Sesi 10 - Motivasi 1

PERTEMUAN 10

Motivation movere to move the energizer of behavior determinan perilaku

Motivation refers to the driving and pulling forces which result in persistent

behavior directed toward particular goals

(Morgan & King, 1986)

Motivasi

Inferences from behavior

Explanation of behavior

Prediction of behavior

Motives are ,,,,

1. Tidak tampak, hanya diketahui melalui

tingkah laku yang ditampilkan

2. Majemuk, tidak bersifat tunggal

3. Dapat berubah, tergantung kebutuhan

4. Berbeda-beda, tergantung : umur, jenis

kelamin, sosiokultural

Sifat-sifat motif

1. The Evolutionary Approach

2. Drive Reduction Theory

3. Optimum Arousal Theory

4. The Cognitive Approach

5. Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs

Pendekatan-pendekatan

Motivasi

EARLY

- Emphasized the role of instincts in motivation

- An instinct is an innate (unlearned), biological patterns of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species.

LATER

- The motivation of sex, aggression, achievement and other behaviors is rooted in our evolutionary past.

The Evolutionary Approach

Drive Reduction Theory

Need is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

Drive is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

NEED DRIVE DRIVE REDUCTION

(RESPONSE)

GOAL (HOMEOSTASIS)

Drive Reduction Theory

Optimum Arousal Theory

Arousal ?

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal than either low or high

arousal.

Optimum Arousal Theory

Low arousal best in a new or difficult task

High arousal best in a well learned or easy task

Human beings are rational and aware of their motivation.

a. Intrinsic motivation = self-determination, curiosity, challenge b. Extrinsic motivation = rewards and punishment Self Generated Goal (personal project, life tasks,

personal strivings)

The Cognitive Approach

Maslow,s Hierarchy of Human Needs

Physiologial Needs

Safety & Security

Love & Belongingness

Self Esteem

Self Actualizati

on

1. Lingkungan (kegaduhan, kebisingan,

desakan ortu)

2. Dari dalam diri (harapan, cita-cita, need,

want)

3. Tujuan / nilai insentif objek (status, uang)

Penentu perilaku

1. Biologis (kebutuhan biologis)

Sering juga dikatakan survival need /

kebutuhan primer / dasar yang digunakan

untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup.

Contoh : makan, minum, udara segar,

istirahat,dll

2. Bersifat mental (psikologis)

Disebut juga kebutuhan sekunder yang dapat

dipelajari, diperoleh dalam lingkungan atau

karena interaksinya dengan lingkungan.

Sifat penentu

ATKINSON motif dasar adalah motif yang tidak dipelajari, dimiliki oleh manusia dan hewan. Terdiri dari :

1. Survival (lapar, haus)

2. Kebutuhan sosial (seks, maternal)

3. Ingin tahu

SANTROCK 5 motif penting :

1. Lapar (motif biologis)

2. Sex (Gabungan antara motif biologis dan sosial kognitif)

3. Achievement

4. Affiliation motif sosial kognitif

5. Well being

Motif Dasar