Session 3 Opportunities and Challenges for Electrochemical ...

Opportunities and Challenges for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Martin Winter

10th International AVL Exhaust Gas and Particulate Emissions ForumLudwigsburg, Germany, February, 20 – 21, 2018

#MEET Battery Research CenterUniversity of MünsterxHelmholtz-Institute Münster (HI MS)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHE-mail: [email protected]: [email protected]

Acknowledgements

Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft (BMWi)

Bundesministerium für Umwelt (BMU) Wissenschafts- (MIWF) und Wirtschaftsministerium (MWEIMH) von NRW

Universität Münster (WWU)Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (HGF) und Forschungszentrum Jülich

Acknowledgements

None of us is as smart as all of us

The Battery in the Center ofthe Future Energy Scenario

Normalized Driving Distances of Lithium Ion Battery Chemistries (Battery Level)

2017(NMC111/C)

2020(NMC622/C)

2022(NMC811/C)

2024(NMC811/SiC)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 Wh/kg Wh/L

Spec

ific

Ener

gy /

Ener

gy D

ensi

ty

1

3

0

2

km/kg km/L

Ran

ge

Battery Level

Numerous Material Combinations Possible

• Several hundred thousand combinations of electrode materials have been investigated

• Less than 50 of these electrode material combinations have been commercialized

• By variation of the electrolyte, even more cell chemistries are possible

• Different cell chemistries different performance characteristics different applications

M. Winter, “Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond“, Industry Report 2017, http://totalbatteryconsulting.com/industry-reports/Li-Ion-and-beyond-report/

Among the 50 Most Disruptive TechnologiesLi-Ion Technology is Predicted to Have Highest Market Volume and Impact

Source: Frost and Sullivan, 2014, ‘Fast-Forward to 2020: New Trends Transforming the World as We Know It’

The Lithium-Ion Advantage Compared to Conventional Batteries:High Energy and High Power are Possible

0.01

110

00

Spez

ifisc

he E

nerg

ie (W

h/kg

)

Spezifische Leistung (W/kg)

100

10 100 1000

100.

1

Blei-Batterie

Ni-Cd-Batterie

Superkondensator

Phys. Kondensator

200

100 200 800300 400 700

00 500 600

400

600

800

1000

1200

Li/O2

Cell

System

Li/S

System

Cell

Cell

System

System

Cell

*

Ener

gy D

ensi

ty /

Wh

L-1

Specific Energy / Wh kg-1

LIB (State of the Art)

LIB (energy optimized)

*Presuming: Li-metal

Wh/L =

Wh/kg

The Lithium Ion Advantage: High Energy Density per Volume in Comparison to Eventual Future Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems**

**Based on Lit. Data

3.5 kWh

1 kWh

Primary Energy Useful

Energy

Energy Conversion and Storage

3 kWh

Liquified Hydrogen

Lithium Ion Battery

The electricity bill

“There can be economy only, where there is efficiency.”*

*Benjamin Disraeli (1804 – 1881), former prime minister of the UK

3.5 kWh

Winter MBattery Cell Chemistries: Between Evolution and Revolution, -at: Horizon Prize, EU: Innovative Batteries, Brussels, Belgium, May, 12, 2017

BMW i3 (94Ah battery)

ChevroletBolt EV

2017 FordFocus

Electric

HyundaiIONIQElectric

Nissan Leaf(30 kWhbattery)

Tesla ModelS 60D

0

5

10

15

20

25

ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

/ (kW

h / 1

00 k

m)

City Highway Combined

Electric Cars: Efficiencies

http://pushevs.com/2016/11/23/electric-cars-range-efficiency-comparison/

Can One type of Battery Fulfil All Requirements?“Die eierlegende Wollmilchsau“ ?

Energy

SafetyLife

Costs

Power

(Temperature)

Huge variety of materials⇒ Evolutionary technology progressby "Drop-in-Approach"⇒ "Roadmap generations"

Internal Chemistry

The Lithium-Ion Battery

External Appearance

Internal Design

Chemistry & PhysicsMaterials ScienceElectrochemistryThin-Film-TechnologyNano-Technology

Li metal

5V cathode

Li-richNCM

HighSurface

Area

Met

al/a

ir ba

tter

y

Low

-Tem

pera

ture

El

ectr

olyt

e

Sn,

Si

Ceramic separator

Non-flammableSolvent

Flex

ible

bi

nder

Polymer

Solid State Electrolyte

I I I I I

Performance & Cost Balance

Safety, LifeEnergy,Power

Hence:Keep the Balance!Follow a System Approach!

Electrolyteadditives

No Independent Optimization of Parameters

Cell Safety

5 2010 20150

1

2

3

4

5

Wor

ldw

ide

EV F

ires

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

U.S

. Veh

icle

Fire

s

Year

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

Wor

ldw

ide

EV F

ires

U.S.VEHICLE FIRE TRENDS AND PATTERNS

Fire Incidents with ICE und EV:Too Early to Make a Conclusion

• 90 vehicle fires per billion miles of ICE (only US data)• 12 Total Fire Incidents with EV (Worldwide)• 6 Tesla fires (total) and 3 billion miles driven

2 Tesla fires per billion miles

6x Tesla Model S2x Chevrolet Volt2x Fisker Karma1x Zotye1x BYD e62x Mitsubishi

http://insideevs.com/number-of-fire-related-deaths-per-year-caused-by-evs/

450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850

160

180

200

220

240

T Ther

mal

Run

away

/ °C

Volumetric Energy Density / Wh l-1

NCM111NCM523NCM523/LMO

NCM523NCM523/LCO

LCO

NCANCA

NCA

NCM811NCM111/LCO

NCM111NCM523NCM523/LMO

NCM523 NCM523/LCO

LCO

NCANCA

NCA

NCM811

NCM111/LCO

Cell Safety of 18650 Cells(ARC-HWS Tests)

Tesla Model S cell (calculation based on NCR18650B)

CATL high power cells for 2017 [3]CATL high energy cells for 2017-2018 [3]

Goal of Renault/Nissan alliance with LIB Tech. [1] LG for 2021 [2]

High/middle power density cellsHigh energy density cells

[1] ZOE Battery Durability, Field Experience and Future Vision, AABC 2017, Mainz, Germany, [2] Advances in High-Energy Density Lithium-ion Polymer Battery for EV, AABC 2016, Mainz, Germany [3] Advanced xEV Battery Development at CATL, AABC 2017, Mainz, Germany

160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360

160

180

200

220

240

T Ther

mal

Run

away

/ °C

Gravimetric Energy Density / Wh kg-1

Layered OxideLCO – LiCoO2NCM111 – LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2NCM523 – LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2NCM811 – LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2NCA - Li(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)O2

SpinelLMO – LiMn2O4

Mitg

lied

der H

elm

holtz

-Gem

eins

chaf

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HI MS

The electrolyte as “lifeblood“ of the battery cellN

egat

ive

Elec

trod

e

SEI

Elec

trol

yte

Sepa

rato

r

Elec

trol

yte

Posi

tive

Elec

trod

e

Cu Al

FilmExample: Liquid electrolyte lithium battery

Electrolyte is a system component in the center of the cell

Electrolytes are decisive for lifetime, power and safety of the battery

Electrolytes have a direct and indirect influence on the costs of batteries

>25 years of Battery Experience

Long lasting tradition of co-operation between the 3 partners, also beyond electrolyte research

Large infrastructure at all 3 sites

Helmholtz Institute Münster (HI MS):Better Electrolytes Will Enable Better Batteries

.

HI MS – Pool Competencies Synergy

Why Solid Electrolytes (SE)?

Safety Non-flammability of ceramic compounds (!) and polymers (?)

Free of liquid No leakage High temperature stability

Energy Density (Wh/L) and Specific Energy (Wh/kg) Via New Materials In particular with materials that show incompatibility with liquid electrolytes

Power Fast charging ability, also at low temperatures Room temperature single ion conductor; tLi+~1

Cell and Battery System Design Bipolar-design of battery Less system components, as the SE stability is not sensitive to temperature

Why Solid Electrolytes (SE) Not in Rechargeable Batteries Right, So Far?

Cell and Electrode Design Mutual integration of electrode and SE Fixation of interfaces between electrode and SE Minimization of SE thickness and amount

Chemical and Electrochemical Reactivity Reactivity with air and moisture Reactivity at interfaces

Manufacturing of All-Solid-State-Batteries (ASSB) Homogeneous particle distribution Fixation of interfaces through high-temperature treatment and external pressure High speed manufacturing (Roll-to-Roll R2R)?

Experience with ASSB Cell Performance There is no benchmark system

Liquid vs. Solid Electrolyte (SE):LIB with Graphite / NMC Electrodes

NMCSeparator

• Specific Energy ~295 Wh/kg• with dNMC=100µm; dC=120µm; dPP=20µm• 30% electrode porosity

• Specific Energy ~278 Wh/kg• with dNMC=100µm; dC=120µm; dLPS=20µm• 30 vol-% SE-content

NMCGraphiteNMCGraphite

PP SeparatorLiquidElectrolyte

Solid Electrolyte

-10% in Specific Energy

Comparison of Densities

1 g/cm3 1,2 g/cm3 1,5 g/cm3 2,0 g/cm32,9 g/cm3

5,1 g/cm3

13,5 g/cm3

0

5

10

15

Water Carbonate-based

electrolytes

IonicLiquids

SELi7P3S11

SELATP

SEGarnet

Hg

Dens

ity[g

/cm

3 ]

SE: Solid ElectrolyteLATP: Li1.5Al0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3Granat: Li7La3Zr2O12

1.2 g/cm3 1.5 g/cm3

1.0 g/cm3

2 g/cm32.9 g/cm3

5.1 g/cm3

13.5 g/cm3

NMC

• Specific Energy ~278 Wh/kg• with dNMC=100µm; dC=120µm; dLPS=20µm• 30% SE content

• Specific Energy ~426 Wh/kg• with dNMC=100µm; dLi=30µm; dLPS=20µm• 30% SE content

SE NMCSE

Lithium MetalGraphite

Solid Electrolytes: From Graphite to Lithium Metal Anodes

Impact on Energy Density (Wh/L) can be expected, too!

50% Increasein Specific Energy

with dNMC=100 µm; dSep=20 µm; 30% porosity or SE-content*assumption: FE-content in cathode 15 vol.%

Liquid-EL Solid-EL

New material, electrode, and cell designs

295

466

278

426479

204

324

397

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Gr / NMC Li / NMC Li / NMCSE-coated particles*

Spec

ific

Ener

gy[W

h / k

g]

Liquid ELLight SEHeavy SE

From Liquid to Solid Electrolytes:Possible Development

Battery System Design:Conventional vs. Bipolar Architecture

- + - +

Liquid electrolyte Solid electrolyte

- +- +- +

Conventional series connection Bipolar stack with FE

• SE-based LIB- and Li-metal cells with identical cell volume and design have lower specific energies (Wh/kg) than cells based on liquid electrolyte

• An SE enabling Rechargeable Li metal will lead to high specific energy• A gain in specific energy of LIB-ASSBs might be possible on system level

Solid Electrolyte (SE) is of Interest but SE is a Component, Not a Cell Chemistry

• Recent enhancements in SE Li conductivity at room temperature have stimulated a renewed interest in their use for Li-based batteries

• Less interest in using SE in lithium ion batteries

• While safety could improve, cell cost and weight will rise and manufacturability and cycle life are challenging

• SE can be an enabler for Li-metal-based cells (and other new cell chemistries?)

• Stability, conductivity, manufacturability, and cost are all still TBD and challenging

• Reliable SE source has to be established

• Sulfide-based SE show lower density than oxide-based SE better specific energy, but handling is an issue

Battery Conference in Münster

• Dr. Ulrich Ehmes, TerraE Holding GmbH• Mark Lu, ITRI• Dr. Christophe Pillot, Avicenne• Dr. Venkat Srinivasan, Argonne National Lab• Dr. Andreas Wendt, BMW Group• Prof. Stanley Whittingham, Binghamton Univ.

Mitg

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HI MS

Contact

Prof. Martin WinterEmail: [email protected]: +49-251-83-36033

Dr. Hinrich-Wilhelm MeyerEmail: [email protected] : +49-251-83-23430

Dr. Marcus BernemannEmail: [email protected] : +49-251-83-30008

Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK); Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12: Ionics in Energy StorageForschungszentrum Jülich GmbH in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster

Fax: +49-251-83 360-32

www.fz-juelich.de/iek/iek-12/EN/Home/

Westfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätMEET Battery Research CenterCorrensstr. 4648149 Münster

Phone: +49 251 83-36031Fax: +49 251 83-36032

[email protected]/ MEET

Contact

Page 31

Prof. Martin Winter+49 251 [email protected]

Dr. Falko Schappacher+49 251 [email protected]

Dr. Adrienne Hammerschmidt+49 251 [email protected]

MEET Exposé | July 2016