ending in one vowel and one consonant:

double the final consonant and add ed. STOP-STOPPED

Verbs of two or more syllabus ending in one vowel and one

consonant: double the final consonant if the final syllabe is

stressed. TRANSMIT-TRANSMITTED

Verbs that end in l: double the l TRAVEL-TRAVELLED

PAST SIMPLE: Form


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PAST SIMPLE: Form

AFFIRMATIVE

I played

You played

He/She/It played

We played

They played

NEGATIVE

I did not play

You did not play

He did not play

We did not play

They did not play


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SIMPLE PAST: Form

INTERROGATIVE

Did I play?

Did you play?

Did he play?

Did we play?

Did they play?

INT.-NEGATIVE

Didn't I play?

Didn't you play?

Didn't he play?

Didn't we play?

Didn't they play?


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PAST CONTINUOUS: Use

a.) To express an action in progress in the past.

It was raining

b.) To express two actions which were happening at the same time.

I was reading the newspaper while I was walking home

c.) To express two actions which were happening in the past butone of them started before the other.

When I arrived John was talking on the phone


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P P f T


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Past Perfect Tense

To form the Past Perfect Tenseweuse hadwith the past participle form ofthe verb. Most past participles end in -ed(painted, arrived, visited, etc.).

Irregular verbs have special pastparticiples that must be memorized.(told, said, spoken, eaten, etc.)

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THE FUTURE (Will) U


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THE FUTURE (Will): Use

We use will/wont to talk about thefuture.

To make predictions.

To make promises and rapiddecisions.

To make an offer.

THE FUTURE (Will) U


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THE FUTURE (Will):Use

PREDICTION: the weather will beworse tomorrow.

PROMISE: I promise Ill come backearly.

RAPID DECISION: Ill do itimmediately.

OFFER: Ill cook tonight.

THE FUTURE (Will) F


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THE FUTURE (Will):Form

Affirmative clauseSubject + will + main verb--> I will eat

Negative clause

Subject +will + not + main verb --> I will not eat

Interrogative clauseWill + subject + verb principal? -->Will I eat?

Short forms

I'll, you'll, he'll, she'll... (affirmative)I won't, you won't, she won't... (negative)

( )


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THE FUTURE (to be+going to):Use

We use going toto talk about plansand intentions for the future.

Theyre going to get married in May.

We use going toto make predictionsbased on present evidence.

She is very sad, I think she is going to cry.

We can give our opinion using be

going toand the expression I thinkIts very cloudy. I think its going to rain.


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THE FUTURE (to be+going to):Form

The structure be going touses thepresent continuous of the verb go + theinfinitive with to.

I am going to see a film tonight.

In short answers we use the verb to be.Are they going to study? Yes, they are.

THE FUTURE (t b i t )


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THE FUTURE (to be+going to):Form

AFFIRMATIVE:

You are going to study.

NEGATIVE:You arentgoing to study.

INTERROGATIVE:

Are you going to study?

Irregular Verbs


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Irregular Verbs

A Project Activity

COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS


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blow

Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?

Can you list these verb forms?

COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS


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blow

Present Past Past

Participle

blow blew blown


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break


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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break

Present Past Past

Participle

break broke broken


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catch

Present Past Past

Participle

catch caught caught


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choose


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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chose

Present Past Past

Participle

chose chose chosen


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come


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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come

Present Past Past

Participle

come came come


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do


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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do

Present Past Past

Participle

do did done


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draw


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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draw

Present Past Past

Participle

draw drew drawn


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drink


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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drink

Present Past Past

Participle

drink drank drunk


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dream


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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dream

Present Past Past Participle

dream dreamt/d

reamed

dreamt/

dreamed


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drive


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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eat


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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eatPresent Past Past Participle

eat ate eaten


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fall


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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fallPresent Past Past Participle

fall fell fallen


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forgive


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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forgivePresent Past Past Participle

forgive forgave forgiven


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get


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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go


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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goPresent Past Past Participle

go went gone


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grow


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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growPresent Past Past Participle

grow grew grown


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know


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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knowPresent Past Past Participle

know knew known


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lay


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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layPresent Past Past Participle

lay laid laid


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lie


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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liePresent Past Past Participle

lie lay lain


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ride


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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ridePresent Past Past Participle

ride rode ridden


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run


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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runPresent Past Past Participle

run ran run


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see


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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seePresent Past Past Participle

see saw seen


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singPresent Past Past Participle

sing sang sung


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sitPresent Past Past Participle

sit sat sat


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speak


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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speakPresent Past Past Participle

speak spoke spoken


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swimPresent Past Past Participle

swims swam swum? ? ?



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swimPresent Past Past Participle

swim swam swum


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take


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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takePresent Past Past Participle

take took taken


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throw


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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throwPresent Past Past Participle

throw threw thrown


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write


Present Past Past

Participle

? ? ?


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writePresent Past Past Participle

write wrote written

Let

s Review


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1. Moshe _________ drive (V1) more carefully. He_____________ drive (V1) so carelessly.

2. _________ you want (V1) anything to eat?

Yes, thanks. I ___________ like (V1) a sandwich.

3. Bob ______ actingin movies and makinglots of money.

4. __________ you seen (V3 - irregular verb) my hat?

No, I ________ remember (V1) seeing it.

5. Dan ______ wasted(V3- regular verb) all of his money.6. Some Americans _______ surprised (V3 - regular verb)

when Bush ____ elected (V3 - regular verb)President.

7. These photographs ________ taken (V3 - irregular verb)at Niagara Falls.

Let

s Review


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1. Moshe _should__ drive (V1) more carefully. He___shouldnt_ drive (V1) so carelessly.

2. ___Do____ you want (V1) anything to eat?

Yes, thanks. I __would____ like (V1) a sandwich.

3. Bob __is__ actingin movies and makinglots of money.

4. ___Have___ you seen (V3 - irregular verb) my hat?

No, I __dont_ remember (V1) seeing it.

5. Dan _has__ wasted(V3- regular verb) all of his money.6. Some Americans _were__ surprised (V3 - regular verb)

when Clinton _was_elected (V3 - regular verb)President.

7. These photographs __were__ taken (V3 - irregular verb)at Niagara Falls.

Let

s Review Some More


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1. Dontyou ________ you _________ drunkenough beer?

2. People should__________ a dentist once a year.3. I will________ an umbrella, because it may__________.

4. Gabi hasalways ___________ to visit India.

5. Most of our friends hadalready _________ the party when wearrived. Why didthey _________ so soon?

6. Please forgive me for phoning you so early this morning.

__________ you sleeping?

7. I was___________ TV, when suddenly I heard a shot.

8. Poor Miri! Shes__________ her arm! Call a doctor!

Let

s Review Some More


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1. Dontyou _think__ you __have___ drunkenough beer?

2. People should___see____ a dentist once a year.3. I will__take__ an umbrella, because it may__rain____.

4. Gabi hasalways __wanted___ to visit India.

5. Most of our friends hadalready __left___ the party when wearrived. Why didthey __leave__ so soon?

6. Please forgive me for phoning you so early this morning.__Were____ you sleeping?

7. I was__watching_ TV, when suddenly I heard a shot.

8. Poor Miri! Shes__broken__ her arm! Call a doctor!

It was Friday again, the day for famous parties at Wellington High School. Studen

_______________ (dance) in the garden and everyone ____________________(enjo

the pleasure of being away from boring lessons. When Sarah _____________ (come)

A LOVE STORY


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the party, the music ________________(already / start). Tim sudden

_______________(notice) Sarah and ____________(feel) shocked. He h

___________________(look for) her for 2 years. They _________ (meet) each other

a holiday camp in1999, but mysteriously Sarah ______________(disappear) after

while. He _____________ (think) about her since then.

At the party, Sarah _____________(talking) to one of her friends while most of t

students (drink) as much as they could. Tim __________________(decide) to talk to h

and ___________(wait) for her friend to leave. When he _______________(go) next her, she _____________(search for) something in her bag, so she _____________(n

see) him. As soon as he ____________(touch) her on the shoulder, sh

____________(raise) her head and couldnt believe her eyes. She __________(neverforget) him.

At the end of the party, no one ________(be) happier than Sarah and Tim as th

________(find) each other after 2 years.


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VERBS VS ADVERBSADVERBS

186

Verbs


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What is a verb?A verbis an action word!

If you can do itthen its a verb!

By A. Gore

Verbs


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Still finding it tricky?Try this then

Think of the things that youhave done this week.

By A. Gore

Verbs


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ransat

jumpedate

slept walkedwatched

swam

shouted

These are some of the thingsthat I have done.

Adverbs


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What is an adverb?Think about it

It adds something to theverb.

Shall we try?

Adverbs


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soundlynoisily

quickly

silently

carefullyangrily

calmly

excitedlyBy A. Gore

AdverbsI slept (how did I sleep?)

Verbs


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(how did I sit?)

I slept (how did I sleep?)

soundlyI walked (how did I walk?)

calmly

satIquietly

watchedI (how did I watch?)carefully

Adverbs

I (h d d )

Verbs


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(how did I write?)

I ran (how did I run?)quickly

I shouted (how did I shout?)loudly

wroteIneatly

listenedI

(how did I listen?)

intently

Verbs


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Verbs are the words for thingsthat

I can do.

I have done.

Or I will do.

By A. Gore

Adverbs


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Adverbsare words toexplain how I did it.

You try some

By A. Gore

Choose a word from the brackets tofinish each sentence:

1 Th hild l d ( i i il )


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1. The children played (noisy noisily).

2. Susan writes (neat neatly).

3. Mary speaks (soft softly).

4. The rain fell (gently gentle).

5. The lark sang (sweetly sweet).

6. The train ran (speedy speedily).

7. I heard the sound (faintly faint).

8. The man spoke (cross crossly).

9. Paul did his drawing (badly bad).

10. The doctor came (quick quickly).


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1. The river flowed (rapidly rapid).

2. Jim went to church very (regular regularly).

3. They were cheering (loud loudly).

4. Carol sings (beautifully beautiful).

5. The story was (near nearly) finished.

6. The rowing boat moved (steadily steady).

7. Father had to drive (slow slowly) through the crowd.

8. The racehorse ran very (swift swiftly).

9. The guard dog barked (fiercely fierce).

10. Alison arranged the flowers (good well).


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Joanne is happy. She smiles ___________.

The boy is loud. He shouts ____________ .

Her English is fluent. She speaks English __________.

Our mum was angry. She spoke to us ______________.

My neighbor is a careless driver. He drives _____________.

The painter is awful. He paints ______________.Jim is a wonderful piano player. He plays the piano _________.

This girl is very quiet. She often sneaks out of the house ___________.

She is a good dancer. She dances really ______________.

This exercise is simple. You have to put one word in each space

___________.

Tom is (slow) He works

Write down the correct form of the word inbrackets (adjective or adverb).


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Tom is (slow) . He works _________.

Sue is a (careful) girl. She climbed up the ladder __________.The dog is (angry) . It barks ____________.

He acted (excellent) . He's an actor____________.

They learn English (easy) . They think English is an _______language.

Max is a (good) singer. He sings _______.

It's (awful) cold today. The cold wind is ___________.

Dogs rely on their noses as they can smell (extreme / good) . If that is true,

why does dog food smell so (terrible) ?

The little boy looked (sad) . I went over to comfort him and he looked at me

I tasted the soup (careful) but it tasted (wonderful) .

Tom is slow. He works slowly

Sue is a careful girl She climbed up the ladder carefully


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Sue is a carefulgirl. She climbed up the ladder carefully.

The dog is angry . It barks angrily.He acted excellently. He's an excellentactor.

They learn English easily. They think English is an easylanguage.

Max is a goodsinger. He sings Well.

It's awfully cold today. The cold wind is awful.

Dogs rely on their noses as they can smell extremely well. If that is true,

why does dog food smell so terrible?

The little boy lookedsad . I went over to comfort him and he looked at me

sadly.

I tasted the soup carefullybut it tasted wonderful.


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1. The Jones_________(go) to Italy next summer.

2. I__________(never / visit) our friends in London and___ (spend) the night with them in my whole life

3 I (t ) it th ti d (b ) f l t it l


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3. I________(try) it three times and_____(be) successful at it only once.

4.______you______(ever/ read) War and Peace?

5. How many times_______you______(be) to the moviesthis week?

6. When_____you last_____(see) your parents?

7. What______you_______(do) when I_______(knock) on the door?

8. Mary___________(sew) while John_________(fix) the stereo.

9. She________(look) for her pen when she _________(find out) that she_________(have) it in her purse all the time.

10. When she________(already/leave) home, she

________(realize) she _________(forget) her checkbook

1. The Jones are going to Italy next summer.

2. I have never visited our friends in London and spent the

night with them in my whole life.

3 I have tried it three times and was successful at it only once


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3. I have tried it three times and was successful at it only once.

4. Haveyou everread War and Peace?5. How many timeshave you been to the movies this week?

6. When didyoulast see your parents?

7. What wereyou doingwhen I knocked on the door?8. Mary was sewing

while John was fixing the stereo.

8. Mary wassewing while John was fixingthe stereo

9. She waslookingfor her pen when she found outthat

she'd had it in her purse all the time.

10. When she hadalready left home, she realizedshe had

forgottenher checkbook.

They are ridinga bike.

She lookedat a picture.

W ft t k h t


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We often takephotos.

I have just hada cup of tea.

Alice will learnFrench next year.

Yesterday Emma didn't listen to music.

She is going to tidy upthe room.

Brian always sendstext messages.

Karen is makingbreakfast now.

Haveyou ever beento Africa?

They are ridinga bike. Present ContinuousShe lookedat a picture. Simple Past

We often takephotos. Simple Present

I h j t h d f t P t P f t


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I have just hada cup of tea. Present Perfect

Alice will learnFrench next year. will-future

Yesterday Emma didn't listen to music. Simple Past

She is going to tidy upthe room. going to-future

Brian always sendstext messages. Simple Present

Karen is makingbreakfast now. Present Continuous

Haveyou ever beento Africa? Present Perfect


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Tom is asking a question.

He helped his mum last Sunday.

Jessica lives with her mother


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Jessica lives with her mother.

He has written an e-mail.

There will be some rain in the North.

I didn't see Helen yesterday.

Are you going to watch the new film?

Donald doesn't drink milk.

The cat is sitting on the wall.

Mark and Gary have just arrived in Peking.


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Fill in the missing words into the gaps.

Irregular Verbs - Test 1


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Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

sat

seen

lost

ate

given

made

thought

gotten

gone

forgotten

Answer:


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Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

sit sat sat

see saw seen

lose lost lost

eat ate eaten

give gave given

make made madethink thought thought

get gotgot orgotten

go went gone

forget forgot forgotten

A preposition is a word that shows the relation

Prepositions


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A preposition is a word that shows the relation

between two or more things. Some prepositions are

to, at, by, on, in, into .... Prepositions are positional

words. Think about these phrases:

The knife is on the table.

under the table.

beside the table.

The knife went into the table.

At

time of the day: atsix o'clock

at lunch(time)


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at lunch(time)

at midnight

at sunset/sunrise

[Note that in questions we usually say: "What time shall we meet?" not: *"At what time ..."]

other expressions: at night

at the weekend/weekends

at Christmas/Easter

at the moment

at the same time

ondays: on Friday(s)


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day + time of day: on Monday morning(s)on Wednesday evening(s)

on Sunday afternoon(s)

dates: on December 13, 1965on Christmas Day

on New Year's Day

on Valentine's Day

on my birthdayon our wedding day

in the

periodical time of day: in the morning(s)


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in the afternoon(s)

in the evening(s)

centuries/decades: in the 15thcentury

in the Middle Ages

in the Stone Age

in the 1980s

reference of time: in the past

in (the) future[but: at present]

becausewhen

th f

additionally

later


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ConjunctionsandConnectives

and butwhich

with

if

Words that link parts of text

therefore

howeverfurthermore

earlier

Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.


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Susie saw a dog.

The dog only had three legs.



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Susie saw a dog.

The dogonly had three legs.



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Susie saw a dog,

only had three legs.Conjunction



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Susie saw a dog, only had three legs.whichbutbecausewhenwithwhich



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Susie saw a dog.

The dog only had three legs.

Susie saw a dog, whichonly had three legs.



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Sarah ran away from the dog.

The dog barked at Sarah.



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Sarahran away from the dog.



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Sarah ran away,

the dog barked.

Conjunction



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Sarah ran away, the dog barked.whenbecausewithbut

Sarah ran away from the dog.



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y g


Sarah ran away becausethe dog barked.

Sarah ran away whenthe dog barked.

Sarah ran away untilthe dog barked.


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The interjectionis thelast of the eight parts of

speech.

Interjections are special words that


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j p

show strong feelings or emotionsincluding -

First, let's start with a basic definition:


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Interjectionsare exclamatorywords thatexpress strong emotion.

Interjectionshave no other grammaticalconnection with or relationship to the rest ofthe sentence.

What are Interjections

An interjection is a part of speech that usually has


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j p p y

no grammatical connection with the rest of thesentence and simply expresses emotion on the partof the speaker, although most interjections haveclear definitions.

Several English interjections contain sounds thatdo not, or very rarely, exist in regular Englishphonological inventory, like quiet, shame, here,and Disgusting.

Interjections:

Interjectionsmay be followed by either commas orexclamation points


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exclamation points.

Examples: Ouch! That hurt! Oh, what a wonderful movie! Great! What a terrific idea! Aha! I've found your secret! Alas, the poet was no more.

Interjection Quiz

Identify the interjectionsin the following sentences.


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y j g

1. Goodness! He listened to the man's story and reported it to thepolice immediately!

2. Oh, I haven't seen my brother since he left for college!

3. Oops! I dropped the jelly.

4. No! Don't touch that!5. Help! I'm about to fall!

6. The poor dear was, alas, destitute and hungry.

7. Wait! Don't leave me behind in this cave!

8. Ah, I've heard that trick before.

UH-OH!!!


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the boy was playing football


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the boy was playing football.

The boy was playing football.

The girls were called katie and jessica

2

.We use capital letters

for names ofpeople.


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The girls were called katie and jessica.

The girls were called Katie and Jessica.

My house is on main street in ballymoney

3.We use capital letters

for names ofplaces

.


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My house is on main street in ballymoney.

My house is on Main Street in Ballymoney.

Laura and i went to the beach yesterday

5

.We use capital letters

when writingthe word I.


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Laura and i went to the beach yesterday.

Laura and I went to the beach yesterday.


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Test and Improve Your Spelling

The following lists of words misspelled in student papers were compiled a few yearsago by New York State. Of the more than 31,000 misspelled words gathered by


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g y , p g y

English teachers throughout the country, 407 were misspelled more frequently thanothers. These words are arranged in the table below from left to right down indescending order of difficulty. Study the list and test yourself by having someone reathe words aloud to you so that you can try to spell them without looking at them.

Words Misspelled 100 Times or Morebelief environment occur privilege succeed

believe occurred succession

beneficial exist occurrence professor

benefit existence occurring profession than


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g p

benefited existent thenperform receive

choice it's performance receiving their

choose its they're

chose personal referring there

lose personneldefine losing separate too

definite precede separation two

definitely necessary to

definition unnecessary principle similar

description principal writeoccasion success writer


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Here you'll find a lot of useful informationabout words, phrases and texts.If you look for facts about English-


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If you look for facts about English

speaking countries, this is where you'llfind them.You want to write a letter in English? Justhave a look at the sample letters weoffer.There are 186 Vocabulary pagesavailable

at the moment, with short and easy listsof words and explanations.For practice just pick one of the topics onth l ft
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/words_list/alle.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/words_list/alle.htm

Shanthi English Edited

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