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Session #3 Financial Accounting PreTerm 1
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Session #3 Financial Accounting

Jan 15, 2022

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Page 1: Session #3 Financial Accounting

Session #3Financial Accounting Pre‐Term

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Cash Flow Statement

Important for determining how much cash a firm generates from running its daily operations, as well as how it finances long‐term operations

Because “cash is king” this entire statement is vital to understanding how good a business truly is.  

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Let’s Talk About Cash

Statement of Cash Flows reconciles all activities in the “Cash” account

2 Methods: Direct & IndirectDirect Method Not Widely UsedWe will focus on Indirect Method

3 Sections: Operating, Investing, & Financing

Not a good idea to think through operating cash flows.  Just follow the rules!

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Indirect Cash Flow Rules for Cash Flows from Operating Activities

An          in CA leads to a        in CFFO

A        in CA leads to an        in CFFO

A        in CL leads to a        in CFFO

An        in CL leads to an        in CFFO

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Northwest Example

Relatively All‐Inclusive

We’re given everything we need as we have an Income Statement, Balance Sheet, and some additional notes

Let’s take a look!

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Indirect Method

Only applies to Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Investing and Financing sections are always done the same way, no matter what method is used

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Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Always start with Net IncomeThis is why we do Income Statement first!

Then adjust for non‐cash items

Then account for “working capital” on balance sheet

Current Assets and Current Liabilities9

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Cash From Investing Activities

Focuses on Long‐Term Assets from Balance Sheet

Important for figuring out firm’s growth plans and investment decisions

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Cash Flow from Financing Activities

Focuses on Long‐Term Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity portions of Balance Sheet

Important for figuring out how firm externallyfinances its operations, if necessary

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Cash Flow Statement

Information provided used as a starting point for fundamental business valuation

Lots of “great” companies went bankrupt and/or were frauds because they generated no cash

Enron, Worldcom, among many others

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Free Cash Flow

The “end all, be all” number every owner is concerned with

Calculated as Cash Flow from Operating Activities minus Capital Expenditures

What are Capital Expenditures and why are they relevant?

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Free Cash FlowNW had $116,600 in Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Capital Expenditures = $25,000 + $30,000 = $55,000

Used for land and equipment

Analysts want “gross,” not “net” figureExcludes sales of P,P,&E

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Free Cash Flow$116,600 – 55,000 = $61,600

Think of this as discretionary cash to repay debt, retire stock, pay dividends

When you buy any business, this is what you really want to know!!!

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Other Cash Flow AnalysisIs NW generating enough cash?

General Rule: Over time CFFO >= Net IncomeIf not, good chance management < ethical

One or two years does not make a trendOnly a warning to watch more carefully

Certain businesses have very volatile cash flows, making their importance minor at best!

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What Cash Flow is Not

EBITDA: Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization

Gives no estimate of discretionary cash flow

Other odd metrics that pop up from time to time that have never been used before

Or have been, but then left behind when sanity once again took over

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Time Value of Money

How much do I need to save to retire with?

Is this an adequate investment?

What return do I need to reach my goals in 10, 20, 30 years?

MBAs spend an inordinate amount of time trying to learn this and are expected to know it

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Future Value

How much is $10,000 worth in 20 years if I get an 8% rate of return?

$10,000(1.08)^20 = $46,610

$10,000 x 4.6610 = $46,610

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Future Value

How much is $10,000 invested annually worth in 20 years if I get an 8% rate of return?

$10,000 x 45.762 = $457,620

Do this in Excel or get a calculator

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Present Value

You want $10,000 in 10 years and assume you can get a 6% rate of return.  How much do you need to invest today to reach your target?

$10,000 / (1.06)^10 = $5,584

$10,000 x 0.5584 = $5,584

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Present Value

You have an asset that will give you $5,000 per year for 15 years, and you know you can get a 7% rate of return.  How much should you pay for this asset?

This is the essence of discounted cash flows, albeit a simplified version.

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Present Value

$5,000 x 9.1079 = $45,540

Notice you will receive $75,000 in total cash from this asset, but require a 7% rate of return.

Let’s see a real world example in Excel

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