Session I Sustaining Rural Development Problems & opportunities of small holder farming systems 16-17 June 2009 Mekong Institute, Khon Kaen, Thailand Anthony M. Zola Chief Technical Advisor, Centre for Social Entrepreneurship Mae Fah Luang Foundation under Royal Patronage & Senior Researcher, Mekong Environment & Resources Institute - MERI Bangkok, Thailand www.maefahluang.org , www.merimekong.or.th
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Session I Sustaining Rural Development Problems & opportunities of small holder farming systems 16-17 June 2009 Mekong Institute, Khon Kaen, Thailand Anthony.
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Session ISustaining Rural Development
Problems & opportunities of
small holder farming systems
16-17 June 2009Mekong Institute, Khon Kaen,
Thailand
Anthony M. ZolaChief Technical Advisor, Centre for Social Entrepreneurship
Mae Fah Luang Foundation under Royal Patronage& Senior Researcher, Mekong Environment & Resources Institute - MERI
– Part 1.1: Defining rural development & sustainability
– Part 1.2: Problems of small- holder farming systems
– Part 1.3: Opportunities for smallholder farming systems
• Afternoon: Session 2– Human resources
development– Rural development
planning simulation– Reporting to the plenary
session– Homework assignment
Day 2:• Morning: Session 3
– Homework review– Part 3.1: Rural
development and environment
– Part 3.2: Role & Significance of Income Generating Initiatives in Rural Development & Microfinance
• Afternoon: Session 4– Problem solving: Rural
investment & resources management simulation
– Preparation of rural investment alternatives & presentation of alternative plans
3
Setting the Scene
Target Groups• Agriculture is 40% of
GDP in many developing countries
• Agriculture provides 80% of employment in many developing countries
• About 70% of the world’s poor live in rural areas & depend on agriculture for their livelihoods
4
Setting the SceneDefinitions of rural development (RD)
• ICARRD*: RD is a dynamic process; – Based on the exchange of
experiences & locally-designed solutions & processes; not common guidelines & indicators of success.
– Recognition that land & other natural resources are cultural, social, & historical assets, not just economic.
– Use of these assets must be addressed in an integrated and area-based way through dialogue and participatory approaches
• FAO: SARD** is a process that meets a set of criteria:– Food security: present &
future;– Durable employment with
sufficient income from agriculture;
– Maintains the productive capacity of the natural resources base; no disruption of ecological cycles or socio-cultural character of rural communities;
– Reduces vulnerability of agriculture sector to adverse natural & socio-economic factors & other risks;
– Strengthens self-reliance
* ICARRD: International Conference on Agrarian Reform & Rural Development, Porto Alegré, Brazil, March 2006
** SARD: Sustainable agricultural & rural development
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Setting the SceneDefinitions of rural development
• World Bank (RD objectives):– Increases in rural incomes &
broadened opportunities for rural inhabitants;
– Fostering an enabling environment for broad-based & sustainable rural growth;
• Asian Development Bank (ADB):– Focus on poverty and
inequality– Environmental aspects
of economic growth– Changes in the quality of
life --- improvement in health, & nutrition, education, environmentally safe living conditions, & reduction in gender & income inequalities
– Inclusive RD is about improving the quality of life of all members of rural society
Source: Fernando, N., ADB, 2008
7
Defining Sustainability• UN Division for
Sustainable Development, Department of Economic & Social Affairs, UN Economic & Social Commission (ECOSOC) prepared indicators for UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)– 1997, 2001, 2006 – Available to apply to
evaluating Agenda 21 for the WSSD in 2002 / Johannesburg
•Poverty
•Natural hazards
•Economic development
•Governance
•Atmosphere
•Global economic partnership
•Health
•Land
•Consumption & production patterns
•Education
•Oceans, seas, coasts
•Demographics
•Freshwater
•Biodiversity
14 Themes:
8
Defining SustainabilitySample indicator: Health
Core & Non-Core Indicators for Health• Mortality
– Under-five mortality rate – Life expectancy at birth – Healthy life expectancy at birth (non-core)
• Health care delivery – Percent of population with access to
primary health care facilities – Contraceptive prevalence rate(non-core) – Immunization against infectious
childhood diseases • Nutritional status
– Nutritional status of children • Health status and risks
– Morbidity of major diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis
– Prevalence of tobacco use (non-core)
9
Defining SustainabilitySample indicator: Poverty
Poverty Indicators• Income poverty
– Proportion of population living below national poverty line
– Proportion of population below $ 1 a day (non-core)
• Income inequality– Ratio of share in national income of
highest to lowest quintile • Sanitation
– Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility
• Drinking water– Proportion of population using an
improved water source • Access to energy
– Share of households without electricity or other modern energy services
– Percentage of population using solid fuels for cooking (non-core)
• Living conditions– Proportion of urban population living
in slums
The End of Session 1.1
Session 1.2: Problems of Smallholder
Farmers
12
Problems of Smallholder Farmers
Agricultural production
systems
• Practice of shifting cultivation & other types of traditional agriculture
• Natural
• Organic
• Low productivity & yields
• Use of native seed varieties• Low / no use of inputs• Low / no standards
Livestock
raising
• Most important asset after land & harvested crops