Session 5.6 Migrants, land markets & agroforestry: turning the tide with village forest development in Jambi, Indonesia

Migrants, land markets & agroforestry: turning the tide with

village forest development in Jambi, Indonesia

Presented at World Congress on Agroforestry 2014, 10-14 February in Delhi, India

Gamma Galudra, Meine van Noordwijk, Putra Agung, Suyanto and Ujjwal Pradhan

Jambi Overview:1. Located in Sumatera, Indonesia2. 50% of population is migrants (Javanese, Bugis

and Banjar) esp. in the coastal area3. Many private investment (oil palm and pulp and

paper plantation)4. High biodiversity remaining in Kerinci Seblat

National Park, Bukit Dua Belas National Park and Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park

Underlying cause of forest and agroforestry conversion….

….. national and regional political economy to promote oil palm and monoculture pulp and paper plantation …. state sponsored and spontaneous migration looking for land and livelihood opportunities…. migrants act as intermediaries in shaping the land tenure system and shift the balance of power between local communities, the state, and business concessions.…. possible of ‘conflicts’ between forest agency, private concessions, migrants and local communities has resulted to forest clearing and severe deforestation

What strategic actions are needed?

Global national local market demand- Pulp and

paper- Oil palm

Large scale investment ---------------Farmers---------------Forest & land authorities

Existing local agroforest & farming system

Expansion of oil palm, forest plantations, land modifications

CO2 emissions, biodiversity loss, hydro’ reduced function

Tenurial conflict & land market

Land use policies affecting tenure rights

Conditional land tenure through village forest & community forest

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2

What are the instruments to support communities & land managers to manage landscapes sustainable?

What opportunities role for State sponsored community-based

forest management (CBFM) to promote sustainable

agroforestry?

Community Based Forest Management

Schemes

Governing Institution Type of Right Held Duration of Rights

Community Forestry(Hutan Kemasyarakatan)

Forest Farmer Groups, but after 5 years, must create Farmer Economic Enterprise (Koperasi)

Group utilization and harvesting rights. A quota for these rights is imposed each year. Planted timbers for 50

m3 Non timber products for

20 tonnes

35 years and more. Each 5 years are being evaluated.

People Plantation Forest (Hutan Tanaman Rakyat)

Individual or Farmer Economic Enterprise (Koperasi)

Private or group uttilization and harvesting rights. No certain quota is imposed.

60 years and can be extended for another 35 years.

Village Forestry (Hutan Desa)

Village Institution (Lembaga Desa), based on village regulatioan

Management right. A quota for these rights is imposed each year. Planted timbers for 50

m3 Non timber products for

20 tonnes

35 years and more. Each 5 years are being evaluated.

Customary Forest(Hutan Adat)

Customary Insitution (Lembaga Adat)

Undetermined Undetermined

What opportunities role for state sponsored CBFM?

1. Promote clear and stable land tenure security that allows local communities managing forest

…. many local communities and migrants do not have tenure security on managing forest

However….

…. conflict of interest between migrants & local communities (individual rights vs communal rights)

…. fear of elite capture, esp. communal rights (village forest)

What opportunities role for state-sponsored CBFM?

2. Promote sustainable livelihood for local communities through sustainable agroforestry system

…. obligation to plant agroforestry system in CBFM concession area…. traditional agroforestry system has been practiced by local

communities such as rubber & cinnamon agroforest

3. Promote and maintain biodiversity and environmental services functions

…. monitoring mechanism has been regulated through MoF Decree

However….

…. it will need to be translated to forest management plan (business plan), long bureaucratic process with many interests

Conclusion ….. threat to agroforestry is caused not only by land conversion through land use planning & government permits, but also by the relational rights between local people & migrants…. CBFM can be the solution but it needs a dispute resolution mechanism to facilitate the difference of stakeholders on ‘land rights’ and business plan

Thank You