7/21/2019 Seq. Stratigraphy of the Upper Permian Zechstein Main Dolomite Carbonates in Western Poland a New Approach … http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/seq-stratigraphy-of-the-upper-permian-zechstein-main-dolomite-carbonates-in 1/20 215 Journal of Petroleum Geology, Vol. 32(3), July 2009, pp 215-234 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE UPPER PERMIAN ZECHSTEIN MAIN DOLOMITE CARBONATES IN WESTERN POLAND: A NEW APPROACH M. Slowakiewicz 1* and Z. Mikolajewski 2 The Upper Permian Main Dolomite in the Zechstein 2 cyclothem in the Gorzów Block (part of the Zechstein Basin in western Poland) contains both hydrocarbon source and reservoir rocks, and is sealed both above and below by evaporites. In this paper we propose a new sequence stratigraphic model for the development of potential reservoir rocks in toe-of-slope locations. Data came from detailed analyses of 35 cores from wells in and at the margins of the Wielkopolska platform, a palaeogeographic element composed of Main Dolomite carbonates. In basinal areas, the Main Dolomite carbonates begin with a transgressive interval overlain by laminated dolomudstones interpreted as transgressive facies. The TST begins in the upper part of the underlying A1g anhydrites. The dolostones are underlain by a ravinement surface on the platform, and by a maximum regressive surface in toe-of-slope and basinal locations. In well Gorzów Wielkopolski-2, a hardground marks the maximum flooding surface. Overlying the TST deposits are thick intervals of intraclast-oolitic grainstones and floatstones which are interpreted as highstand deposits and indicate “highstand shedding”. Toe-of-slope facies are composed of alternating laminated dolomudstones, intraclast-oolitic grainstones, packstones and floatstones which make up submarine fans (prisms) interpreted as falling stage facies which are capped by dolomudstones. A subaerial unconformity was recognized on the platform, and a slope onlap surface on the slope and toe-of-slope, respectively. In platform areas, the Main Dolomite begins with thin intervals containing microbial complexes deposited during the early HST, which pass into thick oolitic grainstones (HST to late HST) and terminate as microbial-to-oolitic wackestone and mudstone complexes interpreted as falling stage facies. Thrombolitic bioherms constitute a reference horizon which can be correlated between wells in the study area. The beginning of the LST occurs in the upper part of the Main Dolomite. The boundary between lowstand and transgressive deposits was identified in the lower part of the Basal Anhydrite and is marked by sabkha and salina facies, respectively, where an erosional ravinement surface and maximum regressive surface were identified. Thus, the upper part of the underlying Upper Anhydrite and the upper part of the Main Dolomite deposits form a second depositional sequence in the study area. The depositional environment of the Main Dolomite platform carbonates was variable, and was influenced by the topography of the pre-existing evaporitic platform. The newly proposed sequence stratigraphic model emphasises the role of forced regressive submarine fans as potential hydrocarbon accumulations and traps in the toe-of-slope area. 1 Polish Geological Institute, ul. Rakowiecka 4, 00-975
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7/21/2019 Seq. Stratigraphy of the Upper Permian Zechstein Main Dolomite Carbonates in Western Poland a New Approach …
215 Journal of Petroleum Geology, Vol. 32(3), July 2009, pp 215-234
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE UPPER PERMIAN
ZECHSTEIN MAIN DOLOMITE CARBONATES
IN WESTERN POLAND: A NEW APPROACH
M. Slowakiewicz1* and Z. Mikolajewski2
The Upper Permian Main Dolomite in the Zechstein 2 cyclothem in the Gorzów Block (part of the Zechstein Basin in western Poland) contains both hydrocarbon source and reservoir rocks, and issealed both above and below by evaporites. In this paper we propose a new sequence stratigraphic model for the development of potential reservoir rocks in toe-of-slope locations. Data came fromdetailed analyses of 35 cores from wells in and at the margins of the Wielkopolska platform, apalaeogeographic element composed of Main Dolomite carbonates.
In basinal areas, the Main Dolomite carbonates begin with a transgressive interval overlain by laminated dolomudstones interpreted as transgressive facies. The TST begins in the upper part of the underlying A1g anhydrites. The dolostones are underlain by a ravinement surface on theplatform, and by a maximum regressive surface in toe-of-slope and basinal locations. In well Gorzów Wielkopolski-2, a hardground marks the maximum flooding surface. Overlying the TST deposits are thick intervals of intraclast-oolitic grainstones and floatstones which are interpreted as highstand deposits and indicate “highstand shedding”. Toe-of-slope facies are composed of alternating laminated dolomudstones, intraclast-oolitic grainstones, packstones and floatstoneswhich make up submarine fans (prisms) interpreted as falling stage facies which are capped by dolomudstones. A subaerial unconformity was recognized on the platform, and a slope onlapsurface on the slope and toe-of-slope, respectively.
In platform areas, the Main Dolomite begins with thin intervals containing microbial complexesdeposited during the early HST, which pass into thick oolitic grainstones (HST to late HST) and
terminate as microbial-to-oolitic wackestone and mudstone complexes interpreted as falling stagefacies. Thrombolitic bioherms constitute a reference horizon which can be correlated betweenwells in the study area. The beginning of the LST occurs in the upper part of the Main Dolomite.The boundary between lowstand and transgressive deposits was identified in the lower part of theBasal Anhydrite and is marked by sabkha and salina facies, respectively, where an erosional ravinement surface and maximum regressive surface were identified. Thus, the upper part of theunderlying Upper Anhydrite and the upper part of the Main Dolomite deposits form a second depositional sequence in the study area.
The depositional environment of the Main Dolomite platform carbonates was variable, and was influenced by the topography of the pre-existing evaporitic platform. The newly proposed sequence stratigraphic model emphasises the role of forced regressive submarine fans as potential
hydrocarbon accumulations and traps in the toe-of-slope area.
1 Polish Geological Institute, ul. Rakowiecka 4, 00-975
7/21/2019 Seq. Stratigraphy of the Upper Permian Zechstein Main Dolomite Carbonates in Western Poland a New Approach …
i v i s i o n o f N W P o l a n d a t t h e s u b - C
e n o z o i c p a l a e o s u r f a c e ( a f t e r N a r k i e w i c z a n d D a d l e z , 2 0 0 8 ) ;
o g r a p h i c m a p o f t h e M a i n D o l o m i t e o n t h e G o r z ó w P l a t f o r m a n d o n t h e n
o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e W i e l k o p o l s k a
P l a t f o r m ( a f t e r K o t a r b a & W a g n e r , 2 0 0 7 ,
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l k p - 2 ; 2 . K r o b i e l e w k o - 2 ; 3 . K r o b i e l e
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. M i e d z y c h ó d - 6 ; 1 5 . M i e d z y c h ó d - 4 ; 1 6 . M i e d z y c h ó d - 5 ; 1 7 . G r o t ó w - 1 ;
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o t ó w - 6 ; 2 0 . G r o t ó w - 5 ; 2 1 . S i e r a k ó w - 4 ; 2 2 . S i e r a k ó w - 1 ; 2 3 . C h r z y p s k o - 3 ; 2 4 . G n u s z y n - 1 ; 2 5 . K a c z l i n - 1 . B o r e h
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. C i e c i e r z y c e - 1 ; I . D z i e r z ó w - 1 K ; J . S a n t o k - 1 .
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7/21/2019 Seq. Stratigraphy of the Upper Permian Zechstein Main Dolomite Carbonates in Western Poland a New Approach …
indicate a tidal influence such as fine-scale lamination probably record storm- or wave-induced changes in
water level especially in arid and semi-arid areas
than “‘intertidal”. Similarly, “sublittoral” and
“supralittoral” are used instead of “subtidal” and“supratidal”.
Sedimentological descriptions in this paper in
Fig. 3. a (above left). Photomicrograph showing porosity in the Main Dolomite after dissolution of ooids and
peloids; well Lubiatów-1, depth 3243.10 m; porosity: 30 %, permeability: 0.01 mD. (b) Oomouldic and
interparticle porosity, well Miedzychód-4, depth 3096.6 m; porosity: 25 %, permeability: 1.65 mD. Toe-of-slopeand barrier facies, respectively. Scale bars are 1 mm. Well locations in Figs 1 and 4.
Fig. 4. Palaeogeography of the Gorzów Block during latest Rotliegend sedimentation (after Kiersnowski, 2004,
updated from Kiersnowski, 2009; tectonics partly after Dadlez, 2006). VDF: extent of Variscan Deformation
Front. 1. Lower Rotliegend volcanic rocks directly under Zechstein deposits. 2. Proved or interpreted areas
built of Lower Rotliegend sedimentary rocks directly underlying Zechstein rocks. 3. Carboniferous
sedimentary rocks. 4. Supposed chain of palaeovolcanoes interpreted by Kiersnowski (2004). 5. Alluvial
deposits. 6. Aeolian deposits. 7. Playa deposits. 8. Supposed faults and dislocations originating in Early Permian
time. 9. Extent of the Main Dolomite carbonate platform after Kotarba and Wagner (2007).
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7/21/2019 Seq. Stratigraphy of the Upper Permian Zechstein Main Dolomite Carbonates in Western Poland a New Approach …
Fig. 5. Depositional model of the Main Dolomite facies in the Grotów Peninsula area during relative sea-levelhighstand (after Jaworowski and Mikolajewski 2007, modified). Not to scale.
(2005), Embry et al . (2007), Catuneanu (2007) and
Catuneanu et al . (2009).
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
Stratigraphic units of the Polish Zechstein Basin were
discussed in detail by Wagner (1994, Fig. 2) who
correlated them with their counterparts in the German
Zechstein Basin. The fill of the Polish Zechstein Basin
has been divided into four Zechstein Sequences (PZ1-
4) comprising third-order sequences with associated
systems tracts (Wagner and Peryt, 1997). The Main
Dolomite (Ca2) comprises the HST of the second
Zechstein sequence; however, the Ca2 slope facies can
be treated as the beginning of the LST of the third
Zechstein sequence (Wagner and Peryt, 1997).
Alternatively, according to Zdanowski (2003a,b,
2004a,b), the upper parts of the Ca2 toe-of-slope
deposits in the Grotów Peninsula area are
autochthonous and are of shallow platform origin
related to a sea-level lowstand; they pass upward intoextremely shallow-water sabkha facies of the Basal
Anhydrite (A2). However, this interpretation was
challenged by Jaworowski and Mikolajewski (2007)
who proposed that there is no evidence for the
emergence of the Main Dolomite platform, which is
necessary for the formation of lowstand deposits.
Instead they suggested that the toe-of-slope deposits
represent highstand and forced regressive deposits of
the preceding sequence. Slowakiewicz and
Mikolajewski (2008) agreed with this general scheme
but improved the Ca2 depositional model in theGrotów Peninsula area. Thus they distinguished
transgressive deposits in the upper part of the Upper
TRANSGRESSIVE SYSTEMS TRACT
Transgressive deposits are not well developed on the
Upper Anhydrite platform. However, in slope and toe-
of-slope locations, there occur 60-cm to several-metre
thick successions of deposits reworked during a
transgression, but originating from a lowstand wedge.
Such a succession is observed in the eastern slope of
the Krobielewko platform in well Leszczyny-1K (Fig.
7a). Transgressive deposits in the slope and toe-of-
slope are mostly composed of angular fragments (up
to 30 cm long) of nodular anhydrites forming a
matrix-to clast-supported breccia, deposited in a
sabkha setting during a lowstand of relative sea level
and subaerial exposure of the A1 sulphate platform
(Fig. 7a). Anhydrite breccias occur in the Ca2
dolomudstones and are derived from the Upper
Anhydrite anhydrites. Basinal facies, by contrast,
consist of thinly laminated anhydrites which pass into
dark laminated dolostones (Fig. 7b), indicating
continuous sedimentation in the basin and a well-developed maximum regressive surface ( sensu
Helland-Hansen and Martinsen, 1996) which passes
towards the shoreline into a subaerial unconformity.
The timing of the maximum regressive surface (MRS)
corresponds to the end of base-level fall at the
shoreline. According to Embry (2001b), the MRS
should replace the correlative conformity because it
has low diachroneity, it is widespread throughout the
conformable succession and it joins the basinward
termination of the unconformity. This is the sense in
which the term MRS is used here.The transition between lowstand and transgressive
platform facies of the Upper Anhydrite and Main
7/21/2019 Seq. Stratigraphy of the Upper Permian Zechstein Main Dolomite Carbonates in Western Poland a New Approach …
230 Upper Permian Zechstein Main Dolomite carbonates in Western Poland
falling-stage systems tract. Kaiser et al . (2003) were
the first to recognize “late” highstand (i.e. forced
regressive) deposits in the Zechstein German Basin.
Their “late” highstand facies correspond to the oolitic
grainstone facies shed down the platform slope anddeposited at the toe of the slope of the Grotów
Peninsula as potential traps for hydrocarbons. Hunt
and Tucker (1995) noted that “early” and “late”
lowstand systems tracts (Posamentier et al ., 1992;
Posamentier and Allen, 1993) are in fact falling-stage
systems tracts and lowstand systems tracts,
respectively. In conclusion, Figs. 11a and 11b illustrate
a new sequence stratigraphy model for the Main
Dolomite deposition.
Peryt and Dyjaczynski (1991) and Kotarba and
Wagner (2006, 2007) proposed that the Ca2 carbonate platform morphology and facies were controlled by
the configuration of the underlying A1sulphate
platforms. However, at the end of the Zechstein first
cyclothem (PZ1 = Werra cyclothem), basinal areas
started to subside along deep-seated master faults
related to the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone (Znosko,
1981; Krzywiec, 2006a). This extensional subsidence
associated with fault activity in the sub-Zechstein
basement (Krzywiec et al ., 2006) may have been a
trigger mechanism (Peryt, 1992) which produced the
toe-of-slope deposits. Therefore we assume, as was
also suggested by Depowska (2005), that the tectonic
activity which controlled subsequent subsidence
accommodated by major sub-Zechstein faults (see the
model of Withjack and Callaway, 2000, and Krzywiec,
2006b) may have caused instability of the Ca2 carbonate
and A1 evaporite platforms during their deposition.
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of new sedimentological data, a new
depositional model and sequence stratigraphic
interpretation of the Main Dolomite carbonates in theeastern part of the Notec Bay (Gorzów Block) have
been proposed. A number of sequence stratigraphic
surfaces were identified. Transgressive deposits (TST)
are recognised in the upper part of the Upper
Anhydrite, and mark the boundary between first and
second Polish Zechstein depositional sequences. The
deposits are mostly built of sulphate matrix-to-clast-
supported breccias representing an abrasive platform
environment. Subaerial unconformity, maximum
regressive sruface and transgressive ravinement
surface were recognized within the transgressivedeposits. The subsequent highstand facies are mainly
composed of intraclast-oolitic dolograinstones and
Falling stage systems tract deposits are composed
of carbonate facies initiated during the sea-level
highstand and deposited at the toe-of-slope in the form
of submarine fans which developed mostly during a
forced regression. The submarine fans do not displaya progradational profile. A slope onlap surface (SOS)
which is the basal boundary of the FSST was also
identified.
Lowstand facies were identified in the uppermost
part of the Main Dolomite carbonates. The boundary
between lowstand and forced regressive deposits is
marked by an erosive surface interpreted as a subaerial
unconformity on the platform and its slope, and a
transgressive ravinement surface in the basinal part.
Hence, the boundary between the second and third
Polish Zechstein depositional sequences occurs in theuppermost part of the Main Dolomite carbonates.
Transgressive deposits of the next depositional
sequence were found in the lower part of the Basal
Anhydrite sulphates and are characterized by the
upward transition from sabkha (LST) to salina (TST)
environments.
It is suggested that syndepositional tectonic activity
resulted in instability of the Ca2 carbonate and A1
sulphate platforms, and both resulted in highstand
shedding and controlled relative sea-level rises and
falls. However, evaporative drawdown was the main
factor causing significant sea-level fall in late Main
Dolomite times.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are very much indebted to Ashton Embry for his
valuable comments on an early version of the paper.
Graham Aplin (Task Geoscience) reviewed the
manuscript and is greatly acknowledged for
improvements and useful suggestions. POGC Pila and
Geofizyka Torun are thanked for providing materials.
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