CHAPTER 011.1 Training Organization1.1.1 IntroductionI was
selectedfor myindustrial trainingTudawe brothers Ltdat
505/2ElvitigalaMawatha, olombo 5, which is one of the leading
contractors in civil engineering as well as electricaland
mechanical in !ri Lan"a# $mong those fields %ast activities of
construction field says Tudawe &rosLtd is s%ecialist in
construction because they have built multi story building more than
ten stories withvery finishing in resent %ast#Today Tudawe &ros
Ltd administrated by a chairman with a board of directors but it
wasestablishedin'()2asabuildingconstructionfield#
Everyactivitiesofconstruction, electrical andmechanical are done
according to I!* stranded today# Tudawe &ros has obtained I!*
(002 certificatedin '((+ for construction wor"s first time in !ri
Lan"a#1.1.2 History of CompanyTudawe&rosLtdwasfoundedat
'()2asacom%any,whichisunderta"enbuildingwor"s in concentrating
mainly on construction houses during its initial ste%# ,hen it
growing u% theirattention goes to under ta"en large construction
wor"s of multistoried building as well andsubse-uently focused
mainly on multistoried building# .uring a last few years Tudawe
&ros Ltd hasfocused their attention towards road construction
and other civil engineering activities such as roadconstruction,
bridge construction, elevated water tower construction,water su%%ly
and drainage etc#and also Tudawe have forced their attention
towards electrical engineering and mechanical engineeringfields
during last twenty years as well#,hen e/%ansion the com%any,
invested for %lant and machines to wor" with moderntechnology and
to satisfactory with the needs of industry as a result they have
their own batching %lantand bar bending yard today and lot of
modern e-ui%ment which can be used to wor" conveniently
andlowtimeconsuming#$lsoits%roductionrangefollowedbythereadymi/edconcretesince'((0#Today,
Tudawe &ros Ltd that is leading construction com%any in !ri
Lan"a though established in '()2#1MAIN LINE O !"#INE##!usin$ss
Comm$nc$m$nt&uilding construction !ince '()2!tructural steel
!ince '()5Electrical engineering !ince '(+0Elevated water tower
!ince '(+1,ater su%%ly and drainage !ince '(+1!ewage !ince '(+1M2E
service !ince '(+13ire fighting 2 %rotection !ince '(+($ir
condition !ince '(+(Earth wor" !ince '(+(4aw water / effluent water
treatment system!ince '(('4oad construction !ince '((0$luminum
wor"s !ince '((5&ridge construction !ince '(((21.1.%
Or&ani'ation #tructur$ ,henstudyingtheorgani5ationstructure,
several de%artment anddivisionofthecom%anycanbeidentified as6
7lanning, develo%ment and -uality assurances 8eneral administration
onstruction %ro9ect co:ordination 7lant and e-ui%ment .esign
7ursing and finance !tores IT 7ersonal 31.2 Project1.2.1
IntroductionPro($ct ) 7ro%osed ommercial building for .ialog
$/iataContract amount ) ;;5 millionComm$nc$m$nt)
0+#05#20'2Comp*$tion dat$ ) 01#0(#20'0Contract p$riod ) ';
monthsContractor ) Tudawe &rothers . onsultant o '+0, Model
farm roadolombo 0+Typ$ of contract ) Measure and %ay2.1.1 N$$ds of
#it$ Mana&$m$nt!uch a %lanning is necessary in order to run the
%ro9ect within cost 2 time# Management at aconstruction site can be
glanced in to two %ortions# That is loo" contractor side 2 client
side# 3romcontractor side means to start a given %ro9ect at
%articular time, run the %ro9ect according to the all rules2
regulations of the client 2 u% to his standards, at last to
com%lete the %ro9ect within the given %eriod#2.1.2 ,o- unction of a
Pro($ct
Coordinator4$ccordingtotheI!*(00'?2000systeminTudawe&rothersLtd,
theyhavementionedthese9obfunctions for a %ro9ect
coordinator#Pro($ct Coordinator 4e%ort to the %ro9ect director
*verall %lanning 2 coordinator Leads a team of engineers, site
-uantity surveyors, surveyors 2 @$ coordinators# Liaises with
client, consultants and local authorities# $ttends all
client/consultant meetings# oordinates nominated subcontractor
activities##it$ Mana&$r 4e%ort to the %ro9ect coordinator# 7lan
and coordinates site activities with site staff# Monitors wor"
%rogress and -uality control# Liaises with client, consultant and
local authorities# $ttends all client 2 consultant meeting# Liaises
with sub contractors# Im%lementation of safety measures# Liaises
with nominated sub contractors# Liaises with manager %lanning and
develo%ment and %re%ares micro %rogrammers# 7re%aration of three
monthly %rograms 2 monitors %rogress##it$ En&in$$r 4e%ort to
site manager hec" discre%ancies between structural and
architectural drawings 2 issues 43I# hec" alignment and level by
surveyor# hec" structural drawing for discre%ancies# Liaises with
4#E#/onsultant Engineer / #*#,# on technical matter $rrange site
ins%ection with 4#E# / #*#,# Monitors wor" %rogress and -uality
control# 7re%aration of sho% drawing for tem%orary structure#
7re%aration of bar bending schedules#5 .ocument and drawing
control##it$ .uantity #ur/$yor 4e%ort to site manger *btain tender
data fromestimator and %re%ares the schedule of contract
information inconsultation with senior %ro9ect -uantity surveyor#
7re%ares the master resources schedules in consultation with the
%lan 7re%arethewee"ly%lanmachineryre-uirement, wee"lymaterial
re-uirement andforewordthem to the %lant manager and the %urchasing
officer res%ectively, at least a wee" in advancethrough the !M/!E#
7re%ares schedule of rates for domestic sub contractors in
consultation with the %ro9ect @!# Evaluate and %re%ares %rogress
%ayment to sub contractors# 7re%are daily re%orts and issues co%ies
to 4E daily and %ro9ect @! at the end of every wee"# Enters the
dayAs resource usage against the res%ective items of the &*@ in
the site record boo"maintain to register the actual resource
utili5ation# 7re%are day wor" sheets .ocument e/tra wor"s and
variations introduced subse-uent to award 2forwards it tores%ective
%ro9ect @!# Maintain site concrete %our records 8et advice from
senior %ro9ect @! on the -uality standards e/%ected of the in%ut
resources# *b9ect the budget data from the senior %ro9ect @! to
wor" within those %ermitted %arameters# 4aises interim valuation on
regular basis serves notice of claims and %re%ares
substantiationsfor contractual claims I consultation with senior
%ro9ect @!# 7re%ares valuation at %ractice com%letion and claim the
first moiety of retention# 7re%are final accounts# $t the end of
the maintenance %eriod follow u%on the second moiety of retention
or combinedbond as the case may be gets it released 2 assist in
obtaining maintenance certificate#T$c+nica* Offic$rs 4e%ort to the
site manager/ engineer !ets out alignments and levels6 Liaises with
4#E#/ #*#,# on technical matters hec" the discre%ancies between
structural and architectural drawings and issues 43I follow u%on
the re%ly from the consultant and notify the relevant site staff by
circulating the document# onfirm documentarily and verbal
instruction from the consultant/client on the BI and thedocuments#
ounter chec" alignment/levels by surveyor Monitor wor" %rogress and
-uality control by using ins%ection and test %lans 4ecord every day
the day wor" resources utili5ed at the end of the day on the day
wor"sheetresource record# 4e-uests for -uality control testing of
materials/ wor"s s%ecified in the contract document andmaintain
records# 3ollow and control the %rocedure set out for the issuance
of no consumable materials from thestores to the site wor"s#
Maintain concrete cube testing records# $ct as a member of site
safety committee##up$r/isor 4e%ort to the !E /$ss# !E/ Technical
officer# !et out alignments and levels# Labour su%ervision and
ensuring the -uality of the wor"s# ounter chec" alignment/levels by
surveyor Monitor wor" %rogress and -uality control by using
ins%ection and test %lans 4ecord every day the day wor" resources
utili5ed at the end of the day on the day wor"sheetresource record#
3ollow and control the %rocedure set out for the issuance of no
consumable materials from thestores to the site wor"s# $ct as a
member of site safety committee##tor$ 0$$p$r Maintaining stoc"
cards ontrol/ chec" -uantity of materials delivered7 Ensures
ade-uate inventories and stoc"s are available to the meet site
%lanned activities# 7re%are daily and monthly records for material
received at site# Inventorycontrol of %lant, machineryande-ui%ment,
their usageat siteandmaintainingrecords of re%air and service#
Inventory control of non consumables# 7re%are material
reconciliation re%ort# 7re%are goods issued notes# 7re%are transfer
note for materials transferred out from the site# Liaises with
%urchasing de%artment#$ll the management functions are result to
the good -uality wor"# Therefore to gain that, sitemanager should
give his attention to the above functions# $lso maintain records
are very im%ortant#4ecord and re%orts is mirror of the history of
any construction site# There are various ty%es of
recordsandre%ortsareavailableinconstructionsitede%endonthere-uirements#
The%ro%erwritingandcom%ilation of re%orts and records will be great
advantage for continuous run of the %ro9ect# In our sitewe have
"ee% various ty%es of records in files as a %rocedure given by @M!
division# $lso there is%ro%er maintenance of those records# ItAs
essential to continue the wor" at site smoothly#,hen starting the
construction the main res%onsibility is to %re%are a 9ob layout for
the %ro9ect#This layout should be including offices# ,are houses#
,or"sho%s, labour huts, toilets etc# the %ersonwho %re%ares this
should endure to arrange all areas to reduce the time consume in
carrying materialsfrom the storage area to the construction site#
The main office and ware houses should be located nearthe
mainentrance inorder the visitors for various %ur%oses will not
have totravel aroundtheconstructionareas toreachtheoffice# This
will reducethedanger of in9uriestovisitors andtheconfusion# The
ware house near the entrance will facilitate the delivery of
materials to unload easily#Li"ewise there are so many reasons,
%resence to the located items in the construction site#
Therereasons and conditions usually vary from site to site#1.3
Safety at Site1.%.1 Introduction8$n accident may be defined as
unacce%table or un%lanned event, which causing%ersonal in9uries or
%ro%erties damage# &lac" defines it even more broadly as Cany
occurrences thatinterru%ts or interfere it with the orderly
%rogress of the activity in -uestionD# It may be ha%%ening anytime
2 anywhere# ,e cannot tell how it ha%%ens, when it ha%%ened#3rom
the accident data it has beenseen that +5 to (5 %er cent of
accident are %reventable it re-uires a little care or a timely
%recaution to%revent the accidents# There main res%onsibility of
everyone E management, trade union and wor"ers togo in for
%revention of accidents, which is better than, occur# Fence the
accident %revention %rogrammust be initiated at every construction
site#$n accident %revention %rograms are aimed to reduce the number
of accident and there by the cost ofconstruction #the following are
the ob9ects of accident %revention %rograms# To reduce the human
life sacrificed# To reduce the tem%orary and %ermanent in9uries to
laborer# To avoid loss of materials resulting from accident Gnsafe
%ractices of individual wor"s or %ersonal ha5ards resulting from
the carelessness ofwor"ers#$ccident may ha%%ened in such %laces
where, *n scaffolding and wor"ing %latforms# *n ladders# 3alling
ob9ect from formwor" or bric" on u%%er floor# 4oof wor"# !teel
erection of the structural frames# ,hen the e/cavation# ,hen use
the %o"er vibrator and tam%ing rammer# .emolition wor" such as
formwor" and scaffolding removing# 3orm hoisting a%%liances# Fealth
ha5ards may be creating from dust, li-uid, gasses, and fumes# $lso
welfare should be%rovided#9!afeties %recautions have beenta"enat
site inorder toavoidunwantedaccident# Laborers areinstructed to use
the safety instrument while they are wor"ing in the site# It may be
difficult to find anaccident free construction site# !ome of the
accidents are fatal and some results in %ermanent com%leteor
%artials# 7eo%le are begun to reali5e that occu%ational accident
had economic as well as %hysicalconse-uences# Gnwanted accident and
in9uries effected to construction as follows# '# ost of loss time
of in9ured em%loyee#2# ost of time loss by other em%loyee, who sto%
wor" because of an accident#0# ost of time loss by su%ervision
staff to# $ssist the in9ured em%loyee# Investigate the cause of
accident# $rrange of someone to re%laces the in9ured em%loyee#
7re%are an accident#)# ,or" delays#5# 7ossible legal and other
costs#;# ost due to s%oilage of materials#1# ost of %aving wages to
the in9ured em%loyee during the %eriod of in9ury#+# *ut%ut will
reduce when the in9ured %erson is re%laces and subse-uently when
wor"ers returns towor"Hetc#,e can classification of construction
accidents they may be grou%ed as follows#'# Gncontrolled contact
between man and e-ui%ment or between man and material such as
cranes,truc"s and material storage#2# 3ailure of tem%orary
structure such as forms, scaffolds, ram%s ladders, etc#0# Inherent
engineering ha5ards such as the use of e/%losives, %resence of
in9urious gases, to/icdustHetc)# Gnsafe %ractice of individual
wor"ers or %ersonal ha5ards resulting from the carelessness
ofwor"ers# Accid$nts may -$ cas$d du$ to1 Gnsafe condition Gnsafe
act# 10$n unsafe condition may refer to the condition of the
floors, ladders, scaffold, machine, staircase, tooletc# This could
lead to an accident# $n accident act is something somebody does
which culminates in an accident# 1.%.2 actors of contri-ut$ for
accid$nt.3actor contributing to accident can be classified on the
basis of the area of their origin, the %erson orthe environment and
according to the basis of %ro/imity to accident events# Mechanical
factor Environment factor Fuman factorM$c+anica* factor
Thoserelatetot
hedefectsandinade-uatesafeguardsofmachineryandareattributabletounsafe
conditions of e-ui%ment such as Inade-uately guarded e-ui%ment
Gnguarded Gnsafe design or construction Fa5ardous arrangement
T)(ac7@Ad(usta-*$ ,ac7 >Pip$ #upport=
Turn -uc7*$ and C+ains.18 Po6$r sa6 3I C*amp
2.1.2 orm6or7 for -$am&efore the errection the beam
formwor", we want to mar" the '000mm level on columns# It wasvery
im%ortant to erect the beam "ic"er which is the first most ste% of
beam formwor"# The beam "ic"ermust
nailedtotheto%ofthecolumnsad9ustingtherelevant beambottomde%th#
Inordertobeamformwor"s, firstly a wood %lan" called Ccolumn headD
was fi/ed on the to% edge of the column on the allthe four faces
2IJ2I timber 9oist were used to nail those Ccolumn headsD to the
columns, at the bothvertical edges#$fter column head were done,
bottom %ly wood with 2IJ2I timber 9oist at corners# itAs calledbeam
bottom# &eam bottom rested by %ro%s# &efore that fi/ed 8#I
%i%e by nailing 2IJ2I %iece of %lywood of the beam bottom# >e/t
the side boards of the beams were erected #these side boards sheet,
cutaccording to dimensions of each beam de%th fi/ed the 8#I %i%e
and others same as beam bottom# 192.1.? orm6or7 for #*a- #t$p 1The
scaffoldings were fi/ed on the slab and )AA / )AA timbers were
%laced on them using G bars# #t$p 2 Then 8I %i%es were fi/ed on )AA
/ )AA timer to su%%ort the %lywood sheathings and 2AA / 2 KAtimber
was %rovided to fi/ the %ly woods# #t$p %Then %ly woods were nail
to the 2AA / 2 KA timber# The %ur%ose of 9ointing the sheathing was
to%revent esca%e of grouts and %rovide a uniform surface to the
concrete# 7ly woods were nailedon 2AA/2AA timber to 9oint them to
each other# 202.1.B Co*umn form6or7olumn form wor" is consisting of
a vertical mould, which has to resist considerable
hori5ontal%ressure in early stage of casting# Two '5mm thic"
%lywood stri%s were used as the "ic"er and "ic"erswere %laced on
"ic"er lines, which were already set out# The column bo/ was
located against abouta15mm height "ic"er, which has been cast on
the floor# The "ic"er not only accurately %ositions theformwor" but
also %revent the lea"age of grout from the bottom edge of the form#
$fter %lacing thecolumn formwor" on the "ic"ers, formwor" was
su%%orted using 8#I %i%es, ad9ustable %ro%s,
washerse%aratorsandchainsandturnbuc"lesasneededandwasloc"edwithformties#
&eforefi/ingformwor", mouldoil isa%%liedto%revent
thebondbetweenformwor"andconcrete# &ya%%lyingmould oil formwor"
can be %rotect and reused easily# ,hen fi/ing shutter cover bloc"
should be "e%tbetween shutter and reinforcement normally the column
clear cover is 25mm# #2.1.C
0ic7$rLic"ersareusedto"ee%theformwor"verticallyat
there-uired%ositionaccurately,whenconstructing a column or column
wall# The "ic"er is 50mm or 15mm in height and same dimensions
ofthe column or column wall# The "ic"er is very hel%ful to "ee% the
formwor" at the accurate %ositionwithout any movement#213irst of
all the %articular area shouldbe chi%%edandcleaned# $ndthe
corrosionof thereinforcement should beremoved by
wirebrushing#Thenwecan setoutthe"ic"er outlines#$ftermar"ing "ic"er
outlines we can get all the measurement reference to the above off
lines# >ow we can mar" the centerlines, measured the distance
from off lines as 200mm# ,e can mar"for centerlines on ) sides of
the columns, according to the above %rocedure# $fter that column
outerlines were mar"ed# Then the "ic"er frame can be %laced and
fi/ed on the outer lines#In this site wooden frames made by 2D/
2Dtimber was used for "ic"ers# This frame was fi/edwell
totheconcretefoundation%adto%revent anymoment
withintheconcreting%eriod# 3inallyconcrete was %laced and well
com%acted# The surface was remained rough# This was done for a
wellbond between the "ic"er and the column#2.1.D C+$c7in& t+$
/$rtica*ity of co*umns$fter loc"ingthecolumnit was chec"edfor
vertically# 3irst the%ro%s werefi/edtotheformwor"# Then the four
centre %lumbs were fi/ed to the to% of the formwor" of two ad9acent
sides, as%er two %lumbs for each side# Then chec" the distance to
the tread from the %lywood in to% and bottom# If the distance
aree-ual the vertically is correct /mm2#Tor st$$*This is the widely
used steel in the construction wor"s# The visible difference in
mild steel 2 torsteel is that, Tor steel contains ribs which
enhance the bonding ability between steel 2 concrete6 wherethe mild
steel having a smooth surface com%aring to tor steel# The
characteristic strength of tor steel is);0 >/mm2#in our site
T:02, T:25, T:20, T:';, T:'0, were used for columns, beams,
slab2.2.2 Indication of R$inforc$m$nt in :ra6in&s Engineering
drawings is a language to communicate with details# Therefore there
is a standardto indicate reinforcement in drawing such as,Eg? (T
'0:05:'50:&'( T'005 '50&'
&ar location&ar s%acing&ar mar" &ar diameter
&ar Ty%e o of &ars25 &ar location can be vary as
follows,Notation for #*a-T' : *uter layer of to%T2 : Inner layer of
to%&' : *uter layer of bottom&2 : Inner layer of bottom!ar
sc+$du*$The bars to be laid should be cut in to the re-uired si5e
and sha%e# &ar schedules are %re%ared toinstructions given in
the detailed reinforcement drawings# These are also used to %re%are
the main billand the subcontractorAs bill# In %re%aring the bar we
have to bear some %ractical considerations in mind# Minimi5e the
waste as much as %ossible