Shadow of War Rise of Totalitarian Dictators. POLITICAL SPECTRUM LEFT WINGRIGHT WING LIBERALCONSERVATIVE MODERATERADICAL REVOLUTIONARY: Wants drastic.

Shadow of WarRise of Totalitarian Dictators

POLITICAL SPECTRUM

LEFT WING RIGHT WING

LIBERAL CONSERVATIVE

MODERATERADICAL

REVOLUTIONARY:

Wants drastic changeand believes it requiresdrastic action (revolution)

RADICAL

REACTIONARY:

Wants to go back to the way thingswere

DEMOCRATS REPUBLICANS

TotalitarianismDefinition and Examples

• TOTAL government, or state sponsored control over all aspects of social and political life.

• NO religious freedom• NO political freedom• NO individual freedom• NO opposition to authority!

Germany Faces Economic Collapse

•After WWI economic despair (because of the Treaty of Versailles)

•Germans blame the Weimer Republic (their government) for their hardships.

U.S. RESPONSE:• U.S. Isolationism (No

League of Nations)• Loaned money to

Germany

The Rise of Hitler

• Superior “Aryan” race-destined to control inferior races and to rule the world.

• Hated Jews and Communists

• Promised benefits to peasants, workers, and the middle class.

The Rise of Hitler

• Took control of all aspects of government, outlawed political opposition, and censored dissent.

The Rise of Hitler

• Anti-Semitic Policies:– Forbidden in jobs– No citizenship– Banned marriages– All must register– Looted, arrested,

murdered

The Rise of Hitler

• Promised economic recovery, and territorial expansion

• Foreign and domestic strength

• Rebuilt military• Increased taxes and

controlled wages and prices

• We were focused on our own recovery-not the stop of fascism or Nazism!

• U.S. as a whole-STAY OUT!

• Disarmament, arms control, and international agreements.

U.S. Response

Fascism in Italy

• Italian Imperialism–Wanted to create

an empire• Italy takes over

Ethiopia (1935)– League of Nations

doesn’t stop them (only offers sanctions)

The Reggae Connection• Haile Selassie I was the

Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930-1974

• Ethiopian Orthodox Christian

• Protested the use of poison gas on his people by the Italians

• Is considered the “returned” Messiah of the Bible by the Rastafari movement

Bob Marley’s “War”• Until the philosophy which hold one race

Superior and another inferiorIs finally and permanently discredited and abandonedEverywhere is war, me say war

That until there are no longer first classAnd second class citizens of any nationUntil the colour of a man's skinIs of no more significance than the colour of his eyesMe say war

That until the basic human rights are equallyGuaranteed to all, without regard to raceDis a war

That until that dayThe dream of lasting peace, world citizenshipRule of international moralityWill remain in but a fleeting illusionTo be persued, but never attainedNow everywhere is war, war

And until the ignoble and unhappy regimesthat hold our brothers in Angola, in Mozambique,South Africa sub-human bondageHave been toppled, utterly destroyedWell, everywhere is war, me say war

War in the east, war in the westWar up north, war down southWar, war, rumours of war

And until that day, the African continentWill not know peace, we Africans will fightWe find it necessary and we know we shall winAs we are confident in the victory

Of good over evil, good over evil, good over evilGood over evil, good over evil, good over evil

Neutrality Acts of 1935-• Forbade the sale of arms to militarily

aggressive nations• Prohibited American travel on ships of

countries at war• No loans to countries at war

U.S. Response

The Rise of Militarism in Japan

• Military-controlled government

• Dictatorship• Tojo (General) &

Hirohito (Emperor)• Build up military• Want to expand control

in Asia• Allow no opposition

The Rise of Militarism in Japan

• In 1931-Japan attacks Manchuria (region of China)

• Signed a military agreement with Italy and Germany-the Axis Powers (1936)

The “Rape” of Nanjing, 1937

• Six-week rape and mass murder spree in Nanking (Nanjing), China by Japanese soldiers

• Said harsh words but took no action!

U.S. Response

Hitler Violates the Treaty of Versailles

• Reoccupies the Rhineland, 1936

Hitler Violates the Treaty of Versailles

• Hitler creates Luftwaffe, 1935

FDR’s “Quarantine” Speech

• Given in Chicago, October 5, 1937

• Denounced dictatorships

• Said troublesome nations (Japan, Germany, and Italy) should be “quarantined”

FDR’s “Quarantine” Speech

• “The peace, the freedom, and the security of 90 percent of the population of the world is being jeopardized by the remaining 10 percent, who are threatening a breakdown of all international order and law. Surely the 90 percent who want to live in peace under the law and in accordance with moral standards that have received almost universal acceptance through the centuries, can and must find some way to make their will prevail…There must be positive endeavors to preserve peace.”

FDR’s Quarantine SpeechStep 1

• Divide into groups of six• Each student in the group take one scenario• Answer questions (a) and (b): (a) In the light

of FDR’s speech, what would you have expected FDR to do? (b) What would have resulted if he had followed this expected line of action?

FDR’s Quarantine SpeechStep 2

• In groups of six, pool the results

FDR’s Quarantine SpeechStep 3

• Regroup yourself so you are working with other students who focused on the same scenario as you did.

• Discuss in your group the ONE contra-factual (“What If…”) question from the Question List that applies to your group.

• Discuss and answer all questions in Part B as a group and be prepared to present to the class

1. What if FDR had sent the fleet to the Yangtze River and landed troops in China?

• A. What issues would this action have raised?• What additional information would you want to

know to determine whether or not it would have been a sound policy?

• What would have been likely consequences of the proposed action?

• What alternative actions would have been possible?• What policy would you have recommended in the

situation? How would you justify your choice?

2. What if FDR had viewed Russia’s invasion of Finland as an act of war and immediately ordered the Air Force to supply the Finnish army?

• A. What issues would this action have raised?• What additional information would you want to

know to determine whether or not it would have been a sound policy?

• What would have been likely consequences of the proposed action?

• What alternative actions would have been possible?• What policy would you have recommended in the

situation? How would you justify your choice?

3. What if FDR had declared war on Germany for sinking the Robin Moor?

• A. What issues would this action have raised?• What additional information would you want to

know to determine whether or not it would have been a sound policy?

• What would have been likely consequences of the proposed action?

• What alternative actions would have been possible?• What policy would you have recommended in the

situation? How would you justify your choice?

4. What if FDR had not offered aid to the Soviet Union?

• A. What issues would this action have raised?• What additional information would you want to

know to determine whether or not it would have been a sound policy?

• What would have been likely consequences of the proposed action?

• What alternative actions would have been possible?• What policy would you have recommended in the

situation? How would you justify your choice?

5. What if FDR had approved Japan’s action?

• A. What issues would this action have raised?• What additional information would you want to

know to determine whether or not it would have been a sound policy?

• What would have been likely consequences of the proposed action?

• What alternative actions would have been possible?• What policy would you have recommended in the

situation? How would you justify your choice?

6. What if Prince Konoye and FDR had met at Honolulu and reached an agreement?

• A. What issues would this action have raised?• What additional information would you want to

know to determine whether or not it would have been a sound policy?

• What would have been likely consequences of the proposed action?

• What alternative actions would have been possible?• What policy would you have recommended in the

situation? How would you justify your choice?

FDR’s Quarantine SpeechStep 4

• Report your group’s conclusion to the class