Shackman Psyc210 Module07 WhatDoTraitsDo Part3

PSYC 612 M06, R04: How are traits (T&P) and states related?

Nuts & Bolts Plan for TodayLecture (Davidson & Gable papers)

Take-home critical thinking questionsPSYC 210:

What exactly do trait-like individual differences in T&P do?

(Part 3 of the Trait/State arc)

AJ Shackman24 February 2015Todays Conceptual RoadmapWhat does T&P do?

What does it mean to say that individuals differ in terms of the brains reactivity to trait-relevant cues and contexts?

How does T&P influence our daily experience?Does it influence mood, exposure to rewards and punishments, or both?

Todays Conceptual RoadmapWhat does T&P do?

What does it mean to say that individuals differ in terms of the brains reactivity to trait-relevant cues and contexts?

How does T&P influence our daily experience?Does it influence mood, exposure to rewards and punishments, or both?

Todays Conceptual RoadmapWhat does T&P do?

What does it mean to say that individuals differ in their reactivity to trait-relevant cues and contexts?

How does T&P influence our daily experience?Does it influence mood, exposure to rewards and punishments, or both?

Todays Conceptual RoadmapWhat does T&P do?

What does it mean to say that individuals differ in their reactivity to trait-relevant cues and contexts?

How does T&P influence our daily experience?Does it influence mood, exposure to rewards and punishments, or both?

First, some backgroundTwo Ideas

T&P is Active in the Absence of External Challenge; Embodied in the Ongoing Activity of the Brain; Tonic or Endogenous Model9

Two IdeasInteractive/Reactive/Phasic Model

Traits x Trait-Relevant Challenges States

T&P is Active in the Absence of External Challenge; Embodied in the Ongoing Activity of the Brain; Tonic or Endogenous Model10

Two Ideas

Interactive/Reactive/Phasic Model

Traits x Trait-Relevant Challenges StatesCore idea is that trait = bigger reaction in relevant brain systemsT&P is Active in the Absence of External Challenge; Embodied in the Ongoing Activity of the Brain; Tonic or Endogenous Model11More trait, more activation

Hi Trait e.g. N/NELo Trait e.g. N/NEBigger Peak Reactivity12But is it only a difference in the peak?

Hi Trait e.g. N/NELo Trait e.g. N/NEBigger Peak Reactivity13

Students?

What was Richies perspective?

Not necessarily just the peak

Other parameters may be crucial

Hi Trait e.g. N/NELo Trait e.g. N/NERecovery Time (Regulation/Decay)Mood Spillover16

Hi Trait e.g. N/NELo Trait e.g. N/NEPeak AmplitudeRecovery Time (Regulation/Decay)Mood Spillover17

Hi Trait e.g. N/NELo Trait e.g. N/NEPeak AmplitudeRecovery Time (Regulation/Decay)Mood SpilloverRise Time to Peak18

Hi Trait e.g. N/NELo Trait e.g. N/NEPeak AmplitudeRecovery Time (Regulation/Decay)Mood SpilloverRise Time to PeakThreshold19Students

How might you test whether individuals differ in their threshold to show an emotional (or neural) response?

Hi Trait e.g. N/NELo Trait e.g. N/NEThreshold

weakmedium

strong21Threshold schmeshold

Maybe this is just some cockamamie idea of Richies

Whats the larger relevance?

Hypothesized Brain Substrate for Behavioral Inhibition

Behaviorally inhibited children are

born with a lower threshold for arousal of various brain regions, in particular the amygdala

-- New York Times Magazine piece on Jerry Kagan

23Hypothesized Brain Substrate for Behavioral Inhibition

Behaviorally inhibited children are

born with a lower threshold for arousal of various brain regions, in particular the amygdala

-- New York Times Magazine piece on Jerry Kagan

24Yeah, but thats just Kagans theory

What do the data show?

26Not Necessarily the Peak

Bilateral Amygdala

27Not Necessarily the Peak

ReactRecover

Bilateral Amygdala28

Not Necessarily the Peak

ReactRecover

Bilateral AmygdalaAmygdala reactivity was unrelated to N/NE

In contrast, individuals with elevated levels of N/NE showed a prolonged recovery from aversive images in the amygdala29

Not Necessarily the Peak

ReactRecover

Bilateral AmygdalaAmygdala reactivity was unrelated to N/NE

In contrast, individuals with elevated levels of N/NE show a prolonged recovery from aversive images in the amygdala30A Second Example31A Second Example

Jenni BlackfordVanderbilt32

Amygdala

* Remember: behavioral inhibition is a facet of N/NEmore enduring activation in the amygdala to emotional faces There were not a significant difference in the peak response.Behaviorally inhibited subjects show

Amygdala* Remember: behavioral inhibition is a facet of N/NEWhat about daily experience?

First, some theory

Jeffrey GrayT&P: 2 Fundamental DimensionsRewardCuesPunishmentCuesBehaviorApproach(Passive) Avoidancee.g., freezing, BIMotivationAppetitiveAversiveEmotionsExcitement, Joy(and Anger, when goals are thwarted)AnxietySubstrateBehavioral Activation System (BAS)Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Wanting (Not Liking or pleasure)T&P: 2 Fundamental DimensionsRewardCuesPunishmentCuesBehaviorApproach(Passive) Avoidancee.g., freezing, BIMotivationAppetitiveAversiveEmotionsExcitement, Joy(and Anger, when goals are thwarted)AnxietySubstrateBehavioral Activation System (BAS)Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Wanting (Not Liking or pleasure)T&P: 2 Fundamental DimensionsRewardCuesPunishmentCuesBehaviorApproach(Passive) Avoidancee.g., freezing, BIMotivationAppetitiveAversiveEmotionsExcitement, Joy(and Anger, when goals are thwarted)AnxietySubstrateBehavioral Activation System (BAS)Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Wanting (Not Liking or pleasure)T&P: 2 Fundamental DimensionsRewardCuesPunishmentCuesBehaviorApproach(Passive) Avoidancee.g., freezing, BIMotivationAppetitiveAversiveEmotionsExcitement, Joy(and Anger, when goals are thwarted)AnxietySubstrateBehavioral Activation System (BAS)Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Wanting (Not Liking or pleasure)T&P: 2 Fundamental DimensionsRewardCuesPunishmentCuesBehaviorApproach(Passive) Avoidancee.g., freezing, BIMotivationAppetitiveAversiveEmotionsExcitement, Joy(and Anger, when goals are thwarted)AnxietySubstrateBehavioral Activation System (BAS)Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Wanting (Not Liking or pleasure)T&P: 2 Fundamental DimensionsRewardCuesPunishmentCuesBehaviorApproach(Passive) Avoidancee.g., freezing, BIMotivationAppetitiveAversiveEmotionsExcitement, Joy(and Anger, when goals are thwarted)AnxietySubstrateBehavioral Activation System (BAS)Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Wanting (Not Liking or pleasure)T&P: 2 Fundamental DimensionsRewardCuesPunishmentCuesBehaviorApproach(Passive) Avoidancee.g., freezing, BI, caution, risk assessment/vigilanceMotivationAppetitiveAversiveEmotionsExcitement, Joy(and Anger, when goals are thwarted)AnxietySubstrateBehavioral Activation System (BAS)Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

How do the BIS (punishment sensitivity) and BAS (reward sensitivity) map onto the consensual model of T&P?

Are they synonymous withN/NE and E/PE?

Mapping to the Consensual Model: BISCaspi et al Ann Rev Psychol 2005Are individual differences in the BIS discernible in the brains activity at rest?

Right vs. LeftAsymmetry = Difference Scoreresting frontal EEG asymmetry

Right > Leftresting frontal EEG asymmetry and BIS

Shackman et al., 2009

N = 51; p < .05Studies of resting frontal eeg asymmetry. Typically in these studies, several minutes of resting EEG data are collected. Frontal asymmetry is then computed as the difference in activity between homologous pairs of electrodes located over the right and left sides of the scalp. A general conclusion from this work is that individuals characterized by greater activity at sensors over the right compared to left dlPFC tend to be more dispositionally anxious, to have higher levels of trait anxiety. MOREOVER, frontal eeg asymmetry has many of the properties one would expect if it contributes to trait anxiety

50 Trait-like stability (like the phenotypic trait, BIS)

Heritable

Correlated with self-reported trait anxiety (BIS, STAI) and predicts threat-induced anxiety in adults

Predicts threat-induced behavioral inhibition and cortisol in children and monkeys

Associated with anxiety disorders and normalized by anxiolytic drugs

Neurofeedback manipulations of resting asymmetry can attenuate threat-induced anxiety

reviewed in Shackman et al., submitted; Nusslock, Shackman, Coan, Harmon-Jones, Alloy & Abramson, J Abnorm Psych, 2011

Right > Left

resting frontal EEG asymmetry and BIS

moreover, in a very interesting recent study by John Allens group at Arizona, its been shown that you can train individuals to regulate frontal asymmetyry directly using neurofeedback techniques. And when you train them to achieve a more leftward asymmetry you can actually reduce the amount of anxiety and negative affect elicited by subsequent provocations. This is important because it indicates that whatever region or regions of the brain are responsible for generating this pattern of activity on the scalp are making a CAUSAL contribution to trait anxiety BUT 51 Trait-like stability (like the phenotypic trait, BIS)

Heritable (like BIS)

Correlated with self-reported trait anxiety (BIS, STAI) and predicts threat-induced anxiety in adults

Predicts threat-induced behavioral inhibition and cortisol in children and monkeys

Associated with anxiety disorders and normalized by anxiolytic drugs

Neurofeedback manipulations of resting asymmetry can attenuate threat-induced anxiety

reviewed in Shackman et al., submitted; Nusslock, Shackman, Coan, Harmon-Jones, Alloy & Abramson, J Abnorm Psych, 2011

Right > Left

resting frontal EEG asymmetry and BIS

moreover, in a very interesting recent study by John Allens group at Arizona, its been shown that you can train individuals to regulate frontal asymmetyry directly using neurofeedback techniques. And when you train them to achieve a more leftward asymmetry you can actually reduce the amount of anxiety and negative affect elicited by subsequent provocations. This is important because it indicates that whatever region or regions of the brain are responsible for generating this pattern of activity on the scalp are making a CAUSAL contribution to trait anxiety BUT 52 Trait-like stability (like the phenotypic trait, BIS)

Heritable (like BIS)

Correlated with self-reported trait anxiety (BIS, STAI) and predicts threat-induced anxiety in adults

Predicts threat-induced behavioral inhibition and cortisol in children and monkeys

Associated with anxiety disorders and normalized by anxiolytic drugs

Neurofeedback manipulations of resting asymmetry can attenuate threat-induced anxiety

reviewed in Shackman et al., submitted; Nusslock, Shackman, Coan, Harmon-Jones, Alloy & Abramson, J Abnorm Psych, 2011

Right > Left

resting frontal EEG asymmetry and BIS

moreover, in a very interesting recent study by John Allens group at Arizona, its been shown that you can train individuals to regulate frontal asymmetyry directly using neurofeedback techniques. And when you train them to achieve a more leftward asymmetry you can actually reduce the amount of anxiety and negative affect elicited by subsequent provocations. This is important because it indicates that whatever region or regions of the brain are responsible for generating this pattern of activity on the scalp are making a CAUSAL contribution to trait anxiety BUT 53 Trait-like stability (like the phenotypic trait, BIS)

Heritable (like BIS)

Correlated with self-reported trait anxiety (BIS, STAI) and predicts threat-induced anxiety in adults

Predicts threat-induced behavioral inhibition and cortisol in children and monkeys

Associated with anxiety disorders and normalized by anxiolytic drugs

Neurofeedback manipulations of resting asymmetry can attenuate threat-induced anxiety

reviewed in Shackman et al., submitted; Nusslock, Shackman, Coan, Harmon-Jones, Alloy & Abramson, J Abnorm Psych, 2011

Right > Left

resting frontal EEG asymmetry and BIS

moreover, in a very interesting recent study by John Allens group at Arizona, its been shown that you can train individuals to regulate frontal asymmetyry directly using neurofeedback techniques. And when you train them to achieve a more leftward asymmetry you can actually reduce the amount of anxiety and negative affect elicited by subsequent provocations. This is important because it indicates that whatever region or regions of the brain are responsible for generating this pattern of activity on the scalp are making a CAUSAL contribution to trait anxiety BUT 54 Trait-like stability (like the phenotypic trait, BIS)

Heritable (like BIS)

Correlated with self-reported trait anxiety (BIS, STAI) and predicts threat-induced anxiety in adults

Predicts threat-induced behavioral inhibition and cortisol in children and monkeys

Associated with anxiety disorders and normalized by anxiolytic drugs

Neurofeedback manipulations of resting asymmetry can attenuate threat-induced anxiety

reviewed in Shackman et al., submitted; Nusslock, Shackman, Coan, Harmon-Jones, Alloy & Abramson, J Abnorm Psych, 2011

Right > Left

resting frontal EEG asymmetry and BIS

moreover, in a very interesting recent study by John Allens group at Arizona, its been shown that you can train individuals to regulate frontal asymmetyry directly using neurofeedback techniques. And when you train them to achieve a more leftward asymmetry you can actually reduce the amount of anxiety and negative affect elicited by subsequent provocations. This is important because it indicates that whatever region or regions of the brain are responsible for generating this pattern of activity on the scalp are making a CAUSAL contribution to trait anxiety BUT 55 Trait-like stability (like the phenotypic trait, BIS)

Heritable (like BIS)

Correlated with self-reported trait anxiety (BIS, STAI) and predicts threat-induced anxiety in adults

Predicts threat-induced behavioral inhibition and cortisol in children and monkeys

Associated with anxiety disorders and normalized by anxiolytic drugs

Direct manipulations of resting EEG asymmetry using neurofeedback can attenuate threat- induced anxiety

reviewed in Shackman et al., submitted; Nusslock, Shackman, Coan, Harmon-Jones, Alloy & Abramson, J Abnorm Psych, 2011

Right > Left

resting frontal EEG asymmetry and BIS

moreover, in a very interesting recent study by John Allens group at Arizona, its been shown that you can train individuals to regulate frontal asymmetyry directly using neurofeedback techniques. And when you train them to achieve a more leftward asymmetry you can actually reduce the amount of anxiety and negative affect elicited by subsequent provocations. This is important because it indicates that whatever region or regions of the brain are responsible for generating this pattern of activity on the scalp are making a CAUSAL contribution to trait anxiety BUT 56Shackman et al., 2009

EEG source modeling: Estimate generator

To address this, we used high-resolution, 128-channel EEG combined with source modeling or localization techniques. These techniques maximize spatial resolution by using a biophysical model of the heads conductivity to estimate the most plausible neural generators of the electrical activity measured by sensors on the scalp, shown in RED]. To quantify trait anxiety, Ss completed a paper and pencil measure of trait anxiety, the behavioral inhibition system scale, or BIS. Items on the BIS include I feel worried when I think I have done poorly at something. We then tested whether frontal asymmetry on the scalp and current density w/in the brain were predictive of individual differences in trait anxiety This REVEALED

57N = 51; p < .05, corr.

BIS and Right dlPFC

Shackman et al., 2009

More critically, those same individuals showed greater resting activity in the right posterior dlPFC58What about the BAS?

Mapping to the Consensual Model: BASnot as cleanCaspi et al Ann Rev Psychol 2005

Mapping to the Consensual Model: BASnot as cleanCaspi et al Ann Rev Psychol 2005

Mapping to the Consensual Model: BASnot as cleanCaspi et al Ann Rev Psychol 2005

Mapping to the Consensual Model: BASnot as cleanCaspi et al Ann Rev Psychol 2005L > R has been linked to Individual differences in E/PE and BAS (resting EEG)

Positive emotional states elicited by film clips

Anger (thwarted or stymied approach)

Wanting (appetitive drive) during the anticipation of monetary reward in unselected Ss

Wanting during the anticipation of smoking in nicotine deprived smokers

Wanting during the anticipation of moms return following brief separation in young children

Depressed (anhedonic) Pps show reduction at baseline more about this later!

Left > Right

resting frontal EEG asymmetry and BAS

moreover, in a very interesting recent study by John Allens group at Arizona, its been shown that you can train individuals to regulate frontal asymmetyry directly using neurofeedback techniques. And when you train them to achieve a more leftward asymmetry you can actually reduce the amount of anxiety and negative affect elicited by subsequent provocations. This is important because it indicates that whatever region or regions of the brain are responsible for generating this pattern of activity on the scalp are making a CAUSAL contribution to trait anxiety BUT 64L > R has been linked to Individual differences in E/PE and BAS (resting EEG)

Positive emotional states elicited by film clips

Anger (thwarted or stymied approach)

Wanting (appetitive drive) during the anticipation of monetary reward in unselected Ss

Wanting during the anticipation of smoking in nicotine deprived smokers

Wanting during the anticipation of moms return following brief separation in young children

Depressed (anhedonic) Pps show reduction at baseline more about this later!

Left > Right

resting frontal EEG asymmetry and BAS

moreover, in a very interesting recent study by John Allens group at Arizona, its been shown that you can train individuals to regulate frontal asymmetyry directly using neurofeedback techniques. And when you train them to achieve a more leftward asymmetry you can actually reduce the amount of anxiety and negative affect elicited by subsequent provocations. This is important because it indicates that whatever region or regions of the brain are responsible for generating this pattern of activity on the scalp are making a CAUSAL contribution to trait anxiety BUT 65L > R has been linked to Individual differences in E/PE and BAS (resting EEG)

Positive emotional states elicited by film clips

Anger (thwarted or stymied approach)

Wanting (appetitive drive) during the anticipation of monetary reward in unselected Ss

Wanting during the anticipation of smoking in nicotine deprived smokers

Wanting during the anticipation of moms return following brief separation in young children

Depressed (anhedonic) Pps show reduction at baseline more about this later!

Left > Right

resting frontal EEG asymmetry and BAS

moreover, in a very interesting recent study by John Allens group at Arizona, its been shown that you can train individuals to regulate frontal asymmetyry directly using neurofeedback techniques. And when you train them to achieve a more leftward asymmetry you can actually reduce the amount of anxiety and negative affect elicited by subsequent provocations. This is important because it indicates that whatever region or regions of the brain are responsible for generating this pattern of activity on the scalp are making a CAUSAL contribution to trait anxiety BUT 66L > R has been linked to Individual differences in E/PE and BAS (resting EEG)

Positive emotional states elicited by film clips

Anger (thwarted or stymied approach)

Wanting (appetitive drive) during the anticipation of monetary reward

Wanting during the anticipation of smoking in nicotine deprived smokers

Wanting during the anticipation of moms return following brief separation in young children

Depressed (anhedonic) Pps show reduction at baseline more about this later!

Left > Right

resting frontal EEG asymmetry and BAS

moreover, in a very interesting recent study by John Allens group at Arizona, its been shown that you can train individuals to regulate frontal asymmetyry directly using neurofeedback techniques. And when you train them to achieve a more leftward asymmetry you can actually reduce the amount of anxiety and negative affect elicited by subsequent provocations. This is important because it indicates that whatever region or regions of the brain are responsible for generating this pattern of activity on the scalp are making a CAUSAL contribution to trait anxiety BUT 67L > R has been linked to Individual differences in E/PE and BAS (resting EEG)

Positive emotional states elicited by film clips

Anger (thwarted or stymied approach)

Wanting (appetitive drive) during the anticipation of monetary reward

Wanting during the anticipation of smoking in nicotine deprived smokers

Wanting during the anticipation of moms return following brief separation in young children

Depressed (anhedonic) Pps show reduction at baseline more about this later!

Left > Right

resting frontal EEG asymmetry and BAS

moreover, in a very interesting recent study by John Allens group at Arizona, its been shown that you can train individuals to regulate frontal asymmetyry directly using neurofeedback techniques. And when you train them to achieve a more leftward asymmetry you can actually reduce the amount of anxiety and negative affect elicited by subsequent provocations. This is important because it indicates that whatever region or regions of the brain are responsible for generating this pattern of activity on the scalp are making a CAUSAL contribution to trait anxiety BUT 68L > R has been linked to Individual differences in E/PE and BAS (resting EEG)

Positive emotional states elicited by film clips

Anger (thwarted or stymied approach)

Wanting (appetitive drive) during the anticipation of monetary reward

Wanting during the anticipation of smoking in nicotine deprived smokers

Wanting during the anticipation of moms return following brief separation in young children

Depressed (anhedonic) Pps show reduction at baseline more about this later!

Left > Right

resting frontal EEG asymmetry and BAS

moreover, in a very interesting recent study by John Allens group at Arizona, its been shown that you can train individuals to regulate frontal asymmetyry directly using neurofeedback techniques. And when you train them to achieve a more leftward asymmetry you can actually reduce the amount of anxiety and negative affect elicited by subsequent provocations. This is important because it indicates that whatever region or regions of the brain are responsible for generating this pattern of activity on the scalp are making a CAUSAL contribution to trait anxiety BUT 69L > R has been linked to Individual differences in E/PE and BAS (resting EEG)

Positive emotional states elicited by film clips

Anger (thwarted or stymied approach)

Wanting (appetitive drive) during the anticipation of monetary reward

Wanting during the anticipation of smoking in nicotine deprived smokers

Wanting during the anticipation of moms return following brief separation in young children

Depressed patients show low wanting (anhedonia) and reduced L>R (resting EEG)

Left > Right

resting frontal EEG asymmetry and BAS

70BIS and BAS do not just reflectactivity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC)

More details in future lecturesMeasuring individual differencesin BIS/BAS

Students

How is the BIS/BAS scale supposed to be different than other self-report measures of T&P?Most T&P Questionnaires

Please answer each of the following items basedon how you generally feel or how you typically behave

I am generally anxious

From day to day, I tend to be excited, proud, and confident

Most days, most of the time, I am worried

Theory: Sensitivity vs. Typical ExperienceCarver & White JPSP 1994Proneness; Not necessarily experienceGray characterized the quality of personality deriving from BIS sensitivity as anxiety proneness [not anxiety having-ness]. This dimension appears relatively straightforward conceptually.

The problem is that although a person with high BIS sensitivity is vulnerable to anxiety in certain situations, this person may also learn to avoid anxiety-provoking situation much of the time and consequently experience relatively little anxiety on a day-to-day basis

Behavior can change exposure to Rew/Pun and regulate daily emotionone who realized the vulnerability and arranged his or her life to avoid threatening situations would not be especially prone to experience negative affect moment to moment and thus would not have a high standing on the Negative Emotionality scale. Carver & White JPSP 1994Theory: Sensitivity vs. Typical ExperienceProneness; Not necessarily experienceGray characterized the quality of personality deriving from BIS sensitivity as anxiety proneness [not anxiety having-ness]. This dimension appears relatively straightforward conceptually.

The problem is that although a person with high BIS sensitivity is vulnerable to anxiety in certain situations, this person may also learn to avoid anxiety-provoking situation much of the time and consequently experience relatively little anxiety on a day-to-day basis

Behavior can change exposure to Rew/Pun and regulate daily emotionone who realized the vulnerability and arranged his or her life to avoid threatening situations would not be especially prone to experience negative affect moment to moment and thus would not have a high standing on the Negative Emotionality scale. Carver & White JPSP 1994Theory: Sensitivity vs. Typical ExperienceProneness; Not necessarily experienceGray characterized the quality of personality deriving from BIS sensitivity as anxiety proneness [not anxiety having-ness]. This dimension appears relatively straightforward conceptually.

The problem is that although a person with high BIS sensitivity is vulnerable to anxiety in certain situations, this person may also learn to avoid anxiety-provoking situation much of the time and consequently experience relatively little anxiety on a day-to-day basis

Behavior could change exposure to Rew/Pun, altering daily emotionone who realized the vulnerability and arranged his or her life to avoid threatening situations would not be especially prone to experience negative affect moment to moment and thus would not have a high standing on the Negative Emotionality scale. Carver & White JPSP 1994Theory: Sensitivity vs. Typical ExperienceProneness; Not necessarily experienceGray characterized the quality of personality deriving from BIS sensitivity as anxiety proneness [not anxiety having-ness]. This dimension appears relatively straightforward conceptually.

The problem is that although a person with high BIS sensitivity is vulnerable to anxiety in certain situations, this person may also learn to avoid anxiety-provoking situation much of the time and consequently experience relatively little anxiety on a day-to-day basis

Behavior could change exposure to Rew/Pun, altering daily emotionone who realized the vulnerability and arranged his or her life to avoid threatening situations would not be especially prone to experience negative affect moment to moment and thus would not have a high standing on the Negative Emotionality scale.

What does T&P do? Alters exposure via biases in approach and avoidanceCarver & White JPSP 1994Theory: Sensitivity vs. Typical ExperienceProneness; Not necessarily experienceGray characterized the quality of personality deriving from BIS sensitivity as anxiety proneness [not anxiety having-ness]. This dimension appears relatively straightforward conceptually.

The problem is that although a person with high BIS sensitivity is vulnerable to anxiety in certain situations, this person may also learn to avoid anxiety-provoking situation much of the time and consequently experience relatively little anxiety on a day-to-day basis

Behavior could change exposure to Rew/Pun, altering daily emotionone who realized the vulnerability and arranged his or her life to avoid threatening situations would not be especially prone to experience negative affect moment to moment and thus would not have a high standing on the Negative Emotionality scale.

What does T&P do? Alters exposure via biases in approach and avoidanceCarver & White JPSP 1994Theory: Sensitivity vs. Typical ExperienceIs this theory true?

Does it apply equally to the BIS (avoid punishments) and BAS (approach rewards)?

Daily DiaryGables data support 3 key conclusionsTraits StatesTraits predict moodHigher BAS Increased daily PAHigher BIS Increased daily NAConsistent with the evidence reviewed in the Matthews chapter indicating that Traits promote Trait-related States

Traits StatesTraits predict moodHigher BAS Increased daily positive emotionHigher BIS Increased daily negative emotionConsistent with the evidence reviewed in the Matthews chapter indicating that Traits promote Trait-related States

Traits StatesTraits predict moodHigher BAS Increased daily positive emotionHigher BIS Increased daily negative emotionConsistent with the evidence reviewed in the Matthews chapter indicating that Traits promote Trait-related States

High BIS Enhanced ReactivityBIS predicts reactivity to daily hassles and stressHigh-BIS individuals showed increased negative affect to negative life events and daily hasslesExperienced the same stressors as more distressingThis was above and beyond their generally higher level of negative affectReactivityGeneral MoodHigh BIS Enhanced ReactivityBIS predicts reactivity to daily hassles and stressHigh-BIS individuals showed increased negative affect to negative life events and daily hasslesExperienced the same stressors as more distressingThis was above and beyond their generally higher level of negative affectReactivityGeneral MoodHigh BIS Enhanced ReactivityBIS predicts reactivity to daily hassles and stressHigh-BIS individuals showed increased negative affect to negative life events and daily hasslesExperienced the same stressors as more distressingThis was above and beyond their generally higher level of negative affectReactivityGeneral MoodHigh BIS Enhanced ReactivityBIS predicts reactivity to daily hassles and stressHigh-BIS individuals showed increased negative affect to negative life events and daily hasslesExperienced the same stressors as more distressingThis was above and beyond their generally higher level of negative affectReactivityGeneral MoodHigh BAS More Positive EventsBAS predicts more frequent positive daily events

High BAS More Positive EventsBAS predicts more frequent positive daily events

High BAS More Positive EventsMore frequent positive daily events explained increased PA in individuals with higher levels of BAS

Higher BASMore Positive AffectMore FrequentPositive Daily EventsHigh BAS More Positive EventsMore frequent positive daily events explained increased PA in individuals with higher levels of BAS

Higher BASMore Positive AffectMore FrequentPositive Daily EventsIn SummaryTrait BIS: Emotional StatesInfluences NA (state) via differential reactivity to negative eventsReactive

Trait BAS: Behavior EmotionInfluences PA via differential exposure to positive eventsPositive events may be less likely to occur without active initiationPositive events must be sought out, and the BAS regulates approach (appetitive motivation; wanting)ProactiveIn SummaryTrait BIS: Emotional StatesInfluences NA (state) via differential reactivity to negative eventsReactive

Trait BAS: Behavior EmotionInfluences PA via differential exposure to positive eventsPositive events may be less likely to occur without active initiationPositive events must be sought out, and the BAS regulates approach (appetitive motivation; wanting)ProactiveIn SummaryTrait BIS: Emotional StatesInfluences NA (state) via differential reactivity to negative eventsReactive

Trait BAS: Behavior EmotionInfluences PA via differential exposure to positive eventsPositive events may be less likely to occur without active initiationPositive events must be sought out, and the BAS regulates approach (appetitive motivation; wanting)ProactiveIn SummaryTrait BIS: Emotional StatesInfluences NA (state) via differential reactivity to negative eventsReactive

Trait BAS: Behavior Emotional StatesInfluences PA via differential exposure to positive eventsPositive events may be less likely to occur without active initiationPositive events must be sought out, and the BAS regulates approach (appetitive motivation; wanting)ProactiveIn SummaryTrait BIS: Emotional StatesInfluences NA (state) via differential reactivity to negative eventsReactive

Trait BAS: Behavior Emotional StatesInfluences PA via differential exposure to positive eventsPositive events may be less likely to occur without active initiationPositive events must be sought out, and the BAS regulates approach (appetitive motivation; wanting)ProactiveIn SummaryTrait BIS: Emotional StatesInfluences NA (state) via differential reactivity to negative eventsReactive

Trait BAS: Behavior Emotional StatesInfluences PA via differential exposure to positive eventsPositive events may be less likely to occur without active initiationPositive events must be sought out, and the BAS regulates approach (appetitive motivation; wanting)ProactiveIn SummaryTrait BIS: Emotional StatesInfluences NA (state) via differential reactivity to negative eventsReactive

Trait BAS: Behavior Emotional StatesInfluences PA via differential exposure to positive eventsPositive events may be less likely to occur without active initiationPositive events must be sought out, and the BAS regulates approach (appetitive motivation; wanting)ProactiveIn SummaryTrait BIS: Emotional StatesInfluences NA (state) via differential reactivity to negative eventsReactive

Trait BAS: Behavior Emotional StatesInfluences PA via differential exposure to positive eventsPositive events may be less likely to occur without active initiationPositive events must be sought out, and the BAS regulates approach (appetitive motivation; wanting)ProactiveKey Take Home PointsT&PIt aint just the peak amplitudeKey Take Home Points for Todays Meeting

105In prior lectures, we discussed evidence that T&P represents a diathesis that leads to enhanced emotion in the presence of trait-relevant cuesKey Take Home Points for Todays Meeting106In prior lectures, we discussed evidence that T&P represents a diathesis that leads to enhanced emotion in the presence of trait-relevant cuesKey Take Home Points for Todays Meeting

107Today, we reviewed evidence that T&P can also alter the probability of encountering trait-relevant cues (rewards and punishments) in the environment

This demonstrates that traits can influence motivated behavior (approach and avoidance)even when emotionally-salient stimuli are absent

And it may reflect enduring differences in the spontaneous, on-going activity or connectivity of the brain (EEG, FDG-PET, resting-state fMRI)

Key Take Home Points for Todays Meeting

108Today, we reviewed evidence that T&P can also alter the probability of encountering trait-relevant cues (rewards and punishments) in the environment

This suggests that traits can influence motivated behavior (approach and avoidance)even when emotionally-salient stimuli are absent

And it may reflect enduring differences in the spontaneous, on-going activity or connectivity of the brain (EEG, FDG-PET, resting-state fMRI)

Key Take Home Points for Todays Meeting

109Today, we reviewed evidence that T&P can also alter the probability of encountering trait-relevant cues (rewards and punishments) in the environment

This suggests that traits can influence motivated behavior (approach and avoidance)even when emotionally-salient stimuli are absent

And it may reflect enduring differences in the spontaneous, on-going activity or connectivity of the brain

Key Take Home Points for Todays Meeting

1104 Critical Thinking Questions

Please respond to any 2Critical Thinking Question #1Critical Thinking Question #1Contrary to Gable, other research indicates that individuals with high levels of N/NE encounter (or create/evoke) more frequent negative life events and daily stressors (Magnus et al. 1993; Ormel & Wohlfarth, 1991; Affleck et al. 1994; Bolger & Schilling 1991; Bolger & Zuckerman 1995; David et al 1997; Gunthert et al 1999; Suls et al 1998; Middeldorp et al Psychol Med 2008 and cites therein; Fergusson & Horwood 1987; Poulton & Andrews APS 1992; Kendler et al PM 2003; Magnus, Diener et al JPSP 1993; van Os et al BMJ 2001).

E.g., Bolger & Schilling estimated that the heightened negative mood characteristic of high-N/NE individuals reflects: ~60% baseline differences in neg mood in the absence of trait-relevant stimuli~25% hyper-reactivity to daily hassles and stressors~15% increased exposure to negative events (mostly interpersonal conflict)

Why didnt Gable see this differential exposure?

Might it reflect her use of the BIS/BAS scales?Critical Thinking Question #1Contrary to Gable, other research indicates that individuals with high levels of N/NE encounter (or create/evoke) more frequent negative life events and daily stressors (Magnus et al. 1993; Ormel & Wohlfarth, 1991; Affleck et al. 1994; Bolger & Schilling 1991; Bolger & Zuckerman 1995; David et al 1997; Gunthert et al 1999; Suls et al 1998; Middeldorp et al Psychol Med 2008 and cites therein; Fergusson & Horwood 1987; Poulton & Andrews APS 1992; Kendler et al PM 2003; Magnus, Diener et al JPSP 1993; van Os et al BMJ 2001).

E.g., Bolger & Schilling estimated that the heightened negative mood characteristic of high-N/NE individuals reflects: ~60% baseline differences in negative mood in the absence of trait-relevant stimuli~25% hyper-reactivity to daily hassles and stressors~15% increased exposure to negative events (mostly interpersonal conflict)

Why didnt Gable see this differential exposure?

Might it reflect her use of the BIS/BAS scales?

Critical Thinking Question #1Contrary to Gable, other research indicates that individuals with high levels of N/NE encounter (or create/evoke) more frequent negative life events and daily stressors (Magnus et al. 1993; Ormel & Wohlfarth, 1991; Affleck et al. 1994; Bolger & Schilling 1991; Bolger & Zuckerman 1995; David et al 1997; Gunthert et al 1999; Suls et al 1998; Middeldorp et al Psychol Med 2008 and cites therein; Fergusson & Horwood 1987; Poulton & Andrews APS 1992; Kendler et al PM 2003; Magnus, Diener et al JPSP 1993; van Os et al BMJ 2001).

E.g., Bolger & Schilling estimated that the heightened negative mood characteristic of high-N/NE individuals reflects: ~60% baseline differences in negative mood in the absence of trait-relevant stimuli~25% hyper-reactivity to daily hassles and stressors~15% increased exposure to negative events (mostly interpersonal conflict)

Why didnt Gable see this differential exposure?

Might it reflect her use of the BIS/BAS scales?

Critical Thinking Question #1Contrary to Gable, other research indicates that individuals with high levels of N/NE encounter (or create/evoke) more frequent negative life events and daily stressors (Magnus et al. 1993; Ormel & Wohlfarth, 1991; Affleck et al. 1994; Bolger & Schilling 1991; Bolger & Zuckerman 1995; David et al 1997; Gunthert et al 1999; Suls et al 1998; Middeldorp et al Psychol Med 2008 and cites therein; Fergusson & Horwood 1987; Poulton & Andrews APS 1992; Kendler et al PM 2003; Magnus, Diener et al JPSP 1993; van Os et al BMJ 2001).

E.g., Bolger & Schilling estimated that the heightened negative mood characteristic of high-N/NE individuals reflects: ~60% baseline differences in negative mood in the absence of trait-relevant stimuli~25% hyper-reactivity to daily hassles and stressors~15% increased exposure to negative events (mostly interpersonal conflict)

Why didnt Gable see this differential exposure?

Might it reflect her use of the BIS/BAS scales?

The Scales

BISEven if something bad is about to happen to me, I rarely experience fear or nervousness. I feel pretty worried or upset when I think or know somebody is angry at me. If I think something unpleasant is going to happen I usually get pretty "worked up." I feel worried when I think I have done poorly at something important. I have very few fears compared to my friends. I worry about making mistakes. Criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit.

Notice Many of the items are focused on situations where overt threat is absent, distal, or ambiguous

None directly indexes avoidance or inhibition, contrary to The Theory

BASI go out of my way to get things I want. When I'm doing well at something I love to keep at it. I'm always willing to try something new if I think it will be fun. When I get something I want, I feel excited and energized. When I want something I usually go all-out to get it. I will often do things for no other reason than that they might be fun.If I see a chance to get something I want I move on it right away. When I see an opportunity for something I like I get excited right away. I often act on the spur of the moment. When good things happen to me, it affects me strongly. I crave excitement and new sensations.When I go after something I use a "no holds barred" approach. It would excite me to win a contest.

Critical Thinking Question #2 Critical Thinking Question #2In prior lectures, we have discussed the potential limitations of introspective self-report measures of T&P (e.g., insensitivity to processes that lie outside of conscious awareness, biases, mnemonic artifacts, mash-up readout).

To what degree might Gables results reflect trait-like differences in the way that people think about, rate, appraise, or label their emotions and daily experiences, rather than true differences in emotional states or stress exposure? How might one circumvent this in future research?Critical Thinking Question #2In prior lectures, we have discussed the potential limitations of introspective self-report measures of T&P (e.g., insensitivity to processes that lie outside of conscious awareness, biases, mnemonic artifacts, mash-up readout).

To what degree might Gables results reflect trait-like differences in the way that people think about, rate, appraise, or label their emotions and daily experiences, rather than true differences in emotional states or stress exposure? How might one circumvent this in future research?Critical Thinking Question #3 Critical Thinking Question #3Individuals characterized by low BAS are vulnerable to depression

Briefly describe why this might be so using the key results from the Gable study. Briefly describe a study that would allow you to test your hypothesis. Low BASIncreased p(MDD Dx)Watson Ann Rev Clin Psychol 2009

Critical Thinking Question #3Individuals characterized by low BAS are vulnerable to depression

Briefly describe why this might be so using the key results from the Gable study. Briefly describe a study that would allow you to test your hypothesis. Low BASIncreased p(MDD Dx)Why ????Watson Ann Rev Clin Psychol 2009

Critical Thinking Question #4In prior lectures, we have discussed the potential limitations of introspective self-report measures of T&P (e.g., insensitivity to processes that lie outside of conscious awareness, biases, mnemonic artifacts, mash-up readout).

To what degree might Gables results reflect trait-like differences in the way that people think about, rate, appraise, or label their emotions and daily experiences, rather than true differences in emotional states? How might one circumvent this in future research?Critical Thinking Question #4Today, I suggested that BAS influences exposure to positive events via approach behaviors

(e.g., attending or organizing a party)

Briefly describe another possible explanatory mechanisms

For example, might high-BAS individuals evoke more positive reactions from others?Critical Thinking Question #4Today, I suggested that BAS influences exposure to positive events via approach behaviors

(e.g., attending or organizing a party)

Briefly describe another possible explanatory mechanism. For example, might high-BAS individuals evoke different reactions from other individuals? Does it feel different to interact with people who are prone to approach and pos aff?Critical Thinking Question #4Today, I suggested that BAS influences exposure to positive events via approach behaviors

(e.g., attending or organizing a party)

Briefly describe another possible explanatory mechanism. For example, might high-BAS individuals evoke different reactions from other individuals? Does it feel different to interact with people who are prone to approach and pos aff?The EndStuff for Future Semesters

Clark & Watson (1991)synthesized the accumulating evidence into their tripartite model of depression and anxiety. This model grouped depression and anxiety symptoms into three basic subtypes. First, many symptoms are strong indicators of a general distress or negative affect factor. This nonspecific group includes both anxious and depressed mood, as well as other symptoms that are prevalent in both depression and anxiety. The other two symptom groups represent the unique, distinguishing aspects of each syndrome: somatic hyperarousal (e.g., shortness of breath, dizziness) is specific to anxiety, whereas anhedonia and low positive mood (e.g., loss of interest, feeling that nothing is enjoyable) are relatively specific to depression. Barlow and his colleagues subsequently articulated a similar three-factor model (Barlow et al. 1996,Chorpita et al. 1998).Watson Ann Rev Clin Psychol 2009

Shackman et al., Psychol Sci, 2009Ok, now I want to switch gears a little bit and talk about measuring anxiety more generally. In my human research, I have used self-report measures of dispositional anxiety. These kinds of measures imply that there is a single, tightly integrated system that orchestrates each of the different elements of anxiety. The changes in XXX. Likewise, in the monkey we lump together behavioral inhibition and cortisol into a single composite index. The problem is that humans and monkeys dont show high correlations among response systems

136xx

137Moods, thoughts, and behavior are determined byThe situationT&PBoth

Longitudinal research studiesProvide strong evidence that antecedants (childhood) predict consequences (adulthood), a precondition for establishing causationComplex, costly, and time-consumingCan not prove causation, because they do not manipulate the putative cause of the outcomeAll of the above

The key take home point from Blocks critique is that the FFM Is a bunch of hooeyReflects the fundamental nature of T&PIs a convenient short-hand, a sometimes useful fiction that begs for additional research

The Five Factor Model (FFM) is predicated on the lexical hypothesis, the assumption that the deep structure of T&P is embedded in our natural language, waiting to be discovered. What are some concerns with this assumption?Meaningful aspects of T&P may not be captured by single word Key aspects of T&P might be too complex for single words, requiring phrases, sentences, or even whole paragraphs of wordsNo guarantee that words (natural language) will permit the expression of scientifically crucial aspects of personalityAll of the above