Shampy final presentation

PROJECT-SEMINARON

PRODUCTION OF HAPLOID WHEAT PLANTS FOLLOWING WHEAT X MAIZE AND WHEAT X IMPERATA CYLINDRICA METHODS

OF CHROMOSOME ELIMINATION TECHNIQUE

Under the guidance of Dr. H.K. Chaudhary

Prof. & Incharge Molecular Cytogenetic and Tissue Culture Lab

Department Of Plant Breeding & Genetics CSK HPKV Palampur-176062

Himachal Pradesh

SAMPY DUGGALREG. NO.1040070064

BTECH. BIOTECH.

INTRODUCTION

- Wheat is the staple food of millions of people. It is also an important part of the daily diet of many millions more. There has been a tremendous increase in wheat production in our country since the times of the Green Revolution.

- However, at present, the wheat production has almost reached a plateau and another breakthrough is required in order to meet the ever-increasing food demand of the nation.

- The genetic upgradation of bread wheat through conventional breeding approaches require longer time there is a need to assist these methods following certain biotechnological tools so as to shorten the breeding cycle and Doubled Haploidy (DH) breeding is one such tool which has been widely used in breeding programmes (Sunega et al, 1994). Amongst the available techniques for the development of haploids and doubled haploids in bread wheat, chromosome elimination approach following wheat x maize system is one of the most efficient approach (Laurie and Bennett, 1988).

- Inter-generic hybridization of wheat with maize and imperata cylindrica leads to the development of haploid wheat embryos, because the maize chromosomes in the hybrid zygote are rapidly eliminated in the first few cycles of cell division due to the failure of their centromeres to attach to the spindle of wheat origin during meiosis.

INTRODUCTION CONTINUE…

- Further, doubled haploidy breeding is the fastest way of combining and fixing the desirable features of two diverse wheat genotypes into a common genetic background.

- Double haploid breeding serves as novel tool in wheat improvement by providing instant homozygosity which leads to fixation of desirable characters.

- The production of wheat haploid plants through wide hybridization followed by chromosome elimination was first used successfully by crossing wheat with Hordeum bulbosum, which is commonly reffered to as the bulbosum technique (Barclay, 1975).

- The chromosome elimination approach following wheat x maize system has been successfully utilized for the production of doubled haploids from the winter x spring hybrids (Chaudhary et al., 2002 and Sharma et al., 2005).

- The chromosome elimination approach following wheat x imperata cylindrica system has been successfully utilized for the production of haploid wheat plants (chaudhary et al ., 2005).

AIM

- Production Of Haploid Wheat Plants Following Wheat X Maize And Wheat X Imperata Cylindrica Method Of Chromosome Elimination Technique.

OBJECTIVE

- To check the relative efficiency of the maize and imperata cylindrica mediated system of haploid induction in bread wheat.

- To acquire technical know how about the protocol of wide hybridization in wheat genotypes with maize and cogon grass (imperata cylindrica).

MATERIAL USED

Different Genotypes Of Wheat Crop :

1. Pure line of wheat : sonalika

2. F2s :

a) DH100 X DH40.

b) DH40 X DH 5.

c) DT123 X HPW249.

Material Used For Pollination With Wheat Varieties :

1. Maize (zea mays).

2. Cogon grass ( imperata cylindrica ).

METHODOLOGY

1.CONVENTIOANL BREEDING ->

F1

New variety

F3

F2

F4

F5

F6

WheatVariety B

WheatVariety A

Homozygous Population4 year Testing

2.WHEAT X IMPERATA CYLINDRICA : newly invented system -

parent 1 parent 2

Wheat or triticale X wheat

F1 hybrid X imperata cylindrica

Zygote

Genomic in situ hybridization

Chromosome elimination at 1st mitotic division

Wheat Haploid

100% Homozygisity

PROTOCOL USED :-

1. EMASCULATION OF THE WHEAT SPIKES :

COLLECTING POLLENS OF MAIZE AND IMPERATA CYLINDRICA FROM FIELDS AND POLYHOUSE

2. POLLINATION OF THE EMASCULATED WHEAT SPIKES :

3. Injecting 2,4-D in the uppermost internode of the pollinated wheat Spikes for 3 days

4. Spikes harvested after 18-20 days of pollination.Before harvesting After harvesting

5. Sorting of Psuedoseeds which have embryo carrying seeds.

6. Embryo floating in Psuedoseed.

-> Preparation of MS media.

7. Embryo separated after the dissection of pseudo seed .

8. Embryo being rescued and cultured on MS medium .

9. Regeneration of embryo in dark.

10. Shifting of embryo to the light.

11. Regenerating embryo after shifting intoo light.

12. Regenerating haploid plantlet.

13. Cytology of the root of haploid pantlet.

14. Slide of root of haploid pantlets containing 21 chromosomes.

RESULTS -

1. Emasculation and pollination of the different genotypes of wheat spikes• 25 spikes of cross DH100 X DH40 , 10 spikes of pure line of wheat : sonalika,15 spikes of DT123

X HPW249 and 8 spikes of DH40 X DH5 are raised in the experimental farm of the Department of Plant Breeding and genetics were emasculated during march and April, 2011. These spikes were pollinated on the following day with freshly collected pollen of maize genotype growing in the polyhouse.

• 23 spikes of DH100 X DH40 , 9 spikes of pure line of wheat:sonalika ,17 spikes of DT123 X HPW249 and 10 spikes of DH40 X DH5 were emasculated and pollinated with the freshly collected pollen of cogon grass (imperata cylindrica) nearby the fields of wheat.

2. Hormonal treatment

To enhance the seed and embryo formation, the spikes were injected with 100 ppm 2,4-D at the uppermost internode after 24 hrs of pollination. The injections of 2,4-D were repeated after 48 and 72 hrs of pollination.

3. Harvesting of the spikes and sorting of the seeds The spikes were harvested 18-20 days after pollination. In the lab the seeds were detached from the

spikes and were counted. In 1015 pollinated florets 686 seeds formed i.e. there was 67.5 per cent seed formation in case of wheat x maize,and in case of wheat x imperata cylindrica : in 1004 pollinated florets 734 seeds formed i.e. there was 73.1 per cent seed formation . These pseudo seeds were then observed under light to separate the embryo carrying seeds. Out of 686 seeds formed 177 embryo carrying seeds in case of wheat x maize system were separated i.e. 26 per cent because of different genotypes of wheat and in case of wheat x imperata cylindrica out of 734 seeds formed 305 embryo carrying seeds were separated i.e. 41.5 per cent embryo carrying seeds.

RESULTS CONTINUE….

4. Embryo rescue and culturing

The embryo carrying seeds were washed with autoclaved distilled water and then surface sterilized by giving 0.1% Hgcl2 treatment for two minutes. After Hgcl2 treatment, seeds were again washed with water 2-3 times to remove Hgcl2 solution. The embryo was excised out from the seeds with the help of sterilized forceps in the aseptic conditions and was cultured on the medium.

5. Shifting to the growth Room The cultured embryos were then given cold treatment at 40C for 24 hrs and then transferred to

the dark room in the growth chamber for initiation of roots and shoot. They were observed after one week and the regenerated embryos were shifted to light for further growth. Out of 177 embryos, 80 embryos get regenrated i.e. 46 per cent embryos regenerated in case of wheat x maize and out of 305 embryos, 191 get regenerated i.e. 62.6 per cent regenrated in case of wheat x imperata cylindrica.

Relative efficiency of maize and imperata cylindrica mediated system of doubled haploidy breeding in bread wheat :

s.no. genotypes Florets pollinated with maize

Florets pollinated with imperata cylindrica

Psuedo-seedsFormed in case of maize (%)

Pseudo-seeds Formed in case of imperata cylindrica (%)

Embryo Formedin case of maize (%)

Embryo Formed in case of imperataCylindrica (%)

Regener-ation in case ofMaize (%)

Regener-ation in Case ofImperata Cylindrica (%)

1. DH100 XDH40(F2)

470 465 329(70%)

349(75%)

102(31%)

157(45%)

45(44%)

94(60%)

2. SONALIKA(PURE -LINE OF WHEAT )

210 190 132(63%)

142(74.7%)

36(27%)

58(41%)

18(51%)

40 (69.3%)

3. DT123 XHPW249(F2)

225 237 150(66.7%)

163(69%)

14(9%)

51(31.2%)

6(40.1%)

32(62.7%)

4. DH40 XDH5(F2)

110 112 75(68.3%)

80(71.3%)

25(34%)

39(49%)

11(42%)

25 (63.7%)

TOTAL 1015 1004 686(67.5%)

734 (73.1%)

177(26%)

305(41.5%)

80(46%)

191(62.6%)

.

GRAPH FOR THE PSUEDOSEED FORMED IN MAIZE AND IMPERATA CYLINDRICA(%)

GRAPH FOR THE EMBRYO FORMED IN MAIZE AND IMPERATA CYLINDRICA (%)

GRAPH FOR THE REGENERATION IN MAIZE AND IMPERATA CYLINDRICA(%)

Composition of Murashige and Skoog medium (1962) stock solution

S.No. Strength Salts Quantity Use

ml/l

Amount in culture (mg/l)

1.(2L) X 20 Ammonium nitrate 66.0g 50 1650

Potassium nitrate 76.0g 1900

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 6.8g 170

Boric acid 0.248g 6.2

Manganese sulphate 0.892g 22.3

Zinc sulphate 0.344g 8.6

Potassium iodide 0.033g 0.825

Copper sulphate* 1.0ml 0.025

Cobalt chloride* 1.0ml 0.250

Sodium molybdate* 1.0ml 0.025

2.(1/2L) X 50 Calcium chloride 11 20 440

3.(1/2L) X 50 Magnesium sulphate 9.25g 20 370

4.(1L) X 100 Ferrous sulphate 2.78g 10 27.8

Disodium EDTA 3.728 37.28

5.(1L) X 100 Thiamine HCl 0.010g 10 0.1

Nicotinic acid 0.050g 0.5

Pyridoxine HCl 0.050g 0.5

Glycine 0.200g 2

6. Myoinositol 100

7. Sucrose 30000

8. Agar 8000

9. Glutamine 150

10. Kinetin** 0.5

*Dissolve 100mg of copper sulphate and cobalt chloride and 1 g of sodium molybdate in 100 ml of water separately. Than take 1ml each and add to stock number one.**Dissolve 0.1g in 1N solution of NaOH (5 ml) & Water (95 ml)

Composition of MS medium (1 litre - working solid medium)

S.No. Constituents Quantity

1. Sucrose 30.00 gm

2. Agar- agar 8.00 gm

3. Myo- inositol 0.10 gm

4. Glutamine 0.15 gm

5. Kinetin 0.50 ml

6. Stock solution 1 50.00 ml





Composition of MS medium (1 litre - working liquid medium)

S.No. Constituents Quantity

1. Glutamine 0.15 gm

2. Myo-inositol 0.10 gm

3. IBA* 2.00 ml

4. NAA* 2.00 ml






*Dissolve 100 mg in 5 ml 1/2N NaOH (heat slightly in test tube till complete dissolution)

DISCUSSION

• Instant development of the homozygous lines.• Shortening the breeding cycle.• Development of the various varieties in the shortest period of time.• Quick and precise method for the gene mapping populations• Easy in vitro selection for the complex traits like drought and cold

tolerance.• Easy to trigger the alien gene which develope transgenics.• Smaller populations are required for selection.

CONCLUSIONS

• Imperata cylindrica is better than that of maize because :

a) High frequency of haploid embryos recovered.

b) No work raise for polyhouse for offseason maize.

c) We get the more percentage of embryo regeneration in case imperata than that of maize , which is 62.6% (imperata cylindrica) and in case of maize is 46%.

d) We can easily get the cogon grass (imperata cylindrica) around the fields in maximum numbers.

REFERENCES

• Barclay, I.R. 1975. High frequencies of haploid production in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by chromosome elimination. Nature (London) 256: 410-411.

• Blakslee, A. F., Belling, J. F. M. and Berger, A. D. 1922. A haploid mutant in the jimson weed Datura stramonium. Science 55: 646

• Chaudhary, H. K., Singh, S. and Sethi, G. S. 2002. Interactive influence of wheat and maize genotypes on haploid induction in winter x spring wheat hybrids. Journal of Genetics & Breeding 56: 259-266.

• Matzk, F and Mahn, A. 1994. Improved techniques for haploid production in wheat using chromosome elimination. Plant Breeding 113:125-129.

• Suenaga, K. 1994. Doubled haploid system using the intergeneric crosses between wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays). Bulletin of National Institute of Agrobiological resources 9: 83-139.

• Laurie, D.A. and Bennet, M.D. 1988. The production of haploid wheat plants from wheat x maize crosses. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 76: 393-397.

• Chaudhary H.K., Sethi G.S., Singh S., Pratap A. & Sharma S. (2005). Efficienthaploid induction in wheat by using pollen of Imperata cylindrica. Plant Breeding 124(1): 96-98.

• Yamamoto, M. & Mukai, Y. (1989).Application of fluorescence in situ hybridization

to molecular cytogenetics of wheat. Wheat Inf. Serv. 69:30-32.

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