SESSION 6 SESSION 6 MANAGING HARDWARE MANAGING HARDWARE AND AND SOFTWARE ASSETS SOFTWARE ASSETS
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
Hardware Components of a Computer System
Figure 6-1
The Computer System
bitbit
Binary digitBinary digit
Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or 11
bytebyte
String of bits, usually eightString of bits, usually eight
Stores one number or character Stores one number or character
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
The CPU and Primary Storage
Central Processing Unit (CPU)Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Manipulates symbols, numbers, and lettersManipulates symbols, numbers, and letters
Controls other parts of the computer Controls other parts of the computer systemsystem
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU): Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU): performs the performs the computer’s principal logic and arithmetic computer’s principal logic and arithmetic operationsoperations
Control Unit: Control Unit: coordinates and controls the coordinates and controls the other parts of the computer systemother parts of the computer system
The CPU and Primary Storage
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
Primary Storage
StoresStores
Software program being executedSoftware program being executed
Operating system programs Operating system programs
Data being used by program Data being used by program
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
Computer storage capacity is measured in Computer storage capacity is measured in bytes:bytes:
Kilobyte Kilobyte 1,000 bytes1,000 bytesMegabyteMegabyte 1,000,000 bytes1,000,000 bytesGigabyteGigabyte 1,000,000,000 bytes1,000,000,000 bytesTerabyte Terabyte 1,000,000,000 bytes1,000,000,000 bytes
Primary Storage
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
Computer Processing
Parallel ProcessingParallel Processing
Problem broken down into smaller partsProblem broken down into smaller parts
Multiple instructions processed Multiple instructions processed simultaneously with multiple processorssimultaneously with multiple processors
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
Sequential and Parallel Processing
Figure 6-4
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE
Magnetic disk:Magnetic disk: Floppy disk, Hard disk Floppy disk, Hard disk
Optical disks:Optical disks: CD-ROM, DVDs CD-ROM, DVDs
Magnetic tape:Magnetic tape: Inexpensive, older secondary- Inexpensive, older secondary-storage mediumstorage medium
New storage alternatives:New storage alternatives: Storage Area Networks Storage Area Networks (SANs)(SANs)
STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY
Secondary Storage Technology
Batch processingBatch processing
Transactions accumulated and stored until Transactions accumulated and stored until processingprocessing
On-line processingOn-line processing
Transactions are entered directly into computer Transactions are entered directly into computer and processed immediatelyand processed immediately
Batch and On-Line Input and Processing
STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY
Supercomputer:Supercomputer: Highly sophisticated and powerful, performs Highly sophisticated and powerful, performs complex computationscomplex computations
Mainframes: Mainframes: Largest computer, massive memory, rapid Largest computer, massive memory, rapid processing powerprocessing power
Midrange computers: Midrange computers: Less powerful, less expensive, and Less powerful, less expensive, and smaller than a mainframesmaller than a mainframe
Network Server: Network Server: Provides software and other resources to computers Provides software and other resources to computers over a networkover a network
Minicomputers: Minicomputers: Middle-range computer, used inMiddle-range computer, used in universities, factories, universities, factories, or research laboratoriesor research laboratories
Classifying Computers
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Personal Computer (PC): Personal Computer (PC): Small desktop Small desktop or portable computeror portable computer
Workstation: Workstation: Desktop computer with Desktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical powerful graphics and mathematical capabilitiescapabilities
Classifying Computers
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Computer Networks and Client/Server Computing
• Distributed processing:Distributed processing: Distribution of Distribution of
processing work among multiple computersprocessing work among multiple computers
• Centralized processing:Centralized processing: Accomplished by Accomplished by
one large central computerone large central computer
• Client/server computing:Client/server computing: Splits processing Splits processing
between “clients” and “servers” on networkbetween “clients” and “servers” on network
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Network Computers and Peer-to-Peer Computing
• Network computer (NC):Network computer (NC): Simplified Simplified desktop computer, does not store data desktop computer, does not store data permanentlypermanently
• Peer-to-peer computing:Peer-to-peer computing: Distributed Distributed processing that links computers through processing that links computers through Internet or private networks Internet or private networks
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
• Software program:Software program: Series of statements Series of statements or instructions to the computeror instructions to the computer
• System software:System software: Generalized Generalized programs, manages computer’s resourcesprograms, manages computer’s resources
• Application softwareApplication software: : Programs written Programs written to perform functions specified by end to perform functions specified by end usersusers
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Functions of the operating systemFunctions of the operating system
• Allocates and assigns system resourcesAllocates and assigns system resources
• Schedules use of computer resources Schedules use of computer resources
• Monitors computer system activitiesMonitors computer system activities
• Provides locations in primary memory for Provides locations in primary memory for data and programsdata and programs
• Controls the input and output devicesControls the input and output devices
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
• Programming languages:Programming languages: Consists of Consists of 1s and 0s of binary code1s and 0s of binary code
• Assembly language:Assembly language: Resembles Resembles machine language, substitutes machine language, substitutes mnemonics for numeric codesmnemonics for numeric codes
• Third-generation languages:Third-generation languages: FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, and CFORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, and C
Application Software and Programming Languages
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
• Fourth-generation language:Fourth-generation language: Employed directly by end users Employed directly by end users
• Natural languages:Natural languages: Close to human Close to human languagelanguage
Fourth-Generation Languages and PC Software Tools
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
MiddlewareMiddleware
• Allows two disparate applications to Allows two disparate applications to communicate to exchange datacommunicate to exchange data
Web serverWeb server
• Manages requests for Web pages on the Manages requests for Web pages on the computer where they are storedcomputer where they are stored
Software for Enterprise Integration: Enterprise Software and Middleware
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
• Capacity planning:Capacity planning: Process of Process of predicting the computing power predicting the computing power
• Scalability:Scalability: Ability of a computer, Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand and to serve product, or system to expand and to serve without breaking downwithout breaking down
HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS
Hardware Technology Requirements for Electronic Commerce and Digital Firm
• Designates the total cost of owning Designates the total cost of owning technology resourcestechnology resources
• Includes initial purchase costs, cost of Includes initial purchase costs, cost of hardware and software upgrades, hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and maintenance, technical support, and trainingtraining
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets
HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS
On-Line storage service providersOn-Line storage service providers
• Third-party provider Third-party provider
• Rent out storage space to subscribers Rent out storage space to subscribers over the Webover the Web
• Allow customers to store and access dataAllow customers to store and access data
Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers
HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS
Application Service Providers (ASPs)Application Service Providers (ASPs)
• Provide software that can be rented by Provide software that can be rented by other companies other companies
Other Types of Service ProvidersOther Types of Service Providers
• Provide additional resources for helping Provide additional resources for helping organizations manage their technology organizations manage their technology assetsassets
Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers
HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS