Sglect3: Gender, Work, and Family ©2000 Gene H. Starbuck Mesa State College.

Sglect3: Gender, Work, and Family

©2000

Gene H. Starbuck

Mesa State College

Introductory Slide

This lecture will– Discuss wage and salary differences by gender;– Look at some of the reasons for this difference;– Put this in broader social context;– Outline common work/family scripts.

Modes of Production and Social Institutions:The Context of Gender

Mode ofProduction

EconomicLabor

Political Religious Family Education

Hunting/Gathering

Agrarian

Industrial

Post-Industrial

Nature

Land

Machines

Information & Services

Diffuse

Landowners

Capitalists

Technocrats

Nature; animism; totems; ancestors; polytheism

Monotheism; patritheism.

Secularization

??????

Clan/ Kin

Familia

Separate family/ work; individualism.

??????

None

Elite only

Mass Public

Extensive

Source: Data from Murdock’s compilations, as summarized in Lenski, Gerhard, PatrickNolan and Jean Lenski. 1991. Human Societies: an Introduction to Macrosociology. New York: McGraw Hill..

Cultivation and GenderBy Society Type

Primarily Female Equal

Primarily Male

37

50

7

49

27

37

4

23

56

Society TypeSimpHort AdvndHort Agrarian

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Gender Changes from H.G. through Horticultural to Advanced Agrarian

Increasingly hierarchical Women less responsible for producing food

– H.G. women provide majority of nutrition, but men’s contribution perhaps more highly valued

– Large-scale agriculture, more male involvement additional labor needed size and strength, distance--childcare

Increasing warfare– Society rewards “manliness” but, with standing armies,

men gone more.

Modes of Production and Social Institutions:The Context of Gender

Mode ofProduction

EconomicLabor

Political Religious Family Education

Hunting/Gathering

Agrarian

Industrial

Post-Industrial

Nature

Land

Machines

Information & Services

Diffuse

Landowners

Capitalists

Technocrats

Nature; animism; totems; ancestors; polytheism

Monotheism; patritheism.

Secularization

??????

Clan/ Kin

Familia

Separate family/ work; individualism.

??????

None

Elite only

Mass Public

Extensive

Industrial Revolution and Gender

Separation of home and work; wage labor “Cult of domesticity” “Family wage” movement

– Wage should be high enough that one workder could support family

– Working-class wives had “right” to stay home like upper-class.

Modes of Production and Social Institutions:The Context of Gender

Mode ofProduction

EconomicLabor

Political Religious Family Education

Hunting/Gathering

Agrarian

Industrial

Post-Industrial

Nature

Land

Machines

Information & Services

Diffuse

Landowners

Capitalists

Technocrats

Nature; animism; totems; ancestors; polytheism

Monotheism; patritheism.

Secularization

??????

Clan/ Kin

Familia

Separate family/ work; individualism.

??????

None

Elite only

Mass Public

Extensive

Post-industrial

More education necessary; Brain continues replacing brawn in the

workforce; Increased workforce size drives down

wages; Increasing individualism and atomism of

the family.

Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, Earnings by Sex, 1997

Median Weekly Earnings Women's asCategory Men Women % of Men'sManagerial and Professional 875 632 72.2% Exec., admin, managerial 868 605 69.7% Professional Speciality 883 662 75.0%Technical, Sales, Adm. Support 588 403 68.5% Technical and related support 667 498 74.7% Sales 603 352 58.4% Admin support, including clerical 514 403 78.4%Service 372 282 75.8% Private household na 213 na Protective 575 451 78.4% Other service 317 280 88.3%Precision Production 569 382 67.1%Operators, fabricators, laborers 436 313 71.8%Farming, forestry, fishing 302 257 85.1%

All Workers 579 431 74.4% 16-24 years old 317 282 89.0% 25 years and older 615 462 75.1% White 595 444 74.6% Black 432 375 86.8% Hispanic 371 318 85.7%

Source:

Table 96, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1998. U. S. Department of Commerce, bureau of the Census.

Percent Participation by Women with Children in the Civilian Labor Force, byMarital Status and Presence and Age of Children: 1960-1997

Total Children 6-17 Only Children under 6Year Single Married Single Married Single Married1960 (NA) 27.6 (NA) 39.0 (NA) 18.61970 (NA) 39.7 (NA) 49.2 (NA) 30.31980 52.0 54.1 67.6 61.7 44.1 45.11990 55.2 66.3 69.7 73.6 48.7 58.91994 56.9 69.0 67.5 76.0 52.2 61.71996 60.5 70.0 71.8 76.7 55.1 62.71997 68.1 71.1 74.0 77.6 65.1 63.6

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1998 (118th ed.) Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Table 638.

Female/Male Earning Ratios in Medium-Sized and Large Firms,Selected Occupations: Accountants, 1981.

Level Earnings RatioAverageMonthlyEarnings

PercentFemale

Accountant I .99 $1377 46Accountant II .98 1679 34Accountant III .96 1962 19Accountant IV .95 2402 11Accountant V .90 2928 5

AllAccountants

.83 23

Female/Male Earning Ratios in Medium-Sized and Large Firms,Selected Occupations: Attorneys, 1981.

Level Earnings RatioAverageMonthlyEarnings

PercentFemale

Attorney I 1.03 $1873 28Attorney II .97 2338 24Attorney III .95 3031 13Attorney IV .84 3738 9

Source: Sieling, Mark. 1984. "Staffing Patterns Prominent in Female-Male Earnings Gap."Monthly Labor Review 107, June:29-33.

Men's and Women's Work, in Hours per Week Paid and Home Labor

Men WomenStudy Sample

Paid Home Total Paid Home Total

Men/WomenRatio

U. S. Labor Force1 33.7 13.1 46.8 13.9 32.4 46.3 101.1

U.S. Adults2 47.5 13.8 61.3 25.9 30.5 56.4 108.7Full-time employed,married, no children2 46.6 18.5 65.1 39.8 28.2 68.0 95.7

Full-time employed,married, 1 child2 49.5 26.1 75.6 38.8 43.8 82.6 91.5

Two-earners, wife'sreport3 48.2 12.3 60.5 38.8 21.8 60.6 99.8

Two earners,husband's report3 49.1 14.4 63.5 38.5 22.3 60.8 104.4

1) Schor, 1991. The Overworked Americans. 2) Juster and Stafford, 1991. Journal of Economic Literature, 29:471-5223) Shelton, 1992. Women, Men, and Time. 4) Ferree, 1991. Journal of Family Issues 12:158-180.

Death Rates by Accidents, by Race and SexRates per 100,000 population. Source: Statistical Abstract, 1998, Table 147

White BlackCause of Death

Male Female Male Female

Total 81.2 32.1 142.0 38.6Motor VehicleAccidents

26.1 11.4 28.1 9.4

All OtherAccidents

23.6 12.4 32.7 13.4

Suicide 22.0 5.3 12.0 2.3

Homicide 9.0 2.8 69.2 13.5

U. S. Deaths in Recent Wars, by Gender

Number of DeathsWar or Action

Total Female MaleFemale/Male

RatioVietnam 58,191 8 58,183 0.0001Panama 23 0 23 0.0Persian Gulf 390 15 375 0.04

Source: Farrell, Warren. 1993. The Myth of Male Power. P. 129, 187.

Common Work/Family Scripts

Script Types Wife Role Husband RoleTraditionalComplementary

Modified TraditionalComplementary

Modified Parallel(Dual Worker)

Complete Parallel(Dual Career)

Full Time Primary Family Work

Full Time Primary Provider

Full Time Primary Family; Secondary Provider After Children

Full Time Primary Provider

Primary family work; secondary full or part time provider.

Full Time Primary Provider

Co-provider; co-family worker

Co-provider; co-family worker