T Deborah Kozdras: University of South Florida Stavros Center Visual Texts and Deborah Kozdras: [email protected] USF Stavros Center Arguments: From Propaganda to Rhetoric
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DeborahKozdras:UniversityofSouthFloridaStavrosCenter
VisualTextsand
DeborahKozdras:[email protected]
Thank-youtoStateFarmforgenerouslysponsoringthisworkshop.
Arguments:FromPropagandatoRhetoric
GeorgeHillocksJr.:TeachingArgumentWri0ng
PersuasiveEssayPersuasion Map
1.
2.
3.
Goal or Thesis: Conclusion:
1a.
1b.
1c.
2a.
2b.
2c.
3a.
3b.
3c.
Goal or Thesis: A goal or thesis is a statement that describes one side of an arguable viewpoint. Write your own goal or thesis here.
Main Reasons: Briefly state three main reasons that would convince someone that your goal or thesis is valid.
Facts or Examples: Write three facts or examples to support each of your main reasons and validate your goal or thesis.
Conclusion: Conclude your argument by summarizing the most important details of the argument and stating once again what the reader is to believe or do.
Name:________________________________________________ Date:_____________________________
Thesis
Argument
Eviden
ce
Refuta=o
n
Conclusion
hIp://www.propagandacriKc.com/arKcles/intro.ipa.html
CardStacking
Focusonbestfeatures.Leavesoutproblemsorfaults.
TesKmonial
Wellknownpersonendorsesgoodorservice.
GliIeringGeneraliKes
UsewordsorideasthatevokeanemoKonalresponse.
Transfer
Relatesproducttosomeoneorsomethingwelike.
PlainFolks
Usesregularpeopletosellagoodorservice.
Bandwagon
Askspeopleto“jointhecrowd”because“everyoneisdoingit.”
NameCalling
Connectsaperson,productorideatosomethingnegaKve.
Aristotle:TheArtofRhetoricFromAristotletoearly20thcentury,argumentsderivedfromsyllogisms(setofpremises):– MajorPremise:Allmenaremortal– MinorPremise:Socratesisaman.– Conclusion:Therefore,Socratesismortal.
ManCannotLiveByLogicAlone...
MajorPremise:Debtsmustbepaidinfull.MinorPremise:AntonioowesShylockapoundofflesh.Conclusion:Therefore,Antoniomustpayhisdebt.Problem:Inmostdisciplineswedonothavepremisesweknowtobeabsolutelytrue.
UnpackingArguments
AppealsintheTrial:Act4,Scene1SCENEI.Venice.Acourtofjus=ce.EntertheDUKE,theMagnificoes,ANTONIO,BASSANIO,GRATIANO,SALERIO,andothersDUKEWhat,isAntoniohere?ANTONIOReady,sopleaseyourgrace.DUKEIamsorryforthee:thouartcometoanswerAstonyadversary,aninhumanwretchuncapableofpity,voidandemptyFromanydramofmercy.
AppealsintheTrial:Act4,Scene1DUKEMakeroom,andlethimstandbeforeourface.Shylock,theworldthinks,andIthinksotoo,Thatthoubutlead'stthisfashionofthymaliceTothelasthourofact;andthen'KsthoughtThou'ltshowthymercyandremorsemorestrangeThanisthystrangeapparentcruelty;Andwherethounowexact'stthepenalty,Whichisapoundofthispoormerchant'sflesh,Thouwiltnotonlyloosetheforfeiture,But,touch'dwithhumangentlenessandlove,Forgiveamoietyoftheprincipal;Glancinganeyeofpityonhislosses,Thathaveoflatesohuddledonhisback...Weallexpectagentleanswer
AppealsintheTrial:Act4,Scene1SHYLOCKIhavepossess'dyourgraceofwhatIpurpose;AndbyourholySabbathhaveIswornTohavethedueandforfeitofmybond:Ifyoudenyit,letthedangerlightUponyourcharterandyourcity'sfreedom.You'llaskme,whyIratherchoosetohaveAweightofcarrionfleshthantoreceiveThreethousandducats:I'llnotanswerthat...WhatifmyhousebetroubledwitharatAndIbepleasedtogivetenthousandducatsTohaveitbaned?What,areyouanswer'dyet?Somementherearelovenotagapingpig;Some,thataremadiftheybeholdacat;Andothers,whenthebagpipesingsi'thenose,Cannotcontaintheirurine:foraffecKon,
AppealsintheTrial:Act4,Scene1BASSANIOThisisnoanswer,thouunfeelingman,Toexcusethecurrentofthycruelty.SHYLOCKIamnotboundtopleasetheewithmyanswers.BASSANIODoallmenkillthethingstheydonotlove?SHYLOCKHatesanymanthethinghewouldnotkill?BASSANIOEveryoffenceisnotahateatfirst.SHYLOCKWhat,wouldstthouhaveaserpentsKngtheetwice?
AppealsintheTrial:Act4,Scene1Clerk[Reads]YourgraceshallunderstandthatatthereceiptofyourleIerIamverysick:butintheinstantthatyourmessengercame,inlovingvisitaKonwaswithmeayoungdoctorofRome;hisnameisBalthasar...weturnedo'ermanybookstogether:heisfurnishedwithmyopinion;which,beIeredwithhisownlearning,thegreatnesswhereofIcannotenoughcommend,comeswithhim,atmyimportunity,tofillupyourgrace’srequestinmystead.Ibeseechyou,lethislackofyearsbenoimpedimenttolethimlackareverendesKmaKon;forIneverknewsoyoungabodywithsooldahead.
AppealsintheTrial:Act4,Scene1PORTIAThequalityofmercyisnotstrain'd,ItdroppethasthegentlerainfromheavenUpontheplacebeneath:itistwiceblest;Itblessethhimthatgivesandhimthattakes:'TismighKestinthemighKest:itbecomesThethronedmonarchbeIerthanhiscrown...ThoughjusKcebethyplea,considerthis,That,inthecourseofjusKce,noneofusShouldseesalvaKon:wedoprayformercy;AndthatsameprayerdothteachusalltorenderThedeedsofmercy.IhavespokethusmuchTomiKgatethejusKceofthyplea;Whichifthoufollow,thisstrictcourtofVeniceMustneedsgivesentence'gainstthemerchantthere.
AppealsintheTrial:Act4,Scene1PORTIAItmustnotbe;thereisnopowerinVeniceCanalteradecreeestablished:'Twillberecordedforaprecedent,AndmanyanerrorbythesameexampleWillrushintothestate:itcannotbe.SHYLOCKADanielcometojudgment!yea,aDaniel!Owiseyoungjudge,howIdohonourthee!
AppealsintheTrial:Act4,Scene1PORTIAIprayyou,letmelookuponthebond.SHYLOCKHere'Ks,mostreverenddoctor,hereitis.PORTIAShylock,there'sthricethymoneyoffer'dthee.SHYLOCKAnoath,anoath,Ihaveanoathinheaven:ShallIlayperjuryuponmysoul?No,notforVenice.
AppealsintheTrial:Act4,Scene1PORTIAWhy,thisbondisforfeit;Andlawfullyby[Shylock]mayclaimApoundofflesh,tobebyhimcutoffNearestthemerchant'sheart.Bemerciful:Takethricethymoney;bidmetearthebond.SHYLOCKWhenitispaidaccordingtothetenor.Itdothappearyouareaworthyjudge;Youknowthelaw,yourexposiKonHathbeenmostsound:Ichargeyoubythelaw,Whereofyouareawell-deservingpillar,Proceedtojudgment:bymysoulIswearThereisnopowerinthetongueofmanToalterme:Istayhereonmybond.
AppealsintheTrial:Act4,Scene1PORTIAApoundofthatsamemerchant'sfleshisthine:Thecourtawardsit,andthelawdothgiveit.SHYLOCKMostrighmuljudge!PORTIAAndyoumustcutthisfleshfromoffhisbreast:Thelawallowsit,andthecourtawardsit.SHYLOCKMostlearnedjudge!Asentence!Come,prepare!PORTIATarryaliIle;thereissomethingelse.Thisbonddothgivetheeherenojotofblood;Thewordsexpresslyare'apoundofflesh:'Takethenthybond,takethouthypoundofflesh;But,inthecunngit,ifthoudostshedOnedropofChrisKanblood,thylandsandgoodsAre,bythelawsofVenice,confiscateUntothestateofVenice.
AppealsintheTrial:Act4,Scene1SHYLOCKGivememyprincipal,andletmego.BASSANIOIhaveitreadyforthee;hereitis.PORTIAHehathrefuseditintheopencourt:HeshallhavemerelyjusKceandhisbond...SHYLOCKShallInothavebarelymyprincipal?PORTIAThoushalthavenothingbuttheforfeiture,
AppealsintheTrial:Act4,Scene1PORTIAThelawhathyetanotherholdonyou.ItisenactedinthelawsofVenice,IfitbeprovedagainstanalienThatbydirectorindirectaIemptsHeseekthelifeofanyciKzen,Theparty'gainstthewhichhedothcontriveShallseizeonehalfhisgoods;theotherhalfComestotheprivycofferofthestate;Andtheoffender'slifeliesinthemercyOfthedukeonly,'gainstallothervoice.Inwhichpredicament,Isay,thoustand'st;Foritappears,bymanifestproceeding,ThatindirectlyanddirectlytooThouhastcontrivedagainsttheverylifeOfthedefendant;andthouhastincurr'dThedangerformerlybymerehearsed.Downthereforeandbegmercyoftheduke.
AppealsintheTrial:Act4,Scene1ANTONIOSopleasemylordthedukeandallthecourtToquitthefineforonehalfofhisgoods,Iamcontent;sohewillletmehaveTheotherhalfinuse,torenderit,Uponhisdeath,untothegentlemanThatlatelystolehisdaughter:Twothingsprovidedmore,that,forthisfavour,HepresentlybecomeaChrisKan;Theother,thathedorecordagio,Hereinthecourt,ofallhediespossess'd,UntohissonLorenzoandhisdaughter.
StephenToulmin:TheUsesofArgument
OwlPurdue
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