-
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIESFP7-
INFRASTRUCTURES-2008-1SP4-Capacities
S E R I E SSEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES
SP4 Capacities
FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIESSERIES Workshop, 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
Role of Research Infrastructures in Performance-based Earthquake
Engineering
Structural and Behaviour Constraints of L S l E i tLarge Scale
ExperimentsZoran RakicevicAleksandra BogdanovicDimitar
JurukovskiInstitute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering
Seismology – IZIIS“SS Cyril and Methodius” University in Skopje,
MK
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P fPreface
• 1963 - Skopje Catastrophic Earthquake
DATE JULY 26 1963DATE JULY 26 1963
TIME (GMT) 04:17:11
EPICENTRAL LATITUDE 42º 00.5' N
EPICENTRAL LONGITUDE 21º 27.3' E
HYPOCENTRAL DEPTH 5 km
MAGNITUDE (M) 6.2
EPICENTRAL INTENSITY (MCS) IX
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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P f 1963 Sk j h kPreface-1963 – Skopje Earthquake
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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P f APreface - MAEE
• 1964 - MAEE (Macedonian Association of Earthquake Engineering)
as a part of the Yugoslav Association for
h k i iEarthquake Engineering• 1964 - Under the auspices of
UNESCO, MAEE and IZIIS
organized the International Seminar on Earthquake organized the
International Seminar on Earthquake Engineering, Skopje, Sep. 29 –
Oct. 3, 1964 (nowadays referred to as the First EAEE Symposium).
The most referred to as the First EAEE Symposium). The most
significant achievement of the Skopje International Seminar was the
foundation (October 1, 1964) of the EAEE, initially called the
European Commission (of IAEE) for Earthquake Engineering
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
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P f SPreface - IZIIS
• 1965 - IZIIS is established within the University "St. Cyril
and Methodius", Skopje, upon y , pj , precommendation of the UN
International Consultative Board for Repair and pReconstruction of
Skopje, following the 1963 Skopje earthquake, and with substantial
pj q ,support from the UN and its specialized agencies, UNDP and
UNESCO.g ,
• 1980 – IZIIS has moved into new premises
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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P f SPreface - IZIIS
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN
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S’ S i i i SIZIIS’ Seismic Testing System• MTS 5 m x 5 m
bi-axial shaking table at IZIIS’ • MTS 5 m x 5 m bi-axial shaking
table at IZIIS
Dynamic Testing Laboratory
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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S’ S i i i SIZIIS’ Seismic Testing System• shaking table mass is
33.0 tg 33• pay load of about 40.0 t• 5 degree-of-freedom (DOF)5
degree of freedom (DOF)• Operational since 1980
Velocity 63 cm/s100 100
/s /s
1
Velocity 38 cm/s
10 10
Velo
cit y
cm/
Velo
cit y
cm/
11
2
3
Acceleration
2.4 g
1.7 g
1
2 Acceleration
2.14 g
1.45 g
1
2
10 10 1
2
3
3 1.2 g 3 1.05 g1 1
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
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1 10 100 1 10 100Frequency Hz Frequency Hz
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P f i iPurpose of experimentation
• For the needs of verification of existing mathematical models,
their improvements, or , p ,developing new ones.
• Experiments of new technological solutionsp g• Qualification
and proof tests.
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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S’ iIZIIS’ experience
• In the period of 25 – 30 years we have been faced with many
problems.y p
• More than 170 reports have been published regarding conducted
experiments on IZIIS’ g g pshaking table:▫ QUALIFICATION AND PROOF
TESTQUALIFICATION AND PROOF TEST▫ NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND DAMPERS▫
PHYSICAL MODELSPHYSICAL MODELS
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN
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Q lifi i d f Qualification and proof testIZIIS Report 85-29.
IZIIS Report 86-32. IZIIS Report 87-22. IZIIS Report 89-44. IZIIS
Report 2008-58IZIIS Report 85 29. IZIIS Report 86 32. IZIIS Report
87 22. IZIIS Report 89 44. IZIIS Report 2008 58IZIIS Report 85-30.
IZIIS Report 86-77. IZIIS Report 87-23. IZIIS Report 89-45. IZIIS
Report 2009-20IZIIS Report 85-31. IZIIS Report 86-100. IZIIS Report
87-53. IZIIS Report 89-74. IZIIS Report 2009-42IZIIS Report 85-32.
IZIIS Report 86-104. IZIIS Report 87-55. IZIIS Report 89-97. IZIIS
Report 2009-43IZIIS Report 85-36. IZIIS Report 86-105. IZIIS Report
87-98. IZIIS Report 90-20. IZIIS Report 2009-59.IZIIS Report 85 36.
IZIIS Report 86 105. IZIIS Report 87 98. IZIIS Report 90 20. IZIIS
Report 2009 59.IZIIS Report 85-37. IZIIS Report 86-112. IZIIS
Report 87-72. IZIIS Report 90-27. IZIIS Report 2009-60IZIIS Report
85-57. IZIIS Report 86-122. IZIIS Report 87-41. IZIIS Report
91-06.IZIIS Report 85-105. IZIIS Report 86-127. IZIIS Report 87-92.
IZIIS Report 91-103.IZIIS Report 85-107. IZIIS Report 86-140. IZIIS
Report 87-96. IZIIS Report 91-106.p 5 7 p 4 p 7 9 p 9
IZIIS Report 85-131. IZIIS Report 86-141. IZIIS Report 87-99.
IZIIS Report 92-06.IZIIS Report 85-132. IZIIS Report 86-138. IZIIS
Report 87-51. IZIIS Report 92-13.IZIIS Report 85-88. IZIIS Report
86-143. IZIIS Report 88-36. IZIIS Report 92-18.IZIIS Report 85-58
IZIIS Report 86-144 IZIIS Report 88-44 IZIIS Report 92-31IZIIS
Report 85 58. IZIIS Report 86 144. IZIIS Report 88 44. IZIIS Report
92 31.IZIIS Report 85-59. IZIIS Report 86-96. IZIIS Report 88-71.
IZIIS Report 92-43.IZIIS Report 85-51. IZIIS Report 86-76. IZIIS
Report 88-103. IZIIS Report 96-76IZIIS Report 85-53. IZIIS Report
86-49. IZIIS Report 88-104. IZIIS Report 2000-44/2IZIIS Report
85-55 IZIIS Report 86-48 IZIIS Report 88-105 IZIIS Report
2000-22IZIIS Report 85 55. IZIIS Report 86 48. IZIIS Report 88 105.
IZIIS Report 2000 22IZIIS Report 85-26. IZIIS Report 86-33. IZIIS
Report 88-109. IZIIS Report 2000-23IZIIS Report 86-06. IZIIS Report
86-34. IZIIS Report 89-11. IZIIS Report 2005-33IZIIS Report 86-07.
IZIIS Report 86-35. IZIIS Report 89-29. IZIIS Report 2007-26
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN
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Q lifi i d f Qualification and proof test
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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Q lifi i d f Qualification and proof test
• Conducted on various type of equipment and productsp
• Has to be conducted by the required procedure• The procedure
has to follow certain standards The procedure has to follow certain
standards
for:▫ NPP componentsNPP components▫ Electrical engineering
standards▫ Mechanical engineering standardsMechanical engineering
standards▫ Civil (earthquake) engineering standards
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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Q lifi i d f Qualification and proof test
• Constraints:▫ Key problem is simulation of functionality of
the y p y
equipment during testing High voltage High pressure High
temperature …….and all of these has to be incorporated into the
l b t it tlaboratory security system
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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Q lifi i d f Qualification and proof test
• Constraints:▫ Operating conditionsp g Example: a valve for NPP
in case of high intensity
quake has to be closed automatically; Example: Instrument
transformer – no oli leeckage
at certain acc level, e.g 0.4 g.
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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Q lifi i d f Qualification and proof test
• Constraints:▫ Simulation of input histories and floor response
p p
spectra Floor Response Spectra has to be defined from
analytical models, especially for NPP. RRS – Required Response
Spectra by standards Type of input histories Sine, sweep, sine
beat, white noise, const velocity, or
acceleration real earthquake records artificially acceleration,
real earthquake records, artificially generated earthquake time
histories…..
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN
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Q lifi i d f Qualification and proof test
• Constraints:Problem: shaking table can not fulfill all the
standard grequirements Possible solution: Combination of analytical
and
l d f hexperimental procedure if the user agrees
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Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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h l i d dNew technologies and dampersIZIIS Report 84-44 IZIIS
Report 2000-45/2IZIIS Report 84 44. IZIIS Report 2000 45/2IZIIS
Report 84-123. IZIIS Report 2004-50IZIIS Report 84-128. IZIIS
Report 2004-51IZIIS Report 84-137. IZIIS Report 2001-59IZIIS Report
84-142. IZIIS March 2007IZIIS Report 84 142. IZIIS March 2007IZIIS
Report 85-27. IZIIS Report 2007-51/1IZIIS Report 85-89. IZIIS March
2008IZIIS Report 85-89. IZIIS July 2008IZIIS Report 85-90. IZIIS
August 2008p 5 9 g
IZIIS Report 86-15. IZIIS Report 2008-32.IZIIS Report 86-16.
IZIIS Report 2009-40.IZIIS Report 86-17. IZIIS Report 2009-41IZIIS
Report 86-18IZIIS Report 86 18.IZIIS Report 86-19.IZIIS Report
86-20.IZIIS Report 88-42.IZIIS Report 88-64IZIIS Report 88 64.IZIIS
Report 88-66.IZIIS Report 96-68IZIIS Report 96-67
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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h l i d dNew technologies and dampers
• Types of tested models:▫ Seismic-Base isolation▫ Tuned mass
dampers▫ Hysteretic dampersy p▫ Friction dampers▫ Viscous
dampersscous da pe s▫ Spacer and stockbridge dampers
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN
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h l i d dNew technologies and dampers
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN
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h l i d dNew technologies and dampers
• Testing standards▫ Have to be agreed between laboratory and
the g y
manufacturer (or the one who’ve made an inquiry) in order as
much as possible information to be collected and the device to be
tested to as much as possible simulations.
• Simulation of functional characteristics
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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h l i d dNew technologies and dampers
• Dead load simulation▫ Has influence.▫ Compromise has to be
made
• Ultimate range of simulation: required by the Ultimate range
of simulation: required by the manufacturer and limited by shake
table characteristicscharacteristics▫ Acceleration, velocity,
stroke▫ Linear and non-linear mode Linear and non linear mode ▫
Stability of the model Whether the device under test could
withstand all
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
Whether the device under test could withstand all actions?
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Ph i l d lPhysical modelsIZIIS Report 70-91-53 P IZIIS Report
91-01 IZIIS Report 94-51IZIIS Report 70 91 53. P IZIIS Report 91
01. IZIIS Report 94 51P IZIIS Report IZIIS Report 91-01. IZIIS
Report 94-51/2IZIIS Reort 83-242 IZIIS Report 70-91-52. IZIIS
Report 94-70IZIIS 83-242. IZIIS Report 70-91-53. IZIIS Report
95-20IZIIS Report 85-98. IZIIS Report 70-91-44. IZIIS Report
95-86IZIIS Report 85 98. IZIIS Report 70 91 44. IZIIS Report 95
86IZIIS Report 85-61. IZIIS Report 91-92. IZIIS Report Oct.
1995IZIIS Report 85-79. IZIIS Report 92-08. IZIIS Report 96-02IZIIS
Report 86-08. IZIIS Report 92-27. IZIIS Report Jan 1996IZIIS Report
87-39. P IZIIS Report 92-12. IZIIS Report March 1996 p 7 39 p 9 p
99
IZIIS Report 88-72. IZIIS Report 92-57. IZIIS Report
340SAG10.IZIIS Report 88-48. IZIIS Report 92-67.IZIIS Report 88-29.
IZIIS Report 92-71/9.IZIIS Report 88-79 IZIIS Report 92-75 IZIIS
Report 88 79. IZIIS Report 92 75. IZIIS Report 88-48. IZIIS Report
92-65.IZIIS Report 88-79. IZIIS Report 92-44.IZIIS Report 89-75.
IZIIS Report 93-027.P IZIIS Report 89-66 IZIIS Report 93-48P IZIIS
Report 89 66. IZIIS Report 93 48IZIIS Report 90-47. IZIIS Report
93-028.IZIIS Report 90-66. IZIIS Report 94-17IZIIS Report 90-47.
IZIIS Report 94-34
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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Ph i l d lPhysical models
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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Ph i l d lPhysical models
• Definition of failure pattern• Verification of analytical
modelsVe cat o o a a yt ca ode s▫ Testing programme should be
conceptualized on
such a way as much as possible reliable y pinformation for the
model to be collected
▫ During analytical simulations and tuning input g y g ptime
histories has to be recorded ones on the shaking table
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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Ph i l d lPhysical models
• Problems▫ Non-linear material properties simulationp p It is
very difficult to produce material which will
have true replication of the stress-strain state, when other
material is used than original one in the prototype.
Si l ti f ki ti diti▫ Simulation of kinematic conditions
; ; ; mla a v l v d l d l l ; ; ;m p m r p m r p r pa a v l v d
l d l l
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN
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Ph i l d lPhysical models
• Problems▫ Simulation of soil-structure interaction It is
impossible to simulate, in most of the cases, and
usually fixed-base models are used.▫ Simulation of intensive
non-linear model
behaviour Usually instrumentation set-up is removed If the model
was subjected to excitation that caused
t i li t t ( l t ll ) th t t certain non-linear state (close to
collapse), the test that follows will give unreal state.
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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Ph i l d lPhysical models
• Problems▫ Small scale models Simulation of geometry,
frequencies, damping,
reinforcement, shrinkage Instrumentation problems
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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Ph i l d lPhysical models
• Solution - from our experience▫ Static condensation 105 Storey
Ryugyong Hotel Pyongyang
DPR Korea – Model of 21 storey, each storey in the model
substitute 5 storeys in the prototypeCondition: dynamic properties
of the Condition: dynamic properties of the such model and the
original prototype has to be identicalhas to be identical
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN
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Ph i l d lPhysical models
• Solution - from our experience▫ Model of Palasport in Bolognap
g Simulation of failure in the nodes of
space wooden roof structure has been done through substitute
shell made of different material that has the same vertical
stiffness as wooden onevertical stiffness as wooden one
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN
SYNERGIES
Ph i l d lPhysical models
• Problems▫ Models of dams – rock fill, earth fill, concrete, ,▫
Historic building models Aging problemg g p 1000 year church –
mortar can not be simulated
Archaic material simulation Appropriate archaic materials –
modern bricks has
different characteristics than those used 1000 years ago
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
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SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN
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Ph i l d lPhysical models
• Problems▫ Verification of analytical models and changing of y
g g
existing computer codes Input excitation characteristics - to be
taken from
the model tests Frequency, mode shapes, damping - to be
taken
f h d lfrom the model Response histories: linear for the model,
while non-
linear to be analyzed both form physical and linear to be
analyzed both form physical and analytical model
Mechanism of failure – to be take from the model
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
Mechanism of failure to be take from the model
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Ph i l d lPhysical models
• True replica models should be always used for verification,
developing and improvement of , p g panalytical models and computer
codes.
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i l dFinal words
• In the paper the critical analysis of performed testing for
different purposes will be presented g p p pbased on large number
performed experiments in Dynamic Testing Laboratory at Institute of
y g yEarthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology – IZIIS,
Skopje, MK. gy , pj ,
• Especially the critical approach will be used correctly all
constraints to be presented and y pdiscussed from the point of view
of creating the relationship between obtained benefits and cost
SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK
pof the experiments.
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SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in
Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK