Sesamum; morphology;externel features; economic importance; products

sesamum

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Asterids

Order: Lamiales

Family: Pedaliaceae

Genus: Sesamum

Up to the Kingdom

Kingdom Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass Asteridae

Order Scrophulariales

Family Pedaliaceae – Sesame family

Genus Sesamum L. – sesame P

INTRODUCTION

• Sesamum is a genus of approximately 20 species in the flowering plant family Pedaliaceae.

• The plants are annual or perennial herbs with edible seeds. The best-known member of the genus is sesame, Sesamum indicum (syn. Sesamumorientale), the source of sesame seeds.

• The species are primarily African, with some species occurring in India, Sri Lanka, and China.

• The origin of S. indicum is uncertain as it is widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical regions.

• The genus is closely related to the strictly African genus Ceratotheca and is itself probably African in origin

• It is also a robust crop that needs little farming support

• it grows in drought conditions, in high heat, with residual moisture in soil after monsoons are gone or even when rains fail or when rains are excessive.

• It was a crop that could be grown by subsistence farmers at the edge of deserts, where no other crops grow.

• Sesame has been called a survivor crop

HISTORY

• Sesame seeds are as old as almost 2000 years and were first cultivated in China.

• Later, the Egyptians used these seeds in the form of medicines.

• At around 900 BC, the Turks used its oil for several purposes.

• These seeds were one of the first forms of condiments and the first crops used to process oils.

• During the late 17th century, the sesame seeds were brought to the United States.

• While sesame seeds have been grown in tropical regions throughout the world since prehistoric times, traditional myths hold that their origins go back even further.

• According to Assyrian legend, when the gods met to create the world, they drank wine made from sesame seeds.

• These seeds were thought to have first originated in India and were mentioned in early Hindu legends.

• In these legends, tales are told in which sesame seeds represent a symbol of immortality. From India, sesame seeds were introduced throughout the Middle East, Africa and Asia.

• Sesame seeds were one of the first crops processed for oil as well as one of the earliest condiments.

• The addition of sesame seeds to baked goods can be traced back to ancient Egyptian times from an ancient tomb painting that depicts a baker adding the seeds to bread dough.

• Sesame seeds were brought to the United States from Africa during the late 17th century. Currently, the largest commercial producers of sesame seeds include India, China and Mexico

ORIGIN

• Sesame seed is considered to be the oldest oilseed crop known to humanity.

• The genus has many species, and most are wild. Most wild species of the genus Sesamum are native to sub-Saharan Africa.

• Sesame indicum, the cultivated type,originated in India.

• Charred remains of sesame recovered from archeological excavations have been dated to 3500-3050 BC. Fuller claims trading of sesame between Mesopotamia and the Indian sub-continent occurred by 2000 BC.

• Records from Babylon and Assyria, dating about 4000 years ago, mention sesame. Egyptians called it sesemt, and it is included in the list of medicinal drugs in the scrolls of the Ebers Papyrus dated to be over 3600 years old.

• Archeological reports from Turkey indicate that sesame was grown and pressed to extract oil at least 2750 years ago in the empire of Urartu.

• The historic origin of sesame was favored by its ability to grow in areas that do not support the growth of other crops.

• Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest crops in the world, and is under cultivation in Asia for over 5000 years.

• The crop has early origins in East Africa and in India

• Today, India and China are the world's largest producers of sesame, followed by Myanmar, Sudan, Uganda,Nigeria, Pakistan, Tanzania, Ethiopia,and Turkey.

• In Vietnam, sesame is known as the king of oil seeds due to the high oil content (50 – 60%)

DESCRIPTION

• Sesame ( Sesamum indicum) is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum, also called benne

• Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India.

• It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods or "buns".

• The world harvested 6.2 million metric tonnes of sesame seeds in 2014, with Tanzania, India, and Sudan as the largest producers.

• Sesame seed is one of the oldest oilseed crops known, domesticated well over 3000 years ago.

• Sesamum has many other species, most being wild and native to sub-Saharan Africa.

• Sesamum indicum, the cultivated type, originated in India and is tolerant to drought-like conditions, growing where other crops fail.

• Sesame has one of the highest oil contents of any seed. With a rich, nutty flavor, it is a common ingredient in cuisines across the world.

• Like other nuts and foods, it can trigger allergic reactions in some people.

• The crop is highly drought tolerant, grows well in most kind of soils, regions and is well suited to different crop rotations

• In reality, sesame is mostly grown under moisture stress with low management input by small holders

• However, the sesame production is below expectation and the potential could be considerably higher

• The low production is due to a number of reasons such as low inputs and poor management (e.g low or non-fertilization, irrigation, pest control etc), occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses and more importantly, a lack of an appropriate breeding program.

• Nowadays, many sesame varieties are ready in the world market

• There are including local varieties and commercial varieties.

• However, the cultivation of improved varieties is limited due to insufficient variety information.

• The farmers continue to grow local varieties with low yields.

• Therefore,adequate knowledge of morphology as well as phylogenetic relationship among sesame varieties will help the breeder to improve high yielding of sesame, good quality cultivars that will increase sesame production

•Sesame Seeds

• sesame seeds or benny seed or benne seed can be described as tiny oval seeds that are flat in their structure .

• Have a nutty taste as well as a delicate crunch.

• They are the most common forms of seeds produced in the world.

• The sesame seeds are highly held in the market because of their high content of sesame oil.

• These seeds come in a variety of colours like white, yellow, black and red.

• Sesame seeds add a nutty taste and a delicate, almost invisible, crunch to many Asian dishes.

• They are also the main ingredients in tahini (sesame seed paste) and the wonderful Middle Eastern sweet call halvah. They are available throughout the year.

• Sesame seeds may be the oldest condiment known to man.• They are highly valued for their oil which is exceptionally resistant to

rancidity.• "Open sesame"—the famous phrase from the Arabian Nights—reflects the

distinguishing feature of the sesame seed pod, which bursts open when it reaches maturity.

• The seeds of sesame are obtained from 'Sesamum indicum', an annual herb that grows well in hot climates up to a maximum height of seven feet.

• These seeds mature inside a pod which pop up once they become mature.

• They are widely used in making bread products, confectioneries, and as a garnishing item.

• It's very important to remove the hulls of the sesame seeds as they contain oxalic acids in trace amounts of 2%-3%, which can interfere with absorption of calcium, thereby giving it a bitter flavour.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE PLANT

• Sesame is an erect annual (or occasionally a perennial) that grows to a height of 20 to 60 in., depending on the variety and the growing conditions.

• Some varieties are highly branched, while others are unbranched. Leaves are variable in shape and size and may be opposite or alternate.

• The bellshaped white to pale-rose flowers begin to develop in the leaf axils 6 to 8 weeks after planting and this continues for several weeks.

• Multiple flowering is favored by opposite leaves.

• Sesame is normally self-pollinated, although cross pollination by insects is common.

• The fruit is a deeply grooved capsule (1 to 3 in. in length) that contains 50 to 100 or more seeds

• The seeds mature 4 to 6 weeks after fertilization.

• The growth of sesame is indeterminant; that is, the plant continues to produce leaves, flowers and capsules as long as the weather permits.

• Sesame seeds are small and vary in color.

• One thousand seeds weigh about one ounce.

• The lighter colored seeds are considered higher quality

• Sesame is an annual plant growing 50 to 100 cm tall, with opposite leaves 4 to 14 cm long with an entire margin

• They are broad lanceolate, to 5 cm broad, at the base of the plant, narrowing to just 1 cm (0.4 in) broad on the flowering stem.

• The flowers are yellow, tubular, 3 to 5 cm (1.2 to 2.0 in) long, with a four-lobed mouth.

• The flowers may vary in colour, with some being white, blue, or purple.

MORPHOLOGY OF USEFUL PART

• Sesame seeds occur in many colours depending on the cultivar.

• The most traded variety of sesame is off-white coloured.

• Other common colours are buff, tan, gold, brown, reddish, gray, and black.

• The colour is the same for the hull and the fruit.

• Capsule

• Sesame fruit is a capsule, normally pubescent, rectangular in section, and typically grooved with a short, triangular beak.

• The length of the fruit capsule varies from 2 to 8 cm, its width varies between 0.5 and 2 cm, and the number of loculi varies from four to 12.

• The fruit naturally splits open (dehisces) to release the seeds by splitting along the septa from top to bottom or by means of two apical pores, depending on the varietal cultivar.

• The degree of dehiscence is of importance in breeding for mechanised harvesting, as is the insertion height of the first capsule.

• Sesame seeds are small.

• Their size, form, and colours vary with the thousands of varieties now known.

• Typically, the seeds are about 3 to 4 mm long by 2 mm wide and 1 mm thick.

• The seeds are ovate, slightly flattened, and somewhat thinner at the eye of the seed (hilum) than at the opposite end.

• The weight of the seeds is between 20 and 40 mg.The seed coat (testa) may be smooth or ribbed.

How to Select and Store

• Sesame seeds are generally available in prepackaged containers as well as bulk bins.

• Just as with any other food that you can purchase in the bulk section, make sure that the bins containing the sesame seeds are covered and that the store has a good product turnover to ensure maximal freshness.

• Whether purchasing sesame seeds in bulk or in a packaged container, make sure there is no evidence of moisture.

• Additionally, since they have a high oil content and can become rancid, smell those in bulk bins to ensure that they smell fresh.

• Unhulled sesame seeds can be stored in an airtight container in a cool, dry, dark place.

• Once the seeds are hulled, they are more prone to rancidity, so they should then be stored in the refrigerator or freezer.

NUTRITIONAL PROFILE

• Sesame seeds are an excellent source of copper, a very good source of manganese, and a good source of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, molybdenum, vitamin B1, selenium and dietary fiber.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SESAME SEEDS

• Dating back to 1600 B.C., sesame seeds are thought to have originated in India, according to The World's Healthiest Foods organization.

• They inspired the catch phrase "open sesame" from "Arabian Nights" for the mature pod's tendency to burst open.

• Sesame seeds come hulled or unhulled in a variety of colors.

• They contain many nutrients and minerals including copper, manganese, calcium and iron and are used as a topping for breads, pastas, vegetables, desserts, and are grind into oils and paste

• Brown Seeds- Known for their high content of oil around 45-50%, the brown sesame seeds are used for extraction of oil which is extensively used in India.

• White Seeds- The white seeds which are exported from India is known for their nutty flavor and is used as a condiment for baking purposes, it is mostly found sprinkled over buns and cakes.

• Black Seeds- The black seeds are rich in flavor and are mostly used as a seasoning in salads, to marinate meat and vegetables, and also for medicinal purposes.

• Red Sesame Seeds-The red seeds are rich in aroma so they are mainly used in dishes to enhance the taste.

HULLED Vs UNHULLED

• Products made from unhulled seeds, such as butter and tahini paste, tend to be darker and more bitter than those made from the kernel alone.

• The hull has 51 milligrams more calcium than the seed, yet the type of calcium in the hull, oxalate, is not as easily absorbed by the body, according to The World's Healthiest Foods.

• Unhulled seeds should be preserved in an airtight, cool and dry environment. Hulled seeds tend to turn rancid and should be kept frozen or refrigerated.

• Sesame seeds can be either hulled or unhulled

BLACK SESAME SEEDS

• Black sesame seeds are believed to have medicinal properties and contain high levels of antioxidants.

• They are used to flavor baked goods and they also produce a powder that is very fragrant and has a bold flavor when the seeds are roasted and grind

• The powder is often used on rice dishes.

• The highest-quality oil is made from this type of sesame seed. Black sesame seeds produce a bold flavor. same seeds sometimes are used as a substitute for nuts.

• These form of seeds are well known for their medicinal properties.

• They contain at least 60% more calcium than hulled seeds.

• Their aroma and flavour are also quite well known

BROWN SESAME SEED

• Brown Sesame Seeds have a nutty, slightly sweet flavor and aroma that is enhanced by toasting.

• They can be added to breads, cookies or stir-fries, or ground into a butter for tahini, hummus or the sweet Middle Eastern treat called halvah.

• Brown Sesame Seeds are an excellent source of calcium and contain 6 grams of protein per serving.

• Brown sesame seeds can be added to vegetable dishes, salads, breads, rolls, buns and muffins—or use to make tahini

WHITE SESAME SEEDS

• White sesame seeds often are added to buns and breads and other baked goods, adding a crispy texture.

• In their powdered form, white sesame seeds are used in curry sauces, chutneys and rice, producing a milder flavor than the black variety.

• Toasted white sesame seeds are commonly added to sushi rolls. They are about 50 percent oil by weight.

• In China white sesame is called chi mah, and in Japan it is referred to as muki-goma, according to food site Chow.

• Toasted sesame seeds are common in sushi rolls.

• White sesame seeds are used in making bakery products and are the most widely used seeds in the market.

• It needs not be processed can be directly consumed

GOLDEN SESAME SEEDS

• The features of golden sesame seeds are its pleasant aroma and rich taste.

• They are best suited for general cooked food, and fried burdock root and carrot.

• In addition, they are also good for furikake (dry Japanese condiments sprinkled on top of rice).

• golden sesame seeds are small tasty, unhulled seeds that are used in cereals, crackers, spreads, drinks, casseroles, granola, candies, soups, salads, fish and baked goods.

• Delicious when toasted and sprinkled on grains or main dishes. Known as tahini when ground into a butter.

• A nutritious mayonnaise substitute may be made by simply blending sesame seeds with water.

RED SESAME SEEDS

Red Sesame Seeds, which has high nutritional content hence proves beneficial for health.

• Red Sesame Seeds, which are commonly used in various cuisines to enhance the taste of the dishes.

• Nutritional Value

• Good source of manganese

• Rich in copper

• Good source of calcium

• Rich in iron

• Rich in phosphorus

• Rich source of vitamin B1

• Rich in zinc

• Rich source of dietary fiber

• Health Benefits

• Rich in beneficial minerals

• Provides relief for Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Prevent against Vascular and Respiratory Health

• Helps to prevent Colon Cancer, Osteoporosis, Migraine and PMS

• Good for Bone Health

• Lower at Cholesterol

• Used in

• Food processing industry

• Pharmaceutical industry

• Ayurvedic medicines

SESAME OILS

• Sesame oil is expressed from the seed of the sesame plant.

• There are multiple varieties on the market today, each offering unique cooking properties and flavors.

• Sesame oils are a common ingredient in Asian cuisine but have also begun to gain popularity in the United States.

• Sesame oil is not only prized for its flavor but also its high antioxidant content.

• Sesame seeds contain a large amount of vitamin E, which is fat soluble and is retained in the oil when it is expressed

SESAME OIL VARIETIES

• Each variety of sesame oil has properties that make it suitable for different types of cooking.

• Make sure you know which type of sesame oil to use for your recipe to ensure maximum flavor.

• Unrefined Sesame Oil –

• Unrefined sesame oil has a light amber color and provides a nutty flavor.

• Unrefined sesame oil has a high smoke point, which makes it suitable for stir frying.

• Because it also contains the most antioxidants, unrefined sesame oil is also the least prone to rancidity.

• In addition to retaining its flavor and antioxidant content, unrefined sesame oil also contains a variety of other vitamins and minerals, such as magnesium, copper, calcium, and Vitamin B6.

• Refined Sesame Oil –

• Refined sesame oil has very light color and a neutral flavor.

• It has a higher smoke point than unrefined sesame oil, making it not only good for stir-frying but also deep frying

• . Refined sesame oil is considered a neutral oil and will not impart additional flavors to the foods cooked in it.

• Toasted Sesame Oil - Toasted sesame oil has a deep golden brown color because the sesame seeds have been toasted prior to expelling the oil.

• The toasting process also provides a very rich, nutty flavor.

• flavor of toasted sesame oil is quite strong, and often only a small amount is needed to add intense flavor.

• Toasted sesame oil has the lowest smoke point of the three and is therefore not well suited for stir frying or deep frying.

• In fact, toasted sesame oil is most often used as a flavoring oil, rather than a cooking oil.

• Toasted sesame oil is often added to dressings, marinades, and dips for an extra burst of nutty flavor.

PURCHASING AND STORING SESAME OIL

• Refined and unrefined sesame oils can be found near other cooking oils, such as olive oil, in the grocery store.

• Larger grocers, specialty grocers, and natural food stores are likely to carry a wider selection of sesame oils.

• Organic sesame oil can also often be found in the organic ingredient section of larger grocery stores.

• Toasted sesame oil is most likely found in the Asian or ethnic ingredient aisle in most grocery stores.

• It is usually sold in small bottles, as it is very strongly flavored and only a little is used at a time

• Because sesame oil has a high amount of antioxidants, it can be stored for long periods of time before turning rancid.

• Regardless, oil should always be stored in a cool, dark place, away from sunlight.

• Always store oil in an air-tight container to prevent exposure to oxygen, insects, and other debris.

• There is no definitive guide for how long sesame oil will stay fresh, as it is largely determined by a variety of storage conditions.

• If at any time your sesame oil develops an off color or aroma, it should be discarded.

• 5 Types of Sesame Oil

• Based on functions, there are two major divisions of sesame oil including cosmetic-grade and cooking-grade.

• However, these divisions can be broken down into more specific types based on extraction process and types of sesame seeds extracted.

• Before you purchase any sesame oil products, please pay attention to the label attached to the bottle/container.

• Chili Sesame Oil

• As the name suggests, this particular type of sesame oil is flavoredwith chili seasoning.

• It is available to purchase as a ready-to-use product, so you will not need to add the seasoning after purchasing.

• It is used for cooking purpose, not for cosmetic. You can use this oil to add spicy flavor to salads, meats, soups, vegetables, sauces, and more.

• . Dark Sesame Oil

• Dark sesame oil has coffee-like hue.

• It is darker in terms of color compared to other types. The oil is extracted from toasted sesame seeds instead of raw.

• It has very strong sesame flavor which will overpower all other seasonings used in food.

• Therefore, it is mainly used as flavoring or condiment that is added to foods before serving. The most common uses are in salad dressings and sauce

• Light Sesame Oil

• Light sesame oil is extracted by applying pressures to sesame seeds until they produce oil.

• Unlike dark sesame oil, it is extracted from raw sesame seeds, not the toasted ones.

• Compared to its darker counterpart, light sesame oil is best used for cooking. In fact, it has high smoke-point, which is an important property for any oil used for cooking purpose.

• The color is pale yellow and is often used in Asian cuisines.

• Cold-Pressed Sesame Oil

• Cold-pressed means the extraction process only applies low-temperature pressure to sesame seeds

• It is known that cold-pressed extraction is able to preserve most nutrients contained in the oil.

• Such method allows the oil to bring more amount of antioxidant compound called sesamol.

• Cold-pressed extraction usually takes more time compared to other methods, but it produces better oil.

• Organic Sesame Oil

• Organic sesame oil is extracted from organic sesame seeds.

• Organic plants are grown without using any chemical-based fertilizers or pesticides.

• In other words, the plants are never exposed to any chemical substance, so it is the most natural method to produce sesame seeds.

• You may find that the price of organic oil is commonly more expensive since the plants will generally grow slower and require a larger area of land to yield equal amount of crops to non-organic type

Interesting Facts about Sesame Seeds

• Several interesting folklore have been associated with sesame seeds.

• There is a legend that when the world was about to be created, the gods drank wine made of sesame seeds.

• In the famous adventure novel, "The Thousand and One Nights", the term 'open sesame' was coined from the ability of the sesame seeds to pop up at the slightest touch.

• As per the early Hindu legend, sesame seeds signify immortality.

Cultivation Scope of Sesame Seeds

• Sesame is a globally popular forms of crop for cultivation, with the world production of sesame seeds estimated to be at around 3 million tonnes.

• India leads the brigade in sesame production along with China.

• Nearly 70% of the world's production of sesame is done in Asia, followed by Africa at the rate of 26%.

• Other nations producing sesame seeds on a massive scale include Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania, Mexico, Central America, among others

Environment Requirements:

• A. Climate:

• Commercial varieties of sesame require 90 to 120 frostfree days.• Daytime temperatures of 77°F to 80°F are optimal; below 68°F, growth is

reduced, and at 50°F germination and growth is inhibited.

• Sesame is very drought-tolerant, due to an extensive root system. • However, it requires adequate moisture for germination and early growth and

a minimum rainfall of 20 to 26 in per season is necessary for reasonable yields.

• Moisture levels before planting and flowering have the greatest impact on yield

• Sesame is intolerant of water-logging.

• Rainfall late in the season prolongs growth and increases shattering losses.

• Wind can cause shattering at harvest and is cited as one reason for the failure of commercial sesame production in France.

• Initiation of flowering is sensitive to photoperiod and varies among varieties.

• The oil content of the seed tends to increase with increased photoperiod.

• Because protein content and oil content are inversely proportional, seed with an increased oil content has a decreased protein content.

B. Soil:

• Sesame is adaptable to many soil types, but it thrives best on well-drained, fertile soils of medium texture and neutral pH.

• Sesame, which has an extensively branched feeder root system, appears to improve soil structure.

• Sesame has a very low salt tolerance and cannot tolerate wet conditions.

Key Production Requirements:

• Seedbed Preparation• Sesame requires a warm, moist, mellow, weed-free seedbed. • Raised beds are preferred to allow for good soil moisture while providing a

method of keeping the moisture off of the stems. • Generally, the seedbed preparation used for cotton is satisfactory for

sesame.• Because sesame is a late-planted crop, one or more crops of weeds can be

killed by shallow cultivation before planting.

• Sesame seeds need to be planted into good moisture and covered shallow. However, very limited success have occurred from watering up (furrow irrigation or pivot).

• Sesame requires a warm, moist, weed-free seedbed.

• Good drainage is important, because the plant is extremely susceptible to waterlogging at any stage of growth.

• Since sesame is planted late, several generations of weeds can be killed by repeated tillage before planting.

• Seed should be cleaned thoroughly and treated with one ounce of 75% Captan per 100 lb of seed to prevent damping off.

• This treatment is especially important for non shattering varieties because they are slower to emerge than the shattering varieties.

• Because the seeds of the non shattering varieties spend more time in the soil before germination, they need more protection from fungal pathogens in the soil

• Row Width

• A row spacing of 27 to 40 inches has shown to be adequate for sesame production.

• To get the desired distance between drill rows the farmers will need to plug off portions of the planting unit.

• Method and Rate of Seeding:

• Sesame can be seeded with a row crop planter equipped with vegetable planter boxes.

• Populations of 250,000 to 300,000 plants/acre in 18 to 30 in. rows have given the highest yields.

• This is about 1 lb/acre for 30 in. rows.

• Depth of planting varies with soil type and soil moisture from 1 to 2 in. • Uniform depth and seed rate are essential for stand establishment

resulting in maximum yield.

• Seeding Date:

• Sesame should not be planted before the soil reaches a temperature of about 70°F—roughly one month after the last killing frost.

•Planting• Planting is the most critical aspect of growing sesame. A farmer can do nothing to

improve yield on poor stands except replant.

• In dryland production it is highly recommended that 15 to 50 gallons of water per acre be placed in the seed line to help insure uniform emergence in irregular soils. If soil moisture is high, the gallons of water per acre in the seed line has been successfully lowered to 10 gallons of water per acre.

• A sesame seed is small and has less energy for emergence than a larger seeded crop. The sesame seed is planted from 0.75 to 1.5 inches deep. The seed will need to remain in moist soil for 3 to 5 days. The planting depth and soil compaction should be kept at a minimum.

• A planting rate of 3 pounds per acre (25-35 seeds per foot) is recommended for sesame planted on a 40 inch row spacing.

• The planting rate should be increased if the seeds are planted deep, soil moisture is limited, soil temperature is cool, or the soil is compacted, cloddy, or trashy.

• The planting rate should be reduced if seed bed are well prepared and have adequate soil moisture.

•Planting Method• With certain adjustments, adapt available farm machinery to planting

and cultivating sesame

• The major adjustment necessary is in the planter box.

• Sesame seed are small and easily crushed, clogging the planter plates.

• Do not fill planter boxes above 6 to 8 inches to avoid churning seed.

• However, soil temperature is a better indicator of when to plant.

• Sesame is small seeded and can be drilled or row planted.

• Planters adapted for vegetable seeds may work best while small grain planters must be adapted for low planting rates.

• Stand establishment is sensitive and a good firm moist seedbed is best.

•Planting Dates• Do not plant until all danger of cool weather is past.

• In general, Sesame is planted 2 to 3 weeks later than cotton or grain sorghum.

• In areas with long growing seasons and adequate summer rainfall or irrigation water, plant sesame in June or July.

Fertility and Lime Requirements

• Fertilizer Requirements

• Sesame is not a poor-land crop.

• Applying a balanced commercial fertilizer at planting time is required for satisfactory production on soils of low to moderate fertility.

• Sidedressing with a nitrogen-bearing fertilizer may be necessary when growing plants are unthrifty and light green in color.

• Sesame will require approximately 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen per acre on irrigated production and 25 to 60 pounds of nitrogen per acre on dryland production,

• A large amount of the nitrogen is taken up by the plant during flowering and the crop responds well to foliar feeding.

• Apply phosphorus and potash according to soil test.

• High phosphorus levels in saline soils may decrease sesame yields.

Fertility requirements for sesame are similar to millet: 80 lb N, 20 lbP2O5 and 20 lb K2O per acre.

.The N recommendation is for soils with less than 2% organic matter.

.Reduce the N to 60 lb/acre for soils with 2% to 5% organic matter

and to 40 lb/acre if the soil has more than 5% organic matter.

.The P2O5 and K2O recommendations are for soils testing in the

"optimum" range. A pH of 5.6 or above is satisfactory

Variety Selection

• There is great diversity within the several hundred varieties of sesame.

• However, the sesame varieties are usually divided into two types: shattering and nonshattering.

• Shattering varieties: Most of the shattering varieties grown in the United States have been produced from the variety Kansas 10, or K 10.

• The seeds of this unbranched variety have a high oil content—over 50%—but their bitter flavor limits their value on the whole-seed market. Some shattering varieties grown in the U.S. include: Margo, Oro, Blanco, Dulce, and Ambia.

• Nonshattering varieties: Nonshattering varieties have been developed to allow mechanical harvesting.

• Though these varieties usually contain somewhat less than 50% oil, their seed is used for oil production only.

• Some nonshattering varieties include: Baco, Paloma, UCR3, SW-16 and SW-17.

• Mechanical harvesting is more successful with varieties that have minimal branching and a height from the soil surface to the first capsule of about 12 in.

weed Control

• Sesame grows slowly at first and does not compete well with weeds.

• Cultivate sesame to control weeds before rapid growth begins at 4 to 5 weeks after emergence (seedling height about 3 to 4 inches).

• Early cultivation causes seedlings to grow faster, possibly because of improved soil aeration

• Because of their slow early growth, sesame plants are poor competitors against weeds.

• Select fields with low weed densities.

• 1. Mechanical: Cultivate sesame fields early and as close to the rows as possible.

• Early cultivation causes seedlings to grow faster, possibly as a result of improved soil aeration.

• After the plants reach a height of 3 or 4 in., they grow rapidly. Cultivate only as necessary to control weeds.

2. Chemical: No herbicides are currently registered. The pre-emergence herbicides alachlor (Lasso) and trifluralin (Treflan) have been used successfully for weed control in sesame. .Growers should check current labels for use of these or other products in their growing area

• There are no herbicides or pesticides labeled for sesame.

• Shallow cultivation may be an acceptable method of weed control.

• Several shallow tillage operations kill early germinating weeds before planting, with between-the- row cultivation after emergence.

Major disease pests and their control

• Diseases do not cause much commercial damage on sesame, but they may increase when acreage increases.

• Bacterial leaf spot is most likely to cause trouble.

• Fusarium wilt can be a serious problem in South Texas on fields previously planted in sesame.

• The current sesame varieties have tolerance to Fusarium.

• Farmers have planted sesame on fields with serious cotton root rot problems and never seen the problem.

• However, there is a root rot (Phytophtora parasitica) that does attack sesame.

• Verticillium wilt also attacks sesame.

• The most common sesame diseases are leaf spot, leaf and stem blights, Fusarium wilt, charcoal rot and root rot.

• Some of the disease organisms are carried on the seed.

• It is advisable to use disease-free seed and treat it with a fungicide before planting.

Pest Management:

Major insect pests and their controlGreen peach aphid, (cotton aphid does not affect sesame), thrips, grasshoppers, cutworms, and white fly are the most common insects attacking sesame.When these insects are bad, plants may not set sufficient

capsules. Grasshoppers generally do their damage to areas of the field adjacent to rangeland.).

Insects and Other Predators and Their Control:

• Sesame plants are often attacked and damaged by aphids.

• Thrips will stunt seedlings and injure developing flower buds so that capsules do not set.

• The gall midge (Asphondylia sesami Felt.) and various caterpillars have been important in some countries

• Green stink bugs, red spiders, grasshoppers, cut.worms, armyworms and bollworms also attack sesame, but do not cause extensive damage.

HARVESTING

• Sesame is ready for harvesting 90 to 150 days after planting. In general, the unbranched varieties mature earlier.

• The crop must be harvested before the first killing frost to obtain high quality seeds.

• At maturity, leaves and stems tend to change from green to yellow to red in color.

• The leaves will begin to fall off the plants.

• The shattering and nonshattering types require different harvesting techniques. Caution is recommended to minimize seed damage and loss.

• Shattering sesame varieties are usually swathed green and placed upright in small shocks, about 8 bundles per shock.

• Tighten the strings on the shocks in 2 or 3 days. In 2 weeks the crop will be ready to thresh.

• Light rains during this time will not seriously damage seed.

• Sesame should be threshed using a low cylinder speed (450 to 500 rpm).

• Screens may need to be adjusted (1/8 in. round perforations) for the small seed size.

• Nonshattering types can be combined directly at low cylinder speed.

PREPARATION FOR HARVESTING

• Harvest from September 15 to December 15, dependent on planting date, variety, and climate.

• Sesame is ready for harvest when the stalk dries down where it will be cut. • For best yields, sesame must be harvested as soon as the crop is ready.• The present shatter resistance varieties of sesame will hold the seed

through 6 weeks of rain. • The current problem is not with the shattering but rather with the

deterioration of the plant which may result in lodging.

• Clean all harvest machinery and trucks for food crop.

Drying and Storage:

• Sesame may be stored at room temperature for approximately 5 years without loss of viability.

• Freezing temperatures damage seed and make them less marketable.

• Oil content (when seed are pressed for oil) and seed condition are important in the sesame industry.

• Oil percentages of less than 50 percent are not acceptable.

• Most sesame varieties today yield 50 to 55 percent oil

Yield Potential and Performance Results:

• Domestically sesame is a relatively high risk crop.

• Sesame yields in test plots average 1,000 to 1,500 lb/acre, though as much as 2,300 lb/acre have been produced under irrigation in California.

• Commercial yields are usually lower.

• The introduction of the nonshattering characteristic into high-yielding, normally shattering varieties carried with it a reduction in yield and/or seed quality.

• The development of higher-yielding nonshattering varieties is necessary for sesame to compete with other crops.

. Economics of Production and Markets:

• Currently sesame is being imported at a price of 43 cents/lb.

• This relatively high price reflects a world-wide shortage.

• Though the market for sesame seed is strong, domestic production awaits the development of high-yielding nonshattering varieties.

• It is advisable to establish a market before planting

Length of growing season

• Because sesame is of tropical origin, it performs best in areas where temperatures remain high throughout the growing season of 110 to 150 frost-free days.

• Seed do not germinate well when soil temperatures are below 70 degrees Fahrenheit, and plant growth is retarded by cool temperatures even after the stand is established.

• Growth and fruiting are favored with average daily temperatures in the range of 86 to 92 degrees Fahrenheit.

• Early literature indicated that capsule set is usually poor during periods of extremely hot weather when maximum temperatures exceed 105 degrees Fahrenheit

• Sesame varieties grown commercially require 90 to 110 days from planting to reach physiological maturity.

• Another 20 to 40 days are needed to allow the plant to dry down for harvest.

• Sesame is highly drought resistant.

• Areas with adequate rainfall for the production of dryland sorghum or cotton usually have enough moisture for sesame production.

• Highest yields of sesame reported in the United States have been from experiments grown with irrigation in desert areas.

• Sesame uses approximately 50 percent less water than cotton, 66 percent less water than grain sorghum and 75 percent less water than corn.

• Researchers have found sesame reduces nematode populations.

Water-Irrigation Needs

• sesame is one of the most drought tolerant crops in the world and should do well in areas of 16 to 18 inches of annual precipitation.

• It will respond to irrigation if applied properly. It prefers fast, light irrigations (i.e., short runs or some slope).

• Excessive moisture is not beneficial and extended periods of rainfall and/or high humidity may cause leaf diseases.

• Plants standing in water for more than a few hours may be killed.

Cultural Practices

• Always plant pure seed of the same variety and type.

• Mixing varieties results in stands of uneven height, maturity and seed quality.

.

• Production in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s was hampered by excessive shatter problems,

• however, the shatter resistant types of sesame available to producers today greatly reduce these losses.

• Disease and insect problems appear minimal and the relatively dry summer weather makes sesame production possible.

. Uses:

• Sesame seeds (approximately 50% oil and 25% protein) are used in baking, candy making, and other food industries.

• Oil from the seed is used in cooking and salad oils and margarine, and contains about 47% oleic and 39% linoleic acid

HEALTH BENEFITS

• Not only are sesame seeds an excellent source of copper and a very good source of manganese, but they are also a good source of calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, vitamin B1, zinc, molybdenum, selenium, and dietary fiber.

• In addition to these important nutrients, sesame seeds contain two unique substances: sesamin and sesamolin.

• Both of these substances belong to a group of special beneficial fibers called lignans, and have been shown to have a cholesterol-lowering effect in humans, and to prevent high blood pressure and increase vitamin E supplies in animals.

• Sesamin has also been found to protect the liver from oxidative damage

• Sesame oil and foods fried in sesame oil have a long shelf life because the oil contains an antioxidant called sesamol.

• The oil can be used in the manufacture of soaps, paints, perfumes, pharmaceuticals and insecticides.

• Sesame meal, left after the oil is pressed from the seed, is an excellent high-protein (34 to 50%) feed for poultry and livestock

• Rich In Beneficial Minerals

• Sesame seeds are an excellent source of copper, a very good source of manganese, and a good source of magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, molybdenum, and selenium.

• This rich assortment of minerals translates into the following health benefits:

• Copper Provides Relief for Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Copper is known for its use in reducing some of the pain and swelling of rheumatoid arthritis.

• Copper's effectiveness is due to the fact that this trace mineral is important in a number of anti inflammatory and antioxidant enzyme systems.

• In addition, copper plays an important role in the activity of lysyl oxidase, an enzyme needed for the cross-linking of collagen and elastin—the ground substances that provide structure, strength and elasticity in blood vessels, bones and joints.

• Magnesium Supports Vascular and Respiratory Health

• Studies have supported magnesium's usefulness in:

• Preventing the airway spasm in asthma

• Lowering high blood pressure, a contributing factor in heart attack, stroke, and diabetic heart disease

• Preventing the trigeminal blood vessel spasm that triggers migraine attacks

• Restoring normal sleep patterns in women who are experiencing unpleasant symptoms associated with menopause

• Zinc for Bone Health

• Another reason for older men to make zinc-rich foods such as sesame seeds a regular part of their healthy way of eating is bone mineral density.

• Although osteoporosis is often thought to be a disease for which postmenopausal women are at highest risk, it is also a potential problem for older men.

• Calcium Helps Prevent Colon Cancer, Osteoporosis, Migraine and PMS

• In recent studies, calcium has been shown to:

• Help to protect colon cells from cancer-causing chemicals

• Help prevent the bone loss that can occur as a result of menopause or certain conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis

• Help prevent migraine headaches in those who suffer from them

• Reduce PMS symptoms during the luteal phase (the second half) of the menstrual cycle

• There is a little bit of controversy about sesame seeds and calcium, because there is a substantial difference between the calcium content of hulled versus unhulled sesame seeds.

• When the hulls remain on the seeds, one tablespoon of sesame seeds will contains about 88 milligrams of calcium.

• . When the hulls are removed, this same tablespoon will contain about 37 milligrams (about 60% less).

• Tahini—a spreadable paste made from ground sesame seeds—is usually made from hulled seeds (seeds with the hulls removed, called kernels), and so it will usually contain this lower amount of calcium.

• The term "sesame butter" can sometimes refer to tahini made from sesame seed kernels, or it can also be used to mean a seed paste made from whole sesame seeds—hull included.

• Although the seed hulls provide an additional 51 milligrams of calcium per tablespoon of seeds, the calcium found in the hulls appears in large part to be found in the form of calcium oxalate.

• This form of calcium is different than the form found in the kernels, and it is a less absorbable form of calcium.

• So even though a person would be likely to get more calcium from sesame seeds or sesame seed butter that contained the hulls, there is a question about how much more calcium would be involved.

• It would defintely be less than the 51 additional milligrams found in the seed hulls.

• Sesame Seeds' Phytosterols Lower Cholesterol

• Phytosterols are compounds found in plants that have a chemical structure very similar to cholesterol, and when present in the diet in sufficient amounts, are believed to reduce blood levels of cholesterol, enhance the immune response and decrease risk of certain cancers.

• Phytosterols beneficial effects are so dramatic that they have been extracted from soybean, corn, and pine tree oil and added to processed foods, such as "butter"-replacement spreads, which are then touted as cholesterol-lowering "foods."

• Whole seed condiments is the primary use of the sesame grown by producers in the United States. The largest use is on top of buns and in snack foods.

DISADVANTAGES OF SESAME

•1. Unhealthy Body Weight:

• These lightweight sesame seeds are densely packed with calories and saturated fat.

• A 100 gm serving of sesame seeds, which is only a handful of the whole or ground kernels, contains 590 calories.

• The same serving also provides 8 gm of saturated fat, which is around 40% of our recommended daily intake.

• So, incorporating sesame seeds in your regular diet can make you gain unhealthy body weight

• 2. Colon Cancer:

• Regular consumption of sesame seeds in excess amount can take a toll on your colon.

• Researchers have found that eating more than 15 ng (nanograms) sesame seeds a day can inflame your colon, which result into fatal diseases like colon cancer.

• This is one of the most dangerous sesame seed side effects as it can lead to death

• 3. Diverticulitis:

• Sesame seeds can affect your colon health by causing diverticulitis.

• It is a certain medical condition, which forms extremely painful ‘pouches’ in the inner wall of the colon.

• It causes cramping, abdominal pain, constipation, and so on. So, try to regulate your sesame seed intake to discard surgical intervention

• 4. Allergic Reactions:

• dishes or the oil extracted

• Allergy is another common side effect of sesame seed intake

• Be it whole seeds used in your regular from them, chances are high that you will develop different types of allergies (like digestive issues, eye inflammation, runny nose, asthma, etc.)

• if you are sensitive to sesame. So, stay completely away from the seeds in such a situation

• 5. Anaphylaxis:

• Anaphylaxis is the extreme case of allergy caused by sesame seed consumption.

• The whole body gets affected by this intense and rapid allergic reaction.

• It mainly causes wheezing, hypotension, chest tightness, etc. and gradually blocks the throat and airway of the person.

• As a result, he or she starts suffering from suffocation, which might even lead to death

• 6. Appendix Infection:

• Well, it is not very common, but some people may become the victim of appendix infection by eating excessive sesame seeds.

• Sometimes, a few of the consumed seeds may get stuck in the organ which, in due course, may result in mild to serious infections

• 7. Diarrhea:

• According to scientists, sesame seeds hold great laxative properties.

• It means, consumption of more than the recommended daily intake of these kernels can cause loose stool, and sometimes even diarrhea.

• So, try to stay within a limit while using sesame in your meals

• 8. Skin Rashes:

• Sesame seeds may also have some adverse effects on your skin.

• If you eat too much of them in your food or use products containing good amounts of sesame seed oil, you might end up developing skin rashes along with itching and redness

• 9. Hair Loss:

• Many of us make use of black sesame seeds for ensuring the optimal health of our hair.

• But, the overdose of these kernels can reverse the results totally.

• It causes hormonal imbalance, which makes the scalp oily and dries up the hair follicles.

• Consequently, the rate of hair fall goes up to a large extent.

• It may even result in complete baldness

• 10. Miscarriage:

• It is believed that eating sesame seeds during the first trimester of pregnancy is bad for health.

• It sometimes may lead to miscarriage

Health Benefits Of Sesame Seeds

• In addition to their culinary uses, these seeds possess nutritive, preventive, and curative properties, which render them usable in traditional medicines.

• Sesame seed oil is a rich source of phytonutrients such as omega-6 fatty acids, flavonoid phenolic antioxidants, vitamins and dietary fiber.

• These seeds, thus, offer a variety of benefits.

• The health benefits of sesame seeds include the following:

• 1. High Protein Vegetarian Diet

• Sesame seeds are a good source of dietary protein, with high-quality amino acids making up 20% of the seed.

• Thus, they are perfect to form part of a high-protein vegetarian diet

• Just sprinkle them over your salads, veggies, and noodles

• 2. Prevent Diabetes

• Sesame seeds contain magnesium and other nutrients that have been shown to combat diabetes.

• The usage of sesame seed oil as the sole edible oil has been found to be effective in lowering the blood pressure and plasma glucose in hypersensitive diabetics

• 3. Cardiovascular Health

• Sesame seed oil prevents atherosclerotic lesions and hence, is beneficial for the heart health.

• They contain an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound called sesamol that also exhibits anti-atherogenic properties, thus improving the cardiovascular health.

• 4. Cure Anemia

• Sesame seeds, particularly the black ones, are rich in iron.

• Hence, they are highly recommended for those suffering from anemia and weakness

• Sesame seeds are high in the monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, which helps in lowering the bad cholesterol and increasing the good cholesterol in the body.

• This prevents the risk of coronary artery disease and strokes

• 5. Anti-Cancer Properties

• Sesame seeds contain magnesium which has anti-cancer properties.

• They also contain an anti-cancer compound called phytate.

• Sesame seeds have proven to be effective in reducing the risk of colorectal tumors, thus preventing colorectal cancer

• 6. Digestive Health

• Sesame seeds support a healthy digestive system and colon as they are rich in fiber.

• This high fiber content helps in smooth functioning of the intestine, thus facilitating waste disposal and relieving constipation

• 7. Relief From Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Sesame seeds contain copper, a mineral that is vital for antioxidant enzyme systems, thus reducing the pain and swelling associated with arthritis. Besides, this mineral provides strength to the blood vessels, bones, and joints.

• 8. Respiratory Health

• Magnesium contained in sesame seeds prevents asthma and other respiratory disorders by preventing airway spasms

• 9. Protection From Radiation Damage

• Sesamol, found in sesame seeds and sesame oil, has been found to prevent the DNA from being damaged by radiation.

• It also prevents damage to the intestines and the spleen.

• 10. Bone Health

• Sesame seeds contain zinc that boosts the bone mineral density and the bone health.

• The deficiency of this mineral can cause osteoporosis in the hip and spine area.

• Sesame seeds are a great source of calcium, a trace mineral that is vital to bone health

• 11. Oral Health

• Sesame seeds and sesame seed oil help in boosting the oral health by removing dental plaque and whitening your teeth.

• Oil pulling, i.e. swishing your sesame seed oil in your mouth, can reduce the amount of streptococcus mutants in both the teeth and the mouth saliva and boost the overall health

• 12. Nullify The Effects Of Alcohol

• Sesame seeds help the liver to decompose the harmful effects of alcohol as well as other substances that generate poisoning in the body

• 13. Treatment Of Anxiety

• Sesame seeds contain several nutrients that have stress-relieving properties

• Minerals like magnesium and calcium act as an antispasmodic by regulating the muscle function i.e. contraction and relaxation.

• Thiamin (vitamin B1) has calming properties that aid in proper nerve functioning.

• The deficiency of this vitamin can lead to muscle spasms, moodiness, and depression.

• Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is involved in the production of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that reduces pain and regulates the sleep pattern and mood.

• The inadequacy of serotonin production and transmission in the brain can result in anxiety and depression.

• 14. Lower Cholesterol

• Black sesame seeds benefit in lowering the cholesterol levels.

• They contain two substances called sesamin and sesamolin, which belong to a group of fibers called lignans.

• Lignans have a cholesterol lowering effect as they are rich in dietary fiber

• Black sesame seeds also contain plant compounds called phytosterolswhich have a structure similar to that of cholesterol.

• Their consumption not only decreases the blood cholesterol levels, but also reduces the risk of developing certain types of cancer.

• Sesame seeds have the highest phytosterol content of all seeds and nuts.

• 15. Eye Health

• According to traditional Chinese medicine, there is a strong relationship between the internal organs and external parts such as the eyes and the liver

• The liver stores blood and since a certain branch of the liver channel goes to the eyes, the liver can also send blood to the eyes to support their functioning.

• Black sesame seeds are beneficial for the liver as they increase the liver blood, thereby nourishing the eyes.

• Their therapeutic effects help in treating blurred vision and tired, dry eyes.

• 16. Nourish The Organs

• Black sesame seeds have been found to increase energy, nourish the brain and slow down aging.

• The regular consumption of black sesame seeds can help reduce the symptoms of backache, painful or tight and stiff joints, and weakness in the join

• 17. Blood Pressure Reduction

• Nowadays hypertension is a common health problem among women and men from various age groups.

• Studies have indicated that using this oil can help reduce hypertension.

• The magnesium in this oil helps reduce blood pressure.

.

• The extensive range of minerals and vitamins in this oil help boost your immunity.

• Its antioxidants and these nutrients help the body fight cancer causing elements in a better way.

• The phytates present in these seeds are known for their cancer preventing properties too.

• 18. Anti-Inflammatory Effects

• Using black sesame seed oil, either topically or by consumption, can help reduce ailments and conditions caused by inflammation.

• The high amount of copper in this oil helps the users cope better with inflammation caused conditions affecting the body joints.

• Skin Benefits Of Sesame Seeds

• Sesame is rich in powerful antioxidants and possesses antibacterial and antiviral properties.

• It offers several benefits to your skin by bringing blood and nourishment.

• The oil extracted from sesame seeds is rich in omega-6, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and vitamins B and E which have been used as products of beautification.

• Let us learn how sesame seeds are beneficial for the skin.

• 19. Healing Properties

• Sesame seed oil is a natural anti-inflammatory agent and has excellent healing properties.

• Its antibacterial properties help to get rid of skin pathogens like staphylococcus and streptococcus as well as common skin fungi such as athlete’s foot fungus

• Sesame seed oil mixed with warm water can control vaginal yeast infections.

• 20. Treatment Of Sunburns

• When used after the exposure to the wind or the sun, sesame seed oil can treat suntans.

• It prevents the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from damaging your skin, thus preventing the appearance of wrinkles and pigmentation.

• The regular usage of this oil significantly reduces the risk of skin cancer and prevents the skin from the effects of chlorine in swimming pool water

• 21. Skin Detoxifier

• The antioxidants contained in sesame seed oil help in detoxifying your skin

• . When applied on the skin, the molecules of this oil attract oil-soluble toxins that can be washed away with hot water and soap.

• Mix half a cup of sesame seed oil with half a cup of apple cider vinegar and a quarter cup of water.

• This should be applied every night after splashing your face with water.

• You should include sesame seed oil in your beauty regime.

• 22. Suitable For Babies

• Baby skin, particularly the area covered with diapers, often gets rashes due to the acidity of body wastes

• Sesame seed oil protects their tender skin against these rashes

• Applying it to the nose and ears provides protection against common skin pathogens.

• It also combats dryness of skin.

• 23. Glowing Skin

• Sesame seed oil can provide you with glowing skin.

• It maintains skin flexibility by keeping it soft and supple, and heals the areas of mild cuts, scrapes and abrasions.

• It helps tighten the facial skin, particularly the area around the nose, and controls the enlargement of pores.

• It also controls eruptions and neutralizes the poisons which develop on the surface and in the pores.

• You can also try a facial for glowing skin.

• Massage your face thoroughly with sesame seed oil and scrub your face with rice or besan powder before washing off with warm water.

• Later, splash your face with cold water to close the pores.

• 24. Treatment Of Cracked Heels

• If you have cracked heels or sore feet, you can apply sesame seed oil every night before going to bed and cover your feet with cotton socks

• This should be done for a couple of days to get soft and supple feet

• Hair Benefits Of Sesame Seeds

• Sesame seeds are packed with vitamins, nutrients and minerals that are vital for the maintenance of a healthy scalp and hair.

• Just like the skin, sesame seed oil has beneficial effects on your scalp, thus combating various scalp problems.

• The benefits of sesame seeds for the scalp are as follow

• 25. Encourage Hair Growth

• Sesame seeds contain essential fatty acids such as omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 which promote hair growth.

• Sesame seed oil stimulates hair growth by nourishing, conditioning, and promoting a healthy scalp.

• The regular massage with warm sesame oil penetrates your scalp, thus increasing the blood circulation.

• It is comparable to a liquid vitamin that feeds your hair roots and shafts

• 26. Prevention Of Scalp Problems

• Sesame seeds are rich in replenishing vitamins, minerals and nutrients that are vital for a healthy scalp.

• Massaging your scalp with sesame seed oil combats dryness, flakiness and clogged pores that cause hair thinning and hair loss.

• Besides, its antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties help in treating scalp infections and dandruff and soothing an irritated scalp

• 27. Natural Sunscreen

• Sesame seed oil acts as a natural sunscreen for your hair by protecting it from the damaging effects of the sun’s ultraviolet rays and pollution.

• 28. Deep Conditioning

• Sesame seed oil acts as a deep conditioning treatment for dry, damaged hair, split ends or chemically treated hair.

• It restores the lost moisture and strengthens the hair shaft, enabling dull and brittle hair to regain its shine, bounce, elasticity and softness.

• 29. Hair Darkening Qualities

• Sesame seed oil is known for its hair darkening qualities that make it effective for people suffering from premature graying of hair

• . It can be used with carrier oils like olive or almond oil to reap the maximum benefits.

Individual Concerns

• Sesame Seeds and Food Allergies

• While not among the top eight food allergen groups in the United States, sesame seeds are a food that researchers have found to be associated with an increased prevalence of food allergy.

• For helpful information about this topic, please see our article, An Overview of Adverse Food Reactions.

HOW TO ENJOY

• A Few Quick Serving Ideas

• Add sesame seeds into the batter the next time you make homemade bread, muffins or cookies.

• Use the traditional macrobiotic seasoning, gomasio, to enliven your food.

• You can either purchase gomasio at a health food store or make your own by using a mortar and pestle.

• Sesame seeds add a great touch to steamed broccoli that has been sprinkled with lemon juice.

• Spread tahini (sesame paste) on toasted bread and either drizzle with honey for a sweet treat or combine with miso for a savory snack.

• Combine toasted sesame seeds with rice vinegar, soy sauce and crushed garlic and use as a dressing for salads, vegetables and noodles.

• Healthy sauté chicken with sesame seeds, soy sauce, garlic, ginger and your favorite vegetables for a healthy, but quick, Asian-inspired dinner

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