biosecurity built on science PB CRC 3038: Evaluating chlorine dioxide and ozone as alternative methods for controlling phosphine- resistant insects in on-farm and commercial storages Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Xinyi E Department of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State University Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre
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Session 4: Evaluating chlorine dioxide and ozone as alternative methods for controlling phosphine-resistant insects in onfarm and commercial storages
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biosecurity built on science
PB CRC 3038: Evaluating chlorine dioxide and ozone as alternative methods for controlling phosphine-resistant insects in on-farm and commercial storages
Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Xinyi EDepartment of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State University
Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre
biosecurity built on science
What is the main message of this slide?
April, 2013: Signing of agreement. April-December, 2014: Preliminary laboratory experiments to
determine baseline data on chlorine dioxide and ozone dosages to control phosphine resistant insects.
February-June, 2015: Establishing baseline dosages of chlorine dioxide and ozone needed for controlling adults of phosphine resistant insects.
July, 2015-March, 2016: Full scale studies to establish realistic chlorine dioxide and ozone dosages.
April-August, 2016: Final report was prepared and submitted to PBCRC.
Milestones
biosecurity built on science
What is the main message of this slide? Fumigant A fumigant is a chemical that can exist in the gaseous state in sufficient concentration to be lethal to a given target organism at a required temperature and pressure (Bond, 1989). It diffuses as individual molecules and can penetrate materials easily. Mists, fogs, and smokes are suspensions of liquids or solids in the air, and unable to penetrate the materials. Responsive tactic. Little or no residues. Uniform distribution (a challenge) in the treated commodities/spaces.
Rationale
biosecurity built on science
What is the main message of this slide?
Search for the new fumigants• Environmentally benign• High efficacy against all life stages of most species• No cross-resistance to existing fumigants• Effective suppression of progeny • Minimal impacts on grain quality• Cost-effective
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) Water treatment: legionella, beverage and food industry, odor control, oil industry, municipal and waste water treatment. Surface and air treatment: food processing plants, biomedical devices, hospitality, residential.
What is the main message of this slide?Species Strain
Exposure time (h) 24.8 °Cwith wheat without wheat
T. castaneum LAB 26 15AB1 26 15MN 26 15
O. surinamensis LAB 16 3AB2 16 3
R. dominica LAB 24 20CS 34 18RL 34 20
S. zeamais LAB 24 15TX 18 7
S. oryzae LAB 15 5TX 18 7
Exposure times required for complete mortality of adults of five stored-product insect species at 0.54 g/m3 (200 ppm) of chlorine dioxide based on mortality assessments made 5 d after the exposure.
Exposure times required for complete mortality of adults of five stored-product insect species at 1.40 g/m3 (520 ppm) of chlorine dioxide based on mortality assessments made 5 d after the exposure.
Species StrainExposure time (h) with wheat
24.8 °C 32.8 °C
T. castaneum LAB 12 8
AB1 12 8
CF 12 8
O. surinamensis LAB 4 4
AB2 4 4
R. dominica LAB 12 8
CS 12 8
RL 12 8
S. zeamais LAB 12 8
TX 12 8
S. oryzae LAB 12 8
TX 12 8
biosecurity built on science
What is the main message of this slide?Progeny production (mean±SE) and percentage reduction (in the parenthesis) of laboratory and field strains of five insect species after exposure to 1.40 g/m3 of chlorine dioxide for various time periods in vials with wheat during October, 2015.
What is the main message of this slide?Progeny production (% reduction) of laboratory and field strains of four insect species after exposure to 0.42 g/m3 of ozone for different time periods in the presence of wheatTime (h) T. castaneum O. surinamensis S. zeamais
What is the main message of this slide?Progeny production (% reduction) of laboratory and field strains of four insect species after exposure to 0.42 g/m3 of ozone for different time periods in the absence of wheat
Percent reduction (mean ± SE) in adult emergence from four young stages of Rhyzopertha dominica after exposure to 0.42 g/m3 of ozone for various time periods
Stages Exposure time (h)
Percent reduction (mean ± SE) in adult emergence after ozone exposure
LAB CS FL
Eggs 24 73.3 ± 3.9 64.4 ± 3.6 47.7 ± 12.4
48 85.4 ± 3.9 85.3 ± 4.5 92.4 ± 4.8
72 99.7 ± 0.3 96.3 ± 2.0 100.0 ± 0
Young larvae 10 100.0 ± 0 100.0 ± 0 99.0 ± 1.0
24 100.0 ± 0 99.2 ± 0.5 97.1 ± 2.0
34 99.7 ± 0.3 98.4 ± 0.7 99.0 ± 1.0
Old larvae 10 53.3 ± 3.9 b 64.6 ± 6.7 b 93.3 ± 4.3 a
24 99.1 ± 0.4 98.8 ± 1.2 98.3 ± 1.0
34 99.6 ± 0.3 98.8 ± 0.5 99.2 ± 0.8
Pupae 2 12.4 ± 8.9 12.1 ± 11.6 19.6 ± 17.7
6 16.4 ± 13.8 b 35.2 ± 6.0 b 76.5 ± 7.0 a
10 32.8 ± 8.6 b 54.4 ± 6.9 b 96.6 ± 3.4 aMeans by species and strains followed by different letters was significantly different (Bonferroni, P=0.05).
biosecurity built on science
What is the main message of this slide?Significant findings Both ozone and chlorine dioxide can effectively kill adults of phosphine susceptible and resistant strains
of five common insect pests after exposed to 200-500 ppm of gas for less than 24 hours. They can also effectively suppress the progeny production of Rhyzopertha dominica, and Sitophilus spp.
Young stages of Rhyzopertha dominica are susceptible to ozone exposure (200 ppm), especially for larvae.
Mortality of adults of all strains and species increased as the post-exposure time increased, indicating delayed toxicity effect.
Both gases have the ability to react with the active sites on the surface of the grain, and longer equilibrium time is expected to reach to the targeted lethal concentration.
There is no cross-resistance between ozone and phosphine or chlorine dioxide and phosphine. High temperatures promote the efficacy of chlorine dioxide against adults.
Wheat restricts the penetration of chlorine dioxide and ozone by surface binding reaction and porosity, resulting lower mortality.
biosecurity built on science
What is the main message of this slide?Research Outcomes• Subramanyam, Bh., E, X.Y., Savoldelli, S., Sehgal, B. , Maier, D. E. , Ren, YL (2014) Efficacy of ozone against
stored grain insect species in wheat: Laboratory and field observations. 11th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection.
• Subramanyam, Bh., E, X.Y. (2015) Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas against five stored-product insect species. 10th Conference of International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC)-Integrated Protection of Stored Products.
• Subramanyam, Bh., E, X.Y., Li, B. (2016) Efficacy of a high concentration of chlorine dioxide gas against laboratory and field strains of five stored product insect species. XXV International Congress of Entomology.
• E, X.Y., Li, B., Subramanyam, Bh. (2016) Efficacy of ozone fumigation against phosphine susceptible and resistant strains of Rhyzopertha dominica. XXV International Congress of Entomology.
biosecurity built on science
What is the main message of this slide?Industry Impacts PureLine is planning to register chlorine dioxide as a fumigant for stored products in U.S.
A broader spectrum will be investigated with PureLine’s financial support including the deactivation of microbes and denaturation of mycotoxins in stored grains.
Popcorn county
biosecurity built on science
What is the main message of this slide?Future Plans