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There is more to TDG than Chemicals and LoudThere is more to TDG than Chemicals and LoudBoomsBooms
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10-22-09
Acetylene bottle
stored in plumbersvan
Gas ignited by
10-22-09
Acetylene bottle
stored in plumbersvan
Gas ignited by
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1. Legislation
2. Safety Advisers
3. Duties of participants
4. Driver training
5. Documentation
6. Packaging
7. Vehicle equipment and marking
8. Quantity exemptions and Limited Quantity
9. Examples how much can I carry with exemptions?
10. General exemptions and questions
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Who wants to take the next load of TDG without
Training
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Transportation of Dangerous Goods(TDG) Overview of TDG Regulations
Classification of Dangerous Goods Safety Marks & Placards
Empty Containers & Vehicles
Emergency Response
Documentation
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Definition Under the Law Dangerous goods means any product,
substance, or organism included by its natureor by the regulations in any of the classeslisted in the schedule.
The Schedule referred to above is ScheduleII of the Transportation of Dangerous GoodsRegulations.
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ObjectivesTo promote public safety during handling and
transport
Different from WHMIS which focuses onemployee health & safety
Prohibits anyone from transporting dangerousgoods unless it is with the requirements of theAct and TDG Regulations.
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TDG Regulations, Section 9.7
No person shall handle, offer for transport,or transport dangerous goods unless they
are: Trained in aspects of the TDG Regulations, and
issued a Certificate of Training, or
Under the direct supervision of a trained person.
Training Certificate is valid for 3 years.
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Handlingmeans loading, packing or placing, unloading, unpacking orremoving, or reloading, repackaging or replacing dangerousgoods in or from any container, packaging, or means oftransport or at any facility for the purposes of, in the course ofor following transportation and includes storing dangerous
goods in the course of transportation of dangerous goods.
Safety Markincludes any design, symbol, device, sign, label, placard,letter, word, number, abbreviation or any combination thereofthat is to be displayed on dangerous goods or containers,
packaging, means of transport or facilities used in thehandling, offering for transport or transporting of dangerousgoods.
Continued ...
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Shipping Documentmeans any document that accompanies dangerous goodsbeing handling, offered for transport or transported and thatdescribes or contains information relating to the goods, and
in particular, but without restricting the generality of theforegoing, includes a bill of lading, cargo manifest, shippingorder, way-bill, and switching order.
Packing Groupindicates the degree of danger within a given classification
of dangerous goods. Group I, great danger; Group IImoderate danger; Group III, minor danger.
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Nine Classes Based on Hazard Type Class 1: Explosives Class 2: Gases Class 3: Flammable Liquids
Class 4: Flammable Solids Class 5: Oxidizers Class 6: Poisons Class 7: Radioactive Materials
Class 8: Corrosives Class 9: Miscellaneous
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Step 1: Determine if material is exempt Refer to Part II (Section 2.3) of TDG
Regulations to determine if exempt. If so,classification is not required.
Step 2: Determine Classification Refer to Schedule II of TDG Regulations.
List I consists of explosive materials.
List II consists of more than 3000 dangerousgoods, other than explosives.
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Gasoline & Diesel FuelTDGR Section 2.31 makes partial
exemptions for transportation by road if:
Containers are transported in open vehicle so
label or placard is visible from outside thevehicle;
Each container is secured to the vehicleduring transport; and
Total capacity of containers in/on vehicle isnot more than 2,000 liters.
Continued ...
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PropaneTDGR Section 2.31makes partial exemptions
for transportation by road if:
Containers are transported in open vehicle solabel or placard is visible from outside thevehicle;
Each cylinder is secured to the vehicle duringtransport; and
Total quantity being transported is not greaterthan 500 kg.
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Herbicides & PesticidesTDGR Section 2.31makes partial exemptions
for transportation by road if:
The product or solution is transported in a tankhaving a volume of5000 L or less.;
Tank is being used for mixing or holding ofproduct prior to or during applicationprocedures;
Tank is properly placarded
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Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, & Propane Exempt from:
Using TDG shipping document
Using placards on vehicles (exceptherbicides/pesticides)
Training, registration, reporting
Not exempt from:
Immediately notifying authorities ifdangerous goods are lost or released.
Filing written report for spills/releases.
Labeling containers.
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Herbicides & Pesticides Exempt from:
Using TDG shipping document
Training, registration, reporting
Not exempt from: Immediately notifying authorities if
dangerous goods are lost or released.
Filing written report for spills/releases.
Labeling containers.
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Division 2.1 - FlammableGases
Propane, acetylene
Division 2.2 - Non-
Flammable Gases Refrigerant, nitrogen,
oxygen
Division 2.3 - Poisonous
Gas Carbon dioxide, sulfur
dioxide
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Hazards Explosion or fire
Container rupture
Container rocketing
Frostbite
Asphyxiation
Toxicity
Irritation
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Liquids with a flash point < 61deg C
Commonly used as fuels Gasoline, fuel oil, diesel
Flash Point Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives
off sufficient vapour to form an ignitablemixture with air at the surface of the liquid.
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Hazards Fire
Explosions
Toxic fumes Corrosivity
Water contamination
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Poisonous or InfectiousMaterials A solid or liquid that is poisonous
by inhalation of vapours, by skin
contact or by ingestion. Examples: pesticides, lead
compounds, disinfectants, somesolvents, hospital wastes.
6
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Types
Labels: used for packages, cylinders, smallcontainers
Placards: used for large containers, trucks,other transport units
Signs: special placards such as Danger
Other Marks: additional information (e.g.,
shipping name, PIN, container orientation,etc. on smaller containers).
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Mandatory Use Safety marks used to indicate:
Presence of dangerous goods
Type and degree of associated risk Safety marks must be used on all containers,
packages, tanks, cylinders and transport unitsused for transporting dangerous goods.
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Special Placards If the quantities of individual
classes do not exceed the smallquantity limit, but the total
quantity of dangerous goodsexceeds 454 kg, the a dangerplacard must be displayed on thevehicle.
D A N G E
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Segregation of Incompatible MaterialsTDGR have requirements and prohibitions
for transporting incompatible materials(see Compatibility Chart) on the samevehicle.
Examples: Liquid fuels may be transported with propane
Propane & herbicides can only be transportedtogether if separated such that leakage willnot impact the other material
Liquid fuels must not be transported withherbicides/pesticides
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Special segregated storage is required for the following Dangerous Goods Classes:Special segregated storage is required for the following Dangerous Goods Classes:
Prescribed substances' under the Dangerous Goods Code are assigned a specific UnitedPrescribed substances' under the Dangerous Goods Code are assigned a specific UnitedNations "UN" number and are divided into the following nine classes according to theirNations "UN" number and are divided into the following nine classes according to theirpredominant hazard:predominant hazard:
Class 1- Explosives
Class 2- Gases (flammable, non-flammable, toxic)
Class 3- Flammable liquids
Class 4- Flammable solids, solids liable to spontaneous combustion,and substances that emit flammable gases when wet
Class 5- Oxidising substances (oxidising agents and organic peroxides)
Class 6- Toxic and infectious substances
Class 7- Radioactive material
Class 8- Corrosive substances
Class 9- Miscellaneous dangerous substances
Subsidiary Risk- dangerous goods that pose more than the risk that is denoted bytheir class.
Storage Considerations what goes with what?
Each class is identified by a distinctive coloured, diamond shaped label
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A discharge, emission or escape from anycontainer must be reported if: Greater than quantity for immediate
reporting
Class 2.1 (Propane): 100L
Class 3 (Gasoline, Diesel): 200L
Class 6: (Herbicide, Pesticides): 5kg / 5L
All fires and explosions involvingdangerous goods must be reported.
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Immediate Notification A person who has charge of dangerous
goods and discovers or is advised of a spill,release or fire shall immediately notify: Local police
His/her employer Owner, lessee of vehicle
Owner or consignor or shipment
Written Report Employer must complete Form 2 within 30
days and forward it to Transport Canada.
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Class 1 - Explosives
Class 1.1 Class 1.1 Explosives with a mass explosion hazard such as TNT,Explosives with a mass explosion hazard such as TNT,
Gunpowder, Gelignite, etc.Gunpowder, Gelignite, etc.
Class 1.2 Class 1.2 Explosives which are a projectile or fragmentationExplosives which are a projectile or fragmentation
hazard, but not a significant mass explosion hazard eg. grenades,hazard, but not a significant mass explosion hazard eg. grenades,
ammunition, etc.ammunition, etc.Class 1.3 Class 1.3 Explosives which are a fire and minor blast hazard,Explosives which are a fire and minor blast hazard,
with minor projectile or minor fragmentation hazards.with minor projectile or minor fragmentation hazards.
Class 1.4 Class 1.4 Explosives which are not a significant mass explosionExplosives which are not a significant mass explosion
hazard eg. flares, fireworks, safety cartridges, etc.hazard eg. flares, fireworks, safety cartridges, etc.
Class 1.5 Class 1.5 Explosives with a mass explosion hazard, but areExplosives with a mass explosion hazard, but are
insensitive substances.insensitive substances.
Class 1.6 Class 1.6 Substances which are a minor explosion hazard, verySubstances which are a minor explosion hazard, very
insensitive substancinsensitive substances.
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Pressurized or Liquefied
Compressed nitrogen and liquefied petroleumgases (LPG) are examples
Product and container present hazards
Subdivided into 4 divisions
Class 2 Gases
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Class 2.3 Gases likely to cause death or seriousinjury to human health if exposed or by skin contact.These gases are toxic or corrosive. Lingering andirritating odours often identify some but not all toxicgases.
Example: ammonia and sulphur dioxide.
See also Subsidiary Riskfor special cases
Class 2 - Gases(flammable, non-flammable, toxic)
Completely gaseous at 20 degrees at Standard TemperatureCompletely gaseous at 20 degrees at Standard Temperature
and Pressureand Pressure
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Flammable liquids can be ignited at roomtemperature.
Combustible liquids require some degreeof pre-heating to ignite.
Number 1RULE-ELIMINATE IGNITIONELIMINATE IGNITIONSOURCES.SOURCES.
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Liquids, the vapours of which can ignite in air on
contact with a source of ignition. Liquids that cangenerate a vapour, forming a flammable mixture withair.
The vapour can flash momentarily when an ignition
source is present. This property of a flammable liquidis regarded as the flash point. Therefore this is thelowest temperature of a liquid which generatesvapours to form a flammable mixture with air and cancatch fire when a flame is applied.
Examples of Class 3 substances:petrol, alcohols, thinners, solvents, lacquers andvarnishes
Class 3 - Flammable liquids
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Store in an approved flammables cabinet
Vent cabinet to the outside with forcedextraction
Max. storage 250 Litres
Cabinet to be placarded as flammable
Pratt Safety
Flammables Cabinetmodel 5560 AS
Class 3 - Flammable liquids
Class 3 is divided in the following way for packing/transport:Class 3 Packing Group I is Boiling Point 23C to 35C.
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Class 4 - Flammable SolidsSolid substances which are flammable in air and can sustainspontaneous combustion and emit flammable gases upon contact withwater.
Class 4.1 Solids easily ignited eg. by sparks or
flames, or liable to cause fire through friction.Example: red phosphorus, picric acid, hexamine,sulphur and naphthalene.
Class 4.2 Substances liable to spontaneously heat
up and ignite
Examples: activated carbon and white phosphorus.
Class 4.3 Substance which emits flammable ortoxic gases when wet
Examples: sodium and calcium carbide.
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Storage:
All Class 4 substances must be segregated
from Classes 5.1 and 5.2
Class 4.1 and 4.3: Store in segregated storagearea, or with Class 3 substances (eg in
Flammables storage unit). Signed Class 4.1,
4.3: Flammable Solids
Class 4.2: Separate from all other classes in a
designated cupboard lined with cement
sheeting or similar flame proof material. Must
be segregated from Classes 3, 4.1, 4.3, 5.1,
5.2. Signed Class 4.2: Spontaneously
Combustible
Class 4 - Flammable SolidsSolid substances which are flammable in air and can sustainspontaneous combustion and emit flammable gases upon contact withwater.
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Oxidizers release oxygen to enhance or intensify burn
Strong fuels, oxidizers can create conditions which can leadto violentviolentcombustioncombustion
Many organic peroxides are very unstable
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Class 5.1 Substances likely to increase the risk and intensityof fire in other materials (ie Contribute to the combustion of
other materials).
Examples: Hydrogen peroxide and ammonium nitrate,chlorates.
Class 5 Oxidising substances(oxidising agents and organic peroxides)
Oxygen is generally provided in a reactive form or is liberated to cause an oxidation process.
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Class 5.2 - Substances that are thermally unstable and likelyto react dangerously with other substances. Substances withthe ability to undergo exothermic self accelerating
decomposition as the substance contains its own oxygen in thechemical structure.
Decomposition of organic peroxides can lead to flammable andtoxic gases being generated. Many organic peroxides also burnrapidly and are very sensitive to impact or friction.
Examples: dibenzoyl peroxide and methyl ethyl ketoneperoxide (MEKP)
Class 5 Oxidising substances(oxidising agents and organic peroxides)
continued
Oxygen is generally provided in a reactive form or is liberated to cause an oxidation process.
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CLASS 5 STORAGE:
Separate from all other classes in a designatedcupboard, particularly from Classes 3, 4, and 8
LockableCement sheet lined (eg Hardiflex)
Signed (Class 5: Oxidising Agents)
These substances are incompatible with other substances,particularly Flammables (solids and liquids), Corrosives.Flammable matter such as sawdust require segregatedstorage away from other materials
Class 5 Oxidising substances(oxidising agents and organic peroxides)
continued
Oxygen is generally provided in a reactive form or isOxygen is generally provided in a reactive form or isliberated to cause an oxidation process.liberated to cause an oxidation process.
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Cl 6
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Class 6Toxic and infectious substancesClass 6.1 Toxic substances likely to cause death or severe
injury to human or animal health if swallowed, inhaled or by skin
contact.
Examples: Calcium cyanide and lead arsenate.
Class 6.2 - Infectious substances liable to cause death or severe
injury to human or animal health if swallowed, inhaled or by skincontact.
Substances containing disease yielding organisms and are notsubject tothe regulations of the Australian Dangerous Goods Code.
However, theyare incorporated in the Code if they are capable of spreadingdiseaseupon exposure.Stringent clothing and personal protective equipment controls arerequired
when handling or in contact with these substances.
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Three Types: Alpha, Beta, Gamma
Ionizing radiation hazard
Exposure does not always result in
contamination Safety Rules:
Time, Distance and Shielding
Shipped in specialized containers
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Class 7 - Radioactivematerial
Class 7 Substances (solid or liquid) which spontaneouslyemit ionising radiation. Category I, determined by radiationlevel of transport package. (Lowest level)
Class 7 - Substances (solid or liquid) which spontaneouslyemit ionising radiation. Category II determined by radiationlevel of transport package.
Class 7 Substances (solid or liquid) which spontaneouslyemit ionising radiation. Category III determined by radiationlevel of transport package
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Those materials which can causeirreversible damage to human tissue.
In addition, the fumes or vapors from
many of the materials are also veryhazardous.
Examples: nitric acid, sodium hydroxide(caustic soda or lye), hydrochloric acid.
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Class 8 Corrosive
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Class 8 - Corrosivesubstances
Solids or liquids able to cause, to varying severity, damage to
living tissue. Maybe either acidic or caustic in nature.
Cause burns in contact with skin and eyes.
Many form vapours that are harmful to respiratory system.Exposure can occur through breathing vapours.
In the event of a leak, these substances also have the ability todamage or destroy goods and materials or cause other hazards.
Class 8 Corrosive
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Examples:
Zinc Chloride and soldering fluxes with Zinc
Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid (Spirits of Salts)
Nitric Acid
Sulfuric Acid (battery acid)
Sodium Hydroxide (caustic soda) Ammonia solution
Class 8 - Corrosivesubstances
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Division 9.1 Misc. dangerous goods.
Division 9.2 Environmentally
hazardous
substances.
Division 9.3 Dangerous waste.
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Class 9
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Class 9Miscellaneous dangerous
substancesSubstances and articles that present a danger especiallyduring transport, not covered by other dangerous goods
classes.
Class 9 substances have separate storage and transportrequirements.
Examples: dry ice and asbestos. NB - Aerosols are no
longer Class 9 dangerous goods. They are Class 2.1 or 2.2
(gases) depending on flammability.
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Situation AnalysisTransporting the following materials using a
pick-up truck from supplier to bush camp.
3 x 100 lb. propane cylinders
2 x 205 L drums of diesel fuel
2 x 205 L drums of gasoline
2 x 205 L drums of drinking water
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Required TDG Measures Individually, quantities of gasoline, diesel
& propane are exempt under s2.31fromhaving to carry TDG shipping document
and use of placard.Total quantity of dangerous goods is
greater than 454 kg: Danger placard is required.
Containers must be secured to the vehicleand labels must be visible from outside thevehicle.
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It Doesnt have to be a Semi or aTraining of Compressed Gas
But it will be Dangerous Goods
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The result of a vessel failure in afire and release of a pressurized
liquid rapidly into the fire A pressure wave, a fire ball, vessel
fragments and burning liquiddroplets are usually the result
B L E VO
ILING
I
QUID
X
PANDING
X
PLOSIONS
EA
POR
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FUELSOURCE
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Fuels: Liquids
gasoline, acetone,ether, pentane
Solids
plastics, wooddust, fibers, metalparticles
Gases
acetylene,propane, carbon
monoxide,hydrogen
AIR
(OX
YGEN)
FUEL
Oxidizers Liquids Gases
Oxygen,fluorine,
chlorine hydrogen
peroxide, nitricacid, perchloricacid
Solids
Metalperoxides,ammoniumnitrate
Ignition sourcesIgnition sources Sparks, flames, staticSparks, flames, static
electricity, heatelectricity, heat
IGNITION SOURCE
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76
Liquid Leakage
After an accident or a malfunction a flammable gasleaks. (Associated probabilities for large and smallleaks)
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Liquid pool formation
A liquid pool forms pool formation model.
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Pool fire
There is a probability (e.g. 30%) of ignition.
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79
Pool fire
As the pool fire develops the other compartments areheated and the enclosed liquid may reach its boilingpoint after a while. (Associated probabilities and
models)
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80
Explosion (BLEVE) Pressure builds up while the container walls weaken
because of the intense heat. This may result(depending on the amount of leakage and prevailingconditions) in a boiling liquid expanding vapour
explosion (BLEVE).(Associated probability and consequence modeling)
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Flash Point Lowest temperature at which a
flammable liquid gives off enoughvapor to form an ignitable mixturewith air
Flammable Liquids (NFPA)
Liquids with a flash point < 100F
Combustible Liquids (NFPA)
Liquids with a flash point 100F
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Flammable / Explosive Limits Range of composition of material in
air which will burn
UFL Upper Flammable Limit
LFL Lower Flammable Limit HEL Higher Explosive Limit
LEL Lower Explosive Limit
SAME
SAME
Measuring These Limits for Vapor-AirMeasuring These Limits for Vapor-AirMixturesMixtures
Known concentrations are placed in aKnown concentrations are placed in a
closed vessel apparatus and then ignitionclosed vessel apparatus and then ignition
is attemptedis attempted
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UPPERLIMIT
LOWERLIMIT
VAPOR
PRE
SSURE
AUTOIGNITION
AIT
MISTFLAMMABLE REGION
TEMPERATURE
CONCENTRATION
O
F
FUEL
FLASHPOINT
FLAMMABLEREGION
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1 Atmosphere25C
FLAMMABLEMIXTURES
HE
L
LEL
LOC
Limiting O2
Concentration:Vol. % O2 below
whichcombustion cantoccur
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Hazard: the property of asubstance or situation with thepotential for creating damage
Risk: the likelihood of a specific
effect within a specified periodcomplex function ofprobability,
consequences and vulnerability
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Risk assessment and risk analysis of
technical systems can be defined as a set
of systematic methods to:
Identify hazards
Quantify risks
Determine components, safety measures
and/or human interventions important for
worker safety
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Risk analysis is teamworkIdeally risk analysis should be done by bringing
together experts with different backgrounds:
chemicals
human error process equipment
Risk assessment is a
continuous process!
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Risk Analysis
Hazard Identification
Hazard & Scenario Analysis
Likelihood Consequences
Risk
What if Checklists HAZOP Task analysis
Interpretation of theInterpretation of the
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Interpretation of thep
valuesvalues
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I m m e d i a t e
B L E V E
N e a r m i s I g n i t i o n a n d
E x p l o s i o
D e l a y e d I g
F l a s h f i r e
D i s p e r s i o
I n s t a n t a n e o
P o o l E v a p
I n s t a n t a n e
T a n k R u p
P r e s s u r e
l i q u e f i e d
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N o i g n i t i
N e a r m i s
D e l a y e d I g
F l a s h f i r
I g n i t i o n a n d
E x p l o s i o
N o i g n i t i
D i s p e r s i
I m m e d i a t e
J e t F i r e
T w o - p h a s
P r e s s u r
l i q u e f i e d
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Jet High speed (high momentum), rapid mixing,
single direction
Dense (= denser than air) clouds: Dense gas slumps in all directions (even
against the wind)
Dense clouds are shallow
Density layering (stratification) reduces mixing
Buoyant (= lighter than air)plume plume rise
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Dispatch 0230 hours for car fire (Engine10)
E10 arrived and requested FIB formultiple vehicles with possible structural
exposures (freeway columns andoverpasses)
12 vehicles damaged or destroyed
Firefighter near miss when CNG vehicle
exploded as E10 crew approached with ahandline (approximately 50-75 away)
Determined to be arson
FireFireFireFire
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FireFire
GarageGarageFireFire
GarageGarage
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E10 parked outsidE10 parked outsid
the gate herethe gate hereE10 parked outsidE10 parked outsid
the gate herethe gate here
Debris from the explosion was thrownDebris from the explosion was thrown
up to 100 in all directions includingup to 100 in all directions including
on the over-passes above theon the over-passes above the
Debris from the explosion was thrownDebris from the explosion was thrown
up to 100 in all directions includingup to 100 in all directions including
on the over-passes above theon the over-passes above the
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++++++++++++++++
BackhoeBackhoeBackhoeBackhoe
Fuel tankFuel tank(original location)(original location)
Fuel tankFuel tank(original location)(original location)
Trunk lidTrunk lidTrunk lidTrunk lidBumper frameBumper frameBumper frameBumper frame
Roof debrisRoof debrisRoof debrisRoof debris
Roof debrisRoof debrisRoof debrisRoof debris
100
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Honda CNG VehicleHonda CNG Vehicle
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Rear of vehicleRear of vehicle
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oof is blown completelyoof is blown completely
ff vehicle and doors blownff vehicle and doors blown
penpen
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Metal mountingMetal mounting
traps for CNG tanktraps for CNG tank
Metal mountingMetal mounting
traps for CNG tanktraps for CNG tank
Trunk lidTrunk lidTrunk lidTrunk lid
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ank initially landedank initially landedere, about 100 awayere, about 100 awayank initially landedank initially landedere, about 100 awayere, about 100 away
then was moved downthen was moved down
the hill for extinguishmethe hill for extinguishmethen was moved downthen was moved down
the hill for extinguishmethe hill for extinguishme
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Evidence indicates itEvidence indicates itmay have ricocheted offmay have ricocheted off
the underside of athe underside of a
freeway overpassfreeway overpass (next(next
picture)picture)..
Evidence indicates itEvidence indicates itmay have ricocheted offmay have ricocheted off
the underside of athe underside of a
freeway overpassfreeway overpass (next(next
picture)picture)..
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90909090
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Rear bumper frame 90+ awayRear bumper frame 90+ away
Bumper shrapnelBumper shrapnel
(note b rn marks on(note burn marks on
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(note burn marks on(note burn marks on
ground)ground)
Roof section about 75 awayRoof section about 75 awayRoof section about 75 awayRoof section about 75 away
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This may be your only warning oThis may be your only warning o
a CNG fueled vehicle. Typicallya CNG fueled vehicle. TypicallyThis may be your only warning oThis may be your only warning o
a CNG fueled vehicle. Typicallya CNG fueled vehicle. Typically
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a CNG fueled vehicle. Typicallya CNG fueled vehicle. Typically
located on the trunk lid or bumplocated on the trunk lid or bumpa CNG fueled vehicle. Typicallya CNG fueled vehicle. Typically
located on the trunk lid or bumplocated on the trunk lid or bump
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mposite tank is carbon-fiber / fiberglassmposite tank is carbon-fiber / fiberglass
rapped for strength similar to our SCBA tanrapped for strength similar to our SCBA tanmposite tank is carbon-fiber / fiberglassmposite tank is carbon-fiber / fiberglass
rapped for strength similar to our SCBA tanapped for strength similar to our SCBA tan
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LEL / UEL = 4 16% (gasoline = 1.3 7.6) 1 cubic foot of CNG = 245 cu.ft. of natural
gas at sea level (uncompressed)
1 cubic foot of CNG weighs 13# 5.66# = 1 Gasoline Gallon Equivalent
(GGE)
Honda Civic tank = 8 GGE
Note: 1 gallon of gasoline properlyvaporized has the explosive equivalency of83 pounds of dynamite (CDC).
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Determine vehicle type during size-up Use 45 approach angle
Watch for additional hazards
Consider cooling streams from a distance If CNG vehicle, remember best practices:
#1 KEYS
#2 ELECTRICAL
#3 GAS
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Inerts
Temperature
Pressure
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SourceSource Percent of AccidentsPercent of Accidents
ElectricalElectrical 2323
SmokingSmoking 1818
FrictionFriction 1010
Overheated MaterialsOverheated Materials 88
Hot SurfacesHot Surfaces 77
Burner FlamesBurner Flames 77
Cutting, Welding, Mech. SparksCutting, Welding, Mech. Sparks 66
Static SparksStatic Sparks 11
All OtherAll Other 2020
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Fire A slow form ofdeflagration
Deflagration Propagating reactions in which the energy
transfer from the reaction zone to the unreactedzone is accomplished thru ordinary transport
processes such as heat and mass transfer.
Detonation / Explosion Propagating reactions in which energy is
transferred from the reaction zone to theunreacted zone on a reactive shock wave. Thevelocity of the shock wave always exceeds sonicvelocity in the reactant.
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PRESSURE, psig TNT EQUIV., lbs. perft3
101001000
10000
0.0010.021.426.53
TNT equivalent = 5 x 10TNT equivalent = 5 x 1055 calories/lbcalories/lbmm
Stored Volumes of Ideal Gas at 20 C
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V C EU
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V C EU
NCONFI
NED
APOR
LOUD
XPLOSI
ONS
An overpressure caused when a gas clouddetonates or deflagrates in open air ratherthan simply burns.
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Cloud will spread from too rich, throughflammable range to too lean.
Edges start to burn through deflagration(steady state combustion).
Cloud will disperse through natural convection. Flame velocity will increase with containment
and turbulence.
If velocity is high enough cloud will detonate.
If cloud is small enough with little confinementit cannot explode.
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Confinement Prevents escape,
increases turbulence
Cloud composition
Unsaturated molecules
all ethylene cloudsexplode; low ignitionenergies; high flamespeeds
Good weather
Stable atmospheres,low wind speeds
Large Vapor Clouds Higher probability of finding
ignition source; more likely togenerate overpressure
Source
Flashing liquids; high
pressures; large, low ordownward facing leaks
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70160290
470670
940
12510152030
355065
Peak
Overpressurepsi
Equivalent
Wind Velocitymph
Knock personneldown
Rupture eardrums
Damage lungs
Threshold fatalities50% fatalities99% fatalities
Effects
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World of explosives is dominated by TNTimpact which is understood.
Vapor clouds, by analysis of incidents,seem to respond like TNT if we can
determine the equivalent TNT. 1 pound of TNT has a LHV of 1890 BTU/lb.
1 pound of hydrocarbon has a LHV ofabout 19000 BTU/lb.
A vapor cloud with a 10% efficiency willrespond like a similar weight of TNT.
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12
5102050100
2005001000
INVENTORY(tons)
1836
609013020
0280400
60
BLEVE
120150
200250310420530
6709001150
UVCE
20303650
60100130
FIRE
Distancein Meters
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Typical Control Spacing and Layout
Spacing and Layout
Work Procedures
Work Procedures Sewer Design, Diking,
Weed Control,Housekeeping
Procedures
Fire or Flames Furnaces and Boilers
Flares
Welding Sparks from Tools
Spread from Other AreasMatches and Lighters
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GROUNDING
BONDING
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137
Several thousands of trucks carrying dangerous goods circulatewithin Canadian roads on dailybasis.
They utilise urban roads, rural roads, highways, tunnels andlong bridges and in some casethey are not allowed in some ofthem.
However the actual accident risk and impact is not calculated. In addition, when, due to unforeseen events (traffic jams,
accidents, etc.), they need to change route, they do not have anyparticular guidance on the safest alternative nor areconsequences of road choice to the business chain andsocietalrisk calculated.
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138
Liquid Leakage After an accident or a malfunction a flammable gasleaks. (Associated probabilities for large and smallleaks)
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139
Explosion (BLEVE) Pressure builds up while the container walls weaken
because of the intense heat. This may result(depending on the amount of leakage and prevailingconditions) in a boiling liquid expanding vapour
explosion (BLEVE).(Associated probability and consequence modeling)
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140
The Individual Riskfor apoint-location around thedangerous goodstransportation activity isdefined as the probabilitythat an averageunprotected person
permanently present atthat point location, wouldget killed due to anaccident during thedangerous goodstransportation activity.
It is used to estimate therisk of a hypotheticalaverage individual as afunction of distance fromthe hazard. Individual
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NationalElectricalCode (NEC)defines areaclassifications as a
function ofthe natureand degreeof processhazardspresent
Class IClass I Flammable gases/vapors presentFlammable gases/vapors present
Class IIClass II Combustible dusts presentCombustible dusts present
Class IIIClass III Combustible dusts present but notCombustible dusts present but notlikely in suspensionlikely in suspension
Group AGroup A AcetyleneAcetylene
Group BGroup B Hydrogen, ethyleneHydrogen, ethylene
Group CGroup C CO, H2SCO, H2S
Group DGroup D Butane, ethaneButane, ethane
Division 1Division 1 Flammable concentrationsFlammable concentrations
normally presentnormally present
Division 2Division 2 Flammable materials are normallyFlammable materials are normallyin closed systemsin closed systems
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Anyone involved in the transportation ofregulated hazardous materials must betrained Packaging shipments
Preparing shipping papers Receiving hazardous materials
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CANUTEC (Canadian Transport Emergency Centre)provides 24-hour-a-day bilingual emergency advisory andregulatory information service. CANUTEC's experiencedprofessional chemists assist emergency responders in theevent of a dangerous goods accident.
It includes information on accident flows and trends,regulatory interpretations, reports on national andinternational events, regulatory and compliancerequirements and activities, risk management andassessment techniques, emergency response and datacompilation and reports.
http://www.tc.gc.ca/canutec/en/menu.htmhttp://www.tc.gc.ca/canutec/en/menu.htm