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Sesavali
dRes eWvi aravis epareba, rom filosofiuri anTropo-logia filosofiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani disciplinaa. es ar aris SemTxveviTi: Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, davrw-mundebiT, TiTqmis yoveli filosofiuri problema, aSkarad Tu farulad, gulisxmobs adamianis(anTroposis) problemebs.
an iqca pirvelad adamiani, rogorc adamianuri samyaros _ kulturis Semoqmedi, filosofiuri kvlevis mTavar sagnad. sofistebis mier yuradRebis gadatana adamianis problemaze qarTvel filosofoss maT istoriul damsaxurebad miaCnia.
meore qarTveli filosofosi, g.TevzaZe iZleva imis axs-nas, Tu ratom moxda kosmologiuri kvleva-Ziebidan anTrop-ologiurze gadasvla. g.TevzaZe aRniSnavs, rom kosmologiur periodSi arsebobda filosofiur moZRvrebaTa dapirispireba, Seurigebloba, rac parmenidesa da heraklites moZRvrebaTa dapirispirebaSi Sejamda. sofistebisaTvis, am dapirispirebis Sedegi iyo bunebis Seumecnebloba da Semecnebis sagnad adamianis gamocxadeba. `sofistebma am dapirispirebidan is daskvna gamoitanes,- wers g.TevzaZe,- rom obieqturi realo-bis - bunebis Semecneba SeuZlebelia, rom codnisa da kvlevis erTad-erTi sagania sazogadoeba da adamiani~ (33,58).
movusminoT cnobil germanel filosofoss m.landmans, romelic pirdapir acxadebs, rom filosofiaSi anTropolo-giuri Semobruneba, damsaxurebaa ara sokratesi, aramed so-fistebis~ (48,30). m.landmani sofistebs ase axasiaTebs: isini arian pirveli anTropologebi, radgan kulturis pirveli filosofosebi arian~ (iqve). sofistebis azriT, kulturis, kerZod, eris, eTnosisa da samarTlis ganmsazRvrelia ara buneba, aramed, adamianTa SeTanxmeba, gadawyvetileba.
me vemxrobi m.landmanis Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviT, berZnul filosofiaSi anTropologiuri Semobruneba so-fistebis saxels ukavSirdeba. amis Semdeg, adamianis problema saukuneebis manZilze, yovelTvis iyo filosofiis kvlevis obieqti. magram, ufro marTebulad mimaCnia `filosofiuri anTropologiis~ rogorc damoukidebeli disciplinis Cam-oyalibeba XX saukunes davukavSiroT da mis damfuZneblad maqs Seleri CavTvaloT.
ra gvaZlevs amis safuZvels? filosofia Seiswavlis sa-myaros mTlianobaSi. masSi garkveuli adgili ukavia adamians.
swored, esaa filosofiuri anTropologiis kvlevis sagani. adamianis CarTviT mTelSi (samyaroSi) icvleba misi saxe, Tviseba. mxolod, am pirobiT SeuZlia arseboba filosofiur anTropologias. aseTi didi mniSvneloba mTlianis kanonzom-ierebisaTvis ar aqvs mcenareTa Tu cxovelTa samyaros. aseve, masze gavlenas ver axdens calkeul individTa arseboba-ararseboba. saqme exeba adamianis principul arsebobas, mis arss, misi erTianobis problemas.
adamiani, rom ar arsebobdes, ar iqneboda samyaros suraTi, ar iarsebebda filosofia, mecniereba (saerTod anTropolo-giuri sinamdvile). mxolod, adamians aqvs Semecnebis unari, ris meSveobiTac igi wvdeba samyaros kanonzomierebas. adamians, rogorc samyaros suraTis Semqmnels, sruliad unikaluri roli akisria. amitomacaa, filosofiuri anTropologia didad mniSvnelovani filosofiuri disciplina.
filosofiis uzogadesi kiTxvebi: ra aris Cems garSemo da SemiZlia Tu ara misi Semecneba, Rirebulia filosofi-uri anTropologiis mxrivac. am disciplinas mxolod maSin eqneba mniSvneloba Tu arsebobs samyaro rogorc mTliani da am mTlianSi Tu uWiravs adamians, iseTi adgili, rom, misi SecvliT icvleba samyaros struqtura.
filosofiuri anTropologia rogorc wanamZRvari, Wirdeba sxva mecnierebebs, romlebic adamians swavloben ama Tu im aspeqtSi. ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romelsac filosofiuri anTropologia ikvlevs, aris kiTxva _ ra aris adamiani? ra aris misi arsi. adamiani, romelic aris, iyo da iqneba. ra unda vigulisxmoT adamianSi? sad aris misi sazRvrebi? ra aris misi garkveuloba? biologiuri moTxovnilebebis garda adamians aqvs sxva, specifikur adamianuri moTxovnilebani. maTi mizeziTa da maT Sesatyvisad iqmneba gansakuTrebuli, xelovnuri sinamdvile. anTropogenezis procesSi adamiani gardaqmnis Tavis Tavsac da mis garemomcvel bunebasac. igi CarTulia humanizaciis (garemos gardaqmna adamianis mier
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adamianuri kanonebis Sesatyvisad) da hominizaciis (igi ufro adamianuri xdeba) procesSi.
formalurad, nebismieri filosofiuri moZRvreba ada-mianis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba miviCnioT filosofiur anTropo-logiad. mivaniWoT am termins universaluri mniSvneloba (anTropologia _ xom adamianis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas niSnavs). magram, maSin yuradRebis miRma dagvrCeba specifikur anTro-pologiuri Tvalsazrisi adamianis problemis Taobaze.
ara germanul, gansakuTrebiT, inglisuri da amerikuli skolebis gavleniT anTropologiis cneba gamoiyeneba kultu-ris movlenebis asaxsnelad. amitom, igi TavisTavSi aerTianebs sociologiis, sociofsiqologiis, eTnografiis, eTnologiis, agreTve enaTmecnierebis, istoriis Tu arqeologiis mona-cemebs.
XXs-Si germanul filosofiaSi gamoiyo specialuri, konkretuli mimdinareoba, romelic saTaves iRebs m.Seleris Tvalsazrisidan da ganviTareba hpova a.gelenis, o.plesneris, e.roThakeris, m.landmanis, g.hengstenbergis SromebSi. maT kritikulad daamuSaves aRniSnuli problema da Seqmnes spe-cialuri filosofiuri koncefciebi adamianis arsis Sesaxeb.
e.i. yvela tipis anTropologia filosofiuri anTro-pologiis garda yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu ra aris adamiani rogorc ukve mocemuli da ikvlevs mis garegan niSnebs an saqmianobas.
centrizmisagan; amitom miaCnia, rom kultura movlenebis gansakuTrebul wesrigs ayalibebs,romlis Sesatyvisadac adamiani moqmedebs. anTropologiur skolebSi kultura gamoyofilia, rogorc avtonomiuri fenomeni. magram, kultur-ologiis Tanamedrove TeoriebSi ar aris erTnairi pozicia. Tu kulturanTropologiis amerikul skolebSi kultura ganixileba, rogorc ufro farTo cneba, xolo sazogadoeba - sociumi - mis qvesistemad iTvleba, didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis kulturanTropologebi sazogadoebas gaiaz-reben, rogorc yovlismomcvel cnebas, xolo kultura maT mier ganixileba, rogorc sociumis sistemis erTi funqcia. adamianis, rogorc socialuri agentis, qcevis atributi. adamiani kulturas aiTvisebs, rogorc sazogadoebis wevri da mas memkvidreobiT gadascems. kulturis amgvari gageba moucilebelia socialur garemoSi individis cxovrebasTan. adamiani ar arsebobs realuri socialuri jgufis gareSe, e.i. am `realisturi~ koncefciebiT kultura ganisazRvreba rogorc Cvevebis, wesebis, adaTebis, institutebis aTviseba.
kulturanTropologiaSi, am e.w. realisturi Tvalsaz-risis garda, arsebobs kulturis sxvagvari normatiuli gagebac. kerZod, kultura gaiazreba rogorc aqsiologiur ideaTa erToblioba, romelic arsebobs ideaTa nakadis~, war-modgenaTa erTianobis~ Tu `mowinave inteleqtis~ saxiT da romelic yalibdeba garkveul kulturul velSi normatiuli `proeqtebiT~ am TvalsazrisiT, kulturis ganmsazRvreli aris normatiuli idea. kultura, es aris inteleqtualuri, humanuri ideebisa da SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebis erTianoba, anu kultura yalibdeba garkveuli epoqisa da drois CarCoSi, rogorc paternuli (stereotipuli) qcevebisa da norma-tiuli `proeqtebis~ kavSiri.
kulturanTropologiis es normatiuli Teoria fi-
losofiuri anTropologiidan im debulebas iTvisebs, rom adamiani aris kulturis Semqmneli arseba. filosofiuri anTropologia qmnis adamianis garkveul ideas, models, ar-qetips da konkretuli adamiani ganixileba rogorc mov-lena, miaxloeba an daSoreba am nimuSisagan. normatiuloba ganmsazRvrelia, romlis meSveobiTac iqmneba individualoba. kulturanTropologiis TvalsazrisiT, ki am stereotipSi, metafizikuri erTianobis ZiebaSi ikargeba adamianis empiri-uli saxe. imis, gasagebad Tu ra aris adamianis arsi, jer unda vicodeT, rogor moqmedeben, urTierToben, cxovroben adamianebi realurad. mravalferovani speqtris codna safuZ-vels Seqmnis, raTa ufro myari iyos Cvens mier SemuSavebuli koncefcia adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb.
amgvarad, SeiZleba vTqvaT: kulturis koncefcia gavlenas axdens adamianis koncefciaze. adamianobas xorci esxmeba individSi, pirovnulobas Cven viZenT garkveul kulturaSi da misi saSualebiT cxovrebas vaZlevT azrs, mimarTulebas, formasa da wesrigs.
kultura aformebs adamians da mas kulturanTropolo-giur saxes aZlevs. Tu gvinda Tavidan aviciloT metafizikuri stereotipi, carieli analogiebi, mkafiod unda ganvsazRvroT ara mxolod kulturaTa xasiaTi, aramed individTa saxeebic am kulturaSi. kultura aramarto Seguebis iaraRia, aramed, Tavadac axdens axali moTxovnebis producirebas. nebism-ieri kultura funqciuri unda iyos, man unda uzrunvelyos sistemis arseboba da misadmi individis Segueba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi kargavs mniSvnelobas da droTa ganmavlobaSi qreba. amgvaria, kulturanTropologebis paTosi.
Tu kulturas gavigebT, rogorc funqcionirebad siste-mas da kulturanTropologias miviCnevT mecnierebad, maSin man unda SesZlos praqtikuli Rirebulebis mqone Sedegis miReba. Tu kulturanTropologi kvlevis miznad daisaxavs xalxebisa da regionebis, sazogadoebis kulturis istoriis rekonstruqcias, unda gamoiyenos istoriuli an evoluciuri meTodi da SeZlos kulturuli pirobebis, SesaZleblobebis, etapebis formulireba.
maSasadame, kulturanTropologiaSi gacnobierebulia is faqti, rom misTvis, rogorc damoukidebeli disciplinisaTvis, mniSvnelovania ara mxolod empiriuli masala, aseve norma-tiuli, aqsiologiuri samyaro. radgan, arc Tu umniSvnelo socialuri Tu kulturuli procesebi arsebobs cnobieri kontrolis gareSe. kulturis erTi elementi SeZleba Se-viswavloT meti mecnieruli sizustiT (vTqvaT ena), maSin, roca, sxva tipis kulturuli realoba imave moTxovnas naklebad daemorCileba. magaliTad, SeuZlebelia zustad
mSvenivrad uCvena, rom mudmivi filosofiuri problema, sxeulebrivi da sulieri, determinizmi da indetermin-izmi _ Tavisufali arCevani, ar SeiZleba erTxel da samu-damod gadaiWras. dRes, mecnieruli pluralizmis epoqaSi calkeuli mecnierebani realobis iseT gansxvavebul suraTs warmogvidgenen, iseTi kaleidoskopuria sinamdvile, rom, es suraTebi zogjer erTmaneTsac ki ewinaaRmdegebian, magram isini TanxmobaSi arian `realobis mTlianobasTan~. ZalaSia fraza: `erTianoba, miuxedavad mravalferovnebisa~. es exeba adamiansac, da upirvelesad mas. Tavisufali arCevania: `Ta-visufleba, miuxedavad determinizmisa~. nikolai hartmanis formulirebiT: `avtonomia, miuxedavad damokidebulebisa~.
2. kantis anTropologiuri koncefcia
ganuzomlad didia i. kantis wvlili filosofiuri anTropologiis CamoyalibebaSi. amis sailustraciod, mTe-li misi Semoqmedeba gamodgeba. gavixsenoT kantis cnobili baraTi Steidlinisadmi, sadac wers: `wminda filisofiis sferoSi me unda gadamewyvita sami amocana:
1. ra SeiZleba vicode (metafizika)2. ra unda gavakeTo (morali)3. risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes (religia) Tu srulyofilad movaxerxe am kiTxvebze pasuxi, maSin
pasuxi maqvs meoTxe kiTxvazec – ra aris adamiani~. Tavis `logikis~ SesavalSi, kanti am azrs kidev ufro azustebs `arsebiTad SesaZlebelia yvela es sakiTxi dayvanil iqnes anTropologiaze, radgan pirveli sami kiTxva miekuTvneba bolo kiTxvas~ (43,86). gavixsenoT is sazRvrebi, romelSic kanti aTavsebs anTropologias. `moZRvreba, romelic exeba adamianis Sesaxeb codnas, gadmocemuls sistemuri saxiT, Sei-Zleba iyos, fiziologiuri an pragmatuli~. fiziologiuri anTropologia ikvlevs, Tu `ras qmnis buneba adamianisagan~,
xolo, pragmatuli anTropologia ki imas, Tu `ras akeTebs adamiani an ra unda gaakeTos man, rogorc Tavisuflad moqmedma arsebam sakuTari Tavisagan~. amgvarad, faqtiurad, kantTan, mTlianobaSi ukve mocemulia filosofiuri anTro-pologiis ZiriTadi problema. es aris, erTi mxriv, imis garkveva, Tu ra adgili uWiravs adamians gare samyaroSi, rogorc bunebis kanonzomierebaSi CarTuls, da meore mxriv, Tu vin aris igi, rogorc adamianuri, specifikuri samyaros Semqmneli da misiT Seqmnili.
am kuTxiT, kantis mTeli filosofiuri kvleva, TviT RmerTis, samyarosa da sulis sakiTxebic sazrisis mqonea da gamarTlebulia mxolod maSin, roca amovdivarT adamianidan da mxedvelobaSi gvyavs igi. aseTi interpretaciis safuZvels iZleva rogorc kantis moZRvreba mTlianobaSi, ise is monace-mebi, romlebic mravladaa gafantuli kantis SromebSi. kanti nel-nela qmnida sakuTar kritikul filosofias, agebda da amarTlebda sinamdvilis garkveul suraTs, imuSavebda sakuTar koncefcias. aseTi gagebiT, misi yoveli naSromi win gadagmuli nabiji iyo sistemis struqturis gamomuSavebisaTvis, ise, rom, maqsimalurad yofiliyo TanxmobaSi sinamdvilesTan. kantma swored amisTvis ganixila spekulatiuri goneba sam doneze. sakuTari sistemis formulirebisas igi mimarTavda mkacr logikur wesrigs da principTa mkacr deduqcias. Sedegad miviReT kargad integrirebuli filosofiuri sistema, rom-liTac, ase cnobilia kanti. es faqizi, logikurad gamarTuli filosofiuri struqtura Seqmnilia imisaTvis, rom asaxos mowesrigebuli, gonieri samyaro.
adamianis qceva realizdeba am ori xasiaTis Sedegad (isini sulac ar arian erTmaneTs mowyvetilni, rogorc xSirad hgoniaT). swored amazea dafuZnebuli adamianis Seracxadoba, misi pasuxismgebloba sakuTari qcevisaTvis (moqmedebisaTvis).
rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, adamiani or sxvadasxva mxares aerTianebs. is miekuTvneba grZnobad-aRqmad (fenom-enalur) samyaros, rodesac adamiani emorCileba garegan mizezobriobas,bunebisa da sazogadoebis mier dawesebul kanonebs. magram, rogorc inteligibeluri samyaros wevri, Tavisuflebis mqone goniTi arsebaa.
es ori samyaro, antisamyaroebi ki araa, aramed, erTmaneTTan Zalzed axlo urTierTobaSi imyofeba da urTierTmoqmedebs. inteligibeluri (noumenaluri) samyaro grZnobadi samyaros safuZvelSia, Sesabamisad, adamianis noumenaluri xasiaTi unda warmoadgendes fenomenaluri xasiaTis safuZvels. ubedurebaa, roca, meore iRebs batonobis uflebas~ pirvelze. adamianma yovelTvis unda ixelmZRvanelos Tavisi noumenaluri xa-siaTiT. igi yovelTvis unda moqmedebdes Tavisuflebidan gamosuli e.i. movaleobis Sesatyvisad.
kantisaTvis mTavaria adamianis qceva, misi moqmedeba. aqac Cans praqtikuli gonebis primati Teoriulze. codnas mxolod maSin aqvs Rirebuleba, Tu is exmareba adamians gaxdes adamianuri. dadges myar niadagze, moaxdinos maRali adamianuri unarebis realizeba. da TviTon filosofiasac amdenad aqvs mniSvneloba, radgan is emsaxureba adamianis aRzrdas (43,12). mis pirovnebad qcevas.
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kantma erTmaneTisagan gamijna pirovnebis (Personlichkeit) da piris (personis, Person) cnebebi. piris (personis) ter-miniT kanti moiazrebda adamians _ fsiqologiur individs, romelsac aqvs unari sakuTari Tavi sxvisagan gamijnos. `is, rom adamians mis warmodgenaSi SeuZlia, Tavisi cnobierebis erTianobis~ meSveobiT moqmedeba, ra cvlilebac ar unda Seem-Txves mas, is mainc erTi da igive personaa. e.i. nivTebisagan, romlebic ugono cxovelebi arian da romelTac SeiZleba yvelaferi gaukeTo, xarisxiTa da RirsebiT mTlianad gan-sxvavdebian~(41,357). persona (piri) gamoiTqmeba principiT `me vazrovneb~. pirovneba Tavisi mniSvnelobiT ufro metia, vidre piri (ix. zemoT). pirovnebisaTvis ukve is ki ar aris mTavari, rom is cnobierebis matarebelia, aramed is rom igi Tavisuflebis mqonea. iyo pirovneba _ niSnavs iyo Tavisufali da SeZlo am Tavisuflebis realizacia qcevaSi.
yovelive zemoT Tqmulis Semdeg, sul sxva TvaliT
SegviZlia SevxedoT kantis sistemas da CvenTvis kargad
rogorc esTetikuri subieqti). e.i. adamianis sam ZiriTad
unars (mas SeuZlia Semecneba, aqvs neba, da aris Semfasebeli)
Seesabameba kantis filosofiis sami ZiriTadi nawili.
`msjelobis unaris kritika~-Si, rodesac kanti arkvevda teleologiisa da kulturis cnebebs, amiT uCvenebda `ime-dis gzas~, romelsac unda mihyves individi. kultura `aris saboloo mizani bunebisa~ da adamiani mowodebulia mis Sesaqmnelad. xolo, rwmena da RmerTi kantisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, aris imedi sakuTari adamianuri Rirebulebebis
adamianis Semecneba niSnavs misi arsis gaxsnas. adamia-nis arss rom vwvdeT, unda gavceT pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra aris adamiani? adamianis arsis wvdomis winapirobad foierbaxs adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iluziebisagan ganTavisufleba
miaCnia, im iluziebisagan, romelic mas warmogvidgenen, ro-gorc, RvTiur arsebas, RmerT-kacs. RvTiuri daniSnulebis da ukvdavi sulis mqones.
adamianis yvela es warmodgena sakuTar Tavze fantaziis nayofia da rogori mtkivneulic ar unda iyos adamianisaTvis gaTavisufleba am zeadamianuri atributebisagan, is mainc unda ganxorcieldes, radgan, es aris adamianis, rogorc, war-mosaxviTi arsebis uaryofa. unda ganxorcieldes adamianis, rogorc, namdvili arsebis gageba da amiT adamians mieces saSualeba gaTavisufldes warmosaxulTan urTierTobisagan. amiT, is gaTavisufldeba gaucxoebisagan, romelic, mis arsad misagan gansxvavebulis warmodgenis Sedegia.
idealizmisaTvis adamiani absolutis, ideis Semoq-medebis produqtia, cnobierebis gamovlenis Sedegia, xolo religiisaTvis, RmerTis Semoqmedebaa. foierbaxs surs aCvenos, rom filosofiis anTropologizebiT moixsneba idealizmisa da materializmis calmxrioba, ukuigdeba `transcendentaluri materializmis eqstravaganturi~ saxeoba, romelic bunebisa da azrovnebis mimarTebas ada-mianis gareSe arkvevs, foierbaxi upirispirdeba mas da Tavis moZRvrebas `imanenturs~ uwodebs, romelic rCeba adamianSi da Cerdeba masze~. (81)
bunebidan warmoiSva adamiani, rogorc misi nawili, ada-miani Tavisi cnobierebiT bunebam gaaCina, amitom, mTlianad emorCileba mis kanonebs. cnobiereba adamianSi zebunebrivi, RvTaebrivi sawyisi ki araa, aramed, materialuris _ tvinis Tvisebaa. azrovnebs da Seimecnebs ara usxeulo da uxorco cnobiereba, aramed, mTliani adamiani, realurad sxeulebrivi arseba, romelsac aqvs cnobiereba, rogorc materialuri tvinis produqti.
adamiani subieqtisa da obieqtis realuri erTianobaa, subieqtia TavisTvis da obieqtia sxvisTvis. adamiani erTad-erTi arsebaa, romelsac SeuZlia sakuTari me obieqtad aq-
me vamtkiceb, werda foierbaxi, rom subieqti, romli-danac amodis idealisti, aris mxolod moazrebuli da ara namdvili. subieqti es var me, romelsac upirispirdeba Sen, me var gamovlenili obieqti sxvebisaTvis. me _ es adamiania mflobeli sxeulisa da moazrovne Tavis. me aris realuri, droul-vrceuli arseba da mxolod, am Tvisebebis wyalobiT mas aqvs niWi Wvretisa da Semecnebisa.
foierbaxs ainteresebs ara mxolod adamianis arseba, aramed misi daniSnulebac, misi yofierebis sazrisi, risTvis aris adamiani samyaroSi, ra adgili ukavia mas da sad veZeboT misi arsebobis gamarTleba.
man am kiTxvebze pasuxi cada idealizmisa da reli-giisagan gamijvniT. foierbaxi miznad isaxavs adamianis gaTavisuflebas RmerTisagan, zebunebrivi Zalisagan, rogorc adamianis mTeli cxovrebisa da moqmedebis warmmarTveli da ganmsazRvreli Zalis rwmenisagan.
RmerTSi adamiani ganasaxierebs Tavis farul imedebs, sa-soebasa da miswrafebebs. yvelaferi, rasac ki adamiani RmerTs miawers, yvelaferi, rac ki mas amkobs, amSvenebs da amaRlebs, Tavad adamians ekuTvnis, mis miswrafebebs da survilebs war-moadgens, amitom, rogoricaa adamiani, iseTivea misi RmerTi.
foierbaxma moxsna kiTxva: ra mizniT aris adamiani Se-qmnili, vis unda Seeqmna adamiani? foierbaxis mtkicebiT, adamiani bunebis Svilia, bunebas ki araviTari mizani ara aqvs, adamiani bunebis umaRlesi nayofia, misi daniSnulebaa sakuTari Tavis, rogorc adamianis gamovlena, Tu kiTxvas damisvamen _ ambobs igi _ `risTvis aris individi individi, eskimosi eskimosi? risTvisaa adamiani bavSvi, axalgazrda, moxuci? yovelive es xom isaa, rac unda iyos TavisTavad da mTeli adamianic aseTia. mas ara aqvs raime miRmuri dan-iSnuleba, adamians rom miRmurSi epovna Tavisi gamarTleba
da daniSnuleba amiT gana cxovreba uazro ar gaxdeboda. vinc sakuTar Tavs TviTon ar aniWebs daniSnulebas, is arc raime daniSnulebis mqonea. amitom, yoveli qceva, moqmedeba, romelsac vaxorcielebT, aris Cveni daniSnuleba, Cveni ada-mianuri arsebiT gansazRvruli~. (81,143)
foierbaxi cdilobs, adamianis Sesaxeb moZRvreba yvela ganzomilebaSi anTropologiurad daafuZnos, daamkvidros adamiani amqveyniur miwier niadagze. magram foierbaxis ada-miani, romelic gvevlineba mTeli misi filosofiis univer-salur da umaRles sagnad, biologiuri arsebaa. misi realoba arsebiTad ar cildeba mis biologias, ar eqvemdebareba so-cialur, kulturul Tu istoriul zegavlenas da cvlile-bebs. adamianTa kavSiri da urTierToba arsebiTad igivea, rac adamianTa bunebrivi, biologiuri kavSiri da urTierToba. igiveobrivi, saerTo yvela droisaTvis da garemosaTvis.
foierbaxis TeoriaSi, adamiani rogorc moqmedi arseba, araa nawvdomi da es am Teoriis Sinagani struqturidan gamomdinareobs. masTan adamianis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Tvisebaa mWvreteloba. foierbaxis adamiani umoqmedoa, araa Semqmneli arseba, aramed, mxolod mWvretelia. Tqvens winaSea mSvenieri samefo, buneba da adamiani, `ganWvriteT buneba, gan-WvriteT adamiani~. mouwodebs is filosofosebs. buneba da adamiani _ ai erTaderTi obieqti filosofiisa, erTaderTi gza yvela filosofiuri misteriis amoxsnisa. adamianis daniSnulebaa ara mxolod moRvaweobisaTvis arseboba, aramed, WvretisaTvisac. e.i. igi mxolod Teoriul moqmedebas aRi-arebs da es grZnobadoba foierbaxTan ar niSnavs praqtikul, Semoqmed adamianur moRvaweobas. miRmuri samyaro dayvanilia adamianurze da es adamianuri samyaro gamocxadebulia ada-mianis arsebis Sesabamisad erTxel da samudamod mocemulad.
foierbaxma safuZvlianad ikvlia religia da misi Ziri adamianSi dainaxa, magram, ver moaxerxa aqtiuri, moqmedi subieqtis dafuZneba. man imTaviTve daupirispira erTmaneTs
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Teoriuli da praqtikuli moqmedebis sfero. ver gaigo, rom, ar SeiZleba adamiani arsebobdes aqtiurobis, Semoqmedebis gareSe, rom es ukanasknelia safuZveli misi Teoriuli moR-vaweobisac.
marTalia, foierbaxi acxadebda, rom adamiani mas esmis, rogorc grZnobad-miwieri arseba, magram, es ar aris misi konkretulobis maCvenebeli. es cnebac zogadzea moWrili. foierbaxi iSveliebs adamianuri gvaris, modgmis cnebas. Tumca masTan adamiani mainc biologiur arsebad rCeba. es garkveuli gvaris istoriaa. foierbaxi ver mivida im azramde, rom, adamianis arseba mis biologiurobaSi araa da rom go-niTi moRvaweobaa misTvis specifikuri.
miuxedavad am naklovanebisa, l.foierbaxis naazrevi Za-lzed mniSvnelovnadaa miCneuli filosofiuri anTropolo-giisaTvis. foierbaxs Teologiis kritika imisaTvis Wirdeba, rom SeinarCunos, daicvas adamianis avtonomiuri arsebobis idea. adamianma Tavad unda mouaros Tavis problemebs gare-gani Zalis imedisa da daxmarebis gareSe.
magram, sabolood, rodesac Teoria gaformda, aRmoCnda, rom froidis pozicia Zalze axlosaa sicocxlis filosofiasTan da iracionalizmTan. maT gaerTianebas didad SeuSala xeli froidis specifikurma, ufro metic, Terapiulma poziciam. fsiqoTerapiis mizani, xom cnobierebis gabatoneba iyo brma ltolvebze.
froidi da misi mowafeebi araerTxel miuTiTebdnen, rom mxolod afarToeben mecnieruli Semecnebis sferos. gvaZleven racionalur axsnas iseTi movlenebisa, romelsac adre mecniereba ver xsnida da maT ignorirebas axdenda. (mag. sizmari, an fsiqikuri daavadebani da maTi simptomebi). Tavisi moRvaweobis adreul periodSi, igi imasac ki fiqrobda, droTa ganmavlobaSi fsiqologiur axsnas fiziologiuri
axsna Seenacvleboda, rodesac es mecniereba saTanado dones miaRwevda.
z.froidma aseve Semoitana fsiqikuris sferos avtono-miurobis principi. winaaRmdegoba, romelic ukve konce-fciis mizanSi Canda _ Seeqmna mkacrad determinirebuli racionaluri Teoria iracionalurisa, fsiqoanalizisaTvis, rogorc wesi SeumCneveli rCeboda. fsiqoanalitikosebis azriT, yovelive es iZleoda imis saSualebas, rom moZRvreba gagebuliyo, rogorc racionalizmisa da humanizmis axali siRrmiseuli forma.
Tu aqamde adamianis qcevis ganmsazRvrel instanciad zegrZnobadi idealuri, metafizikuri samyaro iTvleboda, axla adamianis qcevis amxsneli motivebi froidma aRmoaCina adamianis siRrmeSi arsebul ltolvebsa da midrekilebebSi. mas surda adamianis raoba daedgina da aexsna aracnobieri motivebiT.
amitomaa rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis froidiseuli analizi, ZiriTadad warmoadgens am SemoqmedebiTi procesis ukan mdgari ltolviTi instinqtebis gaSifvras da am ana-lizis dros savsebiT daviwyebulia xelovnebis mxatvruli daniSnuleba, misi Rirebuleba, Tu funqcia.
kultura aris imis saSualeba, rom droebiT daviviwyoT cxovrebis tkivilebi, Cveni ubedureba. xelovneba realo-bidan gaqcevis saSualebaa. `is rac adamians mijnavs misi cxoveluri bunebidan da saerTod cxovelTa samyarodan, aris adamianuri kultura. erTis mxriv, is moicavs adamianTa mTel unarebs, da qmnis bunebis damorCilebis SesaZleblobas, saidanac modis materialuri sikeTe, riTac ikmayofilebs moTxovnilebebs. meore mxriv, kulturaSi Sedis kacobriobis mier daSvebuli pirobiToba, romelic aucilebelia imisaT-vis, rom mowesrigdes mimarTeba adamianebs Soris, Seiqmnas sazogadoeba. yovelive es moqmedebs sawyis ltolvebze.
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erTi adamiani meores iyenebs saSualebad. iqneba misi samuSao Zala, inteleqtualuri mocemuloba Tu seqsualuri obieqti. TiToeuli adamiani cal-calke aRebuli mteria kulturis. imitom rom ganicdis SezRudvas, romelic modis kulturis normebidan~. (90,21) `adamianebs ar SeuZliaT cal-calke cxovreba, magram amave dros amas ganicdian, rogorc mZime tvirTs da msxverpls, romelsac maTgan kultura moiTxovs, da maT es msxverpli unda gaiRon sakuTari personis sazianod, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes erToblivi cxovreba~. (iqve)
kulturam Tavi unda daicvas individebisagan, am amoca-nis gadaWras emsaxureba misi sazogadoebrivi organizacia, institutebi, moraluri Tu samarTlebrivi moTxovnebi.
adamianis Seqmnili SeiZleba Zalzed advilad daingres, civilizaciis ubedureba isaa, rom adamianis mier Seqmnili mecniereba da teqnika, SeiZleba maTsave gasanadgureblad iqnes gamoyenebuli.
e.i. kultura yofila sazogadoebis adamianze batonobis gamoxatuleba. xom ar aris es istoriis brali, an iseTi mdgomareoba, romelic momavalSi SeiZleba Seicvalos. ra Tqma unda, ara. froidis azriT, ukeTesi Sedegi arc momavalSia mosalodneli, yoveli adamiani sakuTar TavSi atarebs mud-mivad damangrevel e.i. sazogadoebis sawinaaRmdego aqtiur tendenciebs.
adamiani Tavisi bunebiT ar aris Sromismoyvare arseba. jer-jerobiT, arc erT kulturas ar mouxerxebia, rom ada-mianSi aemoqmedebina Rrmad pirovnuli Rirseba, rom isini mzad arian Sromisadmi msxverplis gasaRebad da SeuZliaT uari Tqvan TavianTi pirveladi ltolvebis dakmayofilebaze. adamianTa modgmis am xarisxSi amaRleba jer-jerobiT ar moxerxebula, arc erT kulturas ar Seuqmnia amis pirobebi.
yoveli kultura emyareba Sromis iZulebas da pirve-ladi ltolvebis SezRudvas. amitom, gardauvalia individis mxridan opozicia. SeiZleba imis daSvebac, rom kultura
ra aris adamianis cxovrebis azri da mizani, Tu maTi qcevebiTa da survilebiT vimsjelebT. e.i. ras iTxoven adamianebi cxovrebidan, meore adamianidan da risi miRweva surT. adamianebi bednierebisaken miiswrafvian. maT surT iyvnen bednierni. am miswrafebas ori mxare aqvs. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi. erTia ukmayofilebisa da tkivilis moxsna, meore Zlieri gancda kmayofilebisa.
amgvarad, cxovrebiseuli mizani ganisazRvreba tkbobis principis programiT. adamians tanjva ZiriTadad sami mxridan evlineba. esaa sxeulis mxridan, romlis gardauvali xvedria dabereba, daZabuneba, daavadeba, romelsac Tan axlavs tkivili da SiSi. gare eqstremaluri samyaro, Tavisi wamlekavi daman-greveli ZalebiT da Cveni damokidebuleba sxva adamianebTan,
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romelic garTulebis da tkivilis momtania.tanjvas Cven ganvicdiT Cveni organizmis gansazRvruli
agebulebis gamo. yoveli tanjva aris gancda, aseve gancdaa tkboba, romelsac Cveni amgvari agebulebis gamo ganvicdiT. CvenTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvs saidan modis es tkboba , vTqvaT esTetikuri gancdidan, mxatvruli Semoqmedebidan, Tu sxva ufro dabali gancdidan. isini Tavisi intensivobiT, orga-nizmze moxdenili gavleniT ar ganirCevian.
maSasadame, froidis azriT, kultura ZiriTadad or mizans emsaxureba. adamianis dacvas bunebisagan da adamianebs Soris urTierTobis regulireba. amave mizniT iqmneba religiuri sistemebi, filosofiuri koncefciebi, adamianis idealebi. iqmneba warmodgena calkeuli individis srulyofilebis Sesaxeb, aseve mTel erze, xalxze da kacobriobaze.
individualuri Tavisufleba ar aris kulturis mo-napovari. kulturis pirveli didi warmateba iyo is, rom adamianTa didma raodenobam SeZlo erTad cxovreba da ase Tu ise mowesrigda maT Soris urTierToba. kultura individebisagan did msxverpls moiTxovs. iTrguneba misi Zireuli buneba. pirvelyofili adamiani araviTar SezRudvas ar grZnobda Tavisi pirveladi ltolvebis dakmayofilebisas. kulturis gavleniT adamiani TandaTan iviwyebs bednierebis SesaZleblobas da mas cvlis garantirebuli usafrTxoebiT.
magram, es rodi niSnavs, adamianSi agresiisadmi ltolvis Caqrobas. is Zalzed advilad amJRavnes mas, maSinve, rogorc ki moxdeba am grZnobis provocireba. kultura mxolod imas axerxebs rom asustebs agresiul vnebebs, imiT rom xdeba am ltolvebis zedamxedveli, gamakontrolebeli. es Semz-Rudveli Zala Tavad individSi arsebobs da esaa sindisi. romelic Tavdapirvelad, rogorc pirveladi ltolvebis amkrZalavi Zala ise gaCnda. kulturis maRal donezec sqeso-brivi erotika kvlav ganicdeba, rogorc sicocxlis centri, mxolod, amjerad RirebulebebiT Seferadebuli.
froidisaTvis adamiani aris ucvleli arseba. is udroo sivrceSi arsebobs. mis bunebas ver cvlis verc socialuri da miTumetes verc inteleqtualuri Tu zneobrivi faqtori. kacobrioba cvalebadobas ar emorCileba. erT sazogadoebriv formas cvlis meore, magram arsebiTad es arafris momtania. yovelgvari cvlilebis maradiuli mizezi da misi ganmapiro-bebeli aris adamianSi arsebuli ori Zireuli ltolva da amis safuZvelze arsebuli oidiposis kompleqsi~. iZulebis mTavari saxea seqsualur survilTa SezRudva.
m.Seleri naturalisturi Teoriebis saerTo Secdomad miiCnevs gonis, rogorc aseTis, Tavdapirveladobis da da-moukideblobis ignorirebas. goni ar gamoiyvaneba aragoni-Tisagan. (am SemTxvevaSi ltolviTi Zalisagan), radgan, maSin ikargeba specifikuri mxare, riTac adamiani qmnis sakuTar Tavs, adamianur samyaros, da am yofierebis saSualebiT emi-jneba bunebasac da cxovelTa samyarosac.
froidi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda bunebaTmecnierul meTods da Zalian did ndobasac ucxadebda. misi azriT, adamianis namdvili Tavisufleba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu movaxerxebT bunebis Semecnebas, mivaRwevT misi kanonebis codnas, CavwvdebiT mis kanonzomierebas. Tu Cven gvecodineba, ras warmoadgens adamiani, rogorc bunebrivi arseba, ra niSnebiT xasiaTdeba igi, ra motivebi marTavs mas, rogorc cocxal organizms, maSin _ garantirebuli iqneba adamianis Tavisufleba.
froids surda, rom biologia da fsiqologia gadaqceu-liyvnen zust~ mecnierebebad, romlebic safuZvlad daedebian
sxva socialur da humanitarul mecnierebebs. man, yuradReba gaamaxvila adamianis biologiur mocemulobaze da gamoTqva mosazreba, rom adamianis arsi mdgomareobs mis bio-fsiqikur xasiaTSi, romelic miuxedavad sxvadasxva kulturis gav-lenisa, sxvadasxva istoriuli situaciisa, Zireulia yvela adamianisaTvis. amrigad, adamianis goniTi gageba Seicvala biologiuriT.
fsiqoTerapiis froidiseul sistemaSi cnobieri `me~ gamodis, rogorc aqtiuri da maorganizebeli sawyisi pirovnebisa, magram, es Znelad eTanxmeba im axsnas, rom cnob-ieri motivebi arian iluziebi, da moCvenebiTi realoba aqvT, rom cnobieri faqtorebi modian iracionaluri da brma aracnobieri `miwisqveSa wyaroebidan~ froidis ganmarte-biT, fsiqoanalizis mizania adamians aCvenos misi moqmedebis WeSmariti motivi.
gaugebaria da arasaTanadod dafuZnebuli fsiqoanalizis erT-erTi centraluri cneba aracnobierisa. (amis Sesaxeb Cven ukve vimsjeleT), winaaRmdegobrivia cnobieri da aracnobieri procesebis SefardebiTi mniSvnelobis froidiseuli Sefaseba. aseve pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi socialuri da biologiuri komponentebis rolis gageba. mis moZRvrebaSi metafiziku-rad upirispirdeba erTmaneTs dakmayofileba-daukmayofileba, aracnobieri-cnobieri, erosi-tatanosi, seqsualobis rolis gazviadeba adamianuri samyaros SeqmnaSi da mravali sxva.
e.i. adamiani ZiriTadad ori tipis gasvlas axdens sa-myaroSi. erTi rogorc obieqtTan, rodesac ar Cans misi subi-eqturi survili da damokidebuleba, da meore, rogorc Tavis korelaciur wevrTan, rogorc subieqtTan. amisda mixedviT SeiZleba ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli msoflmxedveloba Camoyalibdes. es aris ori sxvadasxva unari movlenebis, xdomilebebis da kavSirebisa. e.i. isini erT SemTxvevaSi ga-nixilebian, rogorc, rezultati iseTi Semoqmedebisa, rodesac moqmedeba xdeba gansazRvruli survilebiT da mizniT, an is aris gamomJRavneba obieqturi procesisa yovelgvari miznisa da survilis gareSe, es aris garegani kanonzomierebis aRwera, sadac, ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli individis mdgomareoba, misi survilebi, bednierebisa da ubedurebis gancda, da saerTod ignorirebulia pirovnebis arseboba.
imis gageba, Tu rogor mimarTebaSi varT, an unda viyoT ama Tu im movlenasTan, ar warmoadgens martiv amocanas. calkeuli individisaTvis metad Zneli gadasawyvetia. gansa-kuTrebiT, es exeba msoflmxedvelobiT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa sicocxlis sazrisi, bedisweris problema, tanjvis, sixarulis grZnoba da a.S.
erTi da igive movlena SeiZleba ganvixiloT sxvadasx-vagvarad. mag. rogor damokidebulebaSi aris masTan individi, ra gavlenas axdens igi mis fsiqikur mdgomareobaze adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze. orive unari samyaros aRqmisa, damaxasiaTebelia erTi da igive individisaTvis, erT adamianSi Tanaarseboben misi cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze da sakiTxis Sesabamisobis mixedviT xan erTi wyvets problemas, xan meore. es unarebi Tanaarseboben adamianis azrovnebis ara mxolod ontogenezSi, aramed filogenezSic.
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da kamaTi fsiqoanalizis mec-nierul statusze ufro mniSvnelovani problemidan modis. esaa mimarTeba mecnierebamdel azrovnebasa da mecnierul azrovnebas Soris. pirveli tipis azrovnebas miekuTvneba ara marto bavSvis, aramed pirvelyofili adamianis, agreTve religiuri da mxatvruli azrovneba. yvela maT aerTianebT azrovnebis obieqtTan Serwyma, iseTi mimarTeba, rodesac, az-rovnebis obieqti subieqtis nawilad arsebobs.
mkvlevarebs yovelTvis unda axsovdeT, adamianuri moR-vaweoba, Semecneba SesaZlebelia ara mxolod vnebebisagan daclili e.w. obieqturi gamokvlevebiT, aramed, ukeTes Sedegs viRebT, rodesac gvaqvs zemoT aRwerili dainteresebis ms-gavsi interesi azrovnebis obieqtisadmi. gansakuTrebiT, es iTqmis im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac, saqme exeba adamianis gagebas.
albaT amis gamo iyo, rom, z.froidi da misi momxreebi ucnaurad reagirebdnen maT mimarT gamoTqmuli yovelgvar
kritikul SeniSvnaze. Teoriul mosazrebas da logikur azrs upirispirebdnen TavianTi moZRvrebis fanatikur rwmenas. da istoriulad ise moxda, rom, am Tvalsazrisis mimdevrebi umeteswilad gaaerTiana rwmenis simbolom, dog-mebis erTgulebam, da ara imdenad mecnierulma interesma da Tanamoazreobam.
ra gaakeTa froidma iseTi, rom, misi Teoria dRemde inar-Cunebs aqtualuri moZRvrebis saxes, ar akldeba arc momxree-bi da arc mowinaaRmdegeebi. froidis azriT, fsiqoanalizmma SeZlo eCvenebina Semdegi: aracnobieri ltolvebi, romelic Zireulia pirovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis, ar icvleba adamianis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, da is mudmiv Seviwroebas ganic-dis socialuri, zneobrivi normebisagan, amitom, Seurigebel winaaRmdegobaSia masTan. isteriiT, nevroziT daavadebuli avadmyofis fsiqikis kvleviT miRebuli Sedegebi, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes janmrTeli adamianis fsiqikis gamosakvl-evadac, vinaidan, maT erTnairi kanonzomiereba axasiaTebT. in-dividis struqturaSi dominantobs aracnobieri. cnobiereba ar aris batoni sakuTar saxlSi~. fsiqoanaliziT SeiZleba analogiis gakeTeba individis istoriasa da kacobriobis istorias Soris. religia gaTanabrebulia`kacobriobis bavS-vobis nevrozTan~.
bavSvi Tavis fsiqikur ganviTarebaSi SekumSuli formiT imeorebs Tavisi saxeobis evolucias, iseve, rogorc, embrionSi xdeba sxeulis ganviTarebis istoriis gavla. fsiqoanal-izis sakvlevi sagania warmosaxva, misi Sinaarsia oidiposis kompleqsi, obieqtia mogonebani, romlebic asaxaven ara realur movlenebs, aramed adamianis gancdebs. dakargulia interesi realuri istoriisadmi, magram, froidis azriT, kvlevisaT-vis ufro didi Sedegis momtania. aseTi midgoma, vinaidan saintereso da mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu rogori iyo igi, aramed is, Tu rogori surda rom yofiliyo. fsiqoanalizuri kvlevis sivrce sakuTar TavSi moicavs fsiqikur fantaziebs,
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romlebic, realobisgan damoukideblad yalibdebian. amitom, koncefcia iseTi Tvisebebis matarebeli xdeba, romelic arc erT Teorias manamde ar hqonia. es aris zedrouloba, wi-naaRmdegobebisadmi ugrZnobloba, simboluri azrovnebisaken midrekileba da a.S.
froidi aramarto miawerda mis Tanamedroveebs az-rovnebis arqaul~ formebs, aramed Tavadac xSirad amgvarad azrovnebda. amitomac Warbobs mis nawarmoebebSi analogia, metafora, mxatvruli Tu miTologiuri saxeebi. imdenad rom, mkacri determinizmic, romelsac froidi iyenebda fsiqikuri movlenebis asaxsnelad, ki ar mijnavs, aramed kidev ufro aaxloebs mas amgvar azrovnebasTan.
froidis mier analogia gamoyenebulia ara rogorc mag: saganTa Sedarebis meTodi, aramed, analogiis meSveobiT xdeba garemoze sakuTari warmodgenis proeqcia. da Tu Semecneba garkveulad saganTa asaxvaa, Semmecnebeli goniT xdeba maTi introeqcia, ideebis proeqcia sagnebze, xolo faqtebi siste-matizdeba da ganzogadeba subieqtis `survilis logikis~ Sesabamisad.
magram miuxedavad amgvari kritikuli Sefasebisa, SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom fsiqoanalizi win wadgmuli nabijia, fsiqi-kuris realobis Sesamecneblad, aRiarebs ra mis rTul da winaaRmdegobiT savse bunebas, es Teoria warmoadgens cdas fsiqikurze erTi eniT laparakisa, erTi meTodiT Seswavlisa, miuxedavad imisa, rom, ZiriTadad saxeebis, fantaziis, meta-fizikis enaa da ara mkacri dasabuTeba, froidis gamoTqmiT: `svla azrovnebis arqauli formebisaken~.
z. froidis fsiqoanalizi mniSvnelovania filosofiuri anTropologiisaTvis, radgan, miuxedavad maTi principuli
sxvaobisa, goniTi anTropologiisaTvis metad Rirebulia is codna, romelic mopovebul iqna am doqtriniT. aucilebelia gansazRvra im rolisa, romelic aqvs aracnobier fsiqikurs, sasicocxlo ltolvebs adamianis goniTi aqtivobis parame-trebis dadgenaSi, mis struqturaSi da saerTod adamianis rogorc aqtiuri, moqmedi goniTi arsebis dafuZnebisaTvis.
II. m. Seleris goniTi
anTropologia
maqs Seleri daibada miunxenSi 1874 wels. igi swav-lobda miunxenisa da berlinis universitetebSi, sadac daeufla filosofiasa da medicinas. filosofiaSi ismenda oikenisa da ot. libmanis leqciebs. iyo ienisa da miunxenis universitetebis privat-docenti. 1897 wels daicva sado-qtoro disertacia, romelic exeboda logikisa da eTikis principebis urTierTkavSirs. 1910 wels SeuerTda miunxenis fenomenologTa wres. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi kelnis universitetis profesoria.
huserlis mier gamomuSavebul fenomenologiur moZ-Rvrebas Seleri iyenebda adamianis filosofiuri proble-mis sxvadasxva aspeqtiT Sesaswavlad. `garkveuli azriT, _ werda is, _ filosofiis yvela centraluri problema SeiZleba daviyvanoT kiTxvaze : ra aris adamiani da rogori metafizikuri adgili da mdgomareoba aqvs mas yofierebis, samyarosa da RmerTis zogad erTobliobaSi~(93,273). ada-mianis filosofiuri problema yvelaze arsebiTia Seleri-saTvis moRvaweobis dasawyisidanve. mis SemoqmedebaSi aseve didi adgili eTmoba eTikis, aqsiologiis, religiis, Semecnebis sociologiis sakiTxebis kvlevas.
cxovrebis bolo wlebSi man kaTolicizmze uari Tqva da panTeistur rwmenas eziara. swored, am periodSi, igi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ikvlevs filosofiuri anTro-
mesamea, Tanamedrove bunebaTmcodneobisa da genuri fsiqologiis warmodgenaTa wre, romlis mixedviT, adamiani dedamiwis ganviTarebis gviandeli periodis Sedegia da
cxovelTa samyarosagan gansxvavdeba energiiTa da unarTa erTobliobis mxolod xarisxiT. es energia-unarebi adamianis gaCenamdec arsebobda, ase, rom, adamiansa da cxovels Soris gansxvaveba raodenobrivia da ara arsebiTi, Tvisobrivi. amaSia safuZveli bunebismetyveluri anTropologiisa.
amgvarad, Seleris Tanaxmad, Cven winaSea sami saxis anTro-pologia, rac imas niSnavs, rom, adamianis erTi, sayovelTaod miRebuli idea ar arsebobs. ufro metic: am sam ideasac ar endobian. gansakuTrebiT, Seryeulia adamianis warmoSobis darviniseuli Teoria. amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, adamiani jer arasodes yofila ase problematuri sakuTari TavisaTvis, rogorc dResaa. man ar icis, ra aris misi arseba.
Seleris filosofiuri anTropologiis warmoSobis mizezi swored es problemaa. unda ganisazRvros adamia-nis struqtura, arseba, raoba, adgili universumSi da a.S., gairkves is niSnebi, romliTac adamiani gansxvavdeba sxva arsebulisagan.
instinqtis meoTxe niSani, Tandayolilia da ara memkvi-dreobiTi. Tandayoliloba, SelerisTvis sruliad ar niSnavs, rom instinqti dabadebisTanave gamovlindeba. es qceva ufro xSirad maSin iCens Tavs, roca, individi ganviTardeba da momwifdeba. cda da varjiSi mxolod srulyofen instinqts.
kioleris mier kunZul tenerifeze warmoebul cdebSi, es uecari xedva aRniSnulia, rogorc `aha~ _ gancda. Seleris azriT, cxovelebs aqvT gansjis, Tavisufali arCevanis unari da ar warmoadgens instinqtebis avtomats. Wkvian Simpanzesa da edisons Soris _ wers Seleri _ Tu ki, am ukanasknels ganvixilavT, rogorc, mxolod teqnikoss, arsebobs marTalia Zalian didi, magram, mxolod xarisxobrivi gansxvaveba.~(97,58)
aqamde Cven CamovTvaleT sicocxlis oTxi arsebiTi safexuri: grZnobadi ltolva, instinqti, mneme da praq-tikuli inteleqti. Semdeg Seleri svams problemisaTvis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs: Tu ki cxovels aqvs praqtikuli
inteleqti, xom ar gansxvavdeba is adamianisagan mxolod xarisxobrivad? arsebobs ki maT Soris arsobrivi gansxvaveba?
Seleris Tanaxmad, pasuxi am umniSvnelovanes kiTxvaze warmoSobs or uerTierT dapirispirebul Tvalsazriss: erTni fiqroben, rom cxovelsa da adamians Soris gansxvaveba arsebiTia, da ara raodenobrivi. araviTari inteleqti da arCevanis unari cxovels ar aqvs. Seleri ar iziarebs am Sexedulebas, radganac, maRal ganviTarebuli cxoveli misTvis praqtikuli inteleqtis da arCevanis unaris mqonea.
Seleri principulad uaryofs orive gzas. inteleqti da arCevanis unari ar ganasxvavebs adamians cxovelisagan. Cven ver gavigebT adamianis gansakuTrebul adgils samyaroSi, ver warmovidgenT mis specifikas, Tu davuSvebT, rom, inteleqti da arCevanis unari raodenobrivad usasrulodac ki izrdeba. garda amisa, is, rac, adamians adamianad xdis, sulac ar aris sicocxlis axali forma, raRac axali safexuri, mexuTe forma, meoTxe formis Semdeg da zeviT arsebuli. `axali principi, _ wers Seleri, _ romelic, adamians adamianad xdis, mde-bareobs yvelafer imis gareT, rasac, Cven SeiZleba vuwodoT sicocxle, am sityvis farTo azriT~(94,15). e.i. es axali principi sicocxlidan ar gamoiyvaneba, radganac, sicocxlis,
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fsiqikuris gareTaa, sicocxlisadmi dapirispirebulia, da amdenad fsiqologiis kompetencia ar aris. is daiyvaneba ara sicocxlis fenomenze, aramed, samyaros im safuZvelze, romlis gamoxatuleba Tavad sicocxlea.
amgvarad, Seleris metafizikuri Sexeduleba SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: RmerTi aris samyaros pirvelsafuZveli, substancia, romelsac, aqvs CvenTvis cnobili ori atributi: ltolviT gaJRenTili sicocxle da goni.
goni ar aris mxolod is principi, romelsac, Seleris Tanaxmad, Zveli berZnebi `gonebas~ uwodeben. goni, misTvis, gonebasac e.i. ideebiT azrovnebasac Seicavs, magram, sxva viTa-rebis arsebobasac gulisxmobs. goni aris pirvelfenomenebis an arsebiTi formebis Wvreta, anu gulisxmobs garkveuli saxis Wvretis unars. amas emateba emociuri da nebiTi aqtebis garkveuli klasi, magaliTad, sikeTe, siyvaruli, pativiscema, monanieba, da a.S. rogorc vxedavT, gonis cneba, SelerTan ar daiyvaneba gonebis tradiciul cnebaze. is gacilebiT mdidaria, ara mxolod azrovnebas, aramed, nebas da grZnobasac moicavs. maSasadame, goni `Tavisa~ da `gulis~ erTianobaa.(94,52-53)
goni gamovlindeba yofierebis sasrul, e.i. dasawyisisa da dasasrulis mqone nivTTa sferoSi. goniTi aqtebis cen-tri pirovnebaa. Tu gvsurs gonis arsebas vwvdeT, Seleris Tanaxmad, warmovidginoT, rom, gonis cnebaSi mTavaria misi SemecnebiTi funqcia, codnis is saxeoba, romelic, SeiZleba mogvces gonma. aseT SemTxvevaSi saZiebeli cneba naTeli gaxdeba : goniT dajildoebuli arsebis ZiriTadi niSania yofierebiTi daukavSirebloba, damoukidebloba iZulebisagan, zewolisagan, organulisagan, sicocxlisagan, yvelafrisagan, rac sicocxles ekuTvnis, maSasadame, es niSania sakuTari inteleqtis miswrafebis. e.i. misi Tavisuflebaa.(iqve).
Seleris azriT, cxoveli mudam garemoSia da aRiqvams mxolod imas, rac misi sicocxlisaTvisaa mniSvnelovani. rac vitalobas ar gulisxmobs, arc arsebobs cxovelisaTvis, arc
Seleris Tvlsazrisi mokled SeiZleba ase gadmoices. cxoveli arasodes ar kiTxulobs ra aris es sagani? misTvis nivTi vargisia an uvargisi. is wminda biologiuri arsebaa. adamiani, rogorc wesi, svams kiTxvas: ra aris es sagani? mas ainteresebs sagnis raoba. amitom, adamiani Semmecnebeli ar-sebaa, Teoretikosia. Tumca, adamiani biologiuri arsebacaa da ara marto imecnebs sagans, aramed, kidec moixmars mas.
maimuni, romelsac aZleven naxevrad gafcqvnil banans, garbis, maSin roca, mTlianad gafcqvnil banans Seeqceva. cxovelma ar icis ra aris nivTi, ra aris substancia. raime nivTi misTvis cvlilebas ki ar ganicdis, erTi nivTi sxvagvar saxes ki ar iRebs, aramed, sxva nivTad iqceva.
adamians, rogorc pirovnebas aqvs nivTisa da substan-ciis kategoriebi, mas SeuZlia yvelaferi aqcios sakuTari Semecnebis sagnad. adamiani, rom ar iyos pirovneba, e.i. ar hqondes goni – Semecneba, ar iarsebebda. samyaros gasagnebis es centri, Seleris mixedviT, ar SeiZleba Tavad am samyaros nawili iyos.
pirovnebis goniTi yofiereba erTaderTia, rac ar Sei-Zleba iqces sagnad_is wminda aqtualobaa, misi yofiereba aqtebis Tavisufali ganxorcielebaa. pirovneba ar aris sagnobrivi an nivTieri yofiereba, is TviTganxorcielebad aqtTa wesrigia. suliers vakvirdebiT goniTi centridan, igi SegviZlia gavasagnod. es SeuZlebelia Tavad gonis mimarT
movimoqmedoT. Cven aseve ar SegviZlia sxva pirovnebaTa gasagnebac.
adamians aqvs unari nivTis empiriul SemTxveviTi ar-seboba moiSoros da wvdes nivTis amgvarad yofnas, mis arsebas. Seleris azriT, es gayofa arsebobisa da arsebis adamianis gonis ZiriTadi niSania. goniT arsebas SeuZlia nivTTa sinamdvilisagan ganTavisufldes da mxolod, nivTTa arsebis SemecnebiT dakmayofildes. cxoveli mTlianad eZleva konkretuls, sinamdviles, adamiani ki gonis wyalobiT iyenebs teqnikas, romelic, arsebiTad realobis uaryofaa. sinamdvile yovelTvis gulisxmobs adgils sivrceSi da mdgomareobas droSi, SemTxveviT amgvarad yofnas. adamianad yofna, Sel-eris Tanaxmad, sinamdvilisadmi mtkice `ara~-s tyorcnaa. es icoda budam, roca aRniSnavda, rom yoveli nivTis Wvreta kargia, magram, nivTad yofna saSiSia. es icoda platonma, roca, ideebis Wvretas ukavSirebda nivTebis grZnobad Sinaarsidan sulis Sebrunebas. es aqti aqvs mxedvelobaSi huserlsac, roca, Semecnebas ukavSirebs fenomenologiur reduqcias~, e. i. samyaroSi nivTebis (SemTxveviTi) arsebobis koeficientis `waSlas~, frCxilebSi Casmas~, raTa miaRwios maT arsebas, es-encias. nivTTa arseboba, sinamdvile, realoba gveZleva winaaRm-degobis gancdaSi, es gancda ki eufleba sicocxlis wadiliT gamowveul ltolvas. am ltolvaSi mocemuli sinamdvilis gancda pirveladia, win uswrebs yovelgvar cnobierebas, yvela warmodgenas da aRqmas. is mtkice `ara~, romelsac adamiani sinamdviles eubneba, samyaros realobis uaryofaa. samyaros `ideireba~ TviTon realobis momentis moxsnis cdaa da ara TavSekaveba msjelobebidan arsebobis Sesaxeb, rogorc huserls miaCnda. Tu arseboba `winaaRmdegobaa~, _ aRniS-navs Seleri _ maSin arsebiTad derealizaciis es asketuri aqti sxva araferia, Tu ara sasicocxlo ltolvis moxsna, gauqmeba. gauqmebis es aqti SeuZlia mxolod im yofierebas, romelsac goni ewodeba.
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amgvarad, adamiani aris cocxali arseba, _ aRniSnavs Seleri, _ romelsac, SeuZlia asketurad moeqces Tavis sicocxles da amas aRwevs sakuTar wadilTa impulsebis daTrgunvisa da gandevnis meSveobiT. cxoveli sinamdviles mudam egueba, yofierebas hos~ eubneba, maSinac ki, roca, eSinia misi da gaurbis mas. adamiani, Seleris TqmiT, isaa, visac SeuZlia Tqvas `ara~, igi `sicocxlis asketia~, `maradiuli protestantia~ wminda sinamdvilis mimarT. cxovelis arse-boba yovelTvis gansxeulebuli filisterobaa~, adamiani ki maradiuli `fausti~ aris bestia cupidiss ma rerum novorum, mudam ukmayofilo Tavisi garemoTi, am garemos sazRvrebis garRvevis mdomi.(94,65)
axla, unda gairkves sakiTxi, romelsac, Seleri did mniS-vnelobas aniWebs. sakiTxavia askeza, gandevna, sublimacia gonis waroSobis wyaroa Tu am movlenis wyalobiT goni mxolod energias iRebs. Seleris Tanaxmad, adamianis es uaryofiTi moqmedeba, `ara~-s Tqma sinamdvilisadmi ki ar apirobebs gonis arsebobas, aramed, mxolod energiiT amaragebs gons, aniWebs mas manifestaciis unars.
Seleri fiqrobs, rom, goni arsebulis atributia, ada-mianSi pirovnebis formiT gamovlenili, magram, `wmida gons~ Tavidan rodi aqvs batonoba~, Zala~, moqmedeba~. moqmedebi-saTvis mas unda SeuerTdes askeza, wadilis gandevna, sublima-cia, romelzec iyo laparaki. Seleri ixilavs gonis gagebis or SesaZleblobas, romelTac ekuTvniT fundamenturi roli adamianis ideaTa istoriaSi. erTia adamianis `klasikuri~ Teoria, gonis umaRlesi ZalauflebiT, moqmedebiT. es Tval-sazrisi ganviTarebuli iyo berZnebis mier da nawilia im msoflmxedvelobisa, romlis mixedviT, maRali formebi ufro Zlierni arian, vidre dabali. samyaros umaRlesi wertilia goniseuli da yovladZlieri substancia _ RmerTi.
amrigad, adamiani _ sicocxlis es asketi~ aris erToba da daZabuloba ltolvisa da gonisa. goni, ar aris warmo-Sobili ltolvis, sicocxlis nebis ganadgurebis, mospobis safuZvelze. Seleri iyenebs froidis ZiriTad cnebas _ sublimacias. misi TvalsazrisiT, goni seqsualur ltol-vas gardaqmnis misaReb fenomenebad, amitom Tu am fenomenebs kargad davakvirdebiT, SeiZleba, zogjer, marTlac seqsualuri ltolvis msgavsi ram davinaxoT. goni ar aris sicocxlis, ltolvis uarmyofeli Zala, piriqiT, igi ikvebeba~ ltolvis energiiT.
Selers aseve WeSmaritad miaCnia karl marqsis deb-uleba imis Sesaxeb, rom, ideebi, romelTac ar aqvT intere-sebi da vnebebi, e.i. Zalebi, romlebic sicocxlis sferoSi ar warmoiSobian, mkvdari ideebia da ver ganxorcieldebian realobaSi.
am koncefciiT, gonis Zalas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba adamianis struqturis asagebad. adamianuri goni da neba is fenomenebia, romlebic xelmZRvaneloben da marTaven adamianur cxovrebas. goni ideebs Tavazobs grZnobad moTxovnilebebs. rac Seexeba nebas, mas SeuZlia moTxovnebs miawodos ideis makonkretizebeli warmodgenebi da aseve moaxdinos am war-modgenaTa uaryofa.
samyaros safuZvelSi mdebare am ori atributidan, erTi _ goni, Tavdapirvelad Zalas, Zlierebas moklebulia, xolo meore _ ltolva, mxolod Zalaa Natura Naturans~. umaRlesi
yofierebis es meore atributi aris pasuxismgebeli yovelive namdvilisa da misi SemTxveviTi, amgvarad yofnisa. goniT atributs ar aqvs dadebiTi SemoqmedebiTi Zala. aseTi daskv-nis Sedegia samyaros ararsidan qmnadobis uaryofa: samyaros safuZveli Tavidanve ori atributis, gonisa da ltolvis Semcvelia. samyaroSi Tavidanve aris daZabuloba gonisa da ltolvisa, maSasadame, Tu nivTTa safuZvels, e.i. RmerTs, surda ganexorcielebina masSi arsebuli ideebisa da Rirebulebebis sisavse, unda aeSva samyaros Semoqmedi ltolva. mxolod, am gziT SeZlebs is msoflio droiT procesSi ganxorcielebas da Tavisi arsebis gamovlenas. msoflio procesSi ltolva `gonieri~ xdeba, gonis morCilad gadaiqceva. adamianis gons mimarTeba aqvs msoflios safuZvelTan. es safuZveli ganx-orcieldeba, ganamdvildeba msoflio istoriis msvlelobaSi, adamianSi da adamianis meSveobiT.
roca adamiani, aRniSnavs Seleri, gamoiyofa bunebidan, bunebas sagnad aqcevs, is kiTxulobs `sad vimyofebi TviTon me?~ `ra aris Cemi adgili?~ mas ar ZaluZs Tqvas, rom, is samyaros nawilia, Caketilia samyaroSi. samyaro misi Zalau-flebis, moqmedebis sagania, amitom, adamianis centri samyaros miRmaa.
SelerisaTvis, adamians, rogorc ltolvisa da gonis erTianobas, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs. SromaSi, `fi-losofiuri msoflmxedveloba~ vkiTxulobT: mxolod maSin, Tu gamovalT adamianis arsobrivi mniSvnelobidan, adamianis goniTi aqtebidan, romlebic dasabams iReben adamianis cen-tridan da rasac ikvlevs `filosofiuri anTropologia~, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, umaRlesi safuZvlis yvela sagnis WeS-mariti atributis Sesaxeb~(93,11). Seleris Tvalsazrisi naTelia: RmerTs _ samyaros am umaRles instancias _ ver gaigeb, Tu ar gesmis adamianis arseba. adamiani mikrokosmo-sia, e.i. masSi mocemulia samyaros yvela safexuri, Zlieri ltolvac da Tavdapirveli `uZluri~ gonic. adamiani Sel-
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eris Tanaxmad, erTaderTia, visi saSualebiTac RmerTi ara marto imecnebs sakuTar Tavs, aramed, is arsebulia, romlis Tavisufal arCevanSi RmerTi ganaxorcielebs da gadaarCens Tavis wminda arsebas. adamiani RmerTis Tanamoazrea, Taname-brZolia. RmerTi viTardeba da xdeba goni, SesaZleblobidan sinamdviled iqceva. gviandeli panTeisti SelerisaTvis ada-mianad gadaqceva da RmerTad gadaqceva erTianobaSia, RmerTi qmnadobaSia. igi dinamikuri da ara statikuri fenomenia.
buneba, ltolva gonisagan ar warmoSobila. es debuleba panTeisti SelerisaTvis erTerTi ZiriTadia. ltolva, in-stinqtebi, moTxovnebi udides rols TamaSoben ara marto adamianis CamoyalibebaSi, aramed, sazogadoebis istoriul ganviTarebaSi. adamiani biologiuri arsebaa da amis gaT-valiswineba aucilebelia mis gasagebad. isic cnobilia, rom, goniTi wamowyebebi ver imZlavreben, Tu ar eqnebaT dasayrdeni ltolvebSi, interesebSi, da tendenciebSi.
Seleris azriT, adamiani mikrokosmosia, maSasadame, ageb-ulebiT yvela im safexurs Seicavs, romelic samyaros ekuT-vnis. radgan samyaro ltolvaa adamianic ltolvaa; magram, adamiani mxolod ltolva ar aris. masSi sruliad axali safexuricaa _ goni. Seleris azriT, samyaro imgvari ageb-ulebisaa, rom yvelaze maRali safexuri, goni Tavdapirvelad yvelaze uZluria, energias moklebulia. is, rasakvirvelia, ukve arsebobs, aqvs Tavisi kanonzomiereba, magram, es arse-boba potenciuria, SesaZleblobis farglebSia moqceuli. gonis arseboba, rom namdvil realobad iqces, aucilebelia goniT sawyiss ltolva SeuerTdes. ltolva goniT unda daitvirTos.
roca, vixsenebT samyaros safuZvlis or atributs _ ltolvasa da gons _ Seleris koncefciis am or ZiriTad princips, uneburad gvaxsendeba dekartis moZRvreba or substanciaze _ moazrovneze da ganfenilze, agreTve spi-nozas mier daxasiaTebuli ori atributi _ azrovneba da
ganfeniloba. cxadia, Tavad SelerisTvisac naTeli iyo misi koncefciis naTesaoba dekartisa da spinozas filosofiur TvalsazrisebTan.
Seleris filosofiuri anTropologia imis mcdelobaa, rom, Tavidan iyos acilebuli dekartis dualizmi _ kerZod, misi moZRvreba sxeulsa da sulze. am mizniT, is mimarTavda Tavisi drois sxvadasxva Teoriebs. ase magaliTad, subli-mirebis cneba Selers froidis Teoriidan aqvs aRebuli, Tumca, es cneba Seleris koncefciaSi mniSvnelovnad saxeSecvlilia. sublimireba Seleris TeoriaSi niSnavs, uZluri, maRali donis arsebulis -gonis, energiiT momaragebas. ltolva amaragebs, Zalas mas aZlevs. Tu Selers davujerebT, adamiani unda war-movidginoT, rogorc, ltolva da goni, romlebic sublimaciis saSualebiT modian erTmaneTTan kavSirSi. sinamdvileSi, ada-miani ar aris orad gaxleCili arseba, miuxedavad imisa, rom, adamianSi gansxvavebuli doneebia : sxeulebrivi gansxvavdeba fsiqikurisagan, es ukanaskneli ki goniTisagan. adamiani mainc erTiania mTliania. goni, ueWvelia ltolvisagan gansxvavdeba, magram, isini ganixileba, rogorc, erTiani sicocxlis gansx-vavebuli mxareebi. sicocxles Tavis umaRles _ cxovelisaT-vis miuRwevel safexurze _ uCndeba sruliad axali unari _ goni. misi Taviseburebani mravali saxiT gamomJRavndeba. erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxea samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis sagnad qcevisa da Semecnebis unari. gavixsenoT Seleris mier moyvanili magaliTi Simpanzesa da edisonis Sesaxeb. es aris ara raodenobrivi gansxvaveba, rogoradac miiCnevs Seleri, aramed, Tvisobrivi gansxvaveba. marTlac, edisons ZaluZs is, rasac praqtikuli inteleqtis mqone Simpanze verasodes SeZlebs. edisons da saerTod adamians SeuZliaT cnebebis gamomuSaveba, msjeloba, dasabuTeba da daskvna. rac cxovelisaTvis savsebiT ucxoa, radganac, ver wvdeba zogads, abstraqtuls, amitom, cxovels ar aqvs ena, romelic zogadis arsebobas gulisxmobs.
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edisoni, wminda wylis teqnikosadac rom ganvixiloT, ukve arsobrivad, Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba Simpanzesagan, radgan, igi cnebebiT azrovnebs. adamianis, rogorc Semmecne-beli arsebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizania zogadis daufleba. zogadi erT saganSic ki amoikiTxeba. swored, es aris im intuiciis Sedegi, romelzec laparakobs Seleri. zogadis wvdoma adamianuri Semecnebis erT-erTi aucilebeli niSa-nia. ra Tqma unda, cxovelsac aqvs gare sagnis SegrZneba, aRqma, nivTis mopovebis survili. amis mSvenieri magaliTia galiaSi gamomwyvdeuli Simpanzes ltolva bananisaken, e.i. cxoveli moqmedebs garkveuli miznis misaRwevad. magram, es mizani yovelTvis konkretulia, erTeulia, ar aris zogadis wvdoma. maSin, roca adamiani sicocxlis umaRlesi donis _ gonis _ saSualebiT aqcevs Semecnebis sagnad gare samyaros da sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar gancdebsac ki. am azriT, adamians aqvs ara mxolod samyaros Semmecnebeli cnobiereba, aramed, TviTcnobierebac. Semecnebis wyalobiT man icis ara mxolod erTeuli nivTis konkretuli Rirebuleba, aramed, garkveul viTarebaTa TavisTavadi Rirebuleba, Rirebuleba rogorc aseTi, Rirebuleba zogadad. adamians aqvs TviTcnobiereba, refleqsia Tavis Tavisa, moqmedebas afasebs gnoseologiuri, eTikuri, esTetikuri mxridan, icis WeSmariti da mcdari, keTili da boroti, mSvenieri da uSno, sasargeblo da sa-ziano. is irCevs Tavis moqmedebas, amiT zogads ufardebs konkretuls, erTeuls. yvelafris Semoqmedi erTi mTliani subieqti _ adamiania da ara erTmaneTisagan gaxleCili ltolva da goni.
marTalia, ar arsebobs ucvleli goneba, igi istori-ulad cvalebadia, magram, Tavad goni, rogorc midrekileba da adamianis adamianad arsebobis unari mudmivi, ucvleli, maradiulia. yovelives centria adamiani _ persona da mas ar Wirdeba Tavisi arsebobis axsna-gamarTlebisaTvis gare instanciis Semotana.
vfiqrob, rom, m.Seleris filosofiur anTropologiuri koncefciis mTavari nakli antiistorizmi da antievolu-cionizmia. maSin roca, es principi Zalze mniSvnelovania adamianis, rogorc goniTi arsebis dafuZnebisaTvis. magram, m.Seleris arCevani sxva aRmoCnda. misi moZRvreba Tavisi arsiT ZiriTadad Teonomuria da Tavsdeba filosofiur _ religiur anTropologiaSi.
erTaderTi, plesneris azriT, vinc mixvda, rom aucilebe-lia dualizmis gadalaxva, iyo v.dilTai. problemis gadaWra mas gonismecnierebis obieqtis, misi struqturis analizis meSveobiT surda.
gonismecnierebebSi, Semecnebis sagani da Semecnebis subieqti erTia. Semecneba aq gancdis gagebiT xorcieldeba. subieqti sakuTar Tavs imecnebs, gageba aris sicocxlis Zala, sicocxlis ZalasTan kontaqtSi mosvla. meTodis TvalsazrisiT ki, fsiqologiis nacvlad gonismecnierebaSi
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hermenevtika Semodis da zogadi folosofiuri logikis centrSi eqceva. Tu neokantianelebi gonismecnierebebSi bunebasTan kontaqts ver amyarebdnen, dilTaim es moaxerxa, gonismecnierebis obieqti, swored, bunebasTan kavSirSi Cans sruli saxiT.
buneba da goniTi samyaro erTmaneTzea mimagrebuli, isini erTmaneTs apirobeben, erTmaneTisgan iReben kvalificirebasa da axsnas. maTi centraluri gadanaskvis adgili ki adamiania, romelic ubralod ki ar aris, aramed cocxlobs, flobs WeSmarit sicocxles, rogorc istoriuli arseba. goni istoriul realobas fenomenaluri yofierebis formisgan aTavisuflebs, adgens ra amiTve cdis adgils da daniSnulebas, riTac erTi didi napralic amoivseba: gadailaxeba winaaRm-degoba empirizms da apriorizms Soris.
Semecnebis sagani da subieqti adamianuri cxovrebis sferos miekuTvnebian, romlis obieqtivaciebic, qcevasa da SeqmnilSi gamoxatuli, garedan ki ar aris motanili, ar-amed, sicocxleSi moZraoben. sococxles, Tavis mxriv, axasi-aTebs TviT-transcendentireba, romlis Sedegebi kvlav mas ubrundeba, masSi miiReba da gaixsneba.
rac axalia ase gagebul sicocxleSi, misi cnebis cdiT dafuZnebis azria. swored, es gamorCa mxedvelobidan intu-itivistur sococxlis metafizikas (a.bergsoni). dilTaisTan sicocxle WvretiT da gonebiT, fantaziiTa da STagrZnobiT Semecnebadi sinamdvilea, sakuTar Tavze cdis SemZle. `si-cocxle gaigebs sicocxles~.
es subieqt-obieqturoba realizdeba ara spekulatiu-rad agebul sistemaSi, romelsac hegelTan vxedavT, aramed, gamoixateba imiT, rom, sakuTar Tavs, rogorc istoriuls, cdis sagnad aqcevs, maSin roca, hegelTan istoria subieqt-obieqturobis realizaciis pirobaa. calke arc cdas, arc spekulacias ar ZaluZs moaxerxos adamianis TviTdadgena da sicoclis ganmarteba.
Tu hermenevtikosebs surT sicocxlis cdis SesaZle-blobis gageba, maSin maT ar SeuZliaT cdiT Semoifarglon, cdis cnebebiT imuSaon. amas ki mivyavarT fenomenologiuri deskrifciis moTxovnamde, mxolod, is uzrunvelyofs sagnisa Tu movlenis arsis Wvretas, Tanac, nanaxis yovelgvari on-tologizaciisagan Tavisufalia.
gonismecnierebaTa Teoria, plesneris azriT, SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod filosofiuri anTropologiis saxiT. mxolod, adamianis arsze moZRvreba iZleva substrats da saSualebas zogadi hermenevtikisaTvis. filosofiuri anTropologia da misi centraluri Tema, fsiqo-fizikurad neitralur pirovneba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes gagebuli iqnas mxolod adamianis, rogorc cocxali arsis gagebis fonze. filosofiuri anTropologiam unda Seqmnas cnebiTi aparati mTeli im sferosaTvis, romelSic adamiani imyofeba. amas verc erTi calkeuli mecniereba ver SeZlebs.
aseTi midgomis didi miRweva isicaa, rom Tu adre mec-nierebaSi Semecneba Wvretis gareSe xorcieldeboda, huser-lis gavleniT, Wvretis roli wamyvani gaxda. maTematizaciam obieqtebTan misvlis gza gadaketa. fenomeni daikarga da mxolod axla, fenomenologiis wyalobiT isev aRsdga.
qmebs da arc aSualebs, aramed, Zireuli poziciidan ikvlevs.plesneri, goniTisa da sxeulebrivis mimarTebis prob-
lemis dasmas droSi moiTxovs da cdilobs Tavi aaridos sakiTxis metafizikur gadaWras. iseve, rogorc, bevrisaTvis, misTvisac sxeuli bunebriv determinacias eqvemdebareba, goni ki Tavisuflebis sferoa. magram, plesners ar dahyavs erTi meoreze, arc neitralur mesameSi cdilobs saerTo Ziris Ziebas. mas sakiTxi Semecnebis Teoriul planSi gadahyavs, moixmars kantis sqematizms da kiTxvebze `rogor SeuZlia gons gare samyarodan miRebuli STabeWdilebebi Tvisobriv mravalsaxeobaSi aRiqvas~ da `rogor zemoqmedebs sxeuli gonze~, upasuxebs: grZnobadi Sinaarsi gonis CareviT gagoniT-deba, goni ki, grZnobadi maTiT xdeba. grZnobadi da goniTi erT sibrtyeze ganixileba.
yoveli sagani, aRqmuli mis sagnobriv bunebaSi, avlens sivrciT sazRvrebs. es sivrciTi SemosazRvra sagnis Tvise-bebis Zireuli erTianobaa. mainc, sagani am TvisebaTa jami rodia, is atarebs Tvisebebs da ara piriqiT.
fenomenis SemTxvevaSi, mimarTuleba ori gvaqvs: sagnis garSemo da sagnis SigniT. oRond, `garSemo~ da `SigniT~ sivrciTi predikatebia mxolod metaforuli azriT. namd-vil sivrciTs ganzomilebas xeliTac Seexebi. rac Seexeba sagnis makonstruirebel momentebs, is sulac ar emTxveva sivrciT momentebs. ase mag. substanciuri birTvis mimarTeba Tvisebebisadmi arasivrciTia. es iTqmis rogorc fizikur sxeulze, aseve fsiqikur movlenazec. Tumca, sagnis amgebi momentebi da sivrciTi momentebi WvretaSi arc gamoiyofian, maT azrovneba hyofs. TviTon sivrciTi sxeulis Suagulic ar aris `Suaguli~, arc misi peroferia ar aris `mxareebi~. azrovnebaa, rom, Suagulsa da periferias ganasxvavebs.
xSirad, substancias TvisebaTa erTobliobad gansaz-Rvraven. sagnis substancia is ki ar aris, risganac Sedgeba. subatancia aris cneba, romelic win uswrebs cdas da cdis
sferos upirispirdeba. substancia codnis kategoriaa, gan-sjiTi cneba, ris gamoc Wvretad ver iqceva. is gansjiTi cnebaa, sulerTia, mis mimarTebas Tvisebebisadmi apriorulad gavigebT Tu empiriulad.
orgvari aspeqti qmnis nivTis, sagnis, sxeulis Wvretis suraTs, magram, rogorc WeSmariti piroba, ikargeba misiT ganpirobebulSi. sagnebi maTi orgvari aspeqtiT ar vlinde-bian, aramed, am ormag aspeqtSi. Wvretis sxeulebrivi sagani, romelic principulad gayofili gare-Siga mimarTebaSi, ro-gorc misi yofierebisadmi kuTvnili, sagnobrivad Cans, aris cocxali. cocxali materialuradac da formaluradac gansxvavdeba aracocxalisagan.
sicocxlis gagebis ori Teoria ibrZvis _ meqanizmi da vitalizmi. meqanizmi, sicocxles fizikuri da qimiuri faqtorebiT xsnis, vitalizmi ki, romelic, dRevandeli saxiT, saTaves m.driSisgan iRebs, sasicocxlo nivTierebasa da Zala-sac cnobs, cocxali e.w. enteleqiasac avlens, vTqvaT TviT-regulaciaSi da ganviTarebaSi. enteleqia ar exeba cocxalis sidides, wonas, fers, aramed cocxals, rogorc mTels. driSi iyenebs kantis kategoriaTa deduqciis xerxs da organu-lisTvis mTlianobis cnebas mimarTavs. swored, mTlianobis kauzaloba da ara jamis kauzalobaa organizmisTvis, misi organizaciisTvis specifikuri. magram, ara organulsac aqvs e. w. geStalti, ase miaCnda kolers. magram, driSisTvis araorganuls aqvs erTianoba da ara mTlianoba. organulSi, nawili mTelzea damokidebuli. araorganulSi, raodenobrivi cvlileba dinamiuri cvlilebis saxes iRebs, organulSi ki cocxali arsidan modis.
Tu rogoria organulis geStalti, unda gairkves misi Siga-gare gansazRvrulobidan. geStalti Tu orgvari aspeqti? Sinagansa da garegans, am or mimarTulebas Soris, neitraluri zonaa, rac aris `sazRvari~. sazRvari ki iqaa, sadac aris Tavic da kidec. sagnis sazRvaria misi kide, riTac,
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is raime sxvas emijneba. amiT ganisazRvreba sagnis geStalti, konturi. plesneri aq analizurad msjelobs.
es sazRvari, amave dros, sivrcis sazRvaric unda iyos da sagnobrivad movlenaSic gamoCndes, agreTve, rogorc, aspeqtis sazRvari, romelSic erTmaneTSi garduvali ori mxare Cans. am moTxovnidan gamomdinareobs, rom, organulis formis saz-Rvari, rogorc geStalti, mis farglebs scildeba, radgan, ar eteva masSi.
magram, cocxalis sazRvari ar unda gavigoT, rogorc, sazRvari sxeulsa da mis gareT myofs Soris. is raRacnai-rad orad~ iyofa. cocxalSivea sazRvari, amitom, aris masSi gadasvlac. Sinagani da garegani erTianobaSia. amas ki cda ver miwvdeba, radgan, cda ver wvdeba cocxalis mTlianobas, esaa cocxalis gamovlenis Ziri (da ara mizezi).
amitom, meqanizmi da vitalizmi calmxrivi moZRvrebebia. vitalists Tvalwin udgas namdvili, romelic WvretisaTvis jer kidev ar aris Ria. piriqiT, meqanisti mimaluli fenis reduqcias cdilobs, magram, ar iTvaliswinebs TvisebaTa dauyvanadobas. meqanistTa da vitalistTa kamaTi iqamdec ki midis, rom, sakamaTo sagani maTTan sxvadasxva ontiur done-zec ki aRmoCndeba.
erTis mxriv gvaqvs, rac gveZleva, meores mxriv ki, rac sxvisi meSveobiT vlindeba. dasabuTebadi geStalti ze-ge-Stalturi mTlianobiT Cans. cocxlobis fenomeni eyrdnoba sxeulis mimarTebas misi sazRvrisadmi, rac SesaZlos xdis pasuxs. amiT aigeba organuli modelis aprioruli Teoria.
avtori cdilobs kantis tipis katagoriaTa deduqcias organulSi mounaxos adgili. organulis kategoriaTa aseTi deduqcia xorcieldeba ara sazRvris realizaciis saqmis viTarebidan, aramed, misi realizebis Tvalsazrisidan. es ki sicocxlis filosofiis centralur nawils qmnis.
es bio-kategoriebi apriorulni, ara logikurad da-fuZnebulni Canan. realizebis sawyisi gzebi TavisSi da TavisTvis, ara-realizebadi saqmis viTarebis gamomaaSkarave-belia. kategoriaTa panlogizmsa da racionalizmebze xom laparakic zedmetia.
raxan, sicocxle eyrdnoba sxeulis mimarTebas misi saz-Rvrisadmi, materiis- geStaltisadmi, `Sevsebisa~ _ `kidis~ cnebebSi vlindeba. kide, araorganulsa da organulSi erTi ar aris. maT Soris gansxvaveba fenomenalurad gasagebia da empiriulad gasageb gansxvavebas ar emTxveva.
Tu mivyvebiT am Tavisebur mimarTebas materiis formis-admi, sadac, materia gaformebul sisavsed warmogvidgeba, mivalT mimTiTebel niSnamde, rac aucilebeli deduqciiT miiReba. ase moinaxeba `cocxlobis~ kriteriumi, Tundac, ar arsebobdes maCvenebeli niSani cdaSi. am Tvisebis matarebeli cocxalia. yoveli cocxali avlens plastikurobas (elas-tiurobas, moqnilobas da a.S.), romelSic mTelis Semosaz-Rvris simaxvilec sazRvris konturTa gadaadgilebadobas Tanxvdeba. yoveli cocxali Tavs avlens, rogorc, aramyaroba myarSi, erTdroulad statikurad da dinamikuradac, amitom, cocxali ritmulad icvleba.
cocxalis moZraobasac Tavisi niSani aqvs, romelic, tendenciiT xasiaTdeba da mkvdar bunebaSi ar gvxvdeba. es
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aris tendencia raimes Sesrulebisa, moZraobisa. aracocxali arafers ar asrulebs. mkvdari sxeuli yovelmxriv aris de-terminirebuli, misi forma miyveba mis Sinaarss. cocxalSi ki, Cans ganvlili faza, raxan, Ziri tendenciaSi devs, rac, determinaciis uaryofis niSania. moZraoba aseTi aqvs, magram, SeiZleboda sxvanairic yofiliyo. esaa Tavisufleba formis winaaRmdeg da misi Sinagani tendenciiT aixsneba.
cocxali arsebobs or mimarTulebaSi, Sinagansa da gare-ganSi. mas aqvs ori mimarTuleba transcendirebisa: sakuTar Tavs gareT da sakuTar TavSi, orsave SemTxvevaSi gadasvla~ gvaqvs. es ori mimarTuleba ki erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba.
e.i. organuli sxeuli xasiaTdeba `pozicionalobiT~. swored, amiT gansxvavdeba is araorganulisagan.(61,49)
ra aris pozicionaloba? materiisa da gonis, subieqtisa da obieqtis, masalisa da formis mimarTebis sakiTxi, raRac neitralurSi ki ar wydeba, aramed, TaviseburebaSi, rasac, plesneri pozicionalobas eZaxis. cocxals aqvs sazRvari, kidec imyofeba sxeulSi da gamoyofilicaa misgan. amaSi md-gomareobs pozicionalobis buneba. es yovel cocxals exeba.
cocxali garemos upirispirdeba da mimarTebaSia garkveul velTan. misi pozicionaloba Cans imaSi, rom, igi ubralod sagani ki ar aris, aramed arsebaa. sivrceSi adg-ils ki ar avsebs, aramed TviTon aqvs adgili. amiT, misi adgili sxva adgilebTan mimarTebaSia. cocxali rom moZravia, es aprioruladac sarwmunoa. misi yofierebis xerxi aris procesi. pozicionalur bunebas ekuTvnis is, rom, cocxali
xdeba, aris sakuTar Tavs gareT da mis SigniT. gadasvla ki aris qmnadoba, gadasvliT moixsneba sazRvari. gadasvla xdeba imaSic, rac TviTon ar aris da imaSic, rac Tavadaa. esaa organulis yofnis wesi. sazRvars gacdena da sazRvarSi CarCena erTdroulad xdeba. qmnadobaSi, procesSi isini er-Tiandebian. dgoma da gadasvla qmnadobis momentebia da maT sinTezis saxiT aerTianebs. es aris procesi. procesi rodia sicariele maT Soris, rac ukve aRar aris da rac jer ar aris. piriqiT, Seicavs gadasvlis konstants. cocxali pro-cesSia, is procesSi icvleba.
calke sagnis geStalti ki misi izolirebiT xdeba, rac Cans formis kanonis tipTan kavSiriT. es aris individi, romlis cnebac empiriulad ar miiReba.
cvlilebiT miiReba axali geStalti. sakuTar TavSi dgoma da sakuTari Tavis gareT gasvla erTiani procesia, oRond, wre ki ar miiReba, aramed winsvla. esaa ganviTareba. masSi aris harmonia momxdarsa da mosaxdens Soris. Tanxmoba ki miRweva formis ideiT. ganviTarebaSi myofs formis idea win aqvs. amis piroba cocxalis amosavali ara-mzadyofnaa. cocxali mza saxiT ar Cndeba, arc arsebobs. plesneri izi-arebs driSis azrs enteleqiaze. enteleqia, (causa finalis) miznisken swrafva, win uswrebs ganviTarebas. ganviTareba SeiZleba zrdiTa da diferencirebiT. magram ganviTareba bolos bunebrivi sikvdiliTac mTavrdeba.
erTianobis TviTgaSualeba misi nawilebiT. mTeli ar aris aq nawilTa jami. is yovel nawilSi erTis saxiT vlindeba. nawili avlens mTels, mTeli gaSualebulia nawiliT. organo erTgvari dabrkolebaa sicocxlisa, raxan uSualo process aSualebs. magram, amave dros, am gaSualebiT emsaxureba kidec sicocxles.
avtori exeba sxva Tvisebebsac. Seguebas, gamravlebas, memkvidreobas da seleqcias. organuls aqvs safexurebi. es-enia: mcenaris, cxovelisa da adamianis safexurebi. mcenaresa da cxovels Soris Semdegi gansxvavebaa: mcenare Ria formaa sicocxlisa, cxoveli _ Caketili. es kompensaciis formebia. mcenare ufro dividia, cxoveli _ individi.
cxovels aqvs centri, Suaguli. masSi aris sxeulica da tanic. (Leib) es orgvari aspeqtia. sxeuli centrsac moicavs, tani ki dakavSirebulia centrTan. am orgvari aspeqtiT cxoveli distanciaze imyofeba sakuTari sxeulisagan, saku-Tari Tavisgan(Selbst). pozicia orgvaria: sxeulad yofna da sxeulSi yofna.
ramdenadac cxoveli aris, is mimarTebaSi dgas `aq-axlasTan~. magram, cxovels es `aq axla~ ar eZleva, yoveli cxoveli SesaZlebelia misi centriT. risTvisac, sakuTari sxeuli da ucxo Sinaarsia mocemuli. is garemos pirispir dgas. aRiqvams am dapirispirebas da reagirebs centridan, riTac spontanurad aqtivobs.
spontanuroba niSnavs Caketili formis pozicionalobis niSans. spontanur aqtSi, ki wanamZRvari arCevanis SesaZle-blobaa, raxan SesaZleblobaTa mTel siuxvesTan aqvs mas saqme.
visac ZaluZs distancia pozicionaluri centrisgan, mzeris mibruneba sakuTar Tavze, sakuTari Tavisagan dis-tancireba, massa da gancdas Soris Casvas naprali da iyos napralis orsave mxareze. es aris adamiani.(61,291)
adamianma, rogorc, cocxalma arsebam, Tavisi arsebobis SuagulSi mdgomma, icis es Suaguli, ganicdis mas da amitom, gadis kidec mis gareT. is ganicdis absolutur aq-axlasTan~ kavSirs, garemos mTel konvergencias, aseve sakuTari tanisas misi poziciis sapirispirod, ris gamoc, aRar aris masze mijaWvuli. ganicdis sakuTar ltolvebs, impulsebs, icis rodis aris maTze mijaWvuli, icis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, da SeuZlia SeebrZolos am damabrkolebel mxares.
cxovelis sicocxle aris centruli, adamianisa _ eqs-centruli. is eqscentrulia, miuxedavad imisa, rom, sakuTari centrulobis darRveva mainc ar SeuZlia.eqscentruloba aris adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli forma garemos pirispir misi frontaluri dgomisa. rogorc me, romelic mTel uku-mimarTvas, cocxali sistemis sakuTari Tavisadmi SesaZlebels xdis, adamiani dgas ara ubralod aq-axlaSi, aramed, `ukan~, sakuTari Tavis ukan, uadgilod , araraSi. is araraSi galxveba, droiT-sivrciT arsad-arasodes-Si.~ adamiani dgas sazRvarze da amitom, sakuTari Tavis miRma, romelsac, rogorc cocxali, sazRvravs da ganicdis, magram, ZaluZs ganicados Tavisive
gancdac. is xedavs sakuTar Tavs da Tavis xedvasac~ xedavs.adamiani aris naprali, raxan, cxovrobs, rogorc go-
nisa da sxeulis erTianoba. magram, erTianoba ar faravs am orgvar aspeqts da rodia momrigebeli mesame, xidi, romelic harmonias apirobebs. adamiani swored es napralia. sammagad daxasiaTebuli individi ki, iwodeba personad (Person). is subieqtia sakuTari gancdisa, aRqmisa da qcevisa, man icis da mas surs. personis arseboba ararazea dafuZnebuli.
magram, eqsistencialobiT araviTari organizaciis axali forma ar miiReba, ris gamoc, adamiani sxeulebrivad cxoveli rCeba. amitom, adamianis fizikur niSnebs, mxolod empiriuli Rirebuleba aqvT, adamiani ar aris dakavSirebuli raime gansazRvrul formasTan, is dakavSirebulia mxolod centralizebuli organizaciis formasTan, romelic misi eqscentrulobisTvis baziss iZleva.
nivTebisagan Sevsebuli garemo iqceva sagnebiT avsebul gare-samyarod da sivrciT-droiT ganfenilobas avlens. masSi aris adamiani tanic, sferos SuagulSi. sadac, man icis ze-viT, qveviT, marjvniv, marcxniv da a.S. da sxeulic, romelsac maTematikur-fizikuri axsnis saSualebiT gavigebT. sxeuli da tani, Tumca, ar qmnian materialurad gaTiSul sistemebs, mainc ar Tanxvdebian. aseve, erTi da igive ar aris garemo da gare-samyaro.
sakuTari Tavisadmi distanciiis dros, adamians eZl-eva sakuTari Tavi, rogorc Sinagani samyaro. Sinagani aris gareganis sapirispiro tanisgan gamoyofili. xolo, rac Seexeba sxeuls, mkacri gagebiT, is arc ki unda iwodebodes garedmyofad. mxolod garemosTan, gare-samyaroSia CarTuli gareT myofi samyaro. ase Seesatyviseba, sapirispiro azriT,
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mas Siga samyaro anu samyaro ` tan~-Si, is, rac TviTon aris cocxali. masSic aris orgvari aspeqti. eqscentrulobis kanoni misi arsebobis orgvar aspeqts gansazRvravs rogorc cnobierebas da gancdas.
eqscentruloba, romelsac, gare samyaro (buneba) da Siga samyaro (goni) eyrdnobian, gansazRvravs, rom individma sakuTar TavSi individualuri~ da zogadi~ me unda ganasx-vavos. sakuTari me-s eqscentruli poziciis formiT, adamians garantirebulad eZleva Tana-samyaros realoba. Tanasamyaros elementebi, personebi specifikur substrats ar iZlevian, romelic materialurad gare da Siga samyaros aRemateba. misi Tavisebureba aris cocxloba umaRles, eqscentrul for-maSi. Tanasamyaro aris sxva pirTa samyaro. masSi pirovnebis goniTi buneba eyrdnoba sakuTari me-s Cven-formas.
realuria Tana-samyaro maSinac, roca, erTaderTi adamiania am qveynad, raxan, is eqscentruli poziciis formiT garan-tirebul sferos qmnis, romelic pirvel, meore, mesame pirSi, yoveli gamoyofisas erTs da mravals ZirSi moaTavsebs. ase aris is wminda `Cven~ Tu goni. raxan, adamiani aseve aris goni. mas aqvs goni. imdenad, ramdenadac, adamiani cocxalia da cocxlobs. goni aris sfero, romlis ZaliTac, Cven rogorc pirni (pirovnebani) vcxovrobT, swored, imitom, rom, Cveni poziciis formas Semoinaxavs. goni arc inteleqtia da arc cnobiereba, aramed, wanamZRvari sinamdvilis konstituciisa, romelic, mxolod maSin adgens da axorcielebs sinamdviles, roca, misi kostituciis principebisagan damoukideblad, cnobierebis aspeqtSi sakuTari Tavis makonstruirebeli
rCeba. swored, cnobierebisgan gadaxriT asrulebs eqscen-truli sferos kanons. is aris subieqt-obieqti, adamianis TviTSemecnebis garantia. amitom, ar aris marTali hegeli, roca, subieqtur-obieqtur da absolutur gonze msjelobda. goni subieqt-obieqturobis mimarT neitraluria. goni, mx-olod, adamianis eqscentruli poziciis formasTan erTad mocemuli sferoa. sakuTari Tavisa da gare samyaros obieq-tivaciis SesaZlebloba gons eyrdnoba. goni obieqtivirebis wanamZRvaria.
rac Seexeba Tana-arsebobas, is unda gavigoT Cveulebrivi azriT, rogorc, socialuri garemo. cxovels ara Tu Tana-sa-myaro, Tana-arsebobac ara aqvs. misi organizaciis forma aris koncentruli, ara eqscentruli, ris gamoc, Tana-mimarTebaSi poziciis gaSla ar ZaluZs.
cxoveli cxovrobs uSualod, adamianisaTvis ki codna is faqtori aRmoCnda, romelmac masSi uSualoba mospo. is xedavs sakuTar siSiSvles da cdilobs xelovnuri sagnebis meSveobiT icxovros. adamiani aris maSin, roca, cxovrebas eweva, marTavs Tavis cxovrebas. is xarvezs Seivsebs ara bune-brivi gziT, aramed, xelovnuriT. amitom aris adamiani bunebiT `xelovnuri~. ori aspeqtis mqonem, wonasworoba darRveulma unda moaxerxos `raimed iqces~, aRadginos wonasworoba. swored eqscentruloba ubiZgebs aqeTken. amis gamo qmnis adamiani iaraRsa da kulturas.
xelovnuroba adamianis bunebaa, misi arsis Sesatyvisi.
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adamianis yvela qcevas, mdgomareobas, Semoqmedebis produqts Tan sdevs xelovnuroba. xelovnuri samyaros SeqniT modis adamiani sakuTar TavTan SesabamisobaSi. bunebaze aRmatebul sferoSi moipovebs is meore samSoblos.
konfliqti bunebasa da gons Soris, arssa da jerarss Soris, determinaciasa da Tavisuflebas Soris, mudam Tan dayveba adamians. es konfliqti qmnis adamianis arsebobis wess.
adamianma unda Seqmnas, rom iarsebos. misi zneoba, TuDZa-lauflebisadmi swrafva, aris sicocxlis TviTdadgena. ma-gram, ise ar gavigoT, TiTqos cxoveli uSualod arsebobs da adamiani gaSualebulad. zogjer adamianic uSualod arsebobaa, oRond, man icis am uSualobis Sesaxeb, rac aris kidec gaSualeba.
lovani arsebaa. igi jer kidev ar aris gansazRvruli~. fi-losofiuri anTropologiis amocanaa adamianis specifikuri arsis kvleva. Tanac, es mizani ise unda iqnes miRweuli, rom, gaTvaliswinebuli iyos ZiriTadi moTxovna _ filosofiuri anTropologia mecnierebaa da ara rwmena.
Tavisi Sromis, `anTropologiis sistematizaciis Ses-axeb~, SesavalSi geleni aRniSnavs: `Tu gvinda filosofiaSi davinaxoT mecniereba adamianis Sesaxeb, maSin mis upirveles miznad iseve rogorc saerTod mecnierebisa, unda davsaxoT Sedegis miReba. Cveni amosavali unda iyos debuleba _ mec-niereba adamianis Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia~(20,156).
yoveli mecniereba a.gelenis TvalsazrisiT, wamoayenebs hipoTezebs, romlebic mtkicdeba faqtebiT. mecnierebam Tavisi cnebebi unda Seadginos faqtebis safuZvelze da ara piriqiT _ cnebis Sesabamisad gamoiyvanos faqtebi. filosofiuri anTropologia ar unda iyos metafizika, unda eyrdnobodes cdas, momxdar situaciebs. mxolod, am SemTxvevaSi iqneba is mecniereba.
avtors aseve kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli, rom, fi-losofiuri anTropologia filosofiuri mecnierebaa. is filosofiuria e.i. Tuki Cven ganvixilavT adamianis calkeul niSnebs an Tvisebebs _ specifikurad adamianurs am gziT ver vipoviT. adamians, cxadia aqvs sxeulis Taviseburi aRnagoba, magram, anTropoidebic savsebiT msgavsi aRnagobis mqoneni arian. arseboben cxovelebi, romlebic ageben xelovnur sacxovreblebs an sxvebTan erTad cxovroben. gavixsenoT WianWvelebi, Taxvebi, spiloebi an kioleris cdebi SimpanzeTa inteleqtis gamosakvlevad (22,18).
Tu adamianis Sesaxeb ar gvaqvs zogadi, mTliani e.i. filosofiuri Tvalsazrisi, maSin anTropologia iqneba biologiuri, zoologiis bolo Tavi da ar iarsebebs da-moukidebeli anTropologia. e.i. arc adamians ar eqneba specifikuri arsebobis wesi.
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a.gelenis filosofiuri koncefcia mimarTulia adamianis naturalisturi gagebis winaaRmdeg. mas miaCnia, rom, adamiani ganxiluli unda iqnes, rogorc anTropo-biologiuri arseba, romelic win wamowevs sxeulis Taviseburebas, magram, aseve mniSvnelovania adamianSi moqmedi yvela Zala sxeulebrivi Tu goniTi anTropologiuri TvalsazrisisaTvis.
filosofiuri anTropologia, romelic anTropo-biolo-giuri TvalsazrisiT xelmZRvanelobs, ganixilavs adamianis yvela ZiriTad niSans, gamarTuli siaruliT dawyebuli, mo-raliT damTavrebuli. es niSnebi qmnian sistemas. mizezis sakiTxi aq gamoricxulia, mizezobrivi kavSiri adamianis ZiriTad niSnebs Soris ar arsebobs. inteleqti ar aris enis mizezi, gamarTuli siaruli ar aris inteleqtis mizezi an piriqiT. mizezobriobis princips adamianis ZiriTad niSnebs Soris cvlis sxvagvari formulireba: A-s gareSe ar aris B, B-s gareSe C, C-s gareSe D, da a.S. roca wre ikvreba da iTqmis, rom D-s gareSe ar arsebobs A. P gansaxilveli sistema dasrulebulia, Tanac, metafizikis `mizezobriobas~ eTqmeba `ara~. totaluri gageba miRweulia, Tundac erTi `mizezis~, metafizikuri daSvebis gareSe. (20,165)
gelenis Tanaxmad, adamiani `rogorc aseTi~, rogorc mTeli, ar aris bunebasTan cxoveliviT Seguebuli. cxoveli specializebulia, grZnobis organoebi garemo pirobebis Sesa-bamisi aqvs da amCneves mxolod imas, rac, sicocxlis Senar-Cunebas, vitalobas emsaxureba. mas instinqtebi karnaxoben Tu rogor unda moiqces garkveul situaciaSi.
avtori ixsenebs herders, romelic jer kidev XVIII
saukuneSi werda cxovelTa sferoze, dRevandeli terminiT _ garemoze.
a.gelens Tavis wignSi mohyavs iakob iqsqiulis erTi magaliTi, romelic, kargad aCvenebs, rom, samyaro cxovelisaT-vis viwrovdeba da garemos saxes iRebs. tkipas ar aqvs mxedveloba da smena. aqvs mxolod, sinaTlis, ynosvis da temperaturis SegrZneba. tkipa zedapiris meSveobiT grZnobs sinaTles, Tbilsisxliani cxovelis moaxloebas _ ynosviT. is eufleba Tavis msxverpls, temperaturis SegrZnebis saSu-alebiT. poulobs bewviT naklebad dafarul adgils da a.S.
fundamentur TxzulebaSi, `adamiani misi buneba da ad-gili samyaroSi~, geleni mesame gzas irCevs. adamiani aRiwereba da ganimarteba, mxolod, adamianis yofierebis gamomxatveli cnebebiT. adamiani bunebis sruliad Taviseburi produqtia, misi yofiereba arsebobisagan gansxvavebulia. amitom, gelenis azriT, misi Seswavlisas ar SeiZleba Teologiis an biolo-
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giis Tvalsazrisze dgoma. es Seswavla, Sromis avtoris azriT, unda eyrdnobodes cdas, faqtebs,procesebs, romlebic yvelasTvis misawvdomia da Semowmebadi, e.i. iyos mecnieruli da ara metafizikuri, magram, swored filosofiuri _ ada-mianis mTlianobas unda exebodes.
geleni adarebs erTmaneTs cxovelsa da adamians. cxoveli morgebulia Tavis garemosTan. mgels aqvs Tavisi specifikuri garemo, Tevzs _ Tavisi, frinvels Tavisi da a.S. roca, cxovelis winaSe raime amocana dgeba, Tandayolili instinqtis meSveobiT gadawyvets mas. cxovelis organoebi im specifikuri garemos Sesatyvisia, sadac binadrobs. tkipa ver gaZlebs okeanis siRrmeSi, Tevzi – mTis kalTebze. tki-pas an Tevzs aqvT specializebuli organoebi, romlebic, maT saSualebas aZleven iarsebon TavianT garemoSi. yovel cxovels aqvs yvelaferi is, rac garemoSi arsebobas uzrunve-lyofs. amitom, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom, cxoveli dasrulebuli, Camoyalibebuli arsebaa. misTvis damRupvelia ucxo garemo. cxoveli ar aris elastikuri arseba. misi instinqtebi, spe-cializebuli organoebi ar icvlebian.
cxovelisagan savsebiT gansxvavebulia adamiani. am gan-sxvavebas gelenis azriT, kargad gamoxatavs fridrix nicSes erTerTi daxasiaTeba. nicSem Tavis TxzulebaSi, sikeTisa da borotebis miRma~, adamians uwoda `jer kidev daudgeneli cxoveli~. gelens moswons nicSes gamoTqma. jer erTi, ar dadgenila ra aris adamiani, meore _ arseba _ adamiani ara-sodes ar aris dasrulebuli, Camoyalibebuli, SeCerebuli~. adamians ar aqvs specifikuri garemo, mis amocanebs buneba, sakuTari sxeulebrivi meqanizmebi ver wyvets. is ar aris bolomde gansazRvruli mocemuloba.
adamiani Raribia instinqtebiT, mas ar aqvs specilize-buli organoebi, mag. adamianis ybis struqtura ar iZleva pasuxs Tu riT ikvebeba, mcenareuliT Tu xorceuliT. adamians ar aqvs bewvis safari, romelic sicivisagan daicavda. ar aqvs
gare zemoqmedebisagan Tavdasacavi saSualeba, vTqvaT javSani. arc swrafad gadaadgilebisaTvis aucilebeli Zlieri fexebi. ar aqvs ieriSis misatanad gamosadegi xelebi an kbilebi. ar axasiaTebs grZnobaTa organoebis simZafre, daxvewiloba. e.i. cxovelTan SedarebiT, igi TiTqmis ganiaraRebulia bunebrivi monacemebiT.
am wanamZRvrebidan gelens gamoaqvs erTaderTi daskvna. adamiani naklovani arsebaa. geleni ixsenebs, rom, jer kidev herderi werda adamianis naklovanebis Sesaxeb. herderis azriT, adamiani ar aris unaklo manqana, maSasadame, naklovani bunebrivi arsebaa. es nakli unda daiZlios. saSualeba ra Tqma unda buneba ver iqneba. rCeba erTi gamosavali, nakli Tavad adamianma unda daZlios. adamiani Riaa samyaros mimarT. man sakuTari Tavi unda dasaxos amocanad da iseTad gadaiqces, rom, cxovreba SeZlos (man unda Seqmnas Tavisi samyaro). adamians moqmedeba Wirdeba, sxvagvarad, ganadgureba elis. adamiani moqmedi arsebaa, esaa gelenis moZRvrebis erTerTi mTavari qvakuTxedi.
axla vikiTxoT. aris Tu ara adamiani naklovani arseba, rogorc amas gelenis koncefcia amtkicebs? uaryofiTi pasuxi am kiTxvaze naTeli iqneba Tu adamians mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT, Tu Cvens winaSe warmosdgeba adamiani, rogorc mTeli da ara misi romelime nawilis struqtura.
erix roThakeri mixail landmanTan erTad aris damwyebi filosofiuri anTropologiis im mimarTulebisa, romelic, kultur-filosofiuri anTropologiis saxeliTaa cnobili. es mimarTuleba ZiriTadad iziarebs biologiuri anTropolo-giis Teziss _ adamianis yofiereba arsobrivad gansxvavdeba cxovelis yofierebisagan. cxovels ar moeTxoveba sakuTari Tavis garkveva, is savsebiT Camoyalibebuli da garkveulia. adamianma Tavad unda gansazRvros da ganaxorcielos Tavisi yofiereba, Tavisi arsi. miuxedavad imisa, rom, adamiani cudadaa Seguebuli bunebasTan, naklovani arsebaa, mainc moaxerxa Tavis gadarCena, radgan, aqtiuri, moqmedi arsebaa.
adamians ar SeuZlia Tavis realizacia mxolod biolo-giur garemoSi, misi organoebi ar arian specializebulni. raTa iarsebos, man unda imoqmedos, Seqmnas kultura _ xe-lovnuri garemo, romelic Secvlis biologiur garemos. kultura meore bunebaa da mxolod masSi SeuZlia adamians arseboba.
cxoveli mxolod imas aRiqvams, rac, misTvis biologiu-rad mniSvnelovania. adamianis aRqma farToa. igi aRiqvams ara mxolod sagnebs, aramed, Tavis ltolvebsac. adamians aqvs sagnobriobis unari. es imas niSnavs, rom, igi saganTa so-sein-idan gansazRvruli rCeba da ara saganTa da-sein-idan Seviwroebuli. amiT axerxebs adamiani saganTa gancdas da maT Semecnebas, maSin roca, cxoveli ganicdis mxolod vitalur winaaRmdegobebs da mdgomareobebs. cxoveli xedavs da ismens, Tumca, man es ar icis. cxovelis fsiqika funqcionirebs, ma-
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gram, refleqsiis unari TviTcnobiereba ar aqvs. (iqve gv.39)Tavad goni, substratis gareSea da wminda aqtualobaa.
gonis yofiereba misi aqtebis Tavisufal ganxorcielebaSia. gonis centri, `persona~ arc sagnobrivi da arc nivTieri yofiereba ar aris, aramed, mudmivad TviTganmxorcielebel aqtTa wesrigia. persona arsebobs mxolod mis aqtebSi da maTi meSveobiT. aseTia Seleris gonis roThakeriseuli daxasiaTeba.
xolo adamianis SemTxvevaSi, araspecializebulia mravali organo. vTqvaT, yba da kbilebi an wina kidurebi (romelic ar aris specializebuli, ise rogorc, magaliTad, lomis TaTi). aseve araspecializebuli organoa kani, SemgrZnebi organoa misi zedapiri.
retardacia niSnavs Sekavebas, daxanebas, Seferxebas. Sem-TxveviTi ar aris, maimunis embrioni ufro gavs adamianis embrions, vidre zrdasruli maimuni adamians. es imitomaa, rom, adamiani morfologiurad aris Sedegi maimunis im embrionisa, romelic Seferxda da winsvlac SeCerda. am embrionis ganvi-Tareba garkveuli stadiidan Senelda, retardireba ganicada. retardirebis process vxvdebiT, agreTve, bavSvis ganviTa-rebaSi. is ufro xangrZlivia, vidre, sxva ZuZumwovrebis SemTxvevaSi.
roThakeris TvalsazrisiT, adamiansa da cxovels Soris gansxvavebis Seswavlis axali fazaa portmanis gamokvlevebi. man yuradReba miaqcia Cvilis uunarobas, umweobas da mis nel
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ganviTarebas cxovelis naSierisagan gansxvavebiT.biologiurad arsebobs ZuZumwovarTa ori forma: bude-
landSaftis aRweris magaliTs. am aRweriT miRebuli su-raTi, anTropomorfulia. Cveni sityvebi cvlian suraTs ukve ontiuri mxriT. adamianis gareSe landSaftis suraTi ar arsebobs. ar arsebobs zRvis Tu mdinaris napiri, mTa, tye, gamoqvabuli da a.S.
am landSaftSi modis da saxldeba adamiani. axla, ambobs roThakeri: xdeba absoluturad saocari, zRapruli ram: ada-miani qmnis Tavis samyaros. adamiani cxovrobs im garemoSi, rac, Tavad misi mzeriT da eniTaa pirvelqmnili. naprali kldeSi, qvaTa sruliad neitraluri warmonaqmni gadaiqceva gamoqvabulad, e.i. cxovrebis adgilad, TavSesafrad im arsebisa, romelsac gamoqvabulSi urCevnia binadroba, vidre tyeSi. `gamoqvabuli~, rogorc aseTi, arsebobs mxolod TavSesafris maZiebeli adamianisaTvis.
e.roThakeris Tanaxmad, gamoqvabulis cnebis analogiuria sxva bevri cnebac. cxoveli, romelzec nadiroben, mxolod maSin arsebobs, roca arsebobs monadire. is monadiris arsebo-basTan aucilebel mimarTebaSia. roThakeri CamoTvlis uamrav sxva termins, romelTac swored adamianis arsebobiT aqvT gamarTleba, adamianis gareSe ki, kargaven Tavis mniSvnelobas. roThakeris azriT, landSafti, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli danaw-evrebiT, CvenTvis _ adamianebisaTvis punqtebiT, mimarTulebaTa orientirebiT da a.S. cxadia, mxolod CvenTvis SeiZleba ar-sebobdes. es landSafti cxovelebisaTvis sxvagvaria. amitom aqvs aseTi didi mniSvneloba dabadebaSi~ moTxrobil ambavs adamianis mier nivTebisa da yovelive Seqmnilis saxeldebis Sesaxeb. saWiro iyo msgavsTa sinTezi, gaerTianeba, saxel-deba, ris gareSec ar gveqneboda CvenTvis saerTo _ cxadad danawevrebuli samyaro. adamianis gareSe ar arsebobs arc yure, arc gamoqvabuli, arc mTa da a.S. isini Semoqmedebis produqtebi arian. sagnebi arseboben TaviTavad, isini Cvenze moqmedeben da Cven maT ganvmartavT, varqmevT saxelebs. amiT, maT rodi vimecnebT, `Semecneba~, sityvis mkacri azriT, am
SemTxvevaSi ar gvaqvs.`me ar gamovdivar _ wers roThakeri, _ arc gulubryvi-
lo realizmis~, arc `fenomenalizmis~ winaaRmdeg, piriqiT: e.w. sinamdvile marTlac gamocanas warmoadgens zustad isea, rogorc aris~ (iqve gv.61). xe, magaliTad, sruliad damoukidebelia Cveni azrovnebisagan, da Cveni azrovnebis ZaliT ar arsebobs: is ise arsebobs, rogorc arsebobs, ma-gram, Cven vxedavT xis erT aspeqts, Cven xesTan vcxovrobT da ar SegviZlia SemoqmedebiTad ar vmoqmedebdeT. Cvengan damoukidebeli samyaro arsebobs, is ar aris movlena, magram, is aris adamianTan axlo myofi, gasagebi, nacnobi samyaro, is araa adamianis mier axsnili samyaro. axsna adamianis Semo-qmedebiTi aqtia. da Cndeba maSin rodesac, Cven win raRac axali, sruliad ucxo, aqamde aRmouCenili raimea. adamia-nis mier axsnis Semdeg, is TavisTavad gasagebi xdeba, iseTi gasagebi, rom, misgan abstrahireba Zneli saqmea... swored am `TavisTavad gasagebobas~ ebrZvis filosofia.
roThakeris azriT, aRwerili landSafti mimarTebaSia adamianTan. aseve, is ver gaigeba Cveni sxeulis agebulebis gareSec, Cveneuli idea mTis Sesaxeb mimarTebaSia Cveni fexebis simoklesTan.
amgvarad, roThakeris Tanaxmad, erT mxarezea saidum-loebiT savse buneba, xolo meore mxareze _ adamiani, ase da amgvarad agebuli organizmiT, am tipis organoebiT. adamiani Zalze gansxvavdeba cxovelisagan, maTi samyaro ki _ adamianebis samyarosagan. adamiani qmnis landSafts. unda ganvTavisufldeT savsebiT ukritiko gulubryvilobisagan, romlis mixedviTac yvelaferi rasac ganvicdiT, rasac vxedavT, TavisTavad gasageb mocemulobad vTvliT, Tumca landSafti _ (es napiri, yure, klde, gamoqvabuli, mTa, tye) adamianis Semo-qmedebiT saxeldebulia. adamianis gareSe es fenomenebi ar arseboben. sityva aris raRac movlenis axsna da fiqsireba.
roThakeris azriT, es niSnavs imas, rom, adamiani raRac
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iluziurs qmnis, igi gamomgonebelia. realuri procesebi arseboben adamianisagan, cocxali arsebebisagan sruliad damoukideblad, isini arian ise, rogorc arian. xe arsebobs Cems gareSe da sruliadac ar aris damokidebuli Cemze, Cem azrebze. magram, xe, klde, TavisTavad~ ar aris xe~ da klde~. Cven vcxovrobT am gulubryvilo samyaroSi, magram, is ar aris moCveneba. `kargi suni~ azriani gamoTqmaa, atomebs ki suni ar aqvT. mTeli Cveni cxovreba miemarTeba gulubryvilo realistur samyaroSi, igive SeiZleba iTqvas istoriaze.
uazrobaa imis Tqma, rom iulius keisris winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba atomTa samyaroSi moxda. am SeTqmulebis adgili iyo `gulubryvilo~ samyaro, romelic adamianis gareSe ar arsebobs. is ar arsebobs, iseve, rogorc, adamianis gareSe ar arsebobs `yure~, `gamoqvabuli~, `nakaduli~da sxva.
amrigad, CvenTvis sruliad gasagebi unda iyos roThakeris terminologia: asaxsneli, gansamartavi, idumalebiT savse aris `sinamdvile~, xolo axsnili, gagebuli, ganmartebuli aris `samyaro~. Tu am ZiriTad terminebs sworad ver gavigebT, roThakeris Tvalsazrisi miuwvdomeli darCeba. `adamiani axsnis Tavis samyaros _ vkiTxulobT roThakerTan _ e.i. axsna mimarTulia sinamdvileze da es sinamdvile aCvenebs adamianis garkveul saxes.~ (70,72)
Seleri da geleni, _ aRniSnavs roThakeri, _ `samyaros~ uwodeben imas, rasac me sinamdviles~ varqmev. ibadeba kiTxva: gvaqvs Cven samyaro am sityvis Seleriseuli gagebiT? dis-tancirebis unaris mqone adamians ZaluZs ki Seimecnos sa-myaro, rogorc is aris TavisTavad, Tu igi cxovelTa garemos analogiiT iseve cxovrobs garemoSi, marTalia sxvagvarSi, adamianurSi, magram, mainc garemoSi.
roThakeris Tanaxmad, arsebobs mkacri korelacia, Sesabam-isoba or movlenas Soris. erTia _ adamiani da misi mdgo-mareoba, meore _ samyaros suraTi. situaciidan gamomdinare, Tavisi mdgomareobis gamo, adamiani yvelafers rodi xedavs.
roThakeris azriT, samyaros cxovrebiseuli suraTi yovel kulturas Tavisi aqvs. es suraTi didadaa damokide-buli am kulturis SemqmnelTa yofaze. Secdomaa imis fiqri, rom, sxvadasxva kulturaTa sxvadasxva sferoebi erTnair doneze arian ase magaliTad, Zvel berZenTa ZiriTadi interesi filosofia da xelovneba iyo. am dargebSi maT gasaocar warmatebas miaRwies. Zvel berZenTaTvis kosmosis Semecneba gacilebiT mniSvnelovani saqmianoba iyo, vidre is teqnikuri Sedegebi, romlebic aqedan SeeZloT mieRoT.
sxvagvaria Zveli ebraelebis damokidebuleba samyaro-sadmi. maT ar hqondaT filosofia. `ebraelebi _ wers ro-Thakeri _ iyvnen religiuri geniosebi, isini filosofiisa da mecnierebis gareSe cxovrobdnen. (70,80) es faqtebi kulturaTa gansxvavebulobaze metyvelebs. aseve, romaelTaT-visac filosofia ar iyo pirvel sazrunav saganTa Soris. romaelis interesi, upirvelesad, mimarTulia Zalauflebasa, samarTalsa Tu moralze.
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sxvadasxva kulturebi, sxvadasxva xalxebi samyaros gansxvavebul suraTebs qmnian. Tu erTi kulturisaTvis dam-axasiaTebelia gansakuTrebuli interesi ama Tu im problemis mimarT, es sulac ar metyvelebs imaze, rom, am kulturas sxva interesebi ar aqvs. es, upirvelesad, niSania am kulturaSi am xedvis, am problemis dominantobisa. ase magaliTad Tu Zveli berZnebisaTvis mniSvnelovania iseTi cnebebi, rogori-caa kosmosi~, logosi~, eidosi~,`sazomi~, forma~, erosi~ da a.S. romaelisaTvis mTavari sul sxva cnebebia, magaliTad, `Rirseba~, `Zalaufleba~, `samarTlianoba~, `pieta~ da a.S.
es mdgomareoba imis dasturia, fiqrobs roThakeri, rom yoveli kultura Taviseburad xedavs samyaros. igi eTanxmeba Selers, diax, adamians ar aqvs biologiuri garemo, is mar-Talia cxovrobs garemoSi, magram, igi ar aris Tandayolili, amitom, biologiuri ki ar aris, aramed es garemo kulturis qmnilebaa.
e.roThakeri sagangebod gaxazavs im cnebebs, romlis meS-veobiTac axal droSi aigeba samyaros suraTi. es cnebebia: codna, energia, Zala, Zalaufleba. renesansis Semdgomi peri-odidan adamianis mTavari mizani xdeba dedamiwis aTviseba. codna iqca Zalad, dro _ fulad. Zveli berZeni ase ar azrovnebda, misi interesi sxvagvari iyo samyarosadmi.
maSasadame, arsebobs mkacri korelacia gancdil samyaros agebulebasa da Sinaarss Soris. iseve, rogorc, cxovelisaTvis ar arsebobs landSafti, aseve adamianic garkveul viTarebaSi ver amCnevs imas, rac mas ar exeba, rac misTvis umniSvneloa. Semecnebis dros unda movaxdinoT seleqcia, amitom, Semec-nebuli ufro Raribia, vidre sinamdvile.
cxoveli damokidebulia Tavis garemoze, Tavis garemos, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,Tan daatarebs. Selerisa da gelenis Tanaxmad, adamians aqvs ara garemo (is Tavisufalia garemosa-gan) aramed, samyaro. adamiani Riaa samyaros mimarT, mas aqvs distancia samyarosadmi.
Tu vamtkicebT, rom, adamiani Riaa samyarosadmi da amave dros adamians aqvs garemo, warmoiSveba siZnele, problema. am problemas ver gadawyvets Tvalsazrisi, romelic erTma-neTs uigivebs vTqvaT, konkretul adamians da filosofoss, an konkretul adamians da bunebis mkvlevars. distanci-reba adamianis universaluri, mouSorebeli niSania. yvela normalurma adamianma icis, rom me-sa da samyaros Soris garkveuli manZilia, rom sakuTari Tavi da samyaro ar aris erTi da igive.
es distancireba xdeba adamianisa da cxovelis gan-sxvavebis safuZvelze. cxovels amoqmedebs Tandayolili da ucvleli biologiuri ltolva, adamians _ interesi, romelic aramdgradia, cvalebadia. moqmedebis mizezia ara wminda biologiuri, aramed, eqsistencialuri. cxovelis myar, Tandayolil ucvlel garemos cvlis adamianis gafarToebadi cvalebadi garemo.
problemis daZlevis mizniT, roThakeris azriT, aqcenti unda gadavitanoT adamianis arsebaze. Seleris Tanaxmad, cxovels aqvs mimarTeba garemosTan, adamians ki samyarosTan, radgan, goniT dajildoebulia adamiani da ara cxoveli. Tu adamianis gonis winaSea ara garemo, aramed samyaro, ma-Sin sruliad gaugebari unda iyos samyaros gansxvavebul suraTTa arseboba. samyaros gansxvavebul suraTTa uSualo simptomia ena. misi saSualebiT samyaros suraTi yovelTvis konkretulia, praqtikulia. da amave dros gansxvavebuli, erTeuli, konkretuli adamianis Sesatyvisi. is rac iTqva kerZo, erTeul adamianze, SeiZleba vTqvaT sxvadasxva kultur-
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aze. sxvadasxva xalxs, sxvadasxva kulturas gansxvavebuli interesebi, da damokidebulebebi aqvT da es interesTa da mimarTebaTa sxvadasxvaoba maTi cxovrebis stilSi aisaxeba da kulturaSi gamovlindeba. rogorc gansxvavdeba erTma-neTisagan erTeuli adamiani, ise gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan sxvadasxva xalxis kultura.
kidev erTxel gavixsenoT filosofiuri anTropologiis umniSvnelovanesi cneba `goni~, romelic roThakerisaTvis ar warmoadgens damoukidebel realobas. is aris moqmedeba, aqtTa Sesruleba an aqtTa garkveuli wesrigi, gansaxorcie-lebeli wyoba. gonis cneba moicavs mWvretel, mgrZnobel da moazrovne aqtebis erTobliobas. adamianisaTvis, swored am
aqtebis wyalobiT xdeba Ria da misawvdomi RirebulebaTa samyaro. Cven mxolod gonis meSveobiT viciT, rom varT am aqtebis Semsrulebeli pirovneba. ase fiqrobs roThakeri.
amitom imsaxurebs tradiciuli racionalizmi da ide-alizmi roThakeris kritikas. igi iziarebs eqsistenciali-stebis paToss aRniSnul sakiTxze. Zalze xSirad, idealebi da normebi, romlebsac warmmarTvelad miiCneven, ar muSaobs~ erTeulisaTvis, kerZo adamianisaTvis. es `maRali~ ideebi ufro TavSesafris rols asruleben, sadac, adamiani Tavs daculad grZnobs. isini zedroulni, zogadni, usasruloni arian, maSin roca, me _ adamiani var grZnobadi, droSi myofi arseba da xSirad sxvadasxva interesebi mamoZravebs.
maTi msjeloba amgvaria: me bunebisagan ar viqmnebi, ro-gorc `me – TviTon~ me vaxden refleqsias sakuTar Tavze, me var sakuTari Tavisagan transcendenturi. me mxolod ase unda moviqce, rom, vipovo sakuTari Tavi, magram, me sakuTar
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Tavs vpoulob ara rogorc myar mocemulobas Tu myar pirovnebas, aramed, rogorc, gaurkvevlobas arCevanis zRvarze myofs, gadawyvetilebaTa mudmivi pulsirebis velSi. adamianma unda moaxerxos wonasworobis SenarCuneba. igi mudam riskavs, yovelTvis Tavidan svams kiTxvas. pasuxi, gadawyvetileba mudmivad gaurkvevlobis winaSe gvayenebs da me ver mSvelis udroo, maradiul zogadze miTiTeba, e.w. ideali. (ase emarTeba haidegeris man-s).
me – TviTon~ ar gamoikvleva arc fsiqikaze, arc gonze an transcendentalur me-ze zogadi moZRvrebiT. is individu-alur YTviTrefleqsiaSia, radgan, ar arsebobs eqsistenciis `dazainis~ raime sistema. arsebobs mxolod `logikuri~, zogadi sistema. ar arsebobs iseTi sistema, romelic, ada-mianis cxovrebas amowuravs da zedroulad moawesrigebs. vinaidan, Sinagani cxovreba ar flobs uwyvet yofierebas, me-m, romelic arsebobs movlenaTa da interesTa mudmivad cvalebad velSi, yovelwamierad unda miiRos gadawyvetileba, raTa TavisTavTan mivides.
amis gamo, iasperss, romelic ZiriTadad eqsistencze fi-losofosobs da ara imdenad `me~-ze anu `TviT~-ze, miaCnia: eqsistenci (`me-TviT~) saerTod ar aris kvlevadi obieqti. masze ar SeiZleba arsebobdes mecnieruli codna, radgan ver vipoviT sagnobriv da zogad cnebebs, obieqtivirebuls kauza-lobis kategoriebSi. amitom, TviTcnobiereba am azriT, arc kia codna. me SemiZlia mxolod gamovaRviZo es eqsistenci.
transcendentalur cnobierebasac mis mravalferovan refleqsiaSi (`romlis Sedegadac saerTod gveZleva me), ar ZaluZs Segviyvanos eqsistenciaSi. eqsistencia saerTod aris niSani, miTiTeba, adamianis iarliyi, romelic is TviTon aris. da am me-TviTonSi~ ver SeiWreba anTropologia. eqsistenci cnebiT codnas ar eZleva, adamiani mxolod gzaa. igi ar aris mudmivad gansazRvruli mocemuloba.
praqtikulad, adamiani cxovrobs fenomenTa samyaroSi, romelsac igi interesis Sesabamisad irCevs. adamiani garemos qmnis Tavisi interesebis Sesatyvisad. gavimeoreb ukve naTq-vams: Tu cxoveli mijaWvulia ltolvaze, drangze, garemoze da Tavis garSemo atarebs am garemos, adamiani, rogorc, Selers da gelens miaCndaT, Tavisufalia drangis artaxebisagan. e.i. drangisagan ganTavisufleba negatiuri gamoTqmaa pozitiurad gamoiTqmulisa. rogorc `samyarosadmi Ria~, adamians Seu-Zlia saganTa Dasein-i anu maTi winaaRmdegoba frCxilebSi
Casvas da Sosein-ze gaamaxvilos yuradReba. e.i. mas SeuZlia sinamdvilisadmi distancireba. amitomaa adamiani mkvlevaric da ara mxolod praqtikosi. mas SeuZlia Semecneba ubralod cnobismoyvareobis gamo, codnis wyurviliT.
adamiani garemoSia maSin roca, ar fiqrobs imaze, imis Sesaxeb, rom, am garemos ukan imaleba raRac mTeli, romlis aspeqtic garemoa. ver vityviT, rom samyaro garemos uswrebs. mTeli emateba, avsebs garemos, magram, masze ar daiyveneba. adamianis uZlieresi unari transcendenturobisa garemos Sinaarseuli gancdiT ar icvleba. Cven Cveulebriv ganvicdiT garemos, sulerTia vxdiT Tu ara mas gasagebs, gavdivarT mis gareT Tu ara.
ase uaxlovdeba roThakeri gadamwyvet punqts, romelic cxadyofs adamianis kavSirs garemosTan. ismis kiTxva, gvaqvs ra wminda gasagnebis unari, ratom veqceviT garemoSi? Cven xom gaxsnilebi varT samyaros mimarT, maSin ra gvaiZulebs garemoSi yofnas? pasuxi, roThakeris azriT, SeiZleba amgvari iyos: es aris adamianis, rogorc bunebrivi arsebis qceva, romelic adamians garemosaken ubiZgebs.
Cven ara mxolod vimecnebT sagans cnebiTi sistemis meS-veobiT, aramed, vmoqmedebT, viqceviT. qceva ki SeiZleba mxolod gansazRvruli TvalsazrisiT, gansazRvruli poziciidan. es gardauvalia. amiT xdeba samyaros suraTis Seqmna.
marTalia yoveli qceva situaciaSi xorcieldeba, magram, yovelTvis situaciiT ar aris nakarnaxevi. adamianic cxove-liviT, situaciaSi moqmedebs. im gansxvavebiT, rom, SeuZlia situaciis gaanalizeba, masSi goniTi SeWra, Tumca, ar SeuZlia
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situaciidan amoxtoma. situacia metad mZime da rTuli kerZo faqtia. Cven ar ZalgviZs cocxali situacia srulad movxsnaT. situacia ki, igive garemoa. garemo situaciebisagan Sedgeba. samyaro situaciebisagan Tavisufalia. me mxolod situaciaSi vanxorcieleb qcevas. cocxali myarad imyofeba situaciaSi anu is dinamikuria, mudam CarTulia garemoSi an qmnis situacias Sinagani aqtivobiT. cxoveli mTlianad situaciis tyvea, mas ar SeuZlia misi moxsna, fenomenebis daSla, mTavrisagan meorexarisxovanis gamoyofa, sagnad qceva.
magram adamiansac yovelTvis ar SeuZlia, yvelafris gasagneba. amitom, xSirad rCeba situaciis tyved. adamiani yovelTvis ver axerxebs win aRudges drangs, garegan Tu Sinagan iZulebas, cdunebebs. situacia icvleba imis mixedviT Tu rogor ganicdeba situacia. swored, gancda qmnis situa-cias. situacia yovelTvis praqtikulia, yoveli situacia aris qceviT garemos modifikacia. adamiani sxeulebrivi arsebacaa, romelic, mudam situaciis dawolas, gavlenas ganicdis. konkretuli adamiani sasruli arsebaa, arsebobs gancdil sivrcesa da droSi, magram, rogorc sasrul arsebas aseve SeuZlia daisaxos mizani da miaRwios mas, es ki cota rodia. adamiani mudam cxovrobs biocentruli gancdisa da eqscentruli Semecnebis zRvarze. mas ara mxolod qceva aiZulebs raime TvalsazrisiT moqmedebas miznis misaRwevad, aramed, SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobac. distancireba, marto garemos miRma gasvliT ar miiRweva. aramed, Tavad am garemoSic. ara mxolod eqscentrulad, aramed realobaSic.
roThakers amjerad imis Tqma surs, rom gansxvaveba adamiansa da cxovels Soris Cans ara mxolod azrovnebaSi, aramed, ukve Wvretis procesSi. e.i. adamianuri specifika isaa, rom, igi aris mWvreteli, moazrovne da mnebeli ar-seba. cnebiT dones adamiani aRwevs, maSin roca, sicocxles `aCerebs~. adamiani istoriulad sakmaod didxans cxovrobda gonis gareSe anu refleqsuri azrovnebisa da nebis gareSe.
magram, imTaviTve gansxvavdeboda adamianuri Wvretis unari cxovelis SegrZnebisa da aRqmisagan. SegrZneba yovelTvis mimarTulia winaaRmdegobaze. is imarTeba drangis mier, ada-miani gadalaxavs cxovelur drangze mijaWvulobas, magram, alternativas ar ayenebs drangsa da sagnobriv azrovnebas Soris. ara azrovneba, aramed, Wvretis unari enacvleba drangs. (amitomac ar SeuZlia cxovels xatva. radgan, xatvis unari Wvretis sferoSi devs. cxovels ar SeuZlia geStaltisa da monaxazis izolireba.)
sinamdvilis qvaliteturi buneba jer gancdili unda iyos, Wvretac erTgvari ganxilvaa sinamdvilis. swored, es aris adamianis esTetikuri unari. Cven gvaqvs ara mxolod praqtikuli STabeWdilebani, aramed, maT miRmac SegviZlia raRacis `danaxva~, `mosmena~, maTiT gataceba. adamiani aTaso-biT wlebi cxovrobda, manam, sanam, cnebiT azrovnebas mimar-Tavda. magram, mTavari unari, unari Wvretisa masSi imTaviTve arsebobda. amitom moaxerxa adamianma, rogorc biologiurma arsebam, dasabami mieca sruliad sxvagvari arsebobis wesi-saTvis, romelic ukve aRar eteva `sicocxlis~ farglebSi da wminda anTropologiuria.
ra daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT roThakeris Tvalsaz-risidan, mokled SevajamoT ukve naTqvami: miuxedavad imisa, rom adamiani cudadaa Seguebuli garemosTan, naklovani arsebaa, mas aqvs unari Tavad gansazRvros sakuTari Tavi, ganaxorcielos Tavis yofiereba. sakuTari Tavis gansazRvra ki moiTxovs aqtiurobas, moqmedebas. adamianis araspeciali-zeba~ upirvelesad vlindeba mis aradeterminirebulobaSi. is plastikuria, ar aris mibmuli Tavisi organoebiT sinamdvi-lis romelime erT ubanze. SeuZlia Tavis qcevis xerxebis gansazRvra, amitom aris is Semoqmedi. raxan mas es ZaluZs, e.i. Tavisufalia, aRar imarTeba instinqtebiT. distancire-bulia ara mxolod garemosadmi, aramed, sakuTari Tavisadmi. igi refleqsuri arsebaa. e.i. adamianis arsia Semoqmedebis
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(Seqmnis) unari. am SemTxvevaSi, es cneba ra Tqma unda ix-mareba farTo anTropologiuri konteqstiT. moqmedeba ada-mianisaTvis aucileblobaa, misi yofierebis Zireuli Tvise-baa. cxovelisaTvis bunebrioba misi standartia. adamiani ki garkveuli riskis fasad cxovrobs. igi Tavad aZlevs sakuTar Tavs garkveuli arsebobis wess da formas. man sa-kuTari ZaliT unda moaxerxos TviTdadgena, sakuTar TavSi unda Seqmnas adamiani.
adamiani cxovrobs im garemoSi, romelic Tavad misi mzeriTa da eniTaa pirvelqmnili. igi mudmivad imyofeba gadawyvetilebaTa pulsirebis velSi. `adamianis arsi is ki ar aris, rom mas SeuZlia samyaros obieqtivireba, misi Sem-ecneba an is, rom aqvs sicocxlis samyarodan goniT samyaros sistemaSi gadasvlis unari, aramed, is, rom igi arsebobs Tavi-suflebaSi, rogorc riskSi, da ganwirulia SemoqmedebisaTvis (moqmedebisaTvis).~ (70,191).
maSasadame, adamiani arsebobs saidumlo iracionalur eqstremalur sinamdvileSi, saidanac unda moaxdinos samyaros konstruireba, romelic misi samyaro iqneba. am konstruire-biT iqmneba axali xelovnuri samyaro, kulturuli sivrce, adamianis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis Sedegi. adamiani ar
amitom, amboben, rom adamiani `TavisuflebisaTvis gan-wirulia.~ misTvis es Tavisufleba ZRveni da normatiuli cneba ki ar aris, romelsac miiRebs an ar miiRebs, aramed, aucilebeli mdgomareobaa. Tavisufleba arsebobs adamianis daudgenlobis, ganusazRvrelobis ZaliT. adamiani maSinac Tavisufalia, roca araferi icis am Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, uaryofs mas an ar iyenebs.
filosofiur anTropologiuri kvlevis dros adamiani aRiarebulia rogorc gansakuTrebuli yofiereba sxva arse-bulTa Soris, man unda mogvces raRac myari codna adamianis Sesaxeb. magram, es sruliadac ar niSnavs, rom, am TvalsazrisiT adamiani erTxel da samudamod garkveuli arsebaa.
m.Selerma, rogorc ukve viciT, Tavis leqciebSi adamiani da istoria~ gamohyo anTropologiis xuTi tipi. garkveuli azriT, es aris kacobriobis TviTcnobierebis istoria. anu is Tu rogor warmoidgenda adamiani sakuTar adgils yofi-erebis wesrigSi. ase magaliTad, religiur anTropologias
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Semoaqvs adamianis, rogorc istoriuli arsebis gageba. mar-Talia, es gageba gazavebulia wminda religiuri dogmebiT, magram, adamiani cvalebadia droSi, igi icvlis saxes: adamiani qristemde da qristes Semdeg, adamiani naturaluri da go-niTi, adamiani swor gzaze mdgomi da gzas acdenili, adamiani dakarguli da xsnis momlodine, samyaros Svili da RvTis Svili (adamisa da qristesi).
adamianis dualisturi buneba misi adamianad qcevis ori faza, kargad Cans berZnul azrovnebaSi. Tavdapirveli adamiani jer kidev ar aris dasrulebuli, igi mxolod kulturis meSveobiT xdeba dasrulebuli raobis mqone. renesansis epoqaSi adamianma axali TviTgancda SeiZina, es iyo upirve-lesad damoukideblobis gancda. adamians amieridan surs, rom ara marto wevri iyos RvTis sauflosi, aramed, sakuTari cxovrebis baton-patronic.
buleba religiisadmi. igi religiuri grZnobebisadmi savsebiT indiferentulia. magram, foierbaxis filosofiis Sefasebis dros ar unda daviviwyoT is momentic, rom misTvis mTavari ar aris RmerTis gauqmeba da mis adgilze adamianis moaz-reba. misi moZRvreba inarCunebs qristianul suls, radgan RmerTis `yovladoba~ adamianis `amaRlebulobidan~ modis. foierbaxi Tu akritikebs religias, mxolod imis gamo, rom, misi gagebiT, es ukanaskneli ar cnobs adamianis damoukidebel, WeSmarit Rirsebas da mas sidiades aclis. adamians unda hqondes imedi, fiqrobs l.foierbaxi, rom Tavis Rirebul, raRac survilebs am qveynad Tavadve ganaxorcielebs sxva instanciis Carevisa da daxmarebis gareSe. (aq ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes fr.nicSe _ `RmerTi mkvdaria, axla Cven gvinda, rom zekaci cocxlobdes.~)
kvlav gavixsenoT kantis Teoriulad dausabuTebeli RmerTi, romelic postulatia moraluri samyarosaTvis. sa-myaros religiuri suraTi ara marto Teocentrulia, aramed, anTropocentrulic.
ufro mniSvnelovani da pirveladia, vidre Semecneba. goni sicocxlis interesebs unda daeqvemdebaros, radgan, gonebas determinati aqvs mis gareT, iqneba es materia, sicocxle, socialuri sinamdvile Tu kultura. amgvari Tvalsazrisi XIX saukuneSi SemuSavda.
fizikalisturi, meqanisturi materializmi, aramxolod materialur bunebas, aramed, yvelafers raodenobrivi, meqanis-turi principiT xsnis. es Sexeduleba, romelsac safuZveli Cauyara demokritem da epikurem, kvlav aqtualuri gaxda dekartesTan. misi azriT, Cvenc cocxalni, raxan sivrciT samyaros vekuTvniT, veqvemdebarebiT meqanikis kanonebs, magram, ganfenilobasTan erTad adamians azrovnebac aqvs. cnobiereba ki Tavisi kanonebiT imarTeba. ase, rom, dekarti meqanistia Cveni sxeulis axsnisas da ara gonisa.
Tumca, Tanmimdevrul meqanistebs es dualizmi uxerxu-lobas uqmnida. maT undodaT metafizikosebi yofiliyvnen da gonis axsna sivrciT-materialuri xerxebiT surdaT. adamiani gagebuli unda yofiliyo monisturi xedviT. amitom gansaz-Rvres is, bunebis nawilad da ~rafinirebuli buneba~ uwodes.
materiis analogiiT Seecada sulis problemebis kvlevas j.loki. romlis naazrevs agrZeleben iumi, mili, herberti, verneri da vundti, (eqsperimentul fsiqologiis Semqmneli). Tu meqanicistebisaTvis garesamyaro sxeulebiT savse sivrce iyo, suli am fsiqologiam miiCnia warmodgenebiT gajere-bul Sinagan sivrced. rogorc sxeulebi, bunebis kanonebis Sesabamisad, miizidebian da ganizidebian sivrceSi, aseve aso-cirdebian warmodgenebic, asociaciis kanonebis mixedviT. ase gaCnda sulis meqanika. magram, XX saukunis fsiqologiam uaryo sulisa da sxeulis msgavsebis Tvalsazrisi da amiT `asociaciis fsiqologia~ Seicvala gagebiTi fsiqologiiT~ (48,42).
es Teoria ar iTvaliswinebda fenomenologiur debule-bas, rom ar SeiZleba reduqciis gziT aixsnas sicocxlis
gamovlenis sxvadasxva fenebi, rom aq mTavaria `kategori-aluri siaxle~.
adamiansa da cxovels Soris Zireuli gansxvavebis povna fizikur-cxovelur doneze SeuZlebelia. imis Tqma, rom cxovels is Tvisebebi aqvs, xolo adamians es, ar aris sak-marisi adamianis arsis gasarkvevad. adamians, garda misTvis
umTavresi, Seqmnis unarisa, aseve aqvs Seqmnilis SenarCunebis, misi Senaxvisa da tradiciad qcevis unari.
m. landmani afarToebs hegelis terminis, `obieqturi gonis~ Sinaars da am cnebiT mTel sakacobrio kulturas gaiazrebs. obieqturi kultura misTvis aris kulturuli sivrce, adamianuri samyaro, romelic eZleva kerZo adamians mzamzareul mocemulobad da rasac Tavad, sakuTari Zalisx-meviT ar qmnis am wuTierad. kultura aq iseT realobad ganixileba, romelic ukve arsebobs garkveuli yofierebis saxiT ama Tu im individis gareSe. adamiani sakuTari aqti-vobiT erTveba yofierebaSi, iTvisebs mas, xdeba am kulturis mflobelic, Semqmnelic da gadamcemic.
adamiani unikaluri arsebaa im TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi Zalze didia Semoqmedebis potencia. amitom aris, rom, adamiani ara mxolod aTvisebisa da translaciis obieqtia, aramed, marad aqtiuri Semoqmedi subieqtic. is ara mxolod `iara-Ris Semqmneli cxovelia~, axali realobis _ kulturuli samyaros Semqmnelicaa. mxolod am xelovnur samyaroSi, kulturul sivrceSi SeuZlia adamians adamianuri arseboba. TavisTavad kulturac ar arsebobs misi Semqmneli adamianis gareSe. adamiani da kultura _ simbiozuri damokidebulebaa. maTi gaTiSva, erTmaneTisagan mowyveta angrevs orives.
cxovelis romelime egzempliari, miuxedavad imisa, gaiz-rdeba sxva mis msgavsTa garemoSi Tu izolaciaSi, iseTive xdeba, rogorsac misi biotipi moiTxovs. adamiani ki sru-lyofil adamianad yalibdeba mxolod maSin, Tu misi gvarisaT-vis niSandobliv garemoSi gaizrdeba. adamiani, rogorc kul-turuli arseba saWiroebs aRzrdas. aravin iwyebs mTlianad Tavidan~. kacobrioba moxucicaa da axalgazrdac. adamiani modis garkveul mza yofierebaSi, mas xvdeba gansazRvruli qcevis, tradiciis da zneobis normebi. adamiani pirovneba xdeba imiT, rom monawileobs, eziareba ze-individualurs, misi subieqturi moTxovnilebis miRma mdgom kulturul
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Rirebulebebs /obieqtur gons/. adamiani, misi specifikidan gamomdinare, aseve istoriuli arsebaa, `win midis~. igi is-toriis Semqmnelicaa da masze damokidebulic.
m. landmani adamianis Semoqmedebis cnebas iyenebs farTo anTropologiuri azriT. rogorc ukve iTqva, masSi ar igu-lisxmeba Seqmnis, Semoqmedebis mxolod esTetikuri unari. adamianis Tviseba iyos Semoqmedi, aqtiuri, moqmedi subieqti, anTropologiuri da kulturfilosofiuri principia. adami-anebi qmnian kulturas da kidec yalibdebian misi meSveobiT. realuri adamiani mxolod sakuTari Tavidan rodi gaigeba, aramed, im kulturuli fonis meSveobiT, romelic winaswaraa mocemuli. adamiani aformebs kulturas da Tavadac form-deba mis mier.
realurad ar arsebobs maradiuli kulturis erTi raime sanimuSo suraTi. aseve ar arsebobs aseTi saxe adamianisa. am azriT, adamiani da kulturebi cvalebadi fenomenebi arian, magram, adamiani yovel kulturaSi mis Sesatyvis erT jerarsul geStaltis farglebSi Tavsdeba. cvalebadoba niSania, kulturisa da arsiseuli maxasiaTebelia adamianis. anu adamianis yofiereba cvalebadia. igi dabadebiTve istori-uli arsebaa. istorias adamianis adamianad qcevaSi bunebaze naklebi wvlili ar miuZRvis.
m. landmanis TvalsazrisiT, kultur-filosofiuri anTropologiis mTavari miRweva isaa, rom adamianis gagebas cdilobs, kulturis samyarodan misi izolirebis gareSe. adamiani da kultura ganixileba, rogorc mudmivad cvalebadi, ganaxlebadi. adamianis samyaro misi kulturaa.
CemTvis savsebiT gasagebia da misaRebi avtoris mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom adamiani kulturis Semqmneli da kulturiT ganpirobebuli arsebaa. magram Tu adamiani mudmivad cvaleba-di arsebaa, raSiRa mdgomareobs misi konstituciuri arsi? rogor unda ganvsazRvroT igi? xom ar aris igi mxolod istoriul procesebze damokidebuli, misiT gansazRvruli
arseba, rogorc dilTai ambobda: `adamianis tipi yalibdeba da erTiandeba istoriis procesSi.~
Cemi azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis saxe istori-ulad aseTi cvalebadia, mainc arsebobs adamianis ucvleli Ziri istoriis miRma. yvela istoriuli saxe, forma, warmavali da cvalebadi, romelsac igi iZens ganpirobebulia `raRac erTiT~. swored, `raRac am erTidan~ amosvliT SegviZlia simravlis Semecnebac da gagebac. is, rom, adamiani Seumdgari, amorfuli arsebobidan aZlevs saxes, formas sakuTar Tavs, aris misi mTavari unari, unari TviTSeqmnisa. masSi maradi-ulia SemoqmedebiTi unari. Tu saerTod arsebobs adamianis buneba, mas aqvs arsi (da Cemi azriT swored rom aqvs). igi unda veZeboT ara SinaarsiseulSi, aramed, yovelgvar Si-naarsze win mdgom konstituciaSi. ara SedegSi, aramed, Sede-gis maCvenebel procesSi (adamianis fenotipi mis genotips aRemateba). instinqtebi, romlebic cxovelis qcevas marTaven, misi gvaris bunebrivi mocemulobaa, sakuTrebaa, rasac wminda biologiuri xaziT, memkvidreobiT Rebulobs. amitom, cxoveli zustad iseve iqceva, rogorc misi winapari. adamianis qceva ki imarTeba Tavad adamianis mier Seqmnili da mis mierve SeZenili kulturiT. e.i. adamians aqvs kulturis Seqmnis, konservirebis (Semonaxvis) da translaciis (gadacemis) wminda goniTi unari.
amgvarad, adamiani Semoqmedi arsebaa. misi namyo aqtual-uria awmyoSic. is aqac funqciobs, meordeba. adamiani axdens reproduqcias da swavlobs. aseve Seqmnis da Semoinaxavs axals, romelsac momavals gadascems. adamiani, marTalia, CarTulia kulturul tradiciaSi, magram, mas aqvs unari miagnos, aRmoaCinos axali. adamiani, rogorc individi, Car-Tulia kulturul konteqstSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa, mainc sakuTari Tavis amaraa, Tavisufalia. man Tavad unda gaikvalos sakuTari gza, gaakeTos arCevani, Seqmnas Tavisi cxovreba. adamiani mudam distancirebulia ara mxolod
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bunebis mimarT, aramed, im kulturul konteqsTanac, romelSic igi arsebobs. amitom aris, rom kulturuli tradiciidan raimes uaryofs, raimes iRebs da Tavad xdeba axali tradi-ciis fuZemdebeli. amitom miiCnevs kultur-filosofiuri anTropologia adamians samyarosadmi Ria arsebad, romelic mudam mzadaa SeqmnisTvis, SemoqmedebisaTvis. adamianis arsis amgvari gageba, rom adamianis samyaro misi kulturaa, Cemi azriT, kultur-anTropologiuri koncefciis mTavari da mniSvnelovani Sedegia.
VII d uznaZis anTropologiuri Tvalsaz-
risi
dimitri uznaZis saxeli upirveles yovlisa, fsiqolo-gias ukavSirdeba. igi cnobilia rogorc qarTuli fsiqolo-giuri skolis fuZemdebeli. mxolod specialistTa viwro wrem Tu icis, rom misi moRvaweoba filosofiiT daiwyo da ramdenime TanamoazresTan erTad dasabami misca Tanamedrove profesiul filosofias. man filosofiuri ganaTleba ger-maniaSi miiRo. 1909 wels daamTavra laifcigis universiteti da imave wels, q.haleSi daicva sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze _ `vladimer soloviovi _ misi Semecnebis Teoria da metafizika~, romelic imave wels wignad daistamba.
kanonzomierebas. ibadeba, izrdeba da kvdeba. adamianma ro-gorc cocxalma arsebam, upirvelesad sakuTari sicocxlis uzrunvelyofa unda SeZlos. imisaTvis, rom icocxlos, ar-seboba unda SeinarCunos. e.i. `Seeguos~, `moergos~, garemos. anu adamianis Tavdapirveli interesi praqtikulia, magram, vinaidan igi sxva cocxalisagan gansxvavebiT Raribia~ bune-brivi monacemebiT, man unda `aamuSaos~ goneba. jer-jerobiT es mxolod `praqtikuli gonebaa~, romelsac sruliadac ar ainteresebs ama Tu im mdgomareobis, movlenis arsis Semecneba. misTvis sakmarisia mxolod codna Tu ra sargeblobis an zianis motana SeuZlia ama Tu im movlenas, garemos da rogor gamoiyenos igi Tavis sakeTildReod e.i. am doneze adamia-nis interesi mimarTulia mxolod praqtikuli miznisaken. aseT pirobebSi adamiani movlenaTa zedapirze rCeba. aqedan gamomdinare, mag; sikvdilis faqti aris daboloeba, dasas-ruli Cveni grZnobadi (praqtikuli) cxovrebisa. (d.uznaZe aq laparakobs adamianis teqnikur inteleqtze). magram, adamiani ar aris mxolod cocxali arseba. mas ufro meti surs, vidre misi grZnobadi, sxeulebrivi sicocxlea. mas ar akmayofilebs movlenaTa zedapiruli Sefaseba da misi mis-adageba sakuTar praktikul miznebTan. adamiani intuiciurad grZnobs, rom es ar aris namdvili~ cxovreba. arsebobs sxva metafizikuri sinamdvile _ RirebulebaTa samyaro. adamianis cxovrebaSi aris raRac iseTi mdgomareoba, gansakuTrebuli
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wami, rodesac igi arRvevs praqtikuli, yoveldRiuri arse-bobis sazRvars, Tavisufldeba `sicocxlis borkilidan~ da imdenad Tavisufldeba, rom SeuZlia uaric ki Tqvas Tavad sicocxleze. esaa TviTmkvlelobis faqti. aseTive fenomenia brZolaSi meomris sikvdili. miuxedavad imisa, miviCnevT Tu ara kacis kvlas udides borotebad, am dros Cvens Sefase-baSi Semodis RirebulebaTa sxva sistema, romelic `garda Rrma adamianuri TanagrZnobisa, mowiwebis da pativiscemis gancdisa~, CvenSi badebs eWvs `adamianis sicocxlis, rogorc umaRlesi Rirebulebis~ mimarT. e.i. Cven adamianuri rwmena~ gveubneba: adamianur cxovrebaSi arsebobs iseTi SemTxvevebi, raRac ufro `maRali~ da mniSvnelovani, vidre `Cveni kerZo, piradi sicocxle~. amgvari rwmenis Tanaxmad, `Cveni daniS-nuleba TviTon sicocxleSi, maSasadame, mis gafarToebasa da gaRrmavebaSi, rodi unda veZeboT. ufro piriqiT, sicocxle mxolod saSualebaa, romlis meoxebiTac xorcieldeba is umaRlesi daniSnuleba, adamianis arsebobas rom sarCulad udevs. am TvalsazrisiT, cxadia, sikvdili da sicocxle am daniSnulebisaTvis sul erTia, igi zogjer sikvdils moiTxovs da zogjer sococxles~ (73,276).
maSasadame, uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, `Cveni arsebobis azri TviT Cveni sicocxlis farglebSi ki ar unda veZioT, aramed mis gareT da masze maRla~ (iqve). am azris dasturad uznaZe adamianTa istoriul cxovrebasac ixsenebs. STamomavloba qeds ixris im adamianTa winaSe, vinc raRac Rirebuli Seqmna, mTeli cxovreba emsaxura maRal adamianur idealebs da ar misdevda mxolod `praqtikuli cxovrebis mowyobas, pirad gancxromas~. metaforulad rom vTqvaT, ganagrZobs uznaZe, Cveni istoriuli warsuli aris ganuwyveteli muSaoba `raRac didi Senobis asagebad~. adamianebs dabadebiTve aqvT es adamianuri daniSnuleba da mizani. amrigad, Cveni movaleoba imTaviTve gansazRvrulia. Tu am movaleobas mivsdevT maSin Cvens adamianur vals aRvasrulebT, xolo Tu am Senobis
asagebad muSaobas gavurbivarT an saerTod sisuleled da sigiJed vTvliT amgvari Senobis agebas maSin Cven aRarc varT adamianuri samyaros Semomqmedni da Zalian advilad gagvriyaven. `gviviwyeben, ugzoukvlod vqrebiT sxvaTa mex-sierebidan da saerTod adamianuri cxovrebis istoriidan~ (iqve. gv. 281). `ra aris es Senoba? kacobriobis saukeTeso nawili mTel ZalRones rom axmars? Cven mas kulturuli Semoqmedebis saxeliT aRvniSnavT~ (iqve).
amrigad: adamiani, imisaTvis rom sazrisi mianiWos Tavis arsebobas, unda gavides~ biologiuri arsebobidan, amaRldes yoveldRiur, Cveulebriv vitalur moTxovnilebaTa veli-dan da Seqmnas xelovnuri, kulturuli samyaro, romlis obieqtic da subieqtic Tavad iqneba. `kulturis Seqmna _ aseTia adamianis cxovrebis mizani da daniSnuleba~ (73,285). am TvalsazrisiT d.uznaZe emijneba sicocxlis filosofias, radgan, mas adamianis arsis dasadgenad Semoaqvs SefasebiTi, RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba, eZebs cxovrebis sazriss. es ki goniTi anTropologiuri xedvaa.
dimitri uznaZe Tavs ar miiCnevs religiur moazrovned. piriqiT, sadac amis saSualeba aqvs yvelgan aRniSnavs am faqts. arsad, filosofiur problemebze msjelobis dros ar mimarTavs RmerTis cnebas da aRniSnavs: `cxovrebis saz-risis Cveneuli gegma miwieri arsebobis ganmtkicebaa, misi uaRresobis aRsarebaa, misi mimdinareobis kurTxevaa da misi mniSvnelobis gaabsoluturebaa.. `dabadebis~ mixedviT, RmerTma imiT daasrula Tavisi Semoqmedebis procesi, rom man adamianis arsebaSi saukeTesod Seariga suli xorcs, aq-tiuroba pasiurobas. samagierod, mTeli danarCeni msoflio ganusulierebuli datova. da amiT TiTqos imTaviTve gansazRvruli daniSnuleba misca adamianis arsebobas.~ da amgvarad, ganagrZobs d. uznaZe _ Cveni daniSnuleba RvTisagan dawyebuli saqmis dasrulebaa. RvTisagan dawyebuli msoflio Semoqmedebis gangrZobaa. da Tu es asea, maSin cxadia, Cven
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gamudmebul fusfuss, dauRalav Sromas mniSvneloba hqonia. Cvens droul cxovrebas Rrma azri da am ukanasknels kidev religiuri Rirebuleba. (iqve gv. 286).
me sagangebod moviyvane es sakmaod didi moculobis fragmenti, imitom, rom, CemTvis Zalze Znelia daveTanxmoT d. uznaZis TviTSefasebas. Tu am TvalsazrisiT davakvirdebiT mis Semoqmedebas, sapirispiro suraTs aRmovaCenT. gamiWird-eba qarTvel filosofosebSi sxva masze `ufro qristiani~ moazrovnis povna, romlisaTvis ase axlobeli, aseTi Rirebuli iqneboda qristianuli morali, qristianuli kultura, is filosofiuri problemebi, romlebic d. uznaZis yuradRebis centrSia da maTi gagebac savsebiT Tavsdeba qristianul msoflmxedvelobriv modelSi. Tavad is Temebic, romlebic zemoT sagangebod gamovyaviT, qristianuli azrovnebis mieraa Semotanili. iqneba es sazrisi problema, istoriuloba da sxva. d. uznaZes araCveulebrivad swams da sjera adamianuri samyarosi~, gonierebis~, maRali daniSnulebis,~ Rirebule-baTa samyarosi~, `Rirsebis~ da a.S.
d. uznaZe SeiZleba ar iyo eklesiurad morwmune, sakuTar Tavs ar miakuTvnebda marTlmadidebel mrevls, magram, igi rom dasavluri, reformacia gavlil qristianuli kultu-ris niadagze dgas, Cemi azriT, amis dasturia mTeli misi filosofiuri Semoqmedeba. (misTvis xom ase ucxo darCa im periodis germaniaSi, da ara mxolod germaniaSi esoden popularuli nicSes filosofia).
naTqvamis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar unda iyos Zneli davin-axoT: d. uznaZis Tvalsazrisi Zalze axloa filosofiur-anTropologiur koncefciasTan da arc paralelebis moZebna gagviWirdeba. kerZod is, rom adamiani aris specifikuri arseba, romelmac sakuTar unarebze dayrdnobiT unda SeZlos Tavisi arsebobis uzrunvelyofa. imisaTvis, rom icxovros, man unda Seqmnas xelovnuri samyaro, romlis obieqti da subieqtic Tavad iqneba. es ki mxolod kreator, goniT ar-
sebas xelewifeba.rac Seexeba sazrisis problemis dadgenas; d. uznaZe sa-
adamiani ar aris mxolod sicocxlis matarebeli fizi-kuri arseba, igi sulieri arsebacaa. (`sulier cxovrebaSi~ d.uznaZe gulisxmobs `adamianis SemecnebiT, grZnobiT da nebiT formebs~).
adamianis sicocxlis principad _ d. uznaZis azriT _ suliereba unda miviCnioT. empiriulad adamianis arse-boba SeiZleba or doneze ganvsazRvroT: erTia sulier anu goniT movlenaTa samkvidro da meore fizikur movlenaTa samflobelo.
ra aris is Zala, iaraRi, romlis meSveobiTac adamianma SeZlo amgvari cxovrebis Seqmna? _ kiTxulobs d. uznaZe. da Tavadve amgvarad pasuxobs: pirveli, rac adamianze dak-virvebisas TvalSi mogxvdeba, isaa, rom igi cocxali arsebaa, romelic sicocxlis cikls emorCileba. adamianma upirve-lesad sakuTari sicocxlis, arsebobis SenarCuneba unda moax-erxos. `moergos~ garemos. sxva cocxalisagan gansxvavebiT, adamiani metad `Raribia~ bunebrivi monacemebiT, magram, aqvs uzarmazari upiratesoba _ goneba. da swored imisaTvis, rom ukeT Seeguos garemos, moaxerxos Tavisi gvaris gagrZeleba, unda aamuSaos goneba _ cnobiereba.
pirveli, rac adamians sakuTari sicocxlis uzrunve-lyofaSi exmareba e.w. `praqtikuli gonebaa~. am safexurze adamianisTvis mxolod imis codnaa sakmarisi, Tu ra sarge-blobis an zianis motana SeuZlia misTvis ama Tu im movlenas, garemos da rogor unda warmarTos igi Tavis sasargeblod.
magram, fizikuri arseboba ar aRmoCnda adamianisaTvis sakmarisi. es ar aris asparezi, sadac adamiani moaxdens
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sakuTari Tavis Cvenebas da realizebas. adamianis fizi-kuri arsebobis SenarCunebisaTvis udidesi roli akisriaT SegrZnebebs, romelTac Tan axlavs umartivesi grZnoba. am safexurze, adamiani, rogorc sulieri arseba, maqsimalurad pasiuria. gonebis, fsiqikis ra unaria romelic sulier cxovrebas `aamoZravebs~, warmarTavs? aseTi gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis mqone fenomenia adamianis neba mTel fsiqikuri cxovrebis safuZveli. masSi Cans yvelaze naTlad adamianis arsi _ misi aqtivoba. swored, Tavisufali nebidan wamosuli aqtivoba aris adamianuri cxovrebis warmmarTveli.
Wvreteli, raRac iracionaluri grZnoba. amitom, rogorc filosofosebi ityodnen, aq mxolod metafizikis adgilia. raime problemis gadaWris mcdeloba ki adamianuri az-
rovnebis uZlurebis niSania.magram arian Seudrekeli Semoqmedni, romelTac ar aSinebT kacobriobis saWirboroto sakiTxebi da
cdiloben iracionaluri racionalurad gardaqmnan. ge-nialuri Semoqmedi absolutia, ganumeorebelia. misi
Zlierebis wyaro misive bunebaa, xolo sababi misi sulieri aqtivobisa, fsiqikis gaRviZebisa, aris garemo. igi realiz-
deba sivrcisa da drois zegavleniT.amgvarad gadmoscems d. uznaZe leqciis Sinaarss. misTvis miuRebelia am gziT svla. jer erTi imitom, rom Tu av-torisaTvis metafizikuri azrovneba adamianis uZlurebis gamoaSkaravebaa, uznaZisaTvis piriqiT, Zlierebis utyuari niSania (adamianis azrovnebas rom ar hqondes midrekileba metafizikurobisaken, maSin filosofia saerTod ar iarse-
bebda). mTavari Secdoma amgvari azrovnebisa Semdegia: adamianis cxovreba gagebulia, rogorc garemoTi gansazRvruli. adamianis grZnoba da azric am garemomcveli samyaroTi unda iyos ganmartebuli , romelSic Tavad cxovrobs. d.uznaZe ar iziarebs avtoris fizikalistur, meqanicis-tur princips, romlis mixedviTac genialuri adamiani da misi gonebrivi simdidre mudmivi mocemulobaa. gonebas ar SeuZlia realizeba Tu masze ar imoqmeda, zegavlena ar moaxdina garemom. igi iRviZebs, aSkaravdeba mxolod gare-
mos zegavleniT. amgvarad, garemo prioritetulia.Tu es marTlac asea _ svams kiTxvas uznaZe _ maSin indi-vidis genialoba ris `maqnisia~, sadRaa misi genialoba Tu igi araraobaa ugaremod? `nuTu mxolod imaSi, rom igi
`maRal bunebaSi~ da mis unarSi `gavides~ grZnobadi `am-sofliuri yofidan~ da SeuerTdes maRal Rirebulebebs, maradiul idealebs. ai safuZveli baraTaSvilis mso-
flmxedvelobisa, romelic yvelaze kargad gamoCnda mis leqsebSi _ `merani~ da `SemoRameba mTawmindaze~.
d. uznaZis azriT, yovelive es niSandoblivia ara mxolod baraTaSvilios SemoqmedebisaTvis, aramed, saerTod ada-mianis arsis gagebis gasaRebia. e.i. misTvis adamiani aris specifikuri arseba, fizikur-grZnobadze ar daiyvaneba.
Sroma `gandgomilobis problema ilia WavWavaZis `gande-gilSi~, romelic 1911 wels `saxalxo gazeTis~ or no-
merSi (N483,484) gamoaqveyna. maSin uznaZem miznad daisaxa, qarTul azrovnebaSi Semoetana literaturis `esTetikuri da filosofiuri kritika~. es moTxovna mas savsebiT gac-nobierebuli aqvs da kidec axorcielebs Tavis werilebSi,
romlebic imdroindel presaSi ibeWdeboda.maS ase, d. uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, xelovnebis, mxatvruli literaturis Sefaseba ori mimarTulebiT unda xde-bodes. esaa `kritika esTetikuri da kritika filoso-fiuri~. esTetikuri kritika ZiriTadad nawarmoebis
konkretul saxes utrialebs da arkvevs Tu ratom iqca is xelovnebis nimuSad Tu ram gamoiwvia, ra iyo mizezi
Cveni esTetikuri gancdis, esTetikuri tkbobis. jer kidev romantikulma filosofiam icoda, rom esTetikuri gancda adamianis sulier cxovrebaSi erTerTi uZlieresi gancdaa (amitom ambobda Sileri: adamiani mxolod maSin aris namd-vili adamiani, rodesac igi esTetikur tkbobas ganicdis). filosofiuri analizis dros ki mkvlevari yuradRebas miaqcevs ara konkretuls, aramed zogads, im farul ten-denciebs, romelTac SeeZloT mieRoT amgvari konkretuli
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forma. marTalia, arc ise advilia, aRniSnavs d.uznaZe, erT-maneTisagan mkveTrad gavmijnoT esTetikuri (literatu-
ruli) da filosofiuri analizi, magram, mainc vecadoT da sanimuSod filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT wavikiTxoT ilia
WavWavaZis cnobili poema `gandegili~.erTi SexedviT, poemis dedaazris gadmocema metad martivi saqmea. ZiriTadi kolizia, gandegilis sulisa da xorcis moTxovnaTa dapirispirebaa, da isic, rom, gandegili ver uZ-lebs am winaaRmdegobas da msxverplad ewireba mas. e.i. es aris nawarmoebi pirovnuli tragediis Sesaxeb, adamianis Sesaxeb, romelmac uaryo amqveyniuri cxovreba, amqveyniuri survilebi, magram, am soflis daTmoba bolomde ver SeZlo
da damarcxda. es problema ara mxolod kerZo, aramed zogadi xasiaTisaa da masze ufro vrclad vimsjelebT.adamiani yvelaze rTuli arsebaa yvela sxva cocxalTan SedarebiT. es iTqmis rogorc mis fizikur, sxeulebriv
moqmedebs. is adamianis cxovrebis damdgeni da mamoZravebe-lia. neba aris fenomeni, romelic adgens ara marto ada-mianis arss, aramed, gansazRvravs adamianis individualobas, mis pirovnul `me~-s. ase fiqrobs d. uznaZe. potenciis mixedviT, neba absoluturi, dausrulebeli ltolvaa, aq-tivobaa mTlianad universumisadmi. neba Tavis potenciaSi ganusazRvrelia da swored aq imaleba adamianisaTvis
ZiriTadi xifaTi. faqtobrivad, adamianis cxovrebaSi misi SeCereba, dakonkreteba ar moxerxdeba, Tu ar moviSveliebT `Rirebulebis~ cnebas, vinaidan, adamianis mTeli cxovreba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc miznebisaken nebis mimarT-va. adamiani imgvaradaa mowyobili, rom gansazRvruli
moTxovnilebani mas aiZuleben miaRwios mizans da rode-sac ase xdeba, sulieri mRelvareba cxreba, adamiani wonas-worobas aRidgens. amgvarad, adamianis moqmedebis sazomi
unda iyos `Rirebuleba~, e.i. Cveni moqmedeba SesabamisobaSi movides RirebulebebTan. swored, es mravalgvari Rireb-
ulebaa adamianis moqmedebis stimulic da mizanic. rogorc ki ganaxorcielebs adamiani erTi tipis gansaz-
moTxovnilebebi: inteleqtualuri, esTetikuri, eTikuri da religiuri moTxovnilebebi, romlebsac Seesabameba intele-qtualuri, esTetikuri, eTikuri da religiuri Rirebule-bebi. (uznaZe imeorebs i. kantis sqemas) da swored aqaa adamianis arsis dadgenis gasaRebi. maSasadame, d.uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, adamiani aris Semoqmedi arseba. igi Tavad adgens arsebobis wess, qmnis ra kulturul-adamianur
samyaros. aseTi cxovrebis Seqmna adamianma moaxerxa imiT, rom aqvs Tavisufali neba da Rirebulebebis Sesabamisad
SeuZlia moqmedeba.e.i. adamiani aris arseba, romelic gansakuTrebuli Ri-rebulebebis Sesatyvisad eZebs WeSmaritebas, Cadis zneo-briv saqciels an qmnis maRal xelovnebas. adamianis neba, misi moqmedeba ZiriTadad gansakuTrebul RirebulebaTa cvlaSi mJRavndeba, magram, amave dros, nebam unda SeZlos da absoluturi ltolva garkveul sazRvrebSi moaqcios. imis gamo, rom adamians aqvs Tavisufali neba, man ltolva, absoluturi biologiuri aqtivoba garkveul farglebSi unda moaqcios da amiT miaRwios goniT mdgomareobas.
adamianis amgvari cxovrebis wesi momdinareobs misi `bune-brivi SezRudulobidan~. es `zRvardadebuloba~ adamianis arsebobis wesia da ra Tqma unda, rTulad gadasalaxi
winaaRmdegobaa. adamianSi mudmivad arsebobs winaaRmdegoba absolutur ltolvasa da mis sazRvris damdeb Rirebule-bebs Soris, magram adamianis arseba aseTia, `bedisweriT~-aa gansazRvruli. daZabuloba gansakuTrebiT sacnaurdeba genialur pirovnebebSi. am dramatul konfliqts mravali
pirovnuli `me~ Seewira.am Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebiT Tu gadavxedavT il-
ias poemis mTavari personaJis istorias, CvenTvis naTeli gaxdeba misi cxovrebis tragedia, romelic momdinareobs konfliqtidan SesaZlebelsa da sasurvels Soris. dapiri-spirebidan, adamianis aulagmav biologiur aqtivobas da
mis adamianur Rirebulebebs Soris. adamianis buneba iseTia, rom Tavad sakuTari `adamianoba~ uwesebs zRvars. rode-sac misi nebis mizani gadis adamianuri mizanSewonilobis, keTildReobis, bednierebisa da movaleobis sazRvrebidan,
tragedia gardauvalia.rodesac, adamians ar akmayofilebs adamianuri Rirebule-bani da uCndeba mwveli gancda am Rirebulebebis amaoebisa, igi cildeba RirebulebaTa am sistemas, am samyaros, anu `ama sofels~ da mieltvis gansxvavebuls, zeciurs. aseT
dros marcxi gardauvalia. adamians ar SeuZlia adamianuri sazRvrebis garRveva, absoluturi srulyofa, vinaidan, misi Tavisufali nebis adgilsamyofelia cocxali, grZnobadi adamiani. mas ar moasvenebs adamianuri buneba, misi grZno-badi mxare, romlis gauTvaliswineblobac aucileblad
iqceva adamianuri tragediis mizezad. e.i., miuxedavad imisa, rom adamiani goniTi arsebaa, mainc ar SeuZlia `adamianuri
d.uznaZis TvalsazrisiT, nawarmoebis amgvari wakiTxva dagvexmareba kargad SevicnoT, ara marto gandegilis
pirovnuli tragedia, aramed, adamianis arsic da poema ar miviCnioT mxolod `mxatvrul-esTetikur Semoqmedebad~ an `qarTvelTa savalalo bedis qomagobad~. unda gavac-nobieroT is faqtic, rom nawarmoebs safuZvlad udevs garkveuli filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba, garkveuli
da am samyaroSi sakuTari Tavis gaazreba garkveuli Semo-qmedebiTi aqtia. metafizikisaken midrekileba adamianis erT-erTi uRrmesi `saidumlo~ unaria. (am konteqstSi d.uznaZe metafizikas da filosofias sinonimuri mniSvn-elobiT xmarobs). filosofia unda eswrafodes gaigos `samyaro, rogorc mTeli mis absoluturobaSi~. yoveli
filosofiis gza mimarTulia samyaros TavisTavadobisaken. mas empiriuli gansazRvruloba arasgziT ar miewereba. filosofiam unda datovos fizikur grZnobadis niadagi da metafizikurSi gadavides. amgvarad, yoveli filosofia Tu mas surs ataros es saxeli, metafizikis gzas unda daadges. filosofiam, rogorc metafizikam win wamoswia
samyaros TavisTavadobis, absolutis gageba da daupirisp-irda grZnobadi samyaros relatiurobas.
adamiani or winaaRmdegobriv sivrceSi arsebobs. esaa e.w. fizikuri, biologiuri done da RirebulebaTa samyaro,
ideaTa sauflo. ram unda moaxdinos am ori diferecire-buli samyaros sinTezi? amas ver moaxerxebs mecniereba, radgan, igi Tavadaa erT-erTi rgoli am diferenciaciaSi. mxolod filosofiaa am mxriv uflebamosili da ver
filosofiuri azrovneba Tavisuflebis ganmxorcielebeli azrovnebaa. am gagebiT filosofia axlos dgas poezias-Tan, is `cnebaTa poeziaa~. adamianis filosofia ver iqneba mowyvetili misi `me~-sagan (sruliad sxva specifikis
mqonea mecniereba). `metafizika Sevsebaa im samyarosi, ro-melic adamianis Semecnebis Semofargluli xedvis winaSe aucileblad warmodgeba. metafizika `cnebaTa poeziaa~, romelmac unda daakmayofilos Cveni moraluri, religi-uri Tu esTetikuri moTxovnilebani~ (73,86). samyaros metafizikuri suraTi mxatvruli suraTia da rogorc aseTi, igi warmoiSoba Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, adamia-
nis uSinaganesi arsebidan, misi raobidan, misi xasiaTidan~ (iqve gv.87). `filosofiis istoria esaa adamianis sulier
ra aris Semoqmedeba? svams kiTxvas uznaZe. `aris igi Sromis erTerTi saxeoba da maSasadame qcevis eqstogenur formaTa Soris unda moTavsdes Tu misi adgili ufro aq, introgenur qcevis aqtTa Sorisaa? mxatvruli Semo-qmedeba yovelTvis raRac nawarmoebis SeqmniT mTavrdeba,
uamisod am aqts Semoqmedebas aravin uwodebda, Semoqmedeba aucileblad gulisxmobs raimes Seqmnas. am Tvalsaz-
risiT, massa da Sromas Soris gansxvaveba ar aris. Tu am azrs imasac davumatebT, rom es nawarmoebi uTuod obi-eqtur Rirebulebesac Seicavs da maSasadame, garkveul moTxovnilebas unda akmayofilebdes, maSin Sromasa da Semoqmedebas Soris yovelgvari zRvari waiSleba.
miuxedavad amisa, sayuradReboa da simptomaturi, rom mxatvrul Semoqmedebas Cveulebriv mainc aravin uwo-
debs Sromas. es saxelwodeba Sromis aqtebs sruliad ar exameba, ar egueba, ise rogorc, ueWvelad uxerxulobas vigrZnobT SemoqmedebiTi aqtisaTvis rom vinmes Sroma ewodebina.~ (iqve. gv.2). albaT, naTeli unda iyos Tu ra specifikasac gulisxmobs SemoqmedebiT cnebaSi avtori. uznaZe Tavisi TeoriiT ecada daedgina Semoqmedebis
specifika. misi azriT, amisaTvis aucilebelia gaimijnos erTmaneTisagan Sroma saerTod da sakuTriv Semoqmedeba, dadgindes maT Soris saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. sxva adgilas, imave SromaSi uznaZe wers: rodesac ada-miani Sromas iwyebs, pirvel rigSi mxedvelobaSi aqvs Tavisi Sromis produqti, romelmac uTuod garkveuli
moTxovnileba unda daakmayofilos. moTxovnilebis dakmay-ofilebis unari, wamyvani aspeqtia, romelic mTel SromiT aqts azrsa da Rirebulebas aZlevs. adamiani imitom Sro-mobs, rom garkveuli moTxovnileba aqvs mxedvelobaSi,
medeba amqveyniur niadagze ibadeba da izrdeba. maSasadame, is aucileblad gulisxmobs rogorc sulier, ise fizi-kuri xasiaTis erTianobas. aseT erTianobas ki pirovneba warmoadgens, Tavisi gansazRvruli fizikuri da suli-
eri (goniTi) ZalebiT. amitom, cxadia, mxolod pirovnebis cxovrebis farglebSi da pirovnuli Zalebis meoxebiT SeiZleba midevna da ganxorcieleba im Rrma da mniS-
erT dRes, adamianis amqveyniur arsebobas wertili esmis. wydeba misi sicocxle da amiT SeuZlebeli xdeba im dan-iSnulebis ganxorcieleba, risTvisac am qveyanaze movida da swored es iwvevs CvenSi Rrma sinanulis grZnobas. es aris agreTve Cveni SfoTisa da usazRvro SiSis (Zr-wolis) mizezi, sikvdilis moaxloeba. vai Tu sikvdili
male movida da im dros mogviswro, roca jer kidev bevri ram gvqonda gasakeTebeli, roca bevri Cveni rezervi asamo-qmedebeli iyo, uamravi potenciuri momenti eloda ganx-
orcielebas.es aris SiSi imis gamo rom adamiani, sikvdilis Semdeg,
damokidebulebas gulisxmobs). erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT filosofiuri nawarmoe-bi da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis nayofi. filosofia mimar-Tulia imisaken, rom moaxerxos cxovrebis faruli dedaZ-arRvis Semecneba, da mTeli adamianuri Zalebis mimarTva mis gansaxorcieleblad. am SemTxvevaSi, adamiani miznis
da ideis ganxorcielebis survilSia. Semoqmedeba mxolod Seqmnili produqtiT fasdeba. Semoqmedebis process ek-argeba Rirebuleba Tu igi manam wydeba, sanam, xelovnebis
nawarmoebi dasruldeba.samyaroSi Camarxulia ori ZiriTadi principi: principi sicocxlisa da sikvdilisa. maT Soris mudmivi brZolaa, xolo, am brZolaSi gamarjvebulia erTi _ sikvdili.magram, aris meore momentic, adamianis goni protests
ucxadebs sikvdilis meufebas da Seupovrad iltvis ukv-davebisaken. Tumca, realoba am ukanasknelis marcxsac gvamcnobs. erTaderTi gza, riTac individi amqveyniur
individualuri, kerZo piri Semoqmedebisa, arc mis mier Se-qmnili nawarmoebi iqneboda. esa Tu is xelovnebis nimuSi arsebobs mxolod misi Semqmnelis ZaliT, mis Sedegad. da swored Seqmnili produqti, Semoqmedebis produqti
azris gaTvaliswinebaa aucilebeli, raTa SesaZlebeli gax-des xelovnuri formis Sefaseba, rogorc am azris gare-
gani gamoxatulebisa.magram Tu nawarmoebis forma mxolod gamoxatulebaa masSi dafaruli azrisa, maSin mas meorexarisxovani el-
ementis roli hqonia miCenili Seqmnil nawarmoebSi. radgan, umTavresi is ki ar aris, rac xatavs, aramed is, rac ix-ateba. maSasadame, Sinaarsi da ara garegani gamosaxva am
Sinaarsisa. magram, xelovneba xom swored imiTaa xelovneba, rom misTvis mTavari mniSvneloba swored garegan formas aqvs, vinaidan, azri da Sexeduleba, rogorc aseTi, mxolod gonebis muSaobis nayofia da ara uSualod mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa. maS Tu garegani formaa umTavresi ZarRvi
xelovnebisa maSin yovlad SeuZlebelia, is mxolod gamoxatuleba iyos faruli Sinaarsisa. albaT, igi metia vidre ubralo gamoxatuleba, Torem, xelovnebaSi mxat-vrul elements gacilebiT naklebi mniSvneloba eqneboda, vidre aramxatvruls. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi an formaa
umTavresi an Sinaarsi. Tu forma maSin Sinaarsis kvlevas adgili ar unda qondes mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sefasebis dros, da Tu Sinaarsia mTavari maSin mxatvruli nawar-moebi uargumentacio debulebaTa kona iqneba mxolod da
nia samyaros faruli Sinaarsis Semecneba. verc filo-sofosi da verc xelovani ver kmayofildeba arsebuli
samyaros yvelasaTvis TvalsaCino saxiT, im saxiT, romelic Cveulebrivi mokvdavisaTvis aris cnobili da misawvdomia
Cveulebrivi xedvisaTvis.Semoqmedi ki miiswrafvis mis wiaRSi dafaruli azris gagebisaken. filosofosic da xelovanic erTnairi da-
JinebiT eswrafian mis wvdomas, xolo wvdomis gza gansx-vavebulia. filosofosi iwyebs arsebuli naTeli forme-bidan da logikuri msjelobis saSualebiT erT ganuwyve-tel inteleqtualur Zafs abams samyaros idumal arsamde. igi TandaTanaobiT mihyveba am Zafs da amgvarad wvdeba
cxovrebis farul azrs. igi imecnebs samyaros. rodesac vmsjelobT, vafasebT filosofosis mier samyaros idumali arsis Semecnebas, am filosofiis logikuri Zafis simagres vsinjavT. Tu es Zafi magaria, e.i. filosofo-
sis logikuri msjeloba mtkicea maSin Cvenc mivyvebiT am Semecnebas da viziarebT samyaros arsis miseul gagebas. xolo, rodesac argumentacia sustia maSin filosofiuri sistemac saeWvo sistemad migvaCnia da is WeSmaritebac,
romelic mas surs ipovos.sruliad gansxvavebul gzas miyveba xelovani. isic Rrma survils ganicdis msoflios faruli arsis gagebisa da gamoxatvisaken. es survili ver kmayofildeba logikuri argumentaciiT. igi pirdapir, logikis dauxmareblad unda miwvdes cxovrebis wiaRSi dafarul idumal arss da Ta-viseburad gaiTvaliswinos. SemoqmedebiT aRmafrenas uwo-deben moments, rodesac xelovani gonebis dauxmareblad,
intuiciurad lamobs cxovrebis arsis wvdomas.filosofiuri azrovnebis Sedegia samyaros gageba, xolo xelovnebis mizania samyaros idumali arsis gancda. wvdeba Tu ara xelovani intuiciiT cxovrebis namdvil arss? xom SeiZleba imis daSveba, rom igi samyaros arsis magier sxva
uswrebs ara marto ontologias da kosmologias, aramed, gnoseologiasac. adamianis Semecneba da yoveli adamianuri Semoqmedeba efuZneba im wanamZRvars, rom adamiani Semoq-medi arsebaa Tavisi bunebiT da yofierebis centria.
Semoqmedebis dros xdeba adamianis goniTi Zalebis gaxsna. adamiani SemoqmedebaSi Tavadve aRmoaCens sakuTar Tavs. am dros iqmneba axali samyaro da grZeldeba samyaros Seqm-
TviTSemqmneli da TviTdamdgeni arseba, ar flobs mkacrad gansazRvrul, myar struqturas. filosofiuri anTropo-logia adamians gansazRvravs, rogorc samyaros centrSi myof aqtiur subieqts, axali anTropologiuri sinamdvi-lis Semqmnels. adamianis am subieqtur yofnaSi moZebnilia safuZveli, romelic apirobebs adamianis Tavisuflebas da mis SemoqmedebiT unars. es aris goniTi aqtivobis faqti.Cemi azriT, filosofiur-anTropologiuri kvleva rom
gamarTlebuli iyos da namdvilad CaiTvalos axal mimar-Tulebad, man unda moicvas mTeli speqtri adamianuri
arsebobis wesisa, misi arsis gagebisa, romelic Sesabamisi iqneba Tanamedrove konkretuli mecnieruli codnis, aseve im moTxovnebis rac dResac mniSvnelovani da aqtualuria
filosofiisaTvis.radgan, filosofiuri anTropologia filosofiuri dis-ciplinaa, unda upasuxos kiTxvas ra aris adamianis arsi. ra aris is, rac adamianSi cvlilebebis miuxedavad, mainc
da gonia.adamiani aris Semoqmedi arseba, es definicia erT-erTi
ZiriTadia adamianis, rogorc goniTi arsebis dasadgenad. filosofiur literaturaSi adrec miRebul faqtad iTvleboda, rom adamianis gasagebad erT-erTi aucile-beli piroba, misi, rogorc Semoqmedi arsebis aRiarebaa. rogor ismis es kiTxva filosofiur anTropologiaSi. m.landmani Tavis cnobil SromaSi `filosofiuri anTro-pologia~ sakiTxs amdagvarad ayenebs: ris mixedviT xdeba adamianis arsis gageba? im niSnebiT, romelic yvela adami-anSia ganurCevlad rasisa da kulturisa, Tu es mxolod mosamzadebeli kiTxvaa, imisaTvis, rom gavxsnaT kacobrio-bis (adamianis gvaris) umaRlesi SesaZleblobani, rasac faqtiurad yvela adamiani da yoveli kultura verc aRwevs. sxva sityvebiT: Cven veZebT adamianis arsis uR-rmes punqts. romlis ganxorcieleba gvaZlevs uflebas mas mivaweroT adamianis predikati, Tu Cven veZebT arsis umaRles punqts, mis ideals, romelsac igi xSirad Zalze
CamorCeba(48,11)adamianis Semecneba metad rTul filosofiur problemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba, radgan, Semecnebis subieqti da Sesamec-nebeli obieqti erTi da imave arsis matarebelia. da meo-rec, Tu sagnebis Semecneba SedarebiT `advilia~ imis gamo, rom sagnebs aqvT myari yofiereba da isini Semmecnebelze da Sesabamisad, Semecnebaze, romelic mis gasagebadaa mimar-Tuli, zemoqmedebas ver axdenen. es sagnebs ar SeuZliaT, ufro zustad, sagnis yofiereba `gulgrilia~ Semecnebis mimarT. (nikolai hartmani). adamiani am mxrivac gamonak-lisia. mas ar aqvs dasrulebuli, ucvleli yofiereba anu uzogadesi struqtura, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT mis bunebriv mxares, romelic myari mocemulobaa. magram, isic cnobilia, rom es simyare jer kidev ar moicavs mTel ada-mians. adamianSi aris sxva ganzomilebac, bunebiT aradeter-minirebuli. esaa adamianis Tavisufali anu SemoqmedebiTi mxare. adamiani Tavad aris Semoqmedi, Semqmneli. is Tavisu-
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flad irCevs da iRebs gadawyvetilebebs.Tu gavixsenebT kacobriobis istorias, aseTi suraTis mow-meni gavxdebiT. Tavdapirvelad, adamiani mxolod agrovebda bunebis sagnebs da maT iyenebda. am dros igi Sors iyo Seqmnisagan, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi, garkveuli geo-grafiuli garemosa da klimatis meSveobiT (zegavleniT), adamianma daiwyo gamogoneba, Seqmna. aqedan iwyeba ojaxis
misi Zalisxmevis Sedegia da verafriT ver avxsniT bunebis SepirobebiT, radgan, yovelive aris sakuTriv adamianuri miRweva, kultura. kultura ki swored isaa, rasac adami-ani TviTon qmnis Tavisuflad. am gagebiT, adamianis defini-cia aseTi unda iyos: _ adamiani aris kulturis Semoqmedi
arseba.is rac aq iTqva adamianis gvarze, Tavisuflad iTqmis da vrceldeba yovel calkeul adamianzec. erTeul adamians aqvs xasiaTi da goniTi midrekilebani. Tu rogori adami-ani unda mas rom gaxdes, Tavad adamianze didad damokide-buli. gvaxsendeba cnobili fraza: `gaxdi is, rac xar~, romelsac kanti Semdegnairad gamoTqvams: `gindodes, ro-gorc xar valdebuli~. am SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeba sa-kuTari Tavis Seqmna, sakuTari Tavis meSveobiT (bergsoni), xolo kantis frazaSi meti datvirTvaa adamianis zneobriv
mxareze.arc is faqti unda uarvyoT, rom adamianma istoriulad SedarebiT gvian gaacnobiera, rom igia Semoqmedi sakuTari Tavisa da Tavis kulturisa. odesRac, adamiani mxolod baZavda miTiuri suraTebis cnobierebas da amiT avsebda tradiciul sqemebs. faqtiurad, es yovelTvis pirovnuli
gziT xorcieldeboda da xorcieldeba.Zvel berZnebSi da ufro mkveTrad ki axal droSi kar-gad Cans individualobis anabeWdi. adamianebs sakuTari cxovrebis postulatad cxovrebaSi arCeuli suraTebi
aqvT an sakuTari principebiT agebuli sinamdvile. Semoq-medeba iqca adamianis udides da ZiriTad movaleobad.zemoT Tqmulidan naTeli unda iyos Semdegi azri, rom
adamiani aris Camouyalibebeli (dausrulebeli) arseba, da misi cxovreba sulac ar midis winaswar dadgenili gziT. es cxovreba sanaxevrod mainc Tavad maszea damokidebuli. Semoqmedebis unari aZlevs mas TviTdadgenis saSualebas.o.plesnerisa da a.gelenis azriT, adamiani arsebaa, romlis
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winaSec dgas sakuTari Tavis Seqmnis amocana. igi saku-Tari Tavis Semoqmedia. es exeba rogorc kerZo pirovnebas, aseve xalxebs da maT kulturas. adamians Tavad upyria xelT sakuTari yofiereba. adamiani ara mxolod Ta-
visTavad cxovrobs, aramed, TviTon qmnis da Semdeg marTavs Tavis cxovrebas.
swored es, rom adamiani ar aris dadgenili da sakuTari Tavi unda Seqmnas, gaaformos, qmnis safuZvels TviTSem-ecnebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. adamiani Tavad qmnis Tavis xats, sakuTar Tavs da gansazRvravs imasac, radac unda
iqces.yovelTvis rodi xorcieldeba yvela Semoqmedeba, TviT-gaformeba raime xatis mixedviT, iqneba es cnobieri Tu aracnobieri. Cndeba problema: rogor unda gaviazroT kacobriobis didi TviTSeqmna anu kacobrioba, rogorc
sakuTari Semoqmedebis Sedegi. isev istoria moviSvelioT. ase magaliTad, berZnebisaTvis adamiani iyo gonieri arseba, rac niSnavs mis racionalobaze miTiTebas. igi orien-
teqnikuri, samxedro da sxva amgvari moRvaweobani.praqtikuli maT SeiZleba ewodoT Teoriuli (mecni-
eruli) da esTetikuri moRvaweobisagan gansasxvaveblad. magram, ufro Rrmad Tu davakvirdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom aqac goniTi moRvaweoba igulisxmeba. sanam e.w. `praqtikuli moRvaweoba~ goniTis, obieqturi Rirebulebis donemde ar amaRlebula, mas Semoqmedebad ver CavTvliT. teqni-kuri gamogoneba SemoqmedebiTi miRwevaa. aRmoCenisaTvis
saWiroa SemoqmedebiTi Zieba, mizandasaxuli moqmedeba, misi miRweva da imis gacnobiereba, rom aRmovaCineT obieqturi Rirebulebis mqone sagani, gamonakliss arc praqtikuli moRvaweobis sfero Seadgens. magram, udavoa, obieqturi Rirebulebis sferoSi unda viyoT, raTa Cveni monapovari Semoqmedebis produqtad Sefasdes. Semoqmedebis realuri procesi subieqtur da obieqtur RirebulebaTa erTobli-
vi moqmedebis sferoa.ganvmartoT, ra gvesmis RirebulebaTa sistemaSi. cnobilia, rom Rirebuleba gulisxmobs Semfasebel subieqts (indi-
vids an individTa raime erTobliobas).obieqtis Rirebuleba gulisxmobs, rom Semfasebeli subi-eqti da Sesafasebeli sagani Tu movlena sxvadasxvaa.
ganarCeven obieqtur da subieqtur Rirebulebebs. subieq-turia Rirebuleba, Tu mas Rirebulebad aRiarebs mxolod subieqti, iqneba es individi, sazogadoebrivi jgufi, Tu
licaa da regresulic. gamosavals ar warmoadgens sakiTx-is iseTi gadaWra, romlis Tanaxmad, iaraRis Seqmna, misi gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba Semoqmedebad CaiTvalos, rogorc uaryofiT RirebulebasTan dakavSirebuli moqmedeba. ase rom iyos maSin ar dagvrCeboda arc erTi SemoqmedebiTi miRweva, ramdenadac SeuZlebelia iseTi rezultati war-movidginoT, risi gamoyenebac ar SeeZlos negatiur Zalas.
sad aris am winaaRmdegobidan gamosavali?SeiZleba es gamosavali RirebulebaTa ierarqiul aRna-gobaSi gveZebna. adamianis arsebobis saboloo miznis da
yvelaze arsebiTi mxaris dadgena Tu SeiZleba maSin Rire-bulebaTa Sesabamisi sfero skalis TavSi moeqceoda, dan-arCenebi ki subordinaciulad ganlagdeboda, aseT SemTx-vevaSi, erT sferoSi miRweuli progresi sabolood imiT Sefasdeboda ras iwvevs igi umTavres sferoSi, progress Tu regress. magram, kulturaSi aseve kargad SeiniSneba
SefardebiToba da ierarqiis moZravi xasiaTi.yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan SeiZleba erTi daskvnis gamo-tana. Semoqmedeba TavisTavad progresad unda miviCnioT, adamianis pirovnebis da gvaris gamoTavisuflebad anTro-pologiur sivrceSi manamde arsebuli SezRudulobisagan. magram, kulturis kerZo dargebis ganviTarebas is SeiZle-ba garkveul pirobebSi ewinaaRmdegebodes kidec, Tumca, ara Tavis Sinagani bunebiT, aramed, masTan dakavSirebuli sxva
momentebiT. adamians, ganviTarebis ra donezec ar unda imyofebodes,
Wirdeba erTian sistemaSi gaiazros samyaro da TavisTavi am samyaroSi. amrigad, aq saqme gvaqvs garkveul Semoqmedeb-
iT aqtTan, samyaros Signidan ganaTebasTan (dilTai).Semoqmedebis, gagebis es procesi subieqtis mier garkveu-
li poziciidan xorcieldeba, garkveuli horizontidan. da radgan aseTi pozicia da horizonti droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba, amitom msoflmxedvelobanic gansxvavdeba erTma-neTisagan. adamianis Semoqmedeba ZiriTadad gansazRvruli modeliT fuZndeba. filosofosebi asxvaveben individualur-yoveldRiur da Teoriul msoflmxedvelobas. pirvelis mixedviT, yovel adamians aqvs samyaros garkveuli gageba, warmodgena cxovrebaze, am sinamdvileSi Tavis rolsa da daniSnulebaze.
yoveldRiuri cnobierebisaTvis, msoflmxedvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia gaucnobierebloba an naxevrad cnobieri xasiaTi, individualoba, romelsac zogadobis pretenzia ar aqvs. is yalibdeba zne-Cveulebebis, tradiciebis saxiT da misi gamovlenis umaRlesi formaa cxovrebiseuli sibrZne~.
msoflmxedvelobis meore formaa Teoriuli msoflmxed-veloba. es aris azrTa da SexedulebaTa sistema samyaroze da adamianis adgilis Sesaxeb samyaroSi. isini gamosaxvis Sesabamisi saSualebebiT gamoiTqmeba religiaSi, xelovnebasa da filosofiaSi.
dilTai (1898 wels daibeWda misi Txzuleba `mso-flmxedvelobaTa tipebi da maTi gamovlena metafizikur sistemebSi~) erTmaneTisagan mijnavs adamianuri moRvaweobis, Semoqmedebis or sferos, msoflmxedvelobasa da mecnierebas. misi azriT, samyaro da maT Soris adamianic SeiZleba dan-axuli da ganxiluli iqnes e.w. garedan xedvis poziciidan. e.i. adamianma uari unda Tqvas sakuTar interesebze, yovelive subieqturze da obieqturad gansajos sinamdvile, daadginos faqtebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebebi. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs transcendentalur subieqtTan, romelic mecnierebis sferos agebs da pretenzia aqvs Tavisi codnis zogad mniS-vnelobaze. magram, samyaro da adamiani SeiZleba danaxuli
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iqnes Signidanac e.i. subieqtis gancdili gamocdilebis, misi Sinagani goniTi urTierTkavSiris prizmaSi. (swored es aris, rasac sakuTriv Semoqmedebas veZaxiT) sxva sityvebiT, adamiani jer cxovrobs, moqmedebs da mxolod Semdeg Seimecnebs, amitom, sinamdvilisadmi misi mimarTeba uwinares yovlisa Rirebule-biTia. dilTai adamianis ZiriTad gansazRvrulobas xedavs moRvaweobaSi, SemoqmedebaSi, kulturis subieqtad yofnaSi.
lis saidumloeba, amitom, maT erTi da igive agebuleba aqvT. is unda miwvdes samyaros mniSvnelobas, sazriss da amisda mixedviT dgindeba ideali _ umaRlesi sikeTe, sicocxlis ZiriTadi principi. dilTais debulebaa, rom msoflmxedv-eloba Seesabameba misi Semqmnelis pirovnebas.
imisda mixedviT Tu Semoqmedeba ra tips ganekuTvneba, yalibdeba msoflmxedvelobis sami ZiriTadi tipi: a. natu-ralizmi, b. Tavisuflebis idealizmi, g. obieqturi idealizmi. naturalizmi iseTi ganwyobaa, roca adamiani Tavs grZnobs bunebisagan sruliad gansazRvrulad. naturalizmis struq-tura ucvleli rCeboda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. dawyebuli demokritedan, vidre hobssa da holbaxamde. maTi Semecnebis Teoria sensualisturia, metafizika _ materialisturi. am tipis TeoriisaTvis (msoflmxedvelobisaTvis) damaxasiaTebe-lia adamianis Segueba sinamdvilisadmi da ltolva netarebi-saken. msoflmxedvelobis es tipi yovelTvis arsebobda TviT umkacresi inkviziciis pirobebSic. (am tipis sistemebidan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania epikureizmi, hobsis moZRvreba, holbaxis bunebis sistema, foierbaxisa da vulgaruli ma-terializmis Tvalsazrisi.) naturalizmi gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli iyo sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa ganviTa-rebisaTvis. am mimarTulebisaTvis yvelaferi bunebrivad da racionalurad cxaddeboda, ar arsebobs araviTari iraciona-luri, transcendentaluri da TavisTavadi goniTi. moraluri maqsima, romelsac naturalizmi gvTavazobs hedonizmia.
Tavisuflebis idealizmi, naturalizmis sapirispiro mov-lenaa. misi Semecnebis Teoria emyareba uSualod cnobierebis monacemTa analizs. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia pirovnebis nebis Tavisuflebis dacva, misi suverenulobis mtkiceba, goniTis avtonomiuroba. subieqtis Tavisuflebis ideis ukiduresi gamoxatulebaa RmerTis mier samyaros arafrisagan Seqmnis aqti. es Tvalsazrisi istoriulad sxvadasxva poziciebidan iqna dafuZnebuli.
anu zogadi xasiaTis, g)teqnikuri gamogoneba. SemoqmedebaSi yovelTvis TanamSromloben logikuri da fsiqologiuri unarebi.
T.iaroSevski Semoqmedebis interpretaciis cdebs samad hyofs: a) erTi Teoria gancdis fsiqologiaa da intuiciiT cdilobs Semoqmedebis axsnas. b)meore _ qcevaze dakvirve-biTa da formalizaciiT, g)mesame mimarTuleba ki individis fsiqikur mxares sazogadoebrivi kulturis gavlenis qveS aqcevs.(35,95)
intuicia aris momentaluri, wamieri ganaTeba, romelic arsebuli saqmis viTarebas wvdeba. bevri mecnieri miuTiTebs, rom aseTi ganaTeba cnobierebis velis~ gareT xdeba. intui-cia yvela SemTxvevaSi specifikur-SemoqmedebiT momentad iT-vleba. da xSirad cnobieri analiziT, SedarebiT, ganzogadebiT mwifdeba. aracnobiers mxolod maSin aqvs SemoqmedebisaTvis fasi, roca masSi raime pozitiuri azria. aracnobieri cno-bieriviT rom moqmedebdes, iseve ver moaxdens `ganaTebas~, rogorc cnobieri moRvaweobis dros yovelgvari uecari `ganaTeba~ gamoricxulia. amitom, saWiroa aracnobieric produqtiul cnebad vaqcioT.
froidistul TeoriaSi pirvelad mieqca yuradReba im garemoebas, rom aracnobieri cnobierebiT ar moqmedebs. magram, am mimdinareobam aracnobieri gaigo, rogorc iracionaluri da ise gamovida, rom saboloo jamSi instinqturi ltolva yofila Semoqmedebis amxsneli. individi, subieqti gagebulia `Caketil~ sistemad, maSin roca adamiani Ria arsebaa, kul-turuli garemos Svili.
siRrmiseul moments adamianis SemoqmedebaSi marTlac aqvs mniSvneloba, magram, es siRrmiseuli biologiuri moce-muloba ki ar aris, aramed, savsea subieqturi SinaarsiT – iqmneba Semoqmedis, mier xelovnebis Tu mecnierebaTa sistemaSi pirovnulis CarTviT. (35,104)
geStalt Teoriamac scada am sakiTxis axsna. produqti-
uli aqti misTvis aris erTi geStaltidan meoreze gadas-vla. es ki aracnobieridan cnobierSi amotivtivebis nacvlad, cnobieri gadasvlaa. da mainc, aqac Semoqmedeba cnobierebis farglebSi gaigeba, sinamdvilisadmi mimarTebis gareSe.
meore saxis Teoriaa biheviorizmi, misi mTavari cnebebia swavla da problemebis gadaWra, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom Seswavlis obieqtia qceva im situaciaSi, romlisaTvisac reaqcia jer ar Camoyalibebula. aqac saqme `Semoqmedebas~ exeba. magram, gansxvavebiT geStaltistTa cnobieri mixve-drisagan, bihevioristebTan mixvedra SemTxveviT cdiTa da Secdomebis gadalaxviT xdeba. miuxedavad amisa, biheviorizmma ganaxorciela formalizacia, stimulis (niSnis) safuZvelze. mniSveloba aq niSanma Secvala.
fsiqoanalizi, geStaltizmi, da biheviorizmi orientire-bulia arian individze, individi ki mniSvnelovanwiladaa damokidebuli istoriul ganviTarebaze.
Cemi azriT, mecnierul Semoqmedebas saerToc bevri aqvs mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan da gansxvavebulic. imis Tqma, rom xelovneba qmnis sinamdviles, xolo mecnieruli ki asaxavs, maincdamainc zusti ar aris, radgan, siRrmiseulad asaxvac da Seqmnac orive subieqturia. amitom, mecnierul-SemoqmedebiTi da mxatvruli asaxva, mecnieruli da mxatvruli saxeebi Semo-qmedebis TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisagan didad ar gansxvavdeba. maTSi subieqturoba mxolod saxeTa TaviseburebaSi iZleva sxvaobas. orive sinamdvilisadmi SemoqmedebiTi midgomaa.
ra bunebisaa inteleqtualuri intuicia, logikuri Tu metalogikuri? aristotelesaTvis dasabuTeba ar SeiZleba yofiliyo dausrulebeli procesi. is saTaves iRebs Ta-visTavad cxadi debulebidan, romelTa dasabuTeba ar Sei-Zleba. magram, `analitikaSi~ igi ganixilavs aqsiomebs, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom aristotele logikis sferos mxolod dasabuTebiT ar Semofarglavs. dekartTan da laibnicTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom mkacrad gaimijna erTmaneTisagan Sem-ecnebaSi intuiciuri da diskursiuli gzebi, orive logi-kuri bunebisaa. mxolod hegelma uaryo `dausabuTebeli~ debulebis miReba, raxan misTvis logikaSi yvelaferi dasab-uTebuli unda iyos. mainc Secdomaa intuiciis zelogikur unarad gamocxadeba. Tu sanimuSod miviRebT dekartes cogito-s, rac udaod logikuri bunebisaa, misi meSveobiT azrovnebasa da yofierebas Soris aucilebeli mimarTeba myardeba.
magram, Semoqmedebis intuicia sistemaSi mxolod sawyisi, sayrdeni debulebis mignebas ar axdens, misiT nebismieri debuleba moipoveba. amitom, farTo gamoyeneba aqvs, rogorc filosofiaSi, aseve mecnierebaSi. am mxriv ki inteleqtua-luri intuiciis roli gadamwyvetia. (Tumca, arc grZnobad intuiciaSia obieqti izolirebuli saxiT, mimarTebis gareSe mocemuli.)
mainc ra gansxvavebaa warmosaxvasa da intuicias So-ris? xSiria Secdoma, roca warmosaxvas TvalsaCino xatebiT operirebis unars miaweren, intuicias ki ara. jer erTi, inteleqtualuri intuiciis gverdiT arsebobs grZnobadic, warmosaxva ki musikaSi, filosofiaSi, logikaSi da maTemati-kaSi erTmaneTTan akavSirebs araTvalsaCino Sinaarsebs. amitom,
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maT Soris gansxvaveba ase unda gavigoT: intuicia amyarebs Sinaarsebs Soris arsebiT logikur kavSirs. Tundac, rom Tavad mwifdebodes friad `uCveulo logikiT~. warmosaxva ki, Tumca, Tavisufldeba mexsierebis `asociaciis kanonebisa-gan~, Tavisufals, magram, mainc asociaciur kavSirs amyarebs.
swored amis gamo, ra didic ar unda iyos warmosaxvis roli mecnierul SemoqmedebaSi, gadamwyvet momentSi is adgils uTmobs intuicias, xolo xelovnebaSi, mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi, warmosaxva prevalirebs intuiciaze.
iseve rogorc warmosaxvas miewereba ori funqcia – SemecnebiTi da SemoqmedebiTi, aseve SeiZleba intuiciis or funqciaze laparaki. mopovebuli codnis aTvisebisas intuiciis roli SemecnebiTia, mecnierebisaTvis ucnobis aR-moCenisas ki SemoqmedebiTi. mecnierebaSic iseve gvaqvs Semo-qmedeba, rogorc xelovnebaSi. orivegan xdeba axlis miReba. magram Tu xelovnebaSi es axali warmosaxuli sinamdvilea~, mecnierebaSi SemoqmedebiT miRebuli realuri sinamdvile axleburad gaigeba.
SemoqmedebaSi miuTiTeben e.w. STagonebis rolze. masSi gulisxmoben adamianis ZalTa mimarTvas da mobilizebas. ra adgili unda mivuCinoT mas?
fsiqologebi ganasxvaveben fsiqikur procesebs (aRqma, yuradReba, azrovneba da sxva) fsiqikuri mdgomareobisagan (emocia). Tu axla gavavlebT erTgvar paralels da Semec-nebas `goniT process~ vuwodebT maSin STagoneba SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc `goniTi mdgomareoba~, romelic adamianis Zalebs mimarTavs garkveuli miznisaken da pirobad edeba nebismieri saxis Semoqmedebas.
rac Seexeba filosofiur Semoqmedebas, mas araerTi Ta-visebureba axasiaTebs da specialur Seswavlas moiTxovs. rodesac filosofiur Semoqmedebaze laparakobdnen, tradici-ulad ise xdeboda, rom pirvelad adgendnen mimarTebas fi-losofiur da religiur Semoqmedebas Soris. es imitom, rom,
istoriulad swored adamianuri moRvaweobis es ori sfero ukavSirdeba yvelaze ufro mWidrod erTmaneTs. am mimarTebis gagebisaTvis visargebloT lapSinis wigniT `gamogonebis filosofia da gamogoneba filosofiaSi~. (52)
filosofiuri Semoqmedeba gansxvavdeba religiurisagan. filosofia sulieri moRvaweobis Taviseburi sferoa. is ZiriTadad aris SemecnebiTi azrovnebis da ara emociuri azrovnebis sfero. filosofia imTaviTve upirispirdeba Teosofias. mas ufro mecnierebis msgavsi codnis saxe aqvs.
filosofiuri gamonagoni sxvaa, Teologiuri ki sxva. religiur Semoqmedebas aqvs Rrmad emociuri xasiaTi, buneba. religiis damfuZnebelni arian ara mecnier-Semoqmedni, aramed, axali religiuri Rirebulebebis sjulmdebeli Semoqmedni. amitomac Sedis filosofiis istoriaSi sokrate, platoni, kanti da ara mose, muhamedi an qriste.
RvTismetyvelebis ZiriTadi mizania moaxdinos religi-uri moZRvrebis mowesrigeba da sistematizacia. ra Tqma unda, mas aqvs Sinagani logika da ganviTareba, magram, Tavad RvTism-etyvelebis bunebidan gamomdinare, Teoretikosi, miadgeba ra iseTi cnebebis sazRvrebs, rogoricaa saswauli, saidumlo, avtoriteti, Teologiur azrovnebaSi gonebis logikas gulis logika cvlis codnas rwmena enacvleba. RvTismetyveluri Semoqmedebis efeqturoba ganisazRvreba religiuris gavleniT mrevlze, filosofiisa ki obieqturi mniSvnelobiT.
zemoT naTqvami sulac ar gamoricxavs im faqts, rom RvTismetyveluri da filosofiuri tendenciebi xSirad Tanaarseboben Seqmnis (Semoqmedebis) procesSi.
aseve faqtia isic, rom araerTi filosofosi iyo da-jildoebuli mxatvruli (mwerluri) Semoqmedebis niWiT, amitom, maTi nawarmoebebi ganxilul iqna ara mxolod, ro-gorc filosofiis istoriis kuTvnileba, aramed, xelovnebis istoriisac. magram, es sulac ar gviSlis xels, SevZloT movaSoroT e.w. esTetikuri garsi filosofiur nawarmoebs,
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davinaxoT nawarmoebis birTvis filosofiuri mniSvneloba da Rirebuleba. filosofias aqvs Tavisi specifikuri funqcia, rogorc codnis Tavisebur sferos. Semoqmedeba aris indivi-dis, pirovnebis saqmianoba, iqneba es filosofiuri, religiuri Tu mecnieruli Semoqmedeba. problemad iyo qceuli sakiTxi Tu ra gansazRvravs Semoqmedebas, mis arsebobas, Camoyalibebas. ra zomiT monawileobs masSi memkvidreobiToba da aRzrda. aq Cven ZiriTadad vxvdebiT or calmxriv Tvalsazriss. an-tinomia sociumisa da individisa. Semoqmedeba amboben erTni, yovelTvis aris socialuri pirobebis sasurveli damTxvevis (Tavmoyrisas) produqti. igulisxmeba politikuri, ekono-miuri, pedagogiuri, socialuri garemoebani. (mag: aseTi azri hqonda helveciuss.) misi azriT, mecnierebaSi bevri ramaa ganpirobebuli memkvidreobiT. am TvalsazrisSi niWierebis arseboba Tundac biologiur doneze nuls udris.
meores mxriv, aseve kategoriulad da radikaluri for-miT icavs Tavis pozicias individualizmi. Tu Sopenhauers da nicSes davujerebT, Semoqmedi aris mwvervali, romelic maRldeba adamianTa samyaros yovelgvar mocemulobaze.
samyaro, iseTi rogoricaa warmoadgens mudmiv gamocanas. is usasrulod mravalferovani da amouwuravia adamianisaTvis. misi bolomde Semecneba, gageba Zalze Zneli, SeuZlebelic kia. amitom aris, rom filosofiaSi samyaro yovelTvis rCeba, rogorc amosacnobi raRac Ria sistema. adamianis SemoqmedebiT nebas surs ara marto Seicnos samyaros mTlianoba, aramed, kidec Seqmnas Tavisi war-modgenis Sesabamisad.
tradiciulad filosofiuri Semoqmedebis dros amocanad dgeboda
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rogorme gadalaxuliyo azrovnebis SezRuduloba da codnis simwire. istoriulad wamyvan rols TamaSobda sami ZiriTadi idea. 1. samyaros eqstremaluroba (borotebis idea), 2. nebis ukmaroba individisa Tu kacobriobisa _ awmyos vnebebTan brZolaSi. 3. SiSi adamianis Tu kacobriobis gardauvali daRupvisa momavalSi. tradiciuli filosofia cdilobs am sam problemas sami ideiT mouaros. samyaros eqstrem-alurobas – RmerTis ideiT, vnebis Zalauflebas _ Tavisuflebis ideiT, sikvdilis gardauvalobas – ukvdavebis ideiT. sxvadasxva filosofiur sistemebs sxvadasxvagvari pasuxi aqvT am sakiTxze.
filosofiuri Semoqmedebis arsia adamianis gonis maradiuli mis-wrafeba, raTa dainaxos da daadginos sinamdvilis ufro adekvaturi suraTi. misi paTosia codnis gafarToeba da gaRrmaveba. (52,72)
es Tvalsazrisi aris erT-erTi klasikuri interpretacia imisa Tu rogor unda gavigoT filosofia, rogorc Semoqmedeba. amave problemas aSuqebs n.berdiaevi Tavis wignSi `Semoqmedebis sazrisi~.
misi azriT, yoveli SemoqmedebiTi aqti aris gaTavisufleba da gadalaxva yoveldRiuri amqveyniuri amaoebis. Semoqmedeba Tavisi arsiT aris gamosavali krizisuli situaciidan da masze gamarjveba. magram, zogjer, Semoqmedeba iqceva piradi tragediis mizezad. Semoqmedis gza aris tanjvisa da msxverplis gza, magram is yov-elTvis aris gaTavisufleba yovelgvari gare iZulebisagan.
berdiaevis mixedviT, axali filosofiis mizania gaxdes mecnieruli an mecnierebis msgavsi. filosofias raRacnairi Suri aqvs mecnierebi-sa. Tavad filosofosebsac mecnierebis ufro sjeraT, vidre filosofiisa. da am eWvs principadac ki acxadeben. filosofiis istoria savsea magaliTebiT Tu rogor cdilobdnen mecnierebad eqciaT filosofiuri codna, magram, saboloo azriT, yvela am tipis azrovneba ganwiruli iyo filosofiuri sqolastikisaTvis.
filosofia arcerTi parametriT ar aris mecniereba da araviTari azriT ar SeiZleba iyos mecnieruli. iseve, rogorc, ar aris xelovneba, morali an religia mecnieruli. maincdamainc filosofia ratom unda iyos mecnieruli? mecnieruloba aris gamonaklisi Tviseba da maxa-siaTebeli mecnierebisa. is mxolod mecnieruli codnis kriteriumad
gamodgeba. aseve, filosofia unda iyos mxolod filosofiuri da ara mecnieruli. filosofia mecnierebamdeli faqtia da axloa sibrZnesTan. filosofias Tu mas miviRebT, rogorc mecnierebas Semecnebis Ses-axeb, an sawyisis Sesaxeb maSin daikargeba is, rogorc adamianuri Semoqmedebis TviTmyofadi sfero. filosofia damoukidebeli sferoa kulturis da ara mecnierebisa.
saidumloebis wvdomis, misi Wvretis. amitom, igi midrekilia iyos filosofosi. mecniereba ki yovelTvis usmens aucileblobas. misi stiqia Tavisufleba araa, mecniereba arasodes ar yofila da arc iqneba adami-anuri gonis ganmaTavisuflebeli. magram, is iyo da iqneba Rirebuli orientiri aucileblobis samyaroSi. amitom, mecnierebis saqme ar aris WeSmariti, aramed WeSmaritebebi. mecniereba qmnis mecnierul sinamdviles, xolo filosofia Wvrets da qmnis Tavis sinamdviles.
Tu mecniereba aris ekonomiuri Segueba mocemuli samyaro-sadmi da Segueba misi aucileblobisadmi. ra azriT aris filosofia mecnierebaze damokidebuli da unda iyos mecnieruli? upirveles yovlisa, filosofia aris zogadi orientiri mTlian yofierebaSi.. da ara kerZo orientiri, filosofia eZebs WeSmaritsa da ara WeSmaritebebs. mecniereba Tavis safuZvelSi, principebsa da daskvnebSi SeiZleba iyos damokidebuli filosofiaze, magram, ara piriqiT. dasaSvebia mecnierebis filosofia da ara mecnieruli filosofia. filosofia yovelTvis iseT WeSmaritebebs eZebs, romelic aRemateba realur samyaros. filosofiis sapatio mizani yovelTvis iyo Tavisuflebis gageba da Sem-ecneba Tavisuflebidan.
filosofiis stiqiaa Tavisufleba da ara aucilebloba. is gamosavalia samyaros mocemuli aucileblobidan. filosofia principulad sxva tipis reaqciaa samyaroze, vidre mecniereba. mecnieruli filosofia niSnavs, rom man Tavisi pirveladi stiqiuri Tavisufleba gadasca aucileblobis samyaros. filosofiis mizania wvdes samyaros sazriss da Tu samyaro materialuria es sulac ar niSnavs, rom filosofiac aucileblad materi-alisturi unda iyos. filosofia aris Semoqmedeba da ara garemosadmi Segueba. am azriT, filosofia ufro xelovnebaa, vidre mecniereba. is aris gansakuTrebuli tipis xelovneba _ gagebis, Wvretis xelovneba.
filosofia aucilebelia am cxovrebisaTvis. is arasodes ar yofila aucilebeli am samyarodan gasasvlelad. mecniereba adamians tovebs am samyaros usazrisobaSi, magram aZlevs iaraRs, imisaTvis, rom SeZlos am samyaroSi arsebobis SenarCuneba. filosofia miiswrafis gaigos samyaros sazrisi da yovelTvis ewinaaRmdegeba samyaros aucileblobas. ZiriTadi azri yoveli WeSmariti filosofiisa am sa-
myaroSi sazrisis Ziebaa. filosofiis istoria savsea Rrma dramatizmiT, momdinare Sem-
Cveni epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia cnobierebis gamZafreba da misi krizisi yvela sferoSi. SesamCnevia mecnierul-obieqtivisturi filosofiis seriozuli krizisi. arasodes aseTi Zlieri ar yofila epoqis ganwyoba, rom filosofia sabolood aqcion mecnierulad, rogorc dRes. Tanac, yovelive amis paralelurad Cndeba araCveulebrivi ltolva iracionalurisaken. filosofia ar moiTxovs da ar uSvebs araviTar mec-nierul, logikur mtkicebas da gamarTlebas. mecniereba da misi logika yovelTvis filosofiis gareTaa da mis Semdeg. logika mxolod kibea, romliTac intuiciuri filosofia eSveba samyaros mocemulobamde. is mxolod instrumentia, rodesac filosofiaSi pragmatizmi, rogorc mimarTuleba Cndeba. es mecnieruli filosofiis krizisis simptomia.
Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi TandaTanobiT sacnaurdeba, rom bolo eReba Zveli pasiuri filosofiis aucileblobas, ra formisac ar unda yofiliyo igi. metafizikuri, kritikuli Tu pozitivitisturi. yvela am filosofiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia pasiuroba, daqvemdebareba gare-gani aucileblobis mimarT. am damokidebulebam SeiZleba miiRos sxvadasxva filosofiuri formulireba, romelic gamoixateba materiis an ideis warmmarTvelobiT.
filosofiuri Semecneba ar SeiZleba iyos mxolod pasiuri, iqneba es yofierebis, samyaros Tu sinamdvilis sxva formis asaxva, aramed, is unda iyos samyaros gageba sinamdvilis SemoqmedebiTi aTvisebis gziT.
berdiaevis TvalsazrisiT, SemoqmedebiTi filosofia gamoricxavs eWvs, radgan, gulisxmobs Semecnebis sagnis siyvaruls. filosofiis paTosi siyvarulis paTosia. amitom aris filosofia xelovneba da ara mecniereba. filosofiis amocanaa ipovos ramdenadme damajerebeli
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formulireba WeSmaritebis, romelic miiwvdomeba intuiciiT da sin-Tezirdeba raime formuliT.(6,37)
cxadia, rom yovelgvar filosifias aqvs anTropologiuri wa-namZRvari. adamiani win uswrebs filosofias. adamiani safuZvelia yovelgvari filosofiuri Semecnebisa. adamiani svams problemebs, adamiani eWvobs. kritikul filosofiaSi arc Tu maincdamainc kargadaa saqme, radgan igi filosofiur problematikas adamianis gareSe ganixi-lavs, sadac Tavad filosofia filosofosobs da ara adamiani. kritikul gnoseologebs uyvarT gamoTqma, rom mecnieruli Semecneba aris WeSmariti realobis wvdoma.
SemoqmedebiTi filosofia anTropologiuri filosofiaa, adamiani ar aris filosofiuri Semecnebis fsiqologiuri wanamZRvari. igi univer-saluri wanamZRvaria, ontologiuri, kosmiuri. filosofiuri Semecnebis wyaro SeiZleba iyos mxolod kosmiuri, adamianis universaluri mdgomareoba samyaroSi da ara fsiqologiuri individualuri yofna.
filosofia aris adamianis gonis TviTrefleqsia, misi Semoq-medebiTi rolis gacnobiereba kosmosSi. filosofia aris gaTavisufleba garegani iZulebidan. filosofosobis wyaroa ara aristoteles an kantis moZRvreba, aramed Tavad yofiereba, misi intuiciurad wvdomis unari (survili). filosofosobis mizani unda iyos ara mxolod sistemis Seqmna, aramed, samyaroSi SemoqmedebiT-SemecnebiTi aqtis ganxorcieleba. es SemoqmedebiTi filosofiis amosavali paradigmaa.
filosofia mudam cdilobs gamoicnos adamianis saidumlo da amgvarad gaigos yofierebis saidumloc. Seican Tavi Seni da am gziT Seicnob samyaros. Tu samyaros safuZvlad ar aris aRebuli adamiani, Cven mxolod zedapirul codnas vaRwevT. samyaros yovelgvar filosofiur Semecnebas win uswrebs adamiani, rogorc absoluturi mocemuloba.
anTropologiuri cnobiereba win uswrebs ara marto ontologias da kosmologias, aramed, gnoseologiasac, adamianis Semecneba da yoveli adamianuri Semoqmedeba efuZneba im wanamZRvars, rom adamiani kosmiuri arsebaa Tavisi bunebiT, is yofierebis centria.
Semoqmedebis dros xdeba adamianobis gaxsna, adamiani
SemoqmedebaSi Tavadve aRmoaCens sakuTar Tavs. rogorc Rmer-Tis `msgavssa da xats~. Semoqmedeba ar aris mxolod keTilisa da borotis Widili, aramed is qmnis axal samyaros da amiT agrZelebs samyaros Seqmnis msgavs saqmes. SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrena gas-devs adamianis mTel istorias, magram, misi SemoqmedebiTi buneba xSirad ganiaraRebuli iyo yofierebis dabali sferoebis zegavleniT. Cveulebriv, roca Semoqmedebaze laparakoben gulisxmoben mec-nierebisa da xelovnebis~ ayvavebas. zneobrivi mxare adamianis bunebisa nakleb SemoqmedebiTia, radgan masSi Zlieria normebis valdebulebebis momenti. aseve, ar daiSveba da ar gamarTldeba Semoqmedeba religiiT. ufro metic, SemoqmedebaSia adamianis arsis gasaRebi.
Semoqmedeba mouwyvetelia Tavisuflebidan. Tavisufleba pozi-tiuria da Sinaarsiani. Tavisufali da Semoqmedi adamiani ara marto bunebrivi arsebaa, aramed, ufro meti. is ekuTvnis goniT samyaros. Tavisufleba aris dadebiTi SemoqmedebiTi Zala, romelic arafriT araa ganpirobebuli.
adamiani erTaderTi arsebaa, romelsac samyaros, sinamdvilis gardaqmna SeuZlia da garemos ki ar emorCileba, aramed, Tavis nebasac axvevs mas. sinamdviles gardaqmnis, aagebs garkveuli miznebis Sesabamisad. Semoqmedeba adamianisaTvis arsebiTia. is adamianis specifikas ganapirobebs. e.i. filosofiuri anTropologi-isaTvis adamiani upirvelesad universaluri arsebaa.
igi ar aris mxolod biologiuri, amitom, adamianis gasagebad sak-marisi ar aris kauzalobis principiT misi aRwera. mizez-Sedegobrivi damokidebuleba ver amowuravs adamianis samyaroSi mimarTebaTa ragvarobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi eqvemdebareba garkveuli saxis determinacias, garkveul pirobebs, igi damokidebulia biologiur, fsiqologiur da socialur mocemulobebze da am sibrtyeSi misi gare-gani aRweriT igi sulac ar tovebs Tavisufali arsebis STabeWdilebas. e.i. adamiani ar aris situaciisagan Tavisufali, magram, xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom adamiani Tavisufalia raimesaTvis, raimes mimarT da ara raimesagan. es ki upirvelesad imas niSnavs, rom
gansazRvravs sakuTar Tavs. is Tavad wyvets misces Tavs neba gansazRvruli iyos vnebebiTa da instinqtebiT Tu goniTa da sazrisiT. adamianis, rogorc mTliani goniTi fenomenis pozitiuri aspeqtia iyos pasuxismgebeli.
Tavisufleba SeiZleba saganTan mimarTebaSi sami mdgomareo-biT daxasiaTdes: 1) vnebebTan damokidebuleba. 2) memkvidreo-basTan damokidebuleba da 3) garemosTan damokidebuleba.
adamians, rogorc cocxal arsebas rom ltolvebi aqvs, kargadaa cnobili. magram, ltolvebi ar amowuraven mas. ltolvebis arsebobis aRiareba ara marto ar ewinaaRmdegeba Tavisuflebas, aramed, filosofiur anTropologiuri gagebiT, Tavisuflebis maCvenebeli wa-namZRvaria, misi uaryofis unaria. Tavisufleba _ esaa Tavisufleba raRacasTan damokidebulebaSi.
adamiani distancirdeba ltolvebisagan, cxovels es ar SeuZlia, amitom, cxoveli ltolvis identuria. cxovels ltolvebi ki ar `aqvs~, aramed, Tavad aris ltolva.
ltolvis mocemuloba kontroldeba adamianis goniT ganwyobis Sesabamisad. igi yovelTvis personificirebulia. asea ara mxolod maSin roca ltolva damuxruWebulia, aramed, maSinac roca is Seuz-Rudavia, goni ar aris umoqmedo, is an ereva moqmedebebSi an ganze dgeba. adamiani, rogorc goniTi arseba, aramarto upirispirdeba gare da Siga samyaroebs, aramed, maT mimarT pozicias avlens. is raRacnairad `ganewyoba~, igi rogorRac unda `moiqces~. amitom adamians is ki ar SeuZlia Tqvas: `me var is, rac var~, aramed: `me var is, radac gavxdebi~.
adamianis bunebrivi monacemebia: vitaluri safuZveli da misi realuri mdgomareoba. es mocemulobani yovelTvis SeiZleba iqnes
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aRniSnuli da dadgenili biologiiT, fsiqologiiT, istoriiT, sociologiiT. amasTanave, isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom sakuTriv adamianuri yofi-ereba iq iwyeba, sadac mTavrdeba yovelgvari dadgenili da aRniS-nuli, iwyeba iq, sadac Cndeba pirovnuli, goniTi pozicia.
adamiani erTianoba da mTlianobaa, magram, es mTlianoba ar niSnavs, rom igi Sedgeba sxeulis, fsiqikisa da gonisagan da es yvelaferi erTSia, aramed, es modis iqedan, rom mxolod goni kon-stituirebs am erTs da garantias iZleva am erTisas~. adamiani goniT mimarTebas amyarebs Tavis sxeulTan da sulTan (fsiqikasTan). maT mimarT pozicias avlens. adamians aqvs sxeuli da fsiqika, magram, is aris `goni~. adamiani marTalia ganpirobebulia misi biologiiT, magram, misi `aseTad yofna~ gonis moqmedebis Sedegia. ada-mianis `TviTganxorcieleba~ goniTi warmoSobisaa. haidegeri mas `transcendents~ uwodebs, iaspersi `komunikacias~. adamiani es aris absoluturi siaxle _ goniTi yofiereba, pirovnuli yofiereba. ada-miani Sekrebadi ki ara integraluri arsebaa. goni aqcevs adamians pirovnebad. goni garedan marTvas ar eqvemdebareba. igi unda ganxorcieldes. me ara marto vmoqmedeb imasTan SesabamisobaSi rac me var, aramed vxdebi imasTan SesabamisobaSi, rogorc vmo-qmedeb, e.i. moqmedeba gadadis poziciaSi.
Rirebulebebis realizaciiT adamiani qmnis Tavisi arsebobis wess, Tavis beds. adamianis Tavisufleba miRebaa monawileobis poziciis arCevaSi. filosofiur anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT, vin-mem rom mogvTxovos adamianis gansazRvra, igi SeiZleba asec Camogveyalibebina: adamiani aris arseba, gaTavisuflebuli yovelive imisagan, rac mas gansazRvravs, rogorc biologiur, fsiqologiur Tu sociologiur tips. anu es aris arseba, romelic aRemateba yvela am determinants, imiT, rom moipovebs maTze gamarjvebas, Tavad aformebs Tavis yofierebas. rogorc iaspersi ambobs: adamianma upirvelesad Tavad unda gadawyvitos, rogori unda iyos. misi TviT-ganmsazRvreli arseboba~ aris adamianis yofiereba, adamianis fundamenturi SesaZlebloba.
kidev erTxel mivubrundeT gonis raobis sakiTxs. mainc sad imyofeba igi? Tu goni fsiqikaa, ra Tqma unda is gaiazreba cnobieri
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fsiqikis maRal fenad, maSin gonis, rogorc fsiqikis umaRlesi donis gageba iqneba fsiqologiis kvlevis obieqti. magram, problema swored isaa, rom gons aqvs specifikuri arseboba. goni ar SeiZleba gaazre-buli iqnes, rogorc fsiqika. marTalia, gons cnobierebaSi aqvs adgili (ramdenadac adamianur-subieqtur gonze vmsjelobT) magram, is cnobierebis araspecifikur Sinaarsad unda gavigoT. radgan ar arse-bobs realuri sinamdvile _ goniTi fsiqika. aq gamosavali SemdegSia: jer erTi, dabejiTebiT unda iTqvas, rom adamianis raoba fsiqikaze ar daiyvaneba, radgan igi goniTi arsebaa. goni ki fsiqikuri ganzomileba ar aris. analizisas aucilebelia erTmaneTisagan gaiTiSos fsiqologia da filosofiuri anTropologia. SeiZleba ase iTqvas: subieqturi goni niSnavs gonis konkretulad gaxdomis faqts. personasTan gonis dakavSirebas, obieqturi gonisa sapirispirod, rac personisagan da-moukidebel arsebobas gulisxmobs, radgan igi fiqsirebulia goniT produqtebSi, (SenaqmnebSi) _ kulturaSi.
adamianis fsiqologia fsiqikis farglebs ar unda Sordebodes. filosofiuri anTropologia fsiqikas ar ikvlevs is swavlobs adamians, rogorc mTlian goniT arsebas. (adamianis rogorc goniTi arsebis ganzomilebebs, mis moqmedebas, romelic ar aris fsiqika, magram subieqtis kuTvnilebaa. am sakiTxebis kvlevas miuZRvna a. bo-WoriSvilma ara erTi fundamenturi naSromi).
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, filosofiur anTropologiuri Seswavlis obieqtia adamiani rogorc gansazRvruli, mudmivi da Seucvleli arsis mqone arseba, amasTanave arseba, romelsac aqvs ganumeorebeli konkretul-istoriuli mTlianoba, romelSic igi aqtualizdeba. e.i. ra aris adamiani? aris kiTxva misi arsis Sesaxeb, im kanonzomierebis da meqanizmebis Sesaxeb, romelic mas moecema, rogorc bunebriv arsebas da romelsac igi Tavad aiTvisebs da Seqmnis Tavisive kul-turis meSveobiT. rom goniTi aqtivoba aris safuZveli misi Semoq-medebiTi moRvaweobis. riTac qmnis~ igi sakuTar Tavs, cxovrebis wess. sakuTar yofierebas.
maSasadame, filosofiuri anTropologia SeiZleba miviCnioT iseT specifikur filosofiur mimarTulebad, romelmac SeZlo gaeerTiane-bina filosofiuri da bunebaTmecnieruli codna, Seeqmna koncefcia adamianis arsis, misi mTlianobis Sesaxeb da adamiani gaigo rogorc kreatori, goniTi arseba.
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Sesavali
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Tavi pirveli
filosofiuri anTropologiis winare istoria .....................25