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Slide 1
Seth Ward University of Wyoming
Slide 2
Muhammad 570-632 Hijrah 622 Quran The beginnings of Jihad
Muhammad and the Jews
Slide 3
[17.1] Glory be to Him Who made His servant to go on a night
from the Sacred Mosque to the remote mosque of which We have
blessed the precincts, so that We may show to him some of Our
signs; surely He is the Hearing, the Seeing. [17.2] And We gave
Musa the Book and made it a guidance to the children of Israel,
saying: Do not take a protector besides Me; [17.3] The offspring of
those whom We bore with Nuh; surely he was a grateful servant.
[17.4] And We had made known to the children of Israel in the Book:
Most certainly you will make mischief in the land twice, and most
certainly you will behave insolently with great insolence. [17.5]
So when the promise for the first of the two came, We sent over you
Our servants, of mighty prowess, so they went to and fro among the
houses, and it was a promise to be accomplished. [17.6] Then We
gave you back the turn to prevail against them, and aided you with
wealth and children and made you a numerous band. [17.7] If you do
good, you will do good for your own souls, and if you do evil, it
shall be for them. So when the second promise came (We raised
another people) that they may bring you to grief and that they may
enter the Temple as they entered it the first time, and that they
might destroy whatever they gained ascendancy over with utter
destruction. [17.8] It may be that your Lord will have mercy on
you, and if you again return We too will return, and We have made
hell a prison for the unbelievers. A selection from the Quran
Slide 4
Quran
Slide 5
Conquest of Jerusalem 638 History of Jews in Palestine:
continue but flourish under Fatimids. is in Babylonia.
http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/map02.htm
http://www.mideastweb.org/palcaliph1.htm Islamic Ascendancy:
7th-13th centuries
Slide 6
Abbasid Empire 750 (built Baghdad 762) Exilarch, Geonim
(singular Gaon) Nathan the Babyloniandescription of the academy and
the status. (Blech) Sura and Pumbeditha Responsa (=Fatwa) Hebrew:
Teshuva Prayerbook (based on a response by R. Amram Gaon) Iraq
Slide 7
Translation of the Torah (Tafsir) Beliefs and Opinions Polemics
against Qaraites Calendar controversy. Rational vs. Traditional
commandments. Free Will. Commentary on Sefer Yetsirah. Halachic
monographs. Fight with David ben Zakkai. Saadia ben Joseph
(882-942)
Slide 8
Qaraites: Anan ben David Benjamin al-Nahawandi Daniel
al-Qumisi, Yefet ben Ali, Khazars
http://www.khazaria.com/http://www.khazaria.com/ End of an Era:
Rabbi Sherira Gaon, Rabbi Hai Gaon (d. 1038) Qaraites, Khazars, and
Others
Slide 9
Islamic conquest 711 Abd al-Rahman III (declares caliphate 927)
Hasdai b. Shaprut Poetry (Dunash, student of Saadia) Samuel
Ha-Nagid (993-1056)
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ha-nagid.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ha-nagid.html Yehosef ben
Samuel (1066) Judah Ha-Levi (d. 1141) Spain
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My heart is in the east, and I in the uttermost west-- How can
I find savor in food? How shall it be sweet to me? How shall I
render my vows and my bonds, while yet Zion lies beneath the fetter
of Edom, and I in Arab chains? A light thing would it seem to me to
leave all the good things of Spain-- Seeing how precious in mine
eyes to behold the dust of the desolate sanctuary. Judah HaLevi , ,
.
Slide 11
Reconquista in Toledo (1085), Almoravides Almohades 1146
Maimonides 1138-1204 Spain, Continued
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Fatimids: North Africa > Egypt > Palestine Fatimid
Dynasty in Tunisia 927, Conquer Egypt, Found Cairo 969 Recognize
Palestinian Academy in 10th and 11th Centuries Al-Hakim 1007-1021
Seljuk Conquest of Palestine, Manzikert in Asia Minor 1071
Maimonides arrives c. 1165 after going to North Africa and Tiberias
Saladin 1171 Egypt
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Commentary on the Mishnah (Kitab al-Siraj, perush ha-mishnayot)
13 principles in comment to Perek Helek Rambam 13 principles and
Geniza.doc Yigdal: Words translated by Max Landsberg (Reform
Jewish) and Newton Mann (Unitarian) in Rochester NY Comm. On
Mishnah: On tradition: intro to work Ethics: 8 Chapters and
commentary on Avot Code of Jewish Laws (Mishneh Torah) Guide of the
Perplexed (Moreh Nevukhim) Maimonides
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From the time he was little, this strong one [Abraham] used to
think day and night about how this sphere could move without a
Mover, without someone to turn it. He had neither teacher nor
informer, rather, he was implanted in Ur of the Chaldees, among the
foolish idolaters. His mother and father and all the people were
idolaters, and he among them. His heart continued its analysis
until it perceived the way of truth and the line of righteousness
from his correct understanding. He reached this understanding at 40
years of age (Abraham began to proclaim this in public. The king
sought to kill him but he miraculously escaped to Harran, where he
taught and attracted followers, and) went around from city to city
and kingdom to kingdom until he came to Canaan. (He wrote books and
passed along his teaching to Isaac; Isaac passed it on to Jacob and
Jacob to his sons and followers,) so that this matter became more
and more strengthened among the children and followers of Jacob, so
that there was a community that knew God. This continued until they
spent many years in Egypt and they returned to learning their
practices [i.e. those of the idolatrous Egyptians] and to worship
stars like them, except for the tribe of Levi.The principle which
Abraham had planted was almost uprooted And God in his love for us,
and in keeping with his oath to Abraham, made Moses the Master of
all Prophets and sent him and crowned [Israel] with His
commandments and informed them about the manner of worshipping him
and about the judgment in store for idolaters and all who follow
them in error.
Slide 15
Maimonides 13 Principles A. Exalted be the Living God and
praised, He exists - unbounded by time is His existence; He is One
- and there is no unity like His Oneness - Inscrutable and infinite
is His Oneness; He has no semblance of a body nor is He corporeal -
nor has His holiness any comparison; He preceded every being that
was created - the First, and nothing precedes His precedence;
Behold! He is Master of the universe - Every creature demonstrates
His greatness and His sovereignty; B. He granted His flow of
prophecy - to His treasured, splendid people; In Israel, none like
Moses arose again - a prophet who perceived His vision clearly; God
gave His people a Torah of truth - by means of His prophet, the
most trusted of His household; God will never amend nor exchange
His law - for any other one, for all eternity; C. He scrutinizes
and knows our hiddenmost secrets - He perceives a matter's outcome
at its inception; He recompenses man with kindness according to his
deed - He places evil on the wicked according to his wickedness; By
the End of Days He will send our Messiah - to redeem those longing
for His final salvation; God will revive the dead in His abundant
kindness - Blessed forever is His praised Name.
Slide 16
1099 1170s or 1180s-Benjamin of Tudela 1187 (Saladin) 1291
(Fall of Acre and Athlit) Crusader Kingdoms
Slide 17
Al-Ghazzali d. 1111, Averroes d. 1196 Reconquista in Spain
1085-1248 (Islam limited to a small state centered in Granada)
Mamluks stop Mongols c. 1250 and finish Crusader enclave in 1291.
Baghdad falls to Mongols 1258 Ibn Taymiyya (661-728=1263-1328)
http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H039.htm
http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H039.htm Ibn Qayyim
al-Jawziyya Islam and the Latter Middle Ages
Slide 18
Pact of Umar and other questions Dhimma Status
Slide 19
END OF THE ERA: Reconquista and Expulsion from Spain1492
Ottoman conquest of Constantinople1453 Ottoman conquest of Middle
East1516-17 Reformation (Luthers 95 Theses1517) OVERVIEW Babylonian
Talmud and Geonim succeedleading to Decentralization (Samaritan and
Qaraite) Institutionalized minority taxes and legal status Cairo
Geniza allows picture of A Mediterranean Society Overlapping
Rabbinic / Philosophic / Mystical-Pietist divisions Overview