September 2018 IOM NIGERIA - Squarespace

IOM – Nigeria / Full Report / September 2018

September 2018 IOM NIGERIA


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This report has been produced with the financial support of the European Union (EU). The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the EU or the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations used and the presentation of all the contents of the report do not imply any expression on the part of the EU or the IOM concerning the legal status of a country, territory, city, or region, or their borders or boundaries. Neither the EU nor the IOM make guarantees, expressed or implied, on the accuracy or completeness of this report. In no event will they be liable for any loss, damage, liability, or expense incurred or suffered as a result of the use of this report, including, without limitation, any fault, error, omission, interruption, or delay in this regard. This report contains links to third party websites. Sites that can be accessed from these links are not managed or controlled by the EU or the IOM. The EU and IOM are therefore not responsible for the availability, content, or accuracy of any linked site or link contained within this initial link. These links are provided for informational purposes only and in no way constitute a recommendation or an invitation to use a service. The inclusion of any link does not imply any endorsement of the linked website by the EU or the IOM. IOM strongly believes that orderly migration, carried out in decent conditions, benefits both migrants and society as a whole. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM works with partners in the international community to address the practical challenges of migration, to better understand migration issues, to promote economic and social development through migration, and to promote effective respect for human dignity and the well-being of migrants.

This report was commissioned by the Regional Office for West and Central Africa of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the research was conducted by Samuel Hall. The opinions expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the views of IOM. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of Samuel Hall.

The report should be quoted in the following format:

Samuel Hall (2018). Community mapping of areas of return to Nigeria, for the Regional Office for West Africa and the Centre of the International Organization for Migration.

Photographic credits: cover picture used with permission from IOM Nigeria.


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Samuel Hall is an independent think tank providing research and strategic services, expert analysis, tailored counsel and access to local knowledge for a diverse array of actors operating in the world’s most challenging environments. We specialize in socio-economic surveys, private and public sector studies, and impact assessments for a range of humanitarian and development actors. With a rigorous approach and the inclusion of academic experts, field practitioners, and a vast network of national researchers, we access complex settings and gather accurate data. We bring innovative insights and practical solutions to addressing the most pressing social, economic, and political issues of our time. Samuel Hall has offices in Afghanistan, Kenya and Germany. For more information, please visit www.samuelhall.org

http://www.samuelhall.org/


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7

GLOSSARY .............................................................................................................................................................................. 9

1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 NATIONAL CONTEXT ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 CONTEXT OF THE REPORT .............................................................................................................................................. 12

2. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY.................................................................................................................................................... 13 RESEARCH TOOLS ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 AREAS OF FIELDWORK ................................................................................................................................................... 15 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................................................................... 17

3. ECONOMIC DIMENSION ............................................................................................................................................. 19 INCOME, DEBT, AND ACCESS TO FINANCE ..................................................................................................................... 21 REMITTANCES AND MIGRATORY LINKS ......................................................................................................................... 22 ACCESSING THE LABOUR MARKET ................................................................................................................................. 23 PROFESSIONAL SKILLS .................................................................................................................................................... 24 SKILLS DESIRED ............................................................................................................................................................... 26 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................. 27 LABOUR MARKET OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................... 30 EMPLOYMENT ASPIRATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 31

4. SOCIAL DIMENSION .................................................................................................................................................... 33 SELF-EMPLOYMENT, ENTREPRENEAURSHIP, AND RETURNEES : MYTHS AND REALITIES .............................................. 34 EDUCATION .................................................................................................................................................................... 36 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 37 SCHOOL DROPOUT ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 HEALTH, FOOD, HOUSING, MARITAL STATUS, AND DOCUMENTATION ........................................................................ 40 ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES ............................................................................................................................................ 42 ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY AND WATER ............................................................................................................................ 43 MEASURES OF SATISFACTION ........................................................................................................................................ 44

5. PSYCHOSOCIAL DIMENSION ....................................................................................................................................... 46 RETURNEES’ DESTINATIONS AND RETURNS .................................................................................................................. 47 DESIRE AND ABILITY TO LEAVE ....................................................................................................................................... 47 REASONS TO LEAVE ........................................................................................................................................................ 49 HOUSEHOLD PARTICIPATION AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES .................................................................................................. 51 PSYCHOSOCIAL INDICATORS .......................................................................................................................................... 52 EMOTIONAL RESPONSES AND OUTLOOK ON THE FUTURE ............................................................................................ 52 PSYCHOSOCIAL PROFILE OF RETURNEES ........................................................................................................................ 53 PERCEPTIONS OF RETURNEES ........................................................................................................................................ 54 MIGRATION AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT : THE MISSING LINK ........................................................................... 56

6. IDENTIFYING COMMUNITY KEY NEEDS ....................................................................................................................... 57

7. STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................................... 59

8. COMMUNICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................................................................... 64 ANALYSIS OF DATA ......................................................................................................................................................... 64 SOURCES OF CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE ......................................................................................................................... 64 SOURCE OF TRUST .......................................................................................................................................................... 66 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ........................................................................................................................ 68 SOCIAL MEDIA ................................................................................................................................................................ 70 TOWARDS A C4D STRATEGY FOR NIGERIA ..................................................................................................................... 70


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9. OPERATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 72

ANNEX 1 : REGRESSION RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................... 108

ANNEX 2 : COMMUNICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT DEFINITION AND STRATEGY ................................................................ 109 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK : COMMUNICATION AND CAPABILITY ............................................................................ 109 COMMUNICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT (C4D) ............................................................................................................ 109

ANNEX 3 : LIST OF COMMUNITY-LEVEL STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED ................................................................................. 112

ANNEX 4 : LIST OF FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS HELD ....................................................................................................... 116

ANNEX 5 : LIST OF CENTRAL-LEVEL STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED ....................................................................................... 118

ANNEX 6 : LIST OF INITIATIVES THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED FOR REPLICATION IN THE NIGERIAN CONTEXT ........................ 119

ANNEX 7 : POSSIBLE APPROACHES FOR C4D PROGRAMMING............................................................................................ 124

ANNEX 8: BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................................... 130

FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1. Depiction of the Joint Initiative ............................................................................................................................ 12 Figure 2. Early research stages ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 3. Focus group discussion with women market leaders in Iberekodo, Ogun state ................................................. 15 Figure 4: Defining a community by its layers ..................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 5: Locations of communities assessed ..................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 6. Migratory profile (by gender and community, n = 532) ...................................................................................... 20 Figure 7. Country of origin of international remittances .................................................................................................... 23 Figure 8. Preferred job-hunting platform (multiple options, n=532) ................................................................................. 29 Figure 9. Desired employer by gender (multiple options) .................................................................................................. 31 Figure 10. Type of position of the employed respondent (n=532) ..................................................................................... 34 Figure 11. Highest education level attained by gender (n=532) ......................................................................................... 38 Figure 12. Highest level of education attained by migratory profile (n=532) ..................................................................... 38 Figure 13. Sources of electricity by community (n=532) .................................................................................................... 43 Figure 14. Sources of water by community (n=532) ........................................................................................................... 43 Figure 15. Migration project destination (number of respondents) .................................................................................. 49 Figure 16. Perception of returnees by community (n=532) ............................................................................................... 55 Figure 17. Mapping stakeholders with identification of major structural weaknesses ...................................................... 61 Figure 18. Percentage of respondents declaring that their community is marked by violence ......................................... 66 Figure 19. Usage of sources to obtain information on the situation abroad (n=532; n-female=255; n-male=277) .......... 70 Figure 20. Conceptualisation of C4D initiatives in the area of sustainable reintegration ................................................ 110

Table 1. Data collection targets and achievements ............................................................................................................ 13 Table 2. Description of qualitative research tools .............................................................................................................. 14 Table 3. Locations identified by IOM Nigeria as research sites .......................................................................................... 15 Table 4. Nature of the report .............................................................................................................................................. 17 Table 5. Gender and age data distribution, by community ................................................................................................ 18 Table 6. Indicators of income, job satisfaction, debt and access to credit by community ................................................. 21 Table 7. Indicators of income, job satisfaction, debt and access to credit by gender and migratory profile ..................... 21 Table 8. Remittances and relatives/friends abroad by community .................................................................................... 22 Table 9. Remittances and relatives/friends abroad by gender and migratory profile........................................................ 22 Table 10. Respondents declaring to have already acquired the listed professional skills/competences by community and

gender (multiple options possible) ........................................................................................................................... 25 Table 11. Respondents who declared being willing to acquire the listed professional skills/competences, by community

and gender (multiple options possible) .................................................................................................................... 27 Table 12. Perceived importance of criteria to be recruited, by community and gender ................................................... 28

file:///C:/Users/pauli/Downloads/IOM%20-%20Nigeria%20-%20Full%20Report.docx%23_Toc1654777



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Table 13. Platforms used to look for a job by community and gender (multiple options possible) ................................... 30 Table 14. Employment indicators by gender and migratory profile ................................................................................... 30 Table 15. Employment indicators by community ............................................................................................................... 31 Table 16. Types of positions desired by community (multiple options possible) ............................................................... 32 Table 17. UNICEF education data for Nigeria (2008-2012) ................................................................................................. 36 Table 18. Highest level of education attained, by community (% of total sample size) ..................................................... 37 Table 19. School dropout rates by community and reasons for having dropped out of school (% of respondents who

declared to have dropped out of school) .................................................................................................................. 39 Table 20. School dropout rates by gender and migratory profile with reasons for having dropped out of school (% of

respondents who declared to have dropped out of school) ..................................................................................... 40 Table 21. Socio-economic inclusion indicators by gender and migratory profile ............................................................... 41 Table 22. Socio-economic inclusion indicators by community ........................................................................................... 42 Table 23. Basic service satisfaction by community (%, difference between average satisfaction and community-level

satisfaction) ............................................................................................................................................................... 44 Table 24. Desire to leave, ability to leave and awareness on legal pathways to migrate, by community ......................... 48 Table 25. Desire to leave, ability to leave and awareness on legal pathways to migrate, by gender and migratory profile

................................................................................................................................................................................... 48 Table 26. Reasons behind the desire to leave the community, by community and gender............................................... 49 Table 27. Household participation in social activities by community (multiple options possible) ..................................... 51 Table 28. Psychosocial indicators by community and gender ............................................................................................ 52 Table 29. Emotions experienced daily, by community (multiple options possible) ........................................................... 53 Table 30. Emotions experienced daily, by gender and migratory profile (multiple options possible) ............................... 53 Table 31. Psychosocial indicators by migratory profile ...................................................................................................... 54 Table 32. Perception of returnees and discrimination indicators by gender and migratory profile .................................. 54 Table 33. Economic, social and psychosocial reintegration score for communities studied in Nigeria ............................. 58 Table 34. Overview of Key Socio-Economic Challenges by Community ............................................................................. 58 Table 35. Structural and general partnerships (across value chains and sectors) (1)......................................................... 62 Table 36. Structural and general partnerships (across value chains and sectors) (2)......................................................... 63 Table 37: Factors of differentiations that create conflicts in the community (multiple options) ...................................... 65 Table 38. Perceived honesty of actors ................................................................................................................................ 67 Table 39. Community actors listened to when taking a decision ....................................................................................... 68 Table 40. Level of trust in sources of information by community ...................................................................................... 69 Table 41. Usage of sources to obtain information on the situation abroad ....................................................................... 69 Table 42. Key elements of a C4D strategy (adapted from Bauer and Jenatsch, 2016) ....................................................... 71 Table 49. Synthesis of the goal and objectives of the C4D ............................................................................................... 111



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ACRONYMS

AR Awareness-Raising

AVRR Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration

BMM Better Migration Management

C4D Communication for Development

CISLAC Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre

CO Country Office

COSUDOW Committee for Support of Dignity of Women

CSO Civil Society Organization

DFID Department for International Development (UK Government)

ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States

ESTFAHT Edo State Task Force on Anti-Human Trafficking

EU European Union

EUTF European Union Emergency Trust Fund for Africa

FMLE Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment

FGD Focus Group Discussion

ICT Information and Communication Technology

IOM International Organization for Migration

KII Key Informant Interview

NACTAL Network of Civil society organizations against Child Trafficking, Child Abuse and Child Labour

NAPTIP National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons

NCFRMI National Commission for Refugees Migrants and Internally Displaced Persons

NEMA National Emergency Management Agency

NDLEA National Drug Law Enforcement Agency

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NIS National Immigration Service

NNVS Nigerian National Volunteer Service

NPopC National Population Commission

OCAT Organizational Capacity Assessment Tool


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PCI Patriotic Citizen Initiatives

PSS Psychosocial Support

SBCC Social and Behaviour Change Communication

SEYP Society for the Empowerment of Young Persons

TA Target Audience

TWG Technical Working Group

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization

UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

VoT Victim of (human) trafficking

WEEO Women Economic Empowerment Organization


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GLOSSARY

Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration (AVRR)

“Administrative, logistical, financial and reintegration support to rejected asylum-seekers, victims of trafficking in human beings, stranded migrants, qualified nationals and other migrants unable or unwilling to remain in the host country who volunteer to return to their countries of origin.” (IOM Glossary)

Awareness Raising “Two-way street, fostering communication and information exchange in order to improve mutual understanding as well as mobilising communities and the whole society to bring about the necessary change in attitudes and behaviour” (EU)1

Capacity Building “Process aiming to facilitate, in conjunction with the stakeholders, a consolidation of their capacities at an individual, organizational and sectoral level to allow them to evolve and adapt to the new contextual requirements and fulfil their role within a governance structure” (EU)2

Civil Society Organizations (CSO)

“According to the World Bank definition, internationally civil society refers to a “wide array of non-governmental and not-for-profit organizations that have a presence in public life, expressing the interests and values of their members or others, based on ethical, cultural, political, scientific, religious or philanthropic considerations.”3

Community There is no commonly accepted definition of “community” in the literature. For this research, we define “community” as a number of persons who

• regularly interact with one another

• within a specific geographic territory

• tend to share common values, beliefs and attitudes

• share the same economic/commercial/social services

• identify themselves as a group

Economic System Analysis

A system of production, resource allocation, and distribution of goods and services within a society or a given geographic area. It includes the combination of the various institutions, agencies, entities, decision-making processes, and patterns of consumption that comprise the economic structure. As such an economic system is a type of social system where different objectives may be seen as desirable (efficiency, growth, liberty, equality). (David Conklin 1991)

Ecosystem A model to understand the migrants’ return environment. It encompasses immediate and extended circles of the environmental systems with which the returnee interacts through five layers: the individual, the microsystem (the family, peers), the mesosystem (friends of family, neighbours), the exosystem (private and public sector) and the macrosystem (attitudes and ideology of the culture).

Return "Refers broadly to the act or process of going back. This could be within the territorial boundaries of a country, as in the case of returning IDPs and demobilized combatants; or from a host country (either transit or destination) to the country of origin, as in the case of refugees, asylum seekers, and qualified nationals. There are subcategories of return which can describe the way the return is implemented, e.g. voluntary, forced, assisted and spontaneous return; as well as subcategories which describe who is participating in the return, e.g. repatriation (for refugees)." (IOM Glossary)

1 European Institute for Gender Equality, “Awareness-Raising”, n.d eige.europa.eu/sites/.../EIGE-DOMESTIC-VIOLENCE-AWARENESS-RAISING.pdf. 2 EU “Definition of Capacity Building”, n.d. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/aidco/index.php?title=Special:Pdfprint&page=9EDF:_Capacity_building 3 The World Bank, "Defining Civil Society," 2013.


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Sustainable reintegration

“Reintegration can be considered sustainable when returnees have reached levels of economic self-sufficiency, social stability within their communities, and psychosocial well-being that allow them to cope with (re)migration drivers. Having achieved sustainable reintegration, returnees are able to make further migration decisions a matter of choice, rather than necessity.” (IOM, 2017)

Value chain “Value chains are a key framework for understanding how inputs and services are brought together and then used to grow, transform, or manufacture a product; how the product then moves physically from the producer to the customer; and how value increases along the way.” (World Bank)

In this report, we use the term "Returnee" to refer to respondents in the survey who have lived abroad for

more than three months and returned to Nigeria. As part of our random sampling, we met 32 people

returning from abroad, 15 of whom declaring to have been forced to return.


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1. INTRODUCTION NATIONAL CONTEXT Nigeria has an estimated population of 186 million. UN projections indicate that by 2100 this number will reach 914 million. Between 1990 and 2013, the number of Nigerians living abroad more than doubled and passed the one million mark. Just by the size of its population, Nigeria plays a key role in determining migration fluxes at a global scale. The idea of migrating in search of “greener pastures” is rooted in Nigerian society and has shaped the nation-building process in many ways since independence was gained in 1960. This idea manifested in the widespread desire to migrate among Nigerians – a tendency confirmed also by this study. Besides being a prominent country of origin, several other trends and specific issues contribute to making migration in Nigeria a multifaceted and complex social phenomenon. In fact, Nigeria is also an important country of destination within the West African region, is a country of transit, is well known for the incidence of human trafficking (especially of women from the Edo state), produces a large number of irregular migrants who European shores via the Libya route and, finally, it is affected by internal displacement of millions due to the Boko Haram insurgency in the North.

Given this context, this report focuses on a specific issue of migration in Nigeria: the sustainable reintegration of returning migrants (or ‘returnees’). This study is timely as migration is becoming less and less accessible and effective as a poverty reduction strategy for West Africans in general. The appearance of structured organisations that exploit irregular migrants and endanger their lives, the adverse economic, social, and political conditions hindering migration and integration in destination countries (especially Europeans one) are creating a large number of migrants who return to their countries with immense needs for support. By providing an analysis of the socio-economic conditions of a number of communities of return in Nigeria, this study aims to identify obstacles to sustainable reintegration at the community-level and as well as possible interventions to remove them. This responds to a request from donors (and the EU in particular) supporting communities of return at large beyond individual returnees so conditions for sustainable reintegration can be created within these communities themselves.

For the specific case of Nigeria, obstacles to sustainable reintegration are several and significant. From an economic perspective, despite sustained GDP growth, Nigeria suffers an employment crisis whose consequences are mainly paid by younger generations through fewer opportunities and worsening work conditions. Economic empowerment and sustainable reintegration of returnees remains a key challenge in the Nigerian context when considering traumatised individuals who cannot cope with pressures of a highly competitive job market and difficult business environment. From a psychosocial perspective Nigerian returnees face powerful social expectations and stigmatization that influence their decisions and attitudes. Despite the prominent role of migration in Nigerian society and diaspora, the involvement of migrants in community development is disproportionately limited. This study shows the absence of returnee associations or diaspora-led community development organisations in communities assessed.

All findings of this research point in a clear direction: obstacles (and pathways) to sustainable reintegration vary in each community; interventions should be tailored to prevalent conditions while providing support at individual and community level. Solutions that are provided in this report are partial, reflect the rapid nature of this profiling exercise, and should be used as a basis for further assessment. For this reason, both practical and methodological recommendations are provided.


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CONTEXT OF THE REPORT

This report was written by Samuel Hall and is part of a community mapping and socio-economic profiling project in areas of return in West and Central Africa. It was sponsored by the Regional Office of the International Organization for Migration (IOM), as part of the Joint Initiative for Migrant Protection and Reintegration in Africa – a project funded by the EU through its Trust Fund for Africa (EUTF).

The Joint Initiative4 is part of a change of approach to reintegration within IOM. In 2017, Samuel Hall developed a multidimensional and integrated definition of ‘sustainable reintegration’: “Reintegration can be considered sustainable when returnees have reached levels of economic self-sufficiency, social stability within their communities, and psychosocial well-being that allow them to cope with (re)migration drivers. Having achieved sustainable reintegration, returnees are able to make further migration decisions a matter of choice, rather than necessity.”

Therefore, activities aiming to enable returning migrants to achieve sustainable reintegration must reach beyond economic projects, such as initiatives related to the social and the psychological dimensions of reintegration. These should target return migrants in general, rather than solely the beneficiaries of Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration (AVRR). Initiatives should also generate benefits for host communities, and the public and private service structures therein present. In order to target actors beyond the individual level, the Joint Initiative is based on three principles:

• Implementation of reintegration projects that involve the community; • Strengthening of referral mechanisms; and • Government ownership and capacity building.

The Joint Initiative has been conceptualized in five dimensions – including a cross-cutting dimension. This study focuses on the objectives of Reintegration, Communication for Development (C4D), and Capacity Building (in orange in Figure 1).

Figure 1. Depiction of the Joint Initiative

4 The ‘Joint Initiative for Migrant Protection and Reintegration in Africa’ will be shortened to ‘Joint Initiative’ in the rest of the document.

Return in dignityc

Reintegration at the economic,

social, and psychosocial

levels

Communication for Development

(C4D)

Data on flows

(Flow Monitoring Points)

Capacity building


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2. METHODOLOGY OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The objective of this study is to support the operationalization of the Joint Initiative. Field research took place from January to March 2018 in 11 countries (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria and Senegal). The present study focuses on Nigeria and, in particular, six communities located in Awo-Alero, Iberekodo, Idogbo, Orlu, Ughelli, and Uromi.

The focus is an economic, social, and psychosocial profiling of six selected Nigerian communities to inform the development of individual, collective, and community projects. In addition, this study provides an analysis of the capacity of key existing (and potential) partners for potential involvement in a comprehensive referral system to assist returnees. The study provides both methodological and operational elements for definition of a strategy for C4D activities (Communication for Development) at a national-level, and for the design of effective C4D initiatives at a community-level. RESEARCH TOOLS Fieldwork activities in Nigeria took place from February 5 - 6 February 2018. After a two-day training in Lagos organized by Samuel Hall, research teams spent three days in each community conducting interviews and surveys, as per the figures reported in Table 1 below. The next figure represents research stages undertaken for the preparation of fieldwork.

Figure 2. Early research stages

Table 1. Data collection targets and achievements

Tool Target Achieved

Quantitative survey (only respondents with age between 15-34 included)

400 532

Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) 12 12

Community observations 6 6

Key Informant Interviews 60 78

Literature review

• Review literature on migration in Nigeria and the local development plans and relevant policy documents

Qualitative data

•Community observation sheet

•Formal interviews with local, government, and private actors

•Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)

Quantitative data

•Survey of youth in community, aged 15 to 34

Discussion workshop

•Discussion on preliminary results with IOM Nigeria and partners in a workshop held on 16 February 2018.


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This methodology is designed to be easily replicable and may be applied in more communities in Nigeria. This ‘pilot’ approach has made it possible to identify best community profiling practices. The methodology will be further detailed in the regional report to include lessons learned from the 11 countries included in the study. The survey, conducted with respondents aged 15 to 34, is the main quantitative tool of this research. Respondents were randomly selected: teams of quantitative enumerators were instructed to start interviews from the central point of identified fieldwork areas and interview one in every three encountered individuals aged 15-34.5 This age range corresponds to what the World Bank define as 'youth': a segment of the population going through difficult transition to social and economic autonomy.6 Main themes explored by the survey questionnaire were: (i) interviewee profile, (ii) standard of living, (iii) migration history, (iv) skills and education, (v) access to the labour market, (vi) psycho-social inclusion and communications. The following table lists the qualitative tools used during the study as well as specific objectives.

Table 2. Description of qualitative research tools

Tool Description

Community observation sheet

Creates a map of the actors present in the community and structures researcher observations in the community to complement and/or contrast the data gathered from community members. One community observation sheet was produced for each community.

Key informant interviews (KIIs)

Structured interviews aimed at gathering detailed information from at least 10 actors (such as traditional leaders, employers, local government representatives, religious leaders, CBO representatives, opinion leaders, etc.) per community, 5 of which are interviews with local employers. Interviews were also conducted with central-level reintegration stakeholders.7

Focus group discussions (FGDs)

Focus group discussions8 (at least two per community) aimed to identify: 1. Which factors influence the decision to migrate, return, and reintegrate? 2. Who influences the decision to migrate, return, and reintegrate? 3. How is social and economic cohesion maintained, and how can it be

accounted for in programme interventions?

5 Quantitative enumerators were not instructed to ‘oversample’ returning migrants. 6 The limitations of a chronological definition of 'youth' are recognized here. National governments and international organizations use different age groups to categorize ‘young’ people: 10 to 24 (UNFPA), 10 to 29 (WHO), 15 to 24 (UNESCO, ILO), 15 to 29 (Commonwealth, EU), 15 to 32 (UNHABITAT), 15 to 34 (World Bank), 15 to 35 (African Union). 7 Annex 5 contains a detailed list of the community-level KIIs conducted. Annex provides a list of the organizations or individuals interviewed for the central-level analysis. 8 Annex 6 provides a list of the FGDs held in the six communities with details on the profile of the participants.


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Figure 3. Focus group discussion with women market leaders in Iberekodo, Ogun state, Samuel Hall.

AREAS OF FIELDWORK

The six communities profiled in this study were selected by IOM based on data available on incidence of return migration and on strategic considerations. In general, the incidence of migration in Nigeria is not evenly distributed, but rather concentrated in a few specific states in Southern Nigeria. According to data on 7,012 stranded migrants received by IOM from April 2017 to February 2018, the Edo state alone accounted for 52%, the Delta state for 17%, Ogun for 5%, and Imo for 4% of the sample - all other states recorded lower percentages (IOM Nigeria, 2018). Within these four states, IOM Nigeria identified six locations as research sites to account for the primary communities of origin and, potentially, return.

Table 3. Locations identified by IOM Nigeria as research sites

State Location

Edo Idogbo

Edo Uromi

Delta Awo-Alero

Delta Ughelli

Imo Orlu

Ogun Iberekondo

A common question across the eleven countries of the study regards how to define a ‘community.’ To address this issue, within the locations selected by IOM, the research area was defined so that respondents would:

• Share the same geographic space (neighbourhood, village, town); • Identify themselves as a group; • Share the same economic (such as an employment agency), commercial (such as a market), and social

services (such as community events, meeting places); and • Tend to share common values, beliefs and attitudes.

Once the research area was identified, the research team used an ecosystem approach to define the actors present in the return communities. In particular, the analysis focuses on the meso- and the exo- levels of this ecosystem.

• Macrosystem: Attitudes and culture of the society;

• Exosystem: Private and public sectors, service providers;

• Mesosystem: Civil society, community-based organizations (CBOs), neighbours;


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• Microsystem: Home, family, friends, peers;

• Returnees.

The six communities studied can be divided into three types: 1. Rural communities (shown in green in the figure below): Awo-Alero, Idogbo and Uromi;

2. Semi-urban communities (blue): Orlu and Ughelli; and

3. Peri-urban communities (red): Iberekodo.

Figure 5: Locations of communities assessed

Colour code: red: peri-urban communities; blue: semi-urban communities; green: rural communities.

Each of these communities is individually described in detail in the ‘Community Profiles’ section. At this stage, it is most useful to explore traits that are shared among communities studied as this typology will help process results of the study that follow. Generally speaking:

• Awo-Aleru, Idogbo, and Uromi are rural communities where agriculture accounts for the largest share of productive activities and plays a key role in providing subsistence. These communities have relatively small populations and offer limited professional and social opportunities. Migration is generally regarded as the only way to improve one’s or one’s family’s condition – or even as a matter of survival.

• Orlu and Ughelli are larger semi-urban communities that act as exchange hubs for all types of resources, ideas, and information within areas of influence. Both centres have experienced sustained population growth unpaired with sufficient economic growth to support development. Both

Figure 4: Defining a community by its layers


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communities are marked by declines of industrial activities experiencing diminishing economic, administrative, and cultural roles. Perceptions of migration are more geared toward acquisition of wealth and social status. A push to migrate due to urban poverty and general lack of opportunities is increasing.

• Iberekodo is a peri-urban community located on the outskirts of Abeokuta, the Ogun state capital, not far from Lagos, Nigeria’s main economic centre. This community benefits from the vicinity of two major cities and is itself an important commercial centre (although its market, once one of the largest in the state, has declined significantly). Its economy is diversified despite insufficient social and cultural opportunities. Migration, especially regular migration opportunities, is desired but not common and does not significantly impact the community.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The first limitation to consider is the small sample size due to resource constraints and the ‘rapid’ nature of the assessment. The data provided is nonetheless indicative of specific trends and tendencies observed at a community-level:

Table 4. Nature of the report

What this report is: What this report is NOT:

Analytical Prescriptive and exhaustive

A profiling exercise focused on the communities selected by IOM

A profiling exercise focused on returning migrants who received assistance from IOM

A ‘baseline’ study with an amplification perspective

A definitive evaluation

As mentioned, the six profiled communities were selected by IOM. These communities do not necessarily correspond to areas with the highest number of returnees in the country as the data on return migration used by IOM may have limitations. Communities selected are not meant to be representative of the entire country. Sample averages are not meant to be representative of general (or national) conditions; this would have required a different sampling methodology. Quantitative data is generally disaggregated by community to capture socio-economic diversity and present alongside sample averages. When interpreting results, the reader should consider that comparisons between community-level data and sample averages are provided only to facilitate analysis. Indicators that are both representative of national conditions and comparable with the specific survey question are most often unavailable. Data disaggregations by gender and migratory profile are also provided to highlight differences between these categories of respondents. When interpreting results, the reader should consider that averages obtained from respondents with the same migratory profile or gender are not representative of related national conditions. Due to sample size limitations, gender and migratory status disaggregation within single communities are not provided. On comparisons between returnees and non-returnees, readers should consider the following:

• Each respondent that declared having lived abroad for more than three months (for any possible reason, including work, tourism, family visits, etc.) is classified as a returnee. This broad definition may not align with other operational definitions used by IOM.

• Comparisons by migratory profile should be taken with extreme caution. Out of the total 532 survey respondents, only 32 can be classified as returnees.

• Of the 32 sample returnees, only one declared to have received support from IOM to return.


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• Respondents of the quantitative survey were selected randomly within the communities profiled (with respect to their migratory profile), meaning enumerators were not instructed to ‘oversample’ returnees.

• The main focus of the analysis is to profile communities and not returnees. Comparisons based on respondent migratory profiles were included for illustrative purposes only and to inform (or rather ‘inspire’) future profiling exercises specifically targeting returning migrants.

Table 5 below shows composition of the respondent sample in terms of gender and age across all six communities assessed. A balanced distribution of data by age and gender ensures better comparability across communities. Survey enumerators were instructed to interview an equal number of female and male respondents, as well as an equal number of respondents across five sub-ranges within the 15-34 age stratification (15-18, 19-22, 23-26, 27-30 and 31-34). As shown, the distribution by gender is rather balanced across all communities, deviation from the 50 per cent target remaining below ±4 per cent. In terms of age, due to sampling monitoring problems encountered during fieldwork, more marked deviations from the 20 per cent mark are present. In particular, respondents aged between 27 to 34 years are markedly underrepresented in Idogbo and Orlu.

Table 5. Gender and age data distribution, by community

Awo-Alero Iberekodo Idogbo Orlu Ughelli Uromi Total

Female 50% 48% 48% 46% 48% 49% 48%

Male 50% 52% 52% 54% 52% 51% 52%

15 to 18 y.o. 19% 16% 36% 35% 11% 24% 24% 19 to 22 y.o. 32% 21% 36% 40% 13% 18% 28% 23 to 26 y.o. 21% 19% 14% 16% 27% 26% 20% 27 to 30 y.o. 16% 20% 9% 8% 28% 18% 16% 31 to 34 y.o. 12% 24% 5% 1% 22% 15% 12%

No. of observations

107 80 90 102 79 74 532

Colour coding: highlighted in red are all values deviating from the targets (50% for gender and 20% for age) by more than ±10%.


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3. ECONOMIC DIMENSION

Economic Dimension Returnees are more likely to be employed but also more susceptible to financial vulnerabilities.

• Note – In the sample, only 32 out of 532 respondents could be classified as a returnee. All returnee results should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample number.

• Returnees declare significantly more often than non-returnees to have a paid job or income-generating activity (63% vs. 48%). Returnees, however, are more often indebted at critical levels than non-returnees (44% vs. 28%) as migration projects are often financed by debt or by liquidation of assets. Returnees are also more likely to receive money from abroad.

Professional skills are gendered and employment opportunities are extremely polarised between different communities surveyed:

• Skills possessed and desired by respondents are often gender specific

• Lack of identifiable skillsets among respondents that are significantly salient in the labour market. Only five of the 40 competences included in the survey have been mentioned by at least 5% of the respondents: Hair styling, Tailoring, Business, Beautician, and Electric wiring. 21% of the respondents declared not to have any particular skillset with no significant gender-based differences.

• Communities are polarized in inactivity ratios (unemployed and not seeking employment) with Idogbo, Uromi (Edo), and Orlu (Imo) recording shares above 40% while the rest were below 20%. Employment ratios are below average in the Edo state communities of Idogbo and Uromi, where there is low economic activity beyond subsistence.

• In agriculture-dominant communities such as Awo Aleru, Idogbo, and Uromi, opportunities in agriculture do not extend beyond subsistence. Only in Uromi was agriculture included in the top five employment sectors according to respondents who were employed, and even then at a low of 4% among Uromi employed respondents.

The labor market is largely characterized by self-employment, especially among returnees:

• The majority of respondents who declared to have a job or income-generating activity are in fact self-employed. Highlighting limited job opportunities, with no marked differences based on gender or migratory status, 79% of respondents stated they would be interested in starting their own business. The socio-economic vulnerability present in the studied communities is reflected in the large proportion of respondents (about one-third) who are neither employed nor actively seeking employment.

• There is a clear tendency for returnees to be more often self-employed (or a daily labourer) and less often a salaried worker in the private sector.

• In Edo state communities of Idogbo and Uromi, the relational channel for job recruitment was significantly less used than in other communities even though the two communities had the highest ratios of unemployment. Edo state communities were in favour of public or private employment offices or educational institutions and also had stronger perceptions of the importance of objective recruitment criteria, possibly due to the important role of the public sector in absorbing the local workforce.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Economic actors in Nigeria:

• Federal Ministry of Labour & Productivity devises the National Policy on Labour Migration and leads the Working Group on Labour Migration. The ministry is in charge of developing productive employment policies and programmes for employment generation. It also supports skills


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development by upgrading and providing certification and placement of artisans and tradesmen in various areas of national needs.

• Women United for Economic Empowerment (WUEE) is a NGO in Akwa Ibom state dedicated to empowering underprivileged women and children by providing them with tools and skills for economic stability, such as small business grants, vocational training, and infrastructure and capacity building.

In this study, we classify returnees as all survey respondents who declared to have lived abroad (for of work, study, family, travel or other reasons) for at least three months. This is a relatively inclusive definition that may not coincide with the ones used in the context of AVRR operations reporting. In general, the number of returnee respondents cannot be taken as a precise estimate of the incidence of return migration in a given community – instead it provides an idea of the composition of our sample of respondents.9 In our sample, only 32 out of a total of 532 respondents can be classified as such a returnee. As shown in Chart 1 below, Awo-Alero (Delta state) accounts for the largest relative share of returnee respondents (10%) and Iberekodo (Ogun state) for the lowest (3%). Only three of the six communities assessed (Awo-Aleru, Idogbo and Uromi) had a returnee share greater than 5% and these were all in the Edo or the Delta states (IOM Nigeria, 2018).10 In terms of gender, 8% of male respondents can be defined as returnees compared to only 4% of female respondents.

Figure 6. Migratory profile (by gender and community, n = 532)

9 It should be noted that returnees were not targeted during the administration of the quantitative survey. Enumerators were instructed to select their respondents randomly among the youths of a community (aged between 15 and 34, inclusive). 10 This finding resonates well with IOM data, according to which these two states account, respectively, for 52% and 17% of the returnees assisted since April 2017.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Awo-Alero

Iberekodo

Idogbo

Orlu

Ughelli

Uromi

Total

Male

Female

Awo-Alero Iberekodo Idogbo Orlu Ughelli Uromi Total Male Female

Returnee 0.10280374 0.025 0.078651690.040404040.040540540.067567570.06118547 0.08 0.04

Non-migrant 0.89719626 0.975 0.921348310.959595960.959459460.932432430.93881453 0.92 0.96


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INCOME, DEBT, AND ACCESS TO FINANCE At an aggregated level, 48% of respondents declare to have a paid job or an income-generating activity, though there is significant variability across communities. This number ranges from 31% in the rural community of Idogbo to 79 % in Iberekodo, a peri-urban community near the Ogun capital.

Table 6. Indicators of income, job satisfaction, debt and access to credit by community

Awo-Alero

Iberekodo Idogbo Orlu Ughelli Uromi Sample average

I have a paid job or an income-generating activity

44% 79% 31% 41% 63% 38% 48%

I am not satisfied with my job

25% 36% 17% 27% 53% 16% 29%

I hold more debt than what I spend in a month

37% 39% 16% 25% 34% 20% 29%

I can borrow money if I need to

26% 61% 39% 61% 32% 46% 44%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532

Colour coding: highlighted in red are all values recording negative (in qualitative terms) deviations from the sample average of at least 10%; in green those recording positive deviations.

Looking at the migratory profile disaggregation, returnees in this sample declare significantly more often than non-returnees to have a paid job or income-generating activity (63% vs. 48%).

Table 7. Indicators of income, job satisfaction, debt and access to credit by gender and migratory profile

Female Male Sample average

Returnee Non-returnee

I have a paid job or an income-generating activity

46% 50% 48% 63% 48%

I am not satisfied with my job 22% 35% 29% 41% 28%

I hold more debt than what I spend in a month

26% 33% 29% 44% 28%

I can borrow money if I need to 44% 47% 44% 34% 44%

Frequency 255 277 532 32 500

Colour coding: highlighted in red are all values recording negative (in qualitative terms) deviations from the sample average of at least 10%.

In terms of debt and access to finance, 29% of respondents declared to hold more debt than income on a monthly basis, signalling critical levels of indebtedness. 44% of respondents declared to be able to borrow money if necessary. In this sample, returnees seem to be more often indebted at critical levels than non-returnees (44% vs. 28%) and have lower capacities to borrow money (34% vs. 44%). Qualitative data available does not provide a complete explanation of these findings. Several informants, however, pointed out that migration projects in Nigeria are often financed by debt or by the liquidation of assets either owned by the migrant or their families. Returnees’ lower capacity to borrow money may point to the presence of debts already incurred or to a lack of collateral offered to lenders. This could be because, upon return, debts and/or assets to offer as collateral have been used to finance a migration project or an investment/business development project.


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REMITTANCES AND MIGRATORY LINKS Overall, 54% of respondents declared having received money from relatives and friends. Within this subset of respondents, 29% declared having received money mainly from within their community, 17% from another location in Nigeria, and 7% from abroad. Overall, 67% of respondents declared to have family members or friends abroad. Across communities, significant differences appear between tendencies to receive money from relatives or friends. In Orlu, 74% of respondents reported receiving money from relatives or friends compared to 47% in Awo-Alero. Significant differences appear regarding reception of money from abroad; in Idogbo, 14% of respondents received money from relatives or friends abroad compared to only 3% in Iberekodo. The propensity to receive money from abroad closely resembles data on return migration. On the contrary, having a family member or a friend abroad does not seem to lead to higher remittance inflows in the community.

Table 8. Remittances and relatives/friends abroad by community

Awo-Alero


I receive money from relatives or friends

47% 54% 48% 74% 48% 49% 54%

• From abroad 8% 3% 14% 5% 5% 8% 7%

• From another location in Nigeria

18% 14% 10% 31% 15% 9% 17%

• From my community 21% 38% 23% 37% 28% 31% 29%

I have family members or friends abroad

73% 60% 67% 83% 44% 65% 67%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532

Colour coding: highlighted in light blue are the values recording deviations from the sample average of at least 10%.

Regarding gender disaggregation, women are generally more likely to receive money, in particular from within their community; men declare slightly more often than women to be receiving remittances from abroad. The difference may be driven by differing roles of men and women in management of household economies. Women tend to oversee day-to-day household finance management while men focus on household assets. Data disaggregation by migratory profile suggest returnees are more likely to receive money from abroad and have family members or friends abroad.

Table 9. Remittances and relatives/friends abroad by gender and migratory profile


Returnee Non-

returnee

I receive money from relatives or friends 56% 51% 54% 50% 54%

• From abroad 6% 9% 7% 16% 7%

• From another location in Nigeria 17% 17% 17% 9% 17%

• From my community 33% 26% 29% 25% 30%

I have family members or friends abroad 64% 69% 67% 78% 66%

Frequency 255 277 532 32 500

Colour coding: highlighted in light blue are the values recording deviations from the sample average of at least 10%.


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Regarding origin of remittances from abroad, as shown in Figure 7, 76% (28) of international remittance recipients declared funds were coming from an EU country. Italy was the most frequent origin. The USA was the most frequent non-EU origin with six cases. These findings provide an idea of the specific migratory linkages of the communities sampled and their difference from national averages. While national-level data on migrant stocks (IOM, 2014) indicates the USA accounts for the largest stock of Nigerian emigrants, only six respondents in our sample declared receiving remittances mainly from the USA. Similarly, while the UK accounts for the largest stock of Nigerian migrants in Europe, only one respondent declared to be receiving international remittances mainly from the UK. These results, however, should be taken with caution as the number of sampled international remittance recipients is small. ACCESSING THE LABOUR MARKET To map the existing gaps and needs on both the supply and demand of the local labour market, this section explores its key determinants – from the tension between actual vs. desired professional skills to questions of employability, employment, and interest in apprenticeship and entrepreneurship. Analyses and data are disaggregated by gender, community, and (when possible) migration profile to provide a more nuanced and relevant typology.

The labour market in Nigeria: key issues

A World Bank publication of 2010 makes the following diagnosis of the labour market in Nigeria: “Nigeria faces a growing employment crisis. Notwithstanding sustained, high, and broad-based growth in the non-oil economy, unemployment has not fallen materially since 1999. More importantly, youth unemployment has risen markedly over the same period. Nigeria’s growth performance has not responded to the aspirations of its population as a whole, especially the young generation. While the number of jobs seems to have grown in line with the labour force, most of these jobs have been created in family agriculture. Wage employment, however, has declined. Job creation in family agriculture was accompanied by rapid income growth and falling rates of poverty in rural areas” (2010:9). In 2013, an Afrobarometer survey asked Nigerians to rank the main challenges faced by the country. They indicated unemployment as the most pressing issue, well ahead of poverty, electricity and crime. A more recent World Bank publication (2015) documents the link between limited availability of jobs (vis-à-vis the demographic growth) and poverty, inequality, and social unrest in the country: “Two Nigerias are emerging: one in which high and diversified growth provides more (albeit not enough) job and income opportunities, and one in which workers are trapped in traditional low-productivity, subsistence activities. High growth in the working-age population, low skill levels, and the marginalization of some groups— particularly women—from job opportunities present

Italy; 16

USA; 6France; 5

Germany; 4

Other EU; 7

Other; 4

Figure 7. Country of origin of international remittances


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additional challenges to creating enough good jobs for the many new entrants to the labour market each year” (2015:viii). In 2002, the Federal Government of Nigeria approved a National Employment Policy (NEP) with support from the ILO.11 In its latest version of 2017, the policy was articulated around 11 objectives (including the promotion of full employment, of equal access to the labour market and of the diffusion of skills and professional competences in both the formal and the informal sector). In relation to the job creation for the Nigerian youth, the NEP emphasises the potential of agriculture as a key sector with workforce absorption capacity and on the need to provide demand-driven skill acquisition opportunities for unemployed youths.

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS This subsection provides an analysis of the differences between professional skills that respondents possess and the types of skills desired by the respondents. The frequency of the competences acquired and desired are shown in the two tables below with comparisons by community and gender.12 In dark green, we highlight the competences mentioned by at least 10% of the respondents; in light green, those mentioned by at least 5%. Only five of the 40 competences included in the survey have been mentioned by at least 5% of the respondents: Hair styling, Tailoring, Business, Beautician, and Electric wiring. 21% of the respondents declared not to have any particular skillset – of these, 55% are respondents between 15 and 20 years of age, with no significant gender-based differences.

• Gender: o In general, it appears as evident from the data that professional competences have, in many cases,

a clear gender connotation. Of the first five competences mentioned by female respondents (Hair styling, 34% of female respondents; Tailoring, 17%; Business, 9%; Beautician, 9%; and Sewing, 7%) only Hair styling (8%) and Business (7%) have been mentioned by more than 5% of the male respondents. Among these, only Business skills seem to belong to both genders with a minimum difference of 2% in favour of female respondents. The table also shows that certain relatively frequent skills/professions, such as Electric wiring, Welding and Repairing vehicles, are not mentioned by any female respondents and thus seem reserved to men.

o Competences possessed by female respondents also appear more concentrated. Women’s five

most frequent competences were mentioned by 74% of respondents; in contrast, men’s first five competences were mentioned by 37% of the respondents. This suggests greater diversification in terms of professional competences among men, competences of women being confined to a few domains like personal care and garments.

• Communities:

11 Federal Republic of Nigeria (2017) National Employment Policy 2017: Objectives, measures, strategies and institutional frameworks to meet the challenges of rising unemployment and underemployment. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/addisababa/countries-covered/nigeria/WCMS_619096/lang--en/index.htm [last retrieved on 18 June 2018]. 12 We do not provide disaggregated data by migratory status due to the insufficient number of sampled returnees to conduct this kind of analysis.

“We get the talent. We learn work, but no job. I am telling you, patronage is very very low”

FGD with male community members, Idogbo

http://www.ilo.org/addisababa/countries-covered/nigeria/WCMS_619096/lang--en/index.htm

http://www.ilo.org/addisababa/countries-covered/nigeria/WCMS_619096/lang--en/index.htm


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o Frequency of professional competences varies significantly across communities and reflect differences prevalent socio-economic conditions. For example, Iberekodo (Ogun state), a market community with a growing manufacturing sector, records the highest share of respondents with Business competences and as well as the greatest level of skills diversification.

Table 10. Respondents declaring to have already acquired the listed professional skills/competences by community and gender (multiple options possible)

Acquired skills: Awo-Alero

Iberekodo Idogbo Orlu Ughelli Uromi Total Male Female

No skills 22% 16% 14% 25% 27% 18% 21% 22% 20% Hair styling 23% 13% 28% 11% 23% 26% 20% 8% 34% Tailoring 13% 8% 17% 8% 9% 5% 10% 3% 17% Business 3% 21% 2% 9% 6% 9% 8% 7% 9% Beautician 4% 3% 11% 5% 4% 5% 5% 2% 9% Electric wiring 6% 4% 1% 5% 9% 4% 5% 9% 0% Sewing 7% 6% 6% 3% 3% 3% 4% 2% 7% Welding 5% 3% 9% 2% 4% 3% 4% 8% 0% Telecommunications services / IT 1% 5% 2% 10% 1% 3% 4% 5% 3% Music 0% 9% 1% 9% 1% 1% 4% 5% 2% Farming 3% 8% 1% 4% 0% 1% 3% 5% 1% Education 0% 6% 2% 4% 1% 4% 3% 4% 2% Repairing vehicles 2% 5% 0% 2% 1% 6% 3% 5% 0% Medicine 1% 3% 6% 2% 0% 5% 3% 1% 4% Repairing electronic equipment 1% 6% 1% 1% 3% 3% 2% 4% 0% Masonry 1% 0% 1% 4% 1% 3% 2% 3% 0% Plumbing 2% 1% 1% 1% 3% 1% 1% 3% 0% Carpentry 2% 3% 2% 1% 1% 0% 1% 3% 0% Restauration services 0% 3% 1% 1% 0% 4% 1% 0% 2% Small retails 0% 3% 1% 3% 0% 1% 1% 1% 2% Repairing of mobile phones 2% 1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 0% Bead sewing 1% 3% 1% 1% 0% 1% 1% 0% 2% Livestock raising 0% 3% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 0% Money Transfer services 0% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% Handicrafts 0% 0% 1% 2% 1% 0% 1% 1% 0% Making of leather products 0% 4% 0% 1% 0% 0% 1% 1% 0% Fishing 0% 3% 0% 0% 1% 0% 1% 1% 0% Religious / clerical skills 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 0% Other 14% 18% 10% 17% 25% 6% 15% 21% 9%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532 277 255 The ‘Other’ skills mentioned by at least five respondents include: Catering, Football, Decoration, various artistic, building and handicraft skills.


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SKILLS DESIRED The focus of respondent aspirations remains the two common activities of Hair styling and Tailoring, which traditionally are seen as accessible trades with several training opportunities. The desire to acquire or improve business skills is also often mentioned. Qualitative evidence suggests this is most often associated with the desire to acquire basic marketing and self-promotion skills, as well as basic accounting and financial management skills. What strikes attention is the low frequency at which activities associated with the primary sector are mentioned, and also the relatively low frequency of professional competences, education in particular. This may suggest that, at an aggregate level, professional opportunities remain mainly concentrated in the same sectors. Within these sectors, we notice some sign of dynamism only in the demand for more qualified repairing/manufacturing activities and telecommunication services/IT skills.

• Gender: o The top five competences

mentioned by female respondents (Hair styling, 25%; Tailoring, 17%; Beautician, 16%; Sewing, 11%; Business, 9%;) are the same as the top five competences already acquired (although with a different order). This possibly indicates that, in general, women do not see greater chances of employment or professional development outside of the ‘traditional’ activities with a female connotation. Aspirations to learn new skills are equally concentrated as in the case of professional competences acquired.

• Communities: o Willingness to acquire competences in the ‘accessible’ professions such as Hair styling and

Tailoring appears consistent across all communities. Business skills are desired at significant levels across all communities, with a 21% peak in Iberekodo due to the rather active entrepreneurial scene in this community. Demand for Welding, IT, and Electric wiring skills is also significant, although not across all communities. It is unclear whether this signals a possible supply-side saturation or a lack of professional opportunities for people with these skills within all communities. Iberekodo is the only community in the sample where more than 5% of the respondents expressed interest in learning an agriculture-related skill.

“Most people know a trade already, even if they did not attend a special course. Me, for example, I learned how to design websites by myself, with my laptop, at night. As soon as I started offering this service, I realized the importance of advertising. I started with leaflets and signs in the places where I knew there was people with money. […] These are the important skills that allow you to find customers – and also accounting and being able to plan your business”

KII with entrepreneur and activist, Iberekodo

“The cooperative employs the Hausa boys from the northern part of Nigeria that help in operating the milling machines. This is so because the indigenous youths are not willing to work [in agriculture] because they feel that they can make it faster when they migrate.”

KII with farmers’ cooperative, Awo-Alero

“This is predominantly a farming community, but the youths, due to ‘civilization,’ are no longer interested in this profession, rather they venture into vocational jobs like electrical wiring etc. because they feel it’s more rewarding financially and when eventually they discover that the infrastructural support needed to excel is absent, they get restless and migrating becomes the order of the day.”

FDG with returnees, Awo-Alero


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Table 11. Respondents who declared being willing to acquire the listed professional skills/competences, by community and gender (multiple options possible)

Desired skills: Awo-Alero


No skill in particular 12% 20% 10% 25% 6% 11% 14% 17% 11% Hair styling 16% 14% 25% 14% 9% 14% 15% 7% 25% Tailoring 7% 10% 10% 12% 14% 12% 11% 4% 17% Business 8% 21% 6% 6% 13% 8% 10% 11% 9% Beautician 12% 5% 11% 3% 8% 12% 8% 2% 16% Sewing 3% 8% 7% 13% 6% 1% 6% 2% 11% Welding 7% 1% 7% 2% 11% 3% 5% 10% 0% Telecommunications services / IT 0% 11% 4% 6% 5% 5% 5% 8% 2% Electric wiring 8% 0% 0% 6% 8% 5% 5% 9% 0% Medicine 7% 1% 3% 3% 4% 5% 4% 5% 3% Bead sewing 2% 5% 2% 5% 6% 1% 4% 0% 7% Plumbing 3% 4% 2% 3% 1% 5% 3% 5% 0% Music 0% 3% 1% 7% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% Repairing vehicles 2% 1% 2% 2% 4% 5% 3% 5% 0% Repairing electronic equipment 2% 0% 2% 0% 4% 8% 2% 5% 0% Repairing of mobile phones 1% 3% 0% 4% 1% 5% 2% 4% 0% Restauration services 0% 4% 2% 2% 1% 4% 2% 2% 2% Repairing of transformers 6% 1% 0% 1% 3% 0% 2% 4% 0% Administration 1% 4% 2% 0% 4% 0% 2% 2% 2% Handicrafts 0% 4% 1% 2% 0% 3% 1% 1% 2% Education 0% 4% 1% 2% 0% 3% 1% 1% 2% Farming 1% 4% 0% 0% 3% 0% 1% 2% 0% Carpentry 0% 1% 1% 2% 0% 1% 1% 2% 0% Masonry 1% 0% 1% 0% 0% 3% 1% 1% 0% Money Transfer services 1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1% 0% 1% Repairing of refrigerators 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 3% 1% 1% 0% Livestock raising 0% 4% 0% 0% 1% 0% 1% 1% 0% Other 14% 18% 10% 17% 25% 6% 15% 21% 9%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532 277 255 Among the ‘Other’ skills mentioned (by at least five respondents), Decoration was by far the most frequently mentioned one, followed by various construction and manufacturing skills.

METHODOLOGY The last component of the skills analysis describes the hiring criteria respondents perceive as the most consequential in the local labour market. A list of 12 criteria was presented to respondents and they were asked to signal those considered most important for getting a job. Some of the criteria are more objective (qualifications, experience, literacy, education, certifications, knowledge of foreign languages), others are more subjective (age, gender, place of origin, ethnicity, knowledge of local languages, recommendations, relation with the employer or other employees). In the table below, the colour coding highlights the higher degrees of objectivity (in light green) or of subjectivity (in pink) for each community assessed. This is intended to provide a visual indication of how the aged 15-34 respondents perceive the ‘fairness’ of the local job market or, in other words, whether the competition to access jobs or professional opportunities within their respective communities is based mainly on objective (fair) or subjective (unfair) criteria. Looking at the aggregate figures, the first five criteria with the highest perception of importance among respondents all are classified as more objective (Literacy, 70%; Level of education, 67%, Work experience, 66%; Certifications/diplomas; 64%; and Possession of required professional skills, 61%). Among the more subjective criteria, Recommendations record the highest perceived importance with a share of 61%, followed by Relationship with the owner (52%) and Place of origin (42%).


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Table 12. Perceived importance of criteria to be recruited, by community and gender

This criterion is important to compete in the local job market:

Awo-Alero


Female Male

OBJECTIVITY

Possession of professional required skills

39% 63% 77% 67% 61% 66% 61% 62% 61%

Work Experience 46% 68% 86% 67% 65% 70% 66% 63% 69% Literacy 45% 73% 89% 80% 61% 73% 70% 70% 69% Level of education 42% 70% 89% 73% 58% 74% 67% 66% 68% Certificate / diploma 43% 66% 88% 63% 54% 76% 64% 64% 64% Foreign language skills 25% 16% 41% 24% 30% 27% 27% 28% 26%

Age (younger preferred) 43% 36% 46% 47% 62% 42% 46% 44% 48% Age (older preferred) 22% 23% 22% 24% 19% 26% 23% 24% 21% Gender 31% 34% 39% 41% 38% 30% 36% 31% 39% Place of origin 47% 26% 29% 54% 48% 49% 42% 46% 39% Ethnicity 40% 25% 26% 47% 44% 31% 36% 40% 33% Language skills 36% 39% 27% 39% 47% 32% 36% 35% 38% Recommendations 53% 54% 72% 53% 59% 78% 61% 61% 61% Relation to the owner 39% 48% 60% 54% 48% 65% 52% 50% 53% Relation to other workers 41% 41% 46% 37% 51% 42% 43% 42% 43%

SUBJECTIVITY

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532 277 255

When disaggregating the data by gender, we find no significant differences between the perception of female and male respondents. The (relatively) larger differences are recorded by Ethnicity (women, 46%; men, 33%) and Place of origin (women, 46%; men, 39%), two criteria that female respondents tend to perceive as more important than male respondents. Female respondents also less frequently perceive the Gender criteria as important for obtaining a job than male respondents (31% v. 39%). From the perspective of gender segmentation of the labour market highlighted above, this result can be interpreted as a sign that, whereas ‘female’ occupations are generally open to men (as demonstrated by the fact that non-negligible shares of male respondents desire or possess Hairdressing, Tailoring, Beautician, Sewing skills) ‘male’ occupations are not open to women (Welding, Electric wiring, Vehicle reparation, Plumbing). Community-level data provides an indication of the (relative) perception of fairness of the local job market:

o The Edo state community of Idogbo records the highest number of significant deviations from the sample average in favour of objectivity – in this rural community, the public sector plays an important role in absorbing part of the local workforce, especially young and qualified jobseekers. Uromi presents a profile in line with the sample average. Both Idogbo and Uromi record a higher than average perception of importance of two specific subjective factors: Recommendations and Relation with the owner. These two communities recorded the highest levels of job satisfaction and the lowest shares of respondents declaring to have a job or an income-generating activity.

o In the Delta state communities of Awo-Alero and Ughelli, the perception of fairness in the local job market is prevalently negative with most of the more objective criteria being considered as less important. In particular, respondents from Ughelli do not just perceive the more objective criteria as less important to compete in the local job market, but record the highest number of subjective factors that are perceived as significantly more important than the average. These results resonate with our observation of challenging social conditions in these two communities.

o Iberekodo (Ogun state) and Orlu (Imo state) present profiles more in line with the sample average. While in Iberekodo, however, Ethnicity and Place of origin are perceived as significantly less determinant than in the sample average, which is consistent with the fact that Iberekodo is a market community open to exchanges and used to seasonal migratory influxes, Orlu presents the opposite tendency, possibly owing to its more homogeneous ethnic composition.


29

To contrast the perception of the importance of objective/subjective criteria for being recruited with the

practice of looking for a job, in Figure 8 below we provide an overview of the job-hunting platforms used by

respondents. A clear majority (61%) indicated to seek assistance from friends and/or relatives in searching for

employment. This finding is in line with the qualitative data gathered; most employers interviewed confirmed

they need to check the background of an applicant and that having a sort of ‘guarantee’ on the quality of the

applicant is a determining factor in the recruitment decision. This guarantee can be provided by trusted

community members or relatives, by other employees, or even by signals such as relationships with church

members.

Figure 8. Preferred job-hunting platform (multiple options, n=532)

The fact that most respondents indicated a preference for the usage of informal/relational channels to look

for occupation is not in contrast with the discussion above on the perception that objective criteria are

generally more important than subjective ones during recruitment. Instead, both results point to the fact that

a successful engagement in the labour market is based on two complementary factors: (1) the availability of

a social network that can help facilitate access to information on employment opportunities and guarantee

the quality of the applicant, and (2) possession of the required competences and experience to keep a job or

to develop in a particular profession/activity.

The table below provides a community-level disaggregation of the data on platforms used to look for a job.

As shown, in the two Edo state communities assessed (which were also the ones recording a stronger

perception of importance of objective recruitment criteria) the relational channel is significantly less used.

Instead, Edo state communities were in favour of public or private employment offices or educational

institutions.13

13 We remind the reader that the two Edo communities were also the ones recording lowest employment and inactivity ratios.

0.611764706

0.219607843

0.1450980390.113725490.1058823530.101960784

0.0745098040.0470588240.0431372550.039215686


30

Table 13. Platforms used to look for a job by community and gender (multiple options possible)

Awo-Alero


Friends/relatives 79% 76% 37% 74% 51% 23% 61% 62% 60% Direct application 14% 24% 22% 20% 37% 16% 22% 23% 21% Websites 18% 19% 4% 9% 20% 6% 15% 16% 13% Pub. Employment office 4% 5% 41% 14% 6% 16% 11% 12% 11% Educ. Institutions 0% 17% 11% 17% 0% 35% 11% 7% 15% Priv. Employment office 0% 12% 30% 14% 6% 16% 10% 11% 9% Social groups 6% 14% 4% 20% 2% 0% 7% 8% 7% Job fairs 3% 7% 4% 11% 2% 3% 5% 5% 4% Newspaper ads 0% 7% 4% 3% 6% 10% 4% 7% 2% Other 4% 5% 4% 3% 4% 3% 4% 4% 3%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532 277 255

Colour coding: highlighted in light blue are the values recording deviations from the sample average of at least 10% (in both direction and with no qualitative connotation.

LABOUR MARKET OVERVIEW Our sample of respondents (all young community members between 15 and 34 years of age) is almost equally divided between people with a job or an income-generating activity (48%) and people without. Of the 52% without a job or income-generating activity, 20% are currently looking for a job (we define them as ‘unemployed’) and 32% are not (we define them as ‘inactive’). Overall, labour market participation is lower for female respondents and higher for returnee respondents (Table 25).

Table 14. Employment indicators by gender and migratory profile

Female Male Total Non-

returnees Returnees

Employed or with income-generating activity

43% 54% 48% 48% 63%

No income and looking for a job 22% 17% 20% 19% 13%

Neither income nor job-search 35% 28% 32% 32% 25%

Frequency 255 277 532 500 32

Community-level data suggests that labour market participation changes significantly across the different

locations. Employment ratios are significantly below average in the two Edo state communities of Idogbo and

Uromi – consistent with the low level of economic activity beyond subsistence. The share of respondents

declaring to have no job or income-generating activity and are looking for a job show less variability, with the

exception of Awo-Alero (40%) and Iberekodo (3%). Communities are polarized in terms of inactivity ratios,

with Idogbo, Uromi (Edo), and Orlu (Imo) all recorded shares above 40% and the rest below 20%. When asked

about the reason not to be looking for a job, respondents most often indicate that they are still in education

or are willing to go back to education. The second most frequent motivation is the desire to leave the

community.

“If the government is trying to create employment, they should create employment that at least will employ more youths, keep them busy. Because once your mind is idle, you think of where to go. Most minds of youths around here is idle. Nothing goes to their brain, only when you discuss about travelling.”

FGD with returnees, Orlu


31

Table 15. Employment indicators by community

Awo-Alero


Employed or with income-generating activity

44% 79% 30% 42% 62% 38% 48%

No income and looking for a job

40% 3% 17% 13% 22% 21% 20%

Neither income nor job-search

16% 19% 52% 45% 15% 41% 32%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532

Colour coding: highlighted in red are all values recording negative (in qualitative terms) deviations from the sample average of at least 10%; in green those recoding positive deviations.

EMPLOYMENT ASPIRATIONS

We asked respondents about the type of employer associated with the job they are currently looking for

(Figure 9). The most frequently selected type of employer is the public sector (21%), followed by the private

sector (10%) and self-employment (8%) – Chart 7 should be interpreted with caution due to the overlapping

categories included in the question that is ‘international companies’, ‘local companies’, ‘large companies’ and

‘SMEs’ can all be associated with ‘private sector’. Despite the overestimation of the importance of public

sector in Chart 7, the public sector in Nigeria, despite being relatively small, plays a key role in the absorption

of young, qualified workers, for which there are scarce opportunities in the private sector (either formal or

informal) that can provide a similar remuneration and level of job security (World Bank, 2015).

Figure 9. Desired employer by gender (multiple options)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Female Sample average Male


32

We asked what type of position they would apply for or accept if offered. The respondents expressed a clear

preference for entry-level positions that are paid and reflect the skill profile of the jobseeker. This is

particularly evident in the two Delta state communities which our observation described as having little to no

structured linkage between education and the job market.

Table 16. Types of positions desired by community (multiple options possible)

Awo-Alero


Internship in domain where you have skills, paid

35% 18% 22% 17% 33% 26% 25% 24% 26%

Apprenticeship in domain where you have skills, paid

33% 11% 1% 12% 19% 3% 14% 13% 14%

Job in domain where you have skills

7% 23% 4% 15% 9% 9% 11% 11% 11%

Vocational training programme

11% 13% 3% 8% 10% 1% 8% 8% 8%

None 0% 4% 0% 1% 3% 1% 1% 1% 1% Apprenticeship in domain where you have skills, unpaid

0% 3% 1% 0% 3% 0% 1% 1% 0%

Internship in domain where you have skills, unpaid

0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 3% 1% 0% 1%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532 277 255


33

4. SOCIAL DIMENSION

Social Dimension Migration and employment: employer stigmatization for returnees

• Results suggest that the employment of returnees in a salaried position is challenging. Results mentioned above on the higher tendency of returnees to engage in self-employment occupations may take a more nuanced meaning that do not necessarily confirm the image of returnees as entrepreneurial individuals with improved abilities that develop successful business initiatives. Qualitative evidence gathered in this study suggests that stigmatisation and social expectations in general push returnees toward self-employment.

• Returnees may initially face some degree of stigmatisation, especially if the migration project was not ‘successful’. Looking for a salaried employment is generally taken as a clear indication of an ‘unsuccessful’ migration experience. All employers interviewed perceived hiring an “unsuccessful migrant” as an act of generosity rather than a business-sensitive decision. Employers also perceived the aspiration to migrate in employees as an object of scrutiny or a negative trait.

Migration and Education : a complex relationship

• A set of regressions found that the desire to migrate is positively correlated with being from a rural setting, having attained high school or university-level education, having reduced access to sufficient food, and receiving remittances. However, non-returnees seemed to be on average more educated than returnees and returnees are found to be significantly more prone to be school dropouts. The qualitative data gathered during fieldwork does not provide elements to explain this imbalance.

Access to services generally differ based on geographic location, not migratory profile or gender

• There is no significant difference by migratory profile or gender for socio economic inclusion i.e. health, housing, access to food, papers, etc. However, vulnerability indicators disaggregated by community show significant diversity across locations, especially for illness and food, with Idogbo and Uromi communities being the most well off. Nonetheless, evidence suggests that all communities suffered from limited electricity, with significant negative impact on their economic activities.

• Returnees are markedly more often married than non-returnees and have greater access to identification documents. This may point at the common West African perception of migration as a rite of passage, either to adulthood or to a higher social status.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Social Actors in Nigeria:

• Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre (CISLAC) is a NGO focused on strengthening the link between civil society and the legislature through advocacy and capacity building for CSOs and policy makers on legislative processes and governance issues.

• National Commission for Refugees Migration and IDPs (NCFRMI) coordinates the national action plan for protection and assistance to refugees, returnees, migrants and IDPs. NCFRMI is a humanitarian organization that integrates the best solutions for such populations through effective utilization of data, research and planning for return, resettlement and re-integration.


34

SELF-EMPLOYMENT, ENTREPRENEAURSHIP, AND RETURNEES : MYTHS AND REALITIES

Results of the quantitative survey (Figure 10) reveal that the majority of respondents who declared to have a job or an income-generating activity are in fact self-employed. It is very likely that the 9% of respondents who describe themselves as ‘day labourers’ could be added to the figure of those who reported themselves as self-employed. Moreover, there is a clear tendency for returnees to be more often self-employed (or a daily labourers) and less often salaried workers in the private sector.14

Figure 10. Type of position of the employed respondent (n=532)

When asked whether they would be interested in starting their own business, 79% of the sample responded positively with no marked differences based on gender or migratory status. Entrepreneurship requires skills, finance, a business plan, and contacts. When asked about obstacles to eventual realisation of an entrepreneurial project, respondents overwhelmingly expressed they do not have the capital to start a business (67%). They also noted secondary challenges including lack of skills (5%) and personal business connections (9%).

A common hypothesis circulating among academic and policymakers suggests that returnees are more likely to develop entrepreneurial ventures and to convert limited economic and social opportunities into successful endeavours. This is based on their greater acknowledgement and appreciation of associated risks, accumulated knowledge and know-how, and use of networks developed during migratory journeys (Cassarion, 2009; Mesnard, 2004; Kveder and Flahaux, 2011).

Building on this perspective, to what extent can we explain observed low frequency of returnees in private sector salaried occupations? Qualitative evidence gathered in this study suggests stigmatisation and social expectations in general push returnees toward self-employment. There is, however, little evidence that, upon developing an entrepreneurial venture, returnees have higher-than-average chances of success. As part of this study, about 25 employers in the six communities assessed were asked about their perception of the employability of returnees. They were asked whether having been a migrant could raise someone’s profile and make her/him more employable due to accrued experience, knowledge of foreign languages, or had shown initiative by migrating.

14 We remind the reader that these results should be taken with caution due to the small number of returnees in our sample (32 out of 532).

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Self-employed Salaried worker(private sector)

Day labourer Salaried worker(public sector)

Apprentice Unpaid familyworker

Female Male Sample average Non-migrant Returnee

“In this Orlu, in my point of view, there is no work! There is no company that youths can apply for work. Here, it’s either you are self-employed or you are a civil servant; except from that you are a hustler, maybe an Okada [motorcycle] rider or you are a brick layer."



35

None of the employers we interviewed expressed a clear preference for employment of returning migrants in general, nor did they perceive that migration can, in general, improve the employability of an individual. As recalled earlier in this report, returnees are prevalently seen in a binary perspective (“…those who have made it – they come back and show their cars and wealth around, I don’t know where and how they made it. The second category is those who don’t make it”).15 Successful migrants are generally expected to establish their own businesses, invest in rent-generating projects or simply live off savings accrued abroad. Looking for salaried employment is generally taken as a clear indication of ‘unsuccessful’ migration, opening the way to stigmatisation.

When asked about prospects of employing returnees, all employers interviewed were, in one way or another, assuming they would have had to work with ‘unsuccessful’ migrants, that hiring them was an act of generosity rather than a business-sensitive decision. For example, the manager of a food processing factory in Ibadan (Oyo state) who recruits several youths from disadvantaged backgrounds as a means of developing the community, when asked about employing young returning migrants stated: “Yes, I would work with them. I would employ them. But this depends on their experience abroad. I would check what they did. If they worked or stayed idle. You see, it is difficult to find out because they would not tell you or tell lies [about their permanence abroad].” Though expressing openness to the prospect of employing a returnee, doubt in their reliability did remain in this case.

Non-returnees often believe that a blinding desire to achieve wealth and status as quickly as possible (the “get-rich-quick syndrome”)16 is behind the rise of irregular migration in the country. The excerpt above illustrates the importance for employers to assess the nature of one’s migration experience and make sure the returnee is in a productive state of mind and will be a reliable employee. The same informant continued by highlighting the need to allow time for preparation and formation of the young returnee, implying the presence of additional felt uncertainty: “Young people are like this, they want it all and they want it now. If they return I need to make sure that they are in Nigeria with their head, that they are prepared. I think I would start by training them. Training is important to work. We all do what we do because of training. That would help them and prepare them for work.”

Perceptions of young individuals as restless and animated by a ‘want it all and want it now’ spirit can be extended to migrants in general. The excerpt below, taken from an interview with a local government official of the sector containing Awo-Alero (Delta state) offers an illustration of the juxtaposition between the perception of ‘degenerate’ youth, the get-rich-quick syndrome affecting the country, younger generations, and migrants:

Other qualitative evidence suggests that aspirations to migrate in employees can be objects of scrutiny or be perceived as negative traits by employers. The excerpt below illustrates an extreme case where a hotel owner

15 KII with religious leader, Uromi. 16 A recurrent expression used to describe motives to migrate. Other common expressions of the same concept are “quick money” and “easy money” syndrome.

“We were discussing yesterday about a boy that went out. I don’t know which of the countries he went to. He had a problem there, only to come back, setup a mini-supermarket, with the aid of the parents. Do you know that after a short while, I don’t know, the boy went back again? This time around he came back with money. After a short while, he said he wanted to marry. The boy got married this December period. But today, as I speak with you, the boy is off-head. After marrying the new wife, just three days after marrying the new wife, the wife ran out the room, saying, come and see your son, come and see your son. The boy will just sit down and say, “Money, hey money””.


36

whose staff is mostly composed of young employees is hiring a ‘consultant’ to dissuade them from migrating irregularly. This testimony was gathered in Uromi, a community of ‘endemic’ irregular migration, which quantitative data suggests as having one of the lowest shares of people ‘able to leave the community within the next 12 months’:

Qualitative and quantitative data also suggests that being in a salaried position is generally seen as incompatible with beginning a migration project. This is due to perceived discontinuity of professional mentalities and states of mind inspiring desire to migrate. As mentioned, the second most frequent motivation indicated for not seeking employment is the desire to leave the community.

Seen from the evidence of perspectives provided that suggest employment of returnees in a salaried position is a challenge, higher tendencies among returnees to engage in self-employment may have a more nuanced implication that does not necessarily confirm the image of returnees as entrepreneurial individuals with improved abilities to develop successful business initiatives.

EDUCATION The Global Partnership for Education estimates that Nigeria is home to approximately 20% of the total out-of-school children population in the world. Several Nigerian governments have made education a priority in order to achieve development objectives. Since the first national education policy in 1977, however, the implementation has not been completed due to lack of political willingness, funding, capacity, and governance17. Despite the country having achieved greater political stability, education indicators in Nigeria still signal an alarming situation across all levels of the education system. Access to quality basic education remains the most pressing emergency, especially in the predominantly Muslim North where non-school attendance is highest. In the Borno state, 72% of primary age children never attended school, compared to less than 3% in most southern zones (US Embassy Nigeria, 2012). An IOM needs assessment of the Nigerian education sector highlighted skills and capacity gaps are more severe at lower levels of education where basic administrative skills are largely lacking, infrastructure is generally very wak, and working conditions are unfavourable (IOM, 2014d).

Table 17. UNICEF education data for Nigeria (2008-2012)

Youth (15-24 years) literacy rate (%) 2008-2012*, male 75.6%

Youth (15-24 years) literacy rate (%) 2008-2012*, female 58%

Primary school participation, Net enrolment ratio (%) 2008-2012*, male 60.1%

Primary school participation, Net enrolment ratio (%) 2008-2012*, female 54.8%

Primary school participation, Net attendance ratio (%) 2008-2012*, male 72%

Primary school participation, Net attendance ratio (%) 2008-2012*, female 68%

Secondary school participation, Net attendance ratio (%) 2008-2012*, male 54.2%

Secondary school participation, Net attendance ratio (%) 2008-2012*, female 54.3%

Source: https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/nigeria_statistics.html

17 Okoroma, N. S. (2006). Educational Policies and Problems of Implementation in Nigeria. Australian Journal of Adult Learning, 46(2), 243-263.

“I have a consultant that I pay to lecture my staff [to dissuade them from migrating]. Ordinarily, you will see them [the young employees] planning to enter Libya road. I do it two times a month and I pay [the consultant]. That time I was not doing it, you will see someone steal your money and enter Libya road”.


37

The communities assessed for this study, all in the South of Nigeria, present a better situation than national averages captured by the UNICEF indicators above. In fact, with an 81% satisfaction ratio, education is the top-ranking basic service according to our survey respondents. Our quantitative data, however, does not capture the issue of affordability, which qualitative evidence suggests is a major obstacle to accessing quality education in most communities.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT In our sample, the most frequently attained highest level of education is secondary school (43% of respondents), followed by high school (33%). 4% of the sample only attained primary education and less than 1% received no formal education. Holders of a university-level degree amount to 16% of respondents. Community-level data shows the highest shares of respondents who only reached primary education are in the two rural communities of Awo-Alero and Uromi. Uromi recorded the second-highest share of respondents with university degrees (27%, after Ughelli with 28%), suggesting there is significant polarization in educational attainment in this Edo state community.

Table 18. Highest level of education attained, by community (% of total sample size)

Awo-Alero

Iberekodo

Idogbo Orlu Ughelli Uromi Sample average

No formal education 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Primary school (grade 1-6) 7% 3% 3% 2% 1% 8% 4%

Secondary school (grade 7-9) 48% 49% 40% 49% 34% 38% 43%

High school (grade 10-12) 32% 26% 43% 39% 30% 27% 33%

Associates degree (2 years university)

3% 10% 3% 5% 10% 8% 6%

Bachelors degree 6% 8% 9% 5% 18% 19% 10%

Masters degree 0% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Other 4% 3% 0% 0% 6% 0% 2%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532

Colour coding: highlighted in red are all values recording negative (in qualitative terms) deviations from the sample average (no threshold); in green those recoding positive deviations.

In terms of gender (Figure 11), contrary to data available at the national-level, no imbalance in favour of male respondents was found in the survey. In fact, female respondents were, on average, slightly more educated

“I was passing in a primary school last week and I saw the teacher teaching with Ibo. What type of school is that? You will see a primary six pupil that can’t speak English, which cannot be outspoken outside. But if you go to other states and in [Orlu] town [city centre], you will see a five-year-old speaking English, defending himself, the person can read and write...”

FGD with youths, Orlu


38

than male respondents.18 In terms of migratory profile (Figure 12), non-returnees seemed to be on average more educated than returnees. These results should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of returnees in our sample (32 out of 532).

Figure 11. Highest education level attained by gender (n=532)

Figure 12. Highest level of education attained by migratory profile (n=532)

SCHOOL DROPOUT Overall, 24% of our respondents declared to have abandoned school. The impossibility to afford school fees is, by large, the key motivation behind school dropout: ‘I could not afford school fees’ was mentioned by 81 per cent of the school dropouts in our sample. The second and third most cited reasons, ‘Have to work to support my families’ and ‘Did not want to go to school anymore’, follow at great distance with a frequency of 6 per cent and 4 per cent of the dropout cases, respectively.

18 This deviation from the expected result of an imbalance in education attainment in favour of male respondents may be a result of the regional differences in terms of access to education that were recalled above. Another hypothesis is that women are less mobile and, even if more educated, tend to remain in their community whereas educated man leave more often from the six communities assessed.

N O F O R M A L E D U C A T I O N

P R I M A R Y S C H O O L

( G R A D E 1 - 6 )

S E C O N D A R Y S C H O O L

( G R A D E 7 - 9 )

H I G H S C H O O L

( G R A D E 1 0 -1 2 )

A S S O C I A T E S D E G R E E ( 2

Y E A R S U N I V E R S I T Y )

B A C H E L O R S D E G R E E

M A S T E R S D E G R E E

O T H E R

Female Male

N O F O R M A L E D U C A T I O N

P R I M A R Y S C H O O L

( G R A D E 1 - 6 )

S E C O N D A R Y S C H O O L

( G R A D E 7 - 9 )

H I G H S C H O O L

( G R A D E 1 0 -1 2 )

A S S O C I A T E S D E G R E E ( 2

Y E A R S U N I V E R S I T Y )

B A C H E L O R S D E G R E E

M A S T E R S D E G R E E

O T H E R

Non-returnee Returnee


39

Table 19. School dropout rates by community and reasons for having dropped out of school (% of respondents who declared to have

dropped out of school)

Awo-Alero


I dropped out of school 37% 31% 17% 17% 16% 24% 24%

Reasons for having dropped out of school:

% of school dropouts

Could not afford school fees 83% 91% 53% 94% 69% 83% 81%

Have to work for my family 5% 5% 20% 0% 8% 6% 6%

Did not want to go to school anymore

3% 0% 7% 6% 8% 6% 4%

Did not pass an exam 5% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6% 2%

Other 3% 5% 7% 0% 0% 0% 2%

Poor school infrastructure or capacity

0% 0% 7% 0% 15% 0% 2%

My study ability was not good enough

0% 0% 7% 0% 0% 0% 1%

Too ill / disabled 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532

Colour coding: highlighted in red are all values recording negative (in qualitative terms) deviations from the sample average and in green those recoding positive deviations (no thresholds).

Looking at disaggregation by community, the highest school drop-out rate is recorded in the Delta state community of Awo-Alero (37%) – by contrast, Ughelli, the other Delta state community in our sample, records the lowest rate (16%). The issue of school fee affordability appears to be more important in Iberokodo (Ogun state) and Orlu (Imo state), where affordability issues were mentioned more frequently than the average. In communities where affordability was mentioned less frequently, other reasons for abandoning school gained importance. For example, in Idogbo (Edo state), where only 53% of school dropouts mentioned affordability as a reason, need to work in order to support family was mentioned by 20% of respondents, against a sample average of 6%; in Ughelli (Delta state, affordability was mentioned by 69% of school dropouts) poor school infrastructure or capacity is mentioned as 15%, against a sample average of 2%. Looking at disaggregation by gender, we find the school drop-out rate is the same between male and female respondents in our sample. Female dropouts, however, mentioned affordability more frequently as a reason for having had to abandon school (90% against 72% of male respondents). This may indicate that families favour boys in education investment decisions.19

19 Favouring boys in families’ education investment is indicated among the “structural barriers and entrenched discriminatory social norms contribute to gender inequality” in UNESCO/UNGEI (2015, 4). Okuwa et al. (2015) find evidence in their analysis of the Harmonized Nigerian Living Standard Survey (HNLSS 2010) of a slight imbalance in favour of boys in household expenditure on education. Interpretation on why families may favour boys in their education investment decisions are not definitive yet at a theoretical level and require further analysis to identify determinants that are specific to the Nigerian context.


40

Looking at disaggregation by migratory profile, returnees are found to be significantly more prone to being school dropouts than non-returnees, though returnees mention less frequently non-affordability of school fees as a reason for dropping out of school. Qualitative data gathered during fieldwork does not provide elements to explain this imbalance and results should be taken with caution due to the small number of returnees in our sample.

Table 20. School dropout rates by gender and migratory profile with reasons for having dropped out of school (% of respondents who declared to have dropped out of school)


Non-returnee

Returnee

I dropped out of school 24% 24% 24% 22% 56%

Reasons for having dropped out of school:

% of school dropouts

Could not afford school fees 90% 72% 81% 83% 67%

Have to work for my family 3% 9% 6% 6% 11%

Did not want to go to school anymore 2% 6% 4% 3% 11%

Did not pass an exam 3% 2% 2% 3% 0%

Other 0% 5% 2% 2% 6%

Poor school infrastructure or capacity 0% 5% 2% 3% 0%

My study ability was not good enough 0% 2% 1% 0% 6%

Too ill / disabled 2% 0% 1% 1% 0%

Frequency 255 277 532 500 32


HEALTH, FOOD, HOUSING, MARITAL STATUS, AND DOCUMENTATION An analysis of various determinants of socio-economic inclusion, such as health, housing, access to food, possession of an identity card and/or passport, and marital status do not reveal large differences between respondents by migratory profile or gender.


41

Table 21. Socio-economic inclusion indicators by gender and migratory profile


Returnee Non-

returnee

I was sick or had symptoms of illness during the last month

24% 22% 23% 28% 23%

• It happened, during the last 12 months, that I was too sick to go to school or to work

12% 9% 10% 9% 10%

• I sought for medical help when this happened

15% 14% 14% 16% 14%

In the past month, I had to reduce the quantity or quality of food consumed for lack of means

51% 48% 50% 47% 50%

I own the house I live in 20% 21% 20% 13% 21%

I feel secure that I can remain in my dwelling as long as I wish

62% 67% 65% 75% 65%

The standard of the house I live in is above average

47% 46% 47% 53% 47%

Marital status: Single 70% 78% 74% 53% 75%

I have an identity card 48% 59% 54% 66% 53%

I have a passport 20% 18% 19% 34% 18%

Frequency 255 277 532 32 500

Colour coding: highlighted in light blue are the values recording deviations from the sample average of at least 10% (in both direction and with no qualitative connotation; highlighted in green are all values recording positive (in qualitative

terms) deviations from the sample average of at least 10%.

In terms of migratory status, returnees show slightly higher tendencies of being sick or showing symptoms of illness in the month prior to the interview. There are no significant differences in reports of having to reduce quantity or quality of food due to lack of means during the last month. In terms of access to housing, returnees are less likely to own the house they live in, although they feel more confident they can stay in their current house for as long as they wish. They also perceive the standard of their accommodation to be above average. Most returnees have in fact indicated either to be renting their house, living with their parents, or in houses owned by a parent. There is no easy interpretation for the fact that returnees are less likely to own the house in which they live. A possible explanation is that returnees may be postponing or forsaking a housing investment opportunity because, for instance, they plan to leave their community in the future or the investment in migration has ruled out the possibility of investing in housing. Returnees are markedly more often married than non-returnees and have greater access to identification documents. At a general level, lower propensity to be single may point to the common West African perception of migration as a rite of passage either to adulthood or to a higher social status. It is perceived that, after migration, marriage becomes more accessible either socially or economically, especially if funds are accumulated while abroad. Multiple informants in the Nigerian communities assessed mentioned that “bringing back something beautiful for the marriage” is a common goal or outcome of a migration project. Vulnerability indicators disaggregated by community show significant diversity across locations, especially in relation to incidences of illness and access to sufficient food. Idogbo and Uromi record significantly lower percentages of respondents with symptoms of illness, access to sufficient food being an important determinant. In fact, Idogbo and Uromi have the lowest percentages of respondents declaring having to reduce the amount or quality of food due to lack of means. This is confirmed by community observations suggesting that subsistence farming is common in these two rural Edo state communities. It should be noted that food insecurity is increasing in Idogbo and healthcare services are nearly absent. In terms of access to housing, Awo-Alero and Ughelli show the lowest percentages of house ownership and the lowest percentages


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of housing satisfaction. This may suggest that housing ownership patterns differ by community, though there is no strong variability regarding perceptions of security in access to housing.

Table 22. Socio-economic inclusion indicators by community

Awo-Alero


I was sick or had symptoms of illness during the last month

32% 21% 10% 32% 33% 7% 23%

• It happened, during the last 12 months, that I was too sick to go to school or to work

16% 6% 6% 11% 15% 7% 10%

• I sought for medical help when this happened

18% 20% 9% 17% 15% 7% 14%

I own the house I live in 8% 30% 23% 32% 8% 22% 21%

I feel secure that I can remain in my dwelling as long as I wish

61% 65% 69% 64% 65% 68% 65%

The standard of the house I live in is above average

30% 51% 51% 63% 39% 49% 47%

In the last month, I had to reduce the quantity or quality of food consumed for lack of means

68% 53% 31% 50% 65% 27% 50%

Marital status: Single 66% 58% 86% 93% 72% 65% 74%

I have an identity card 43% 60% 64% 52% 42% 64% 54%

I have a passport 14% 34% 8% 25% 22% 12% 19%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532

Colour coding: highlighted in light blue are the values recording deviations from the sample average of at least 10% (in both directions and with no qualitative connotation; highlighted in green are all values recording positive (in qualitative

terms) deviations from the sample average of at least 10%; in red those recoding negative deviations.

ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES How do communities differ in terms of provision of basic services to their populations? This section details measures of access (ex. to water and electricity) and measures of satisfaction (Education, Documentation, Justice and Law Enforcement, Housing, Healthcare, Drinking Water), combined with qualitative evidence. Despite limitations, which products of a rapid assessment, measures clearly demonstrate that, in all communities assessed, a sizable share of the population is physically excluded from the direct provision of water and electricity with significant negative impact on households affected and the development potential of communities in general. Our quantitative data does not capture the key issue of affordability, which is particularly relevant for Education and Healthcare. In fact, informants and direct observations suggest that quality healthcare and education services are indeed available in most Nigerian communities, though many can only afford services at a sub-standard level of quality.


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ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY AND WATER The charts below provides an overview of the sources of electricity and water in the six communities assessed. Green (electricity) and blue (water) sections of the bars indicate percentage of respondents that are connected to the grid. The lighter section in the middle indicates the percentage of respondents who have access to the grid but also use alternative sources (for example, generators, batteries and kerosene lamps for electricity; wells, streams, or rain for water) to fill gaps in centralized provision. Orange segments of the bars indicates respondents who declared reliance exclusively on alternative sources for water and electricity.

Figure 13. Sources of electricity by community (n=532) Figure 14. Sources of water by community (n=532)

In terms of electricity, the rural community of Awo-Alero records the highest share of respondents not connected to the grid (31%), followed by Ughelli (25%) and Orlu (16%). Informants in these two semi-urban communities identified the unavailability of electricity as key factors that led to the decline of large-scale industrial activities in these towns, which resulted in a significant loss of jobs (“Electricity is essential to the survival of business success”, FGD with entrepreneurs in Orlu). In general, qualitative evidence suggests that all the communities assessed suffer from limited provision of and access to a steady supply of electricity, with significant negative impacts on their economic activities. Reliance on alternative sources to generate or store electricity (diesel generators, batteries) add significant costs to running a business (“From morning to evening we are on generator. Not only this make us spend more on power, but also on water, as instead of pumping it we have to buy it”, KII with an employer in Uromi). Several respondents also declared to rely on sub-standard methods for lighting, mainly kerosene lamps and candles, which may have a negative impact on health, education, and social activities at household-levels. Moreover, reliance on renewable sources of energy remains extremely limited: only two out of the 532 respondents declared using a renewable source for electricity (solar panels in both cases).

14%

19%

49%

13%

27%

32%

25%

55%

69%

39%

72%

48%

58%

57%

31%

13%

12%

16%

25%

9%

18%

0% 50% 100%

Awo-Alero

Iberekodo

Idogbo

Orlu

Ughelli

Uromi

Overall sample

Power grid only

Power grid + backup

Other sources only (generator, kerosene lamp, etc.)

50%

47%

77%

42%

55%

19%

49%

24%

35%

16%

35%

18%

11%

23%

26%

18%

7%

24%

27%

70%

27%

0% 50% 100%

Awo-Alero

Iberekodo

Idogbo

Orlu

Ughelli

Uromi

Overall sample

Water grid only (public or private)

Water grid + other sources

Other sources only (well, rain water, etc.)

“If you have money to buy your generator your business will move forward. Take welders, those who cannot afford one and rely on light have no clients”

FGD with young community members, Idogbo


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In terms of water, the rural community of Uromi recorded a 70% share of respondents without access to the water distribution grid. Most respondents in this community rely on private boreholes for their water. Reliance on sub-standard sources, however, is high – 22% of respondents in Uromi declaring use of rainwater as drinking water. Low levels of access to the water distribution grid are also recorded in the two Delta state communities of Awo-Alero and Ughelli. Qualitative evidence suggests the communities with greater concern for accessing water are those having suffered a decline or significant interruption in water distribution. For example, the road construction in Iberekodo has cut part of the community off from the water distribution grid – a fact lamented by informants and supported by quantitative data. The Iberekodo community recorded the second highest share of respondents declaring to use rainwater (12%), despite Iberekodo having easy access to water resources, such as the Ogun River, and is home to a large cluster of water sachet factories.

MEASURES OF SATISFACTION The following table shows differences between community-specific satisfaction ratios and average satisfaction ratios for each proposed service. As shown, the Delta state communities of Awo-Alero and Ughelli present relatively lower satisfaction ratios in the sample across all services. Orlu (Imo state) is the only community with all satisfaction rates being above average.

Table 23. Basic service satisfaction by community (%, difference between average satisfaction and community-level satisfaction)

Awo-Alero Iberekodo Idogbo Orlu Ughelli Uromi Average

satisfaction ratio

Education +2% -1% -3% +8% -10% +1% 81%

Documentation -20% -10% +22% +16% -28% +20% 57%

Justice and Law Enforcement

-5% +10% +5% +6% -17% 0% 62%

Housing -17% -4% +13% +8% -13% +16% 76%

Healthcare -7% +14% -9% +8% -16% +11% 75%

Drinking Water -13% +12% +1% +14% -10% -4% 73%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532

Colour coding: shades of red emphasize negative deviations from the average satisfaction ratio; shades of yellow indicate values around the average satisfaction ratio; shades of green indicating values higher-than-average satisfaction.

Analysis of the perceived satisfaction ratios from the quantitative data is limited by the fact that respondents may have varying expectations for the quality of the services available across different communities. Respondents may provide only relative indications on access to services which, as recalled above, may or may not be affordable to many.

“The community [Idogbo] is ‘dull’ owing to poor power supply which hampers business places and night life. By 7 you see every place closing up. People that come to do business here, they start to leave”

Local government official, Idogbo


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Among the services discussed, Justice and Law Enforcement requires clarification due to the specificity of this service in Nigeria. Firstly, the perception of Justice and Law Enforcement is influenced by the general security situation in each community. Levels of satisfaction for this service are lower in the two Delta state communities, possibly reflecting the challenging security situation in this state. Since the discovery of oil, the Delta has known intense organized crime activity, including armed robbery, extortion and kidnapping. Secondly, the interpretation of satisfaction ratios for this specific service should take into consideration the specificity of law enforcement provision in Nigeria. The main police force is controlled by the federal government and is most often underfunded. Qualitative data suggests that the main police force lacks motivation, is prone to corruption, and is perceived negatively across all communities. Community- or state-level vigilante corps play a key role in preventing crime in Nigerian communities. These corps rely mostly on spontaneous contributions from the community and on voluntary/semi-voluntary workforce. The efficiency and effectiveness of these groups depends critically on support received from the community, on types of security issues they face, and on support from state-level authorities. State-level support can be material, as in equipment, and intangible, as in a changed legal status definition, regulation, and endorsement. From this perspective, high satisfaction for justice and law enforcement services in Iberekodo may be due to the relatively low incidence of crime in this community and to local vigilante organizations. Iberekodo vigilantes operate on a relatively clear mandate and legal status and are provided with equipment by the Ogun state administration.

“If you need security, you have to afford it with your money. You call the police now, they’ll start giving you excuses: ‘car is not available; there’s no fuel’. You call vigilante... immediately they risk their lives. And the police, if they are even coming, they’ll start blowing siren so that the armed robbers will leave before they get to the scene.”

FGD with small business owners and community members, Uromi


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5. PSYCHOSOCIAL DIMENSION

Psychosocial Dimension

The prevalence of regional migration:

• The majority of returnees surveyed in this study had migrated back from African countries; Most of returnees had migrated to Libya (14 out of 32 sampled) or ECOWAS (11). Only three returnees had migrated to Europe.

Initial Aspirations:

• The overwhelming majority of respondents (81%) wished to leave their community, and 62% expressed a desire to migrate abroad (among those who wished to leave, 44% of respondents chose Europe as their preferred destination, 27% chose an African country, and 29% other). There is no difference between returnees and non-returnees in this regard. In all cases, the main reason to leave is cited as the pursuit of employment opportunities, although this issue is markedly more pressing in the two non-rural communities of Iberokodo and Ughelli.

Participation in social activities:

• No migrant/diaspora associations could be found in communities assessed, despite the facts that these organizations are found in several West African countries. The diaspora plays a limited role in community development, with the benefits of migration being reserved within individual families, signaling a lack of trust among returnees. Current levels of support to returnees are severely lacking, especially through economic empowerment and psychosocial support. Availability of socialization and participation opportunities changes markedly across communities with rural ones often offering less. Religious organisations, cooperatives, and trade associations are main vectors of social participation.

Optimism among the youth:

• At the individual level, and again for youth aged 15 to 34, a sizeable share of respondents are affected by negative emotions on a daily basis. At least 30% of respondents declared to experience anger, stress, or sadness daily. Returnees record higher incidence of stress, sadness, and difficulty concentrating, though these results should be taken with caution due to the small returnee sample

• Outlooks remains overwhelmingly positive with 92% of respondents declaring their situation will improve. Qualitative data show this rests on self-confidence in individual capacity to succeed rather than hopes of local economic and society improving through collective action.

• Desire to migrate and the idea that migration is a ‘game-changer’ of one’s own or of a family’s condition is the foundation of optimism.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Psychosocial actors in Nigeria:

• Society for the Empowerment of Young Persons (SEYP) is an NGO committed to programmes directed at women, youth, and children. Their goals include availing youth with vocational training, providing shelter to rehabilitate and reintegrate, and providing youth with positive avenues for constructive engagement.

• Nigerian Red Cross provides psychosocial support to victims

• Mandate Health Empowerment Initiative (MHEI)


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RETURNEES’ DESTINATIONS AND RETURNS

The share of returnees in our sample (32 out of 532) is made up predominantly of respondents whose main country of migration was Libya (14), followed by ECOWAS (11), EU (3), and other countries (4). 17 out of 32 returnees in our sample declared to have returned voluntarily. The remaining 15 declared to have been forced to return to Nigeria. They correspond to those who went to Libya and Italy (with the exception of one Libya returnee who declared to having left Libya ‘voluntarily’, but due to safety concerns).

The categorisation of return migration into ‘voluntary’ and ‘forced’ is not universally accepted as many ‘voluntary’ returns are not free from coercions. In this perspective, some scholars argue that three distinct types of return should be considered: ‘forced’ return, ‘decided or chosen’ return (when no pressure or coercion on the decision is present), and ‘compelled’ return (return as a result of adverse circumstances or factors that interrupt the migration cycle).20 Most of the respondents in our sample who went to ECOWAS or to other countries declared to have returned voluntarily, although an analysis of the motives reveals that in many cases the decision to return falls into the ‘compelled’ category of return. Nine out of 17 ‘voluntary’ returns can be classified as ‘compelled’ since respondents declared to have returned due to financial constraints (5), safety concerns (3), or due to exhaustion of legal options to stay abroad. The other eight returnees declared to have returned to pursue better economic prospects (4) or education opportunities (1) in the home country, or for family reasons (4). In sum, following the tripartite return classification suggested above, our sample of returnees includes 15 forced returns, nine compelled returns and eight decided or chosen returns.

Looking at the returnees’ motivations to leave Nigeria, a clear majority (26 out of 32) indicated they were driven by economic reasons. Other motivations include family reunification and education. All returnees from Libya and EU countries declared that their main motive to migrate was economic.

DESIRE AND ABILITY TO LEAVE

“Those that made it to Europe through Libya last year are already erecting houses in Idogbo. All die na die [all men are bound to die]”


“We can’t continue to debate on this issue until things quench [fall apart]. Nigeria as a country is very bad, in fact we have the worst leaders in the world, in the whole universe. They are corrupt. Every country that neglects their youth is on the brink of collapsing. For example in this town, nothing is working, people rely on themselves. The youths, they start to survive through their own effort. Since I came back to this town, I haven’t seen anything that makes me happy.”


20 Khachani (2006) and Cassarino (2009).

“How I wish the [Libya] route was doable now, I would not hesitate to try again. By returning alive, I have proven I can survive the horrors involved. Come August the route should open again.”



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At an aggregate level, 81% of respondents declared they wish to leave their community. Awo-Alero (Delta state) records the largest share of respondents wanting to leave (89%), while Uromi (Edo) the lowest (69%). When asked whether they would be able to leave their community within the next 12 months, 44% responded positively. The two highest shares of respondents declaring to be able to leave belong to Delta states communities (Awo-Alero: 55%; Ughelli: 53%), while the two lowest shares belong to Edo state communities (Idogbo: 37%; Uromi, 31%). Looking at the awareness of legal pathways to migrate abroad, we find more variability across communities (lowest awareness in Awo-Alero, 36 per cent, highest in Uromi, 72%). Overall, Awo-Alero recorded the highest share of respondents wanting to leave and able to leave respectively, while also the lowest share of respondents aware of legal pathways to migrate abroad.

Table 24. Desire to leave, ability to leave and awareness on legal pathways to migrate, by community

Awo-Alero Iberekodo Idogbo Orlu Ughelli Uromi Sample

average

I want to leave my community 89% 78% 78% 87% 82% 69% 81%

I want to leave my community (abroad) 69% 58% 64% 57% 68% 55% 62%

I would be able to move away from my community over the next 12 months

55% 41% 37% 43% 53% 31% 44%

I am aware of legal pathways / options to migrate abroad 36% 53% 59% 62% 70% 72% 57%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532

We disaggregated the data on desire to leave, ability to leave, and awareness of legal migration pathways by gender and migratory profile in Table 25 below. In terms of gender, the largest difference is in the desire to migrate abroad, with male respondents more willing to go abroad than female respondents, who instead consider internal migration more often.

Table 25. Desire to leave, ability to leave and awareness on legal pathways to migrate, by gender and migratory profile


Non-returnees

Returnees

I want to leave my community 80% 83% 81% 82% 72%

I want to leave my community (abroad) 54% 70% 62% 62% 71%

I would be able to move away from my community over the next 12 months

42% 46% 44% 43% 56%

I am aware of legal pathways / options to migrate abroad 54% 60% 57% 56% 75%

Frequency 255 277 532 500 32

Wider divergence is observed between non-returnees and returnees, though results should be taken with caution due to the limited number of returnees in our sample (32 out of 532). In particular, returnees wish to leave less frequently, but when they do, they prefer to go abroad and are more likely to believe they are able to leave their community. This is possibly a result of information and contacts acquired with previous migration experiences. Returnees also record a significantly higher awareness of legal pathways to migrate abroad.

To investigate determinants of desires to leave, we specify a set of regressions where we include a number of variables built around socio-economic and psychological indicators available among our survey data detailed specification and results are available in annex). When considering the entire sample, we find that the desire to migrate is positively correlated with:

• being from a rural setting; • having attained high school or university-level education ;


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• having reduced access to sufficient food ; and • receiving remittances (intended as a proxy access to information and resources for preparing and

financing a migration project).

Being unemployed or finding it difficult to find a job are not found to be correlated with the desire to migrate. When we run separate regressions for male and female respondents, we find that for the latter group, in addition to the above-listed variables, being employed becomes significant and negatively correlated with the desire to migrate. Being from a rural setting becomes an even stronger push. For male respondents, all variables lose significance, possibly suggesting that there may be other determinants we are not considering that explain desires to leave in male respondents. Figure 15 below provides an overview of destinations indicated by respondents desiring to leave their communities :

Figure 15. Migration project destination (number of respondents)

REASONS TO LEAVE

When asked about reasons behind desires to leave the community, respondents most often indicated pursuit of employment opportunities (43%). Education is another common reason (17%), followed by a general sentiment of finding better prospects abroad (14%). The negative version of this response option (‘lack of prospects here’) was indicated in 7% of cases overall. Less frequently, respondents indicated family reasons, feelings of estrangement and safety and security concerns.

Table 26. Reasons behind the desire to leave the community, by community and gender

Awo-Alero Iberekodo Idogbo Orlu Ughelli Uromi

Sample average

Female Male

Employment opportunities

42% 58% 33% 42% 52% 33% 43% 43% 44%

Education 8% 11% 26% 29% 5% 22% 17% 21% 13%

Better prospects abroad 21% 3% 13% 8% 20% 20% 14% 10% 17%

Lack of prospects here 8% 2% 3% 10% 12% 8% 7% 7% 8%

Family reasons 2% 8% 13% 6% 0% 8% 6% 5% 7%

I don’t belong here 6% 13% 7% 1% 3% 6% 6% 6% 5%

Other 8% 3% 3% 3% 5% 4% 5% 4% 5%

Safety and security 3% 2% 3% 1% 3% 0% 2% 3% 1%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532 255 277


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Looking at the data disaggregation by community, it appears that, in all cases, the main reason to leave remains the pursuit of employment opportunities, though this issue is markedly more pressing in the two non-rural communities of Iberokodo (Ogun state) and Ughelli (Delta state). Negative motives to leave are slightly more frequent in Orlu and Ughelli (‘Lack of prospects here’) and in Iberokodo (‘I don’t belong here’). Looking at the data disaggregation by gender, there are only slight differences in the frequency at which reasons to leave are mentioned.

Qualitative evidence gathered for this study can enrich the investigation of reasons behind desires to leave the community. Main themes emerging from analysis of evidence available are:

• Migration as a trait of the Nigerian identity: Nigerians identify themselves as mobile, out-faring people: “Migration has always been seen as lucrative, as the way to go in Nigeria. It is a long old tradition. You go to the strangest places and you find Nigerians – and you ask yourself, what are they doing here? You cannot stop Nigerians from emigrating.” The search for better social and economic conditions is motivation for migration in the first place. This concept is rendered by the common expression of “searching for greener pastures”, which was used during interviews and focus groups with returnees and community members (“I see it [migration] as people seeking greener pasture. To be realistic, the country is not comfortable. Even if I have the opportunity myself, I will go abroad”, KII with local actor, Iberekodo).

• “Quick-money syndrome” and negative competition: Analysis of qualitative evidence available

suggests several informants associate irregular migration with blinding desire to achieve wealth and status as quickly as possible (the “quick-money syndrome”). Explanations provided by informants on the causes of the quick-money syndrome often refer to a lack of moral values and intellectual instruments (both in families and in younger generations) for avoiding excesses of the prevailing materialistic culture.

• The role of the family: Family plays an important and complex role in the decision to migrate and

realisation of a migration project. Some families may encourage the desire to migrate (“it is good thing for the youth to travel abroad. They will be bringing things for their parent and younger ones. When travel abroad is bad and did not bring anything for their parents, their parents will be very unhappy,” KII with woman market leader, Orlu). Some families even finance the migration project, often by selling assets such as land and vehicles. In other instances, decisions to migrate are taken and realized in secret of families, friends, and partners (“when we make up our mind to go, we go take the risk alone because when you tell parents, they will be scared and want to discourage us”, FGD with male community members in Idogbo). Data available does not allow us to identify clear community-level tendencies of the role played by the families – this should be the object of further investigation.

“A mother wakes up and spanks a son that all your friends have gone to Ghana and you are here eating my eba. The boy later left for Ghana and came back with three jeeps in less than one year. The question is – what kind of engagement will earn him millions to buy three jeeps in less than one year? The parents have also contributed to taking away the culture of diligence and beginning small among the youths”

FGD with young entrepreneurs, Ughelli

“The whole system isn’t working well. Parents have to sell their land to send their children abroad so they can make hard money. I have suffered to send my son to school. He is a graduate, he is doing nothing. All he does is smoke Indian hemp and the police will still arrest him or he will be at a place where people just come and rob and he is in trouble. As an Igbo man you work hard, marry, build house and send your younger one to school. What we do is struggle to enter but the gate is too narrow.”

FGD with male community members, Orlu


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HOUSEHOLD PARTICIPATION AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES The table below depicts social activities in which any member of respondent households takes part.21 The first observation to note is the importance, across all communities, of participation in religious organizations (34%), cooperatives (29%), and traders and business associations (27%). Beyond these three vectors of social association, neighbourhood/village committees (11%) and youth groups (10%) are also reported often. Participation in social activities changes across communities depending on the availability and vibrancy of local social opportunities. The highest share of respondents declaring not to participate in social activities was recorded in the two Delta state communities of Awo-Alero and Ughelli – consistent observations of challenging social conditions in these two communities.

Table 27. Household participation in social activities by community (multiple options possible)

Household participation in social activity:

Awo-Alero Iberekodo Idogbo Orlu Ughelli Uromi Sample average

Religious or spiritual group 29% 36% 21% 44% 47% 30% 34%

Cooperative 30% 28% 30% 27% 23% 39% 29%

Traders or business association

3% 39% 43% 36% 13% 34% 27%

None 26% 8% 6% 4% 25% 8% 13%

Neighbourhood/village committee

10% 8% 8% 19% 8% 16% 11%

Youth group 16% 10% 2% 13% 10% 7% 10%

Education group (e.g. parent-teacher association, school committee)

0% 14% 6% 24% 5% 4% 9%

Professional association (doctors, teachers, etc.)

0% 10% 10% 14% 5% 9% 8%

Trade union or labour union 0% 15% 4% 17% 4% 5% 8%

Ethnic-based community group

2% 10% 0% 13% 4% 4% 5%

Political group or movement 3% 10% 0% 9% 4% 7% 5%

Sports group 3% 4% 7% 8% 3% 5% 5%

Cultural group or association (e.g. arts, music, theatre, film)

1% 0% 3% 5% 3% 8% 3%

Finance, credit or savings group

1% 3% 0% 2% 4% 9% 3%

Health group 0% 5% 1% 1% 4% 0% 2%

NGO or civic group 0% 1% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1%

Water and waste management group

1% 1% 0% 0% 1% 0% 1%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532

21 Migratory status disaggregation is not provided here due to the insufficient number of returnees in the sample to conduct this kind of analysis. Data disaggregations by the respondent’s gender is not useful here as the question is about household-level rather than individual participation in social activities.


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PSYCHOSOCIAL INDICATORS

Quantitative survey provides us with data on a number of psychosocial indicators such as feelings of belonging to communities, access to friendship, need, and access to psychological support. In the table below, the data on indicators of psychosocial state is disaggregated by gender and by community.

Table 28. Psychosocial indicators by community and gender

Awo-Alero


Female Male

I feel like I belong to the community where I currently live

84% 76% 71% 79% 57% 78% 72% 72% 72%

I have a group of friends with whom I can speak to

70% 80% 84% 88% 71% 86% 80% 75% 84%

I would like to receive specialized psychological support

85% 58% 50% 49% 81% 57% 64% 64% 63%

I can access specialized psychological support if I need to

7% 28% 39% 27% 8% 43% 24% 24% 25%

I am in control of my own life 59% 79% 63% 77% 68% 73% 70% 63% 75%

I feel that my situation will improve in the future

96% 89% 98% 85% 90% 92% 92% 92% 92%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532 255 277


Psychosocial indicators disaggregated by gender reveal female respondents declaring less often to have friends with which they can talk to and feel in control of their lives. At a general level, this result indicates that women may be more vulnerable to psychosocial stress. Community-level data reveals that Awo-Alero and Ughelli (both Delta state communities) present respectively the lowest level of access to friendship, the highest levels of desire to receive psychological support, and the lowest perceived levels of access to specialized psychological support. This result can be linked to the challenging social environment observed there. “The community here is not united as people are interested in seeing their neighbours fail in their endeavours,” said a civil society actor and KII in Ughelli. Finally, two rural communities high levels of poverty, Awo-Alero and Idogbo, record the lowest shares of respondents declaring to feel in control of their lives.

EMOTIONAL RESPONSES AND OUTLOOK ON THE FUTURE At the individual level and again for youth aged 15 to 34, a sizeable share of respondents is affected by negative emotions on a daily basis. At least 30%of respondents declared experiencing anger, stress, or sadness daily. At community-level, the colour coding indicates the prevalence of negative feelings with respect to the sample average. It iss evident that Awo-Alero, a rural community in the Delta state, provides the most challenging profile in terms of individual psychological state. Edo state communities of Idogbo and Urom located in fertile areas with access to food, show more positive average psychosocial conditions.


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Table 29. Emotions experienced daily, by community (multiple options possible)

Emotions experienced daily Awo-Alero Iberekodo Idogbo Orlu Ughelli Uromi

Sample average

Anger 75% 43% 23% 26% 47% 11% 39%

Stress 64% 44% 23% 19% 49% 19% 37%

None listed 11% 19% 54% 24% 22% 68% 31% Sadness 52% 38% 10% 26% 39% 11% 30% Loneliness 42% 35% 9% 27% 32% 4% 26% Fear 35% 21% 8% 17% 20% 4% 18% Low self-worth 20% 11% 6% 20% 9% 3% 12% Difficulty concentrating 17% 11% 7% 17% 9% 3% 11%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532

Colour coding: highlighted in red are negative deviations from the sample average greater than 7%; highlighted in green show positive deviations. Magnitude is reflected by colour-density.

By gender, our data does not reveal substantial differences in daily experiences of negative feelings. By migratory status, returnees record a higher incidence of stress, sadness, and difficulty concentrating, though these results should be taken with caution due to small returnee sampling.

Table 30. Emotions experienced daily, by gender and migratory profile (multiple options possible)


Non-returnees

Returnees

Anger 40% 38% 39% 39% 41% Stress 39% 35% 37% 36% 47% None listed 31% 31% 31% 31% 38% Sadness 30% 31% 30% 30% 38% Loneliness 27% 25% 26% 26% 25% Fear 22% 15% 18% 18% 13% Low self-worth 13% 12% 12% 12% 16% Difficulty concentrating 12% 10% 11% 10% 22%

Frequency 255 277 532 500 32


Regarding outlook on the future, 92% of respondents declared feeling her/his situation would improve in the future (no significant deviations between male, female, returnee, and non-returnee respondents). PSYCHOSOCIAL PROFILE OF RETURNEES

In the table below, data on psychosocial state indicators are disaggregated by migratory profile. No significant differences between returnees and non-returnees are found, although this result should be taken with caution due to the small returnee sample. On the other hand, qualitative evidence generally suggests that psychosocial conditions of returnees are perceived by non-returnees as fragile or as being affected by the migration experience. The latter factor, in some communities, contributes to stigmatisation of returnees who ‘did not make it’. An employer in Uromi put it: “For me, as a businessman, I say travelling [i.e. migrating] is not a good idea. Most of them [the returnees], for the ones I have seen, they are not behaving well in one way or the other. Maybe before they left, they were not smoking, not addicted to drugs, but coming back they are now smoking, for some out of frustration.”22

22 KII with employer, Uromi.


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Table 31. Psychosocial indicators by migratory profile

Non-

returnees Returnees

Sample average

I feel like I belong to the community where I currently live

72% 75% 72%

I have a group of friends with whom I can speak to

80% 78% 80%

I would like to receive specialized psychological support

63% 66% 64%

I can access specialized psychological support if I need to

24% 28% 24%

I am in control of my own life 70% 69% 70%

I feel that my situation will improve in the future

92% 91% 92%

Frequency 500 32 532

More in-depth analysis of psychosocial indicators reveals that responses provided by returnees are often more polarized than those provided by non-returnees. For example, returnees are more likely to ‘strongly agree’ or to ‘strongly disagree’ with a proposition, whereas non-returnees would have larger shares of persons who indicate ‘agree’ or ‘disagree.’ This may point to the fact that migration experiences can affect psychosocial states in very different ways. This may be a function of the ‘success’ of the experience itself, which in general is perceived as binary by both migrants and non-returnees. This is illustrated in the following statement from a religious leader in Uromi:

PERCEPTIONS OF RETURNEES

Are returnees perceived negatively or positively by communities they go back to? As shown in the table below, at an aggregate level, 29% of respondents felt returnees are perceived negatively and 39% positively. 32% declared they either don’t know or the perception is neutral.

Table 32. Perception of returnees and discrimination indicators by gender and migratory profile


Non-returnees

Returnees

Perception of returnees in the community: Negative

31% 28% 29% 29% 28%

Perception of returnees in the community: Neutral / Don’t know

32% 32% 32% 32% 25%

Perception of returnees in the community: Positive

37% 41% 39% 38% 47%

I have felt discriminated against based on age, gender, religious group, ethnicity, or another factor

37% 38% 37% 37% 50%

Frequency 255 277 532 500 32

“When we talk about returnees, there are two categories – those who have made it – they come back and show their cars and wealth around, I don’t know where and how they made it. The second category is those who don’t make it. Those who come back with nothing need acceptance; the parents have to accept them.”


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How do returnees feel they are perceived by communities to which they return? As shown in the table above, when asked how they are perceived in the community, returnees are more likely to declare the perception is positive. On the other hand, returnees are significantly more likely to declare they have been discriminated against in some way. This result can be interpreted in light of roles returnees assume once back in the community as depositaries of information on migration opportunities. This is evidenced in the declaration from an NGO official provided below.

Building on this testimony and the quantitative data gathered, we make the hypothesis that returnees may

initially face some degree of stigmatisation, especially if the migration project was not ‘successful’. Returnees may also, however, perceive greater acceptance from the community due to information they have (or can procure) from community members interested in migrating. The testimony above also suggests how stigmatisation and this ‘new role’ for returnees wanting to feel accepted may create a vicious cycle reinforcing irregular migration, especially since stigmatisation seems to be directed primarily at irregular migrants. As put by the same KII NGO informant: “If you ask me about stigma, there is no stigma for unsuccessful migrants from Europe. Yes, people say you are empty-handed and there are expectations, but this is no stigma. The stigma is for Libya. It is so strong that there are people in Libya that say better to die here than coming back.”

How does the perception of returnees change across communities? Quantitative data indicates there is significant variability. The chart below shows that in Awo-Alero and Ughelli (both in the Delta state) the perception of returnees is prevalently negative, whereas in Idogbo, Uromi (both in the Edo state) the perception is prevalently positive. Orlu (Imo state) as well records a prevalently positive perception of returnees, though a large share of respondents from this community chose the ‘I don’t know / Neutral’ option. In Iberekodo (Ogun state), a community where our qualitative assessment revealed migration as a small incidence, the ‘I don’t know / Neutral’ option is prevalent.

Figure 16. Perception of returnees by community (n=532)

Qualitative data available does not offer a complete explanation for these opposite tendencies between communities. Negative perceptions of returnees in Awo-Alero and Ughelli may be driven by community-specific factors or collective experiences such as the boasting behaviour of young migrants during the festive

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Awo-Alero Iberekodo Idogbo Orlu Ughelli Uromi Total

Negative Neutral/Don't know Positive

“I would say that what makes a community endemic [i.e. with high incidence of irregular migration] is migration itself. When you come back you have information and people would come and ask you things. You would say them that now Morocco is open and Libya is closed, and this will help people to leave. For the returnee, this is an easy way of finding a role in the community and make sense of the experience. But they may fall for this to the point that they become involved in active trafficking. This is why I say that every returnee is a potential trafficker.”


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season in Ughelli and celebrations, along with the ‘parenting failure’ associated with migration in Awo-Alero. In these two communities, we found little to no trace of returnee investment or engagement in community development, migration being mainly conceived as a means to self-fulfilment and negative competition between families and individuals.

MIGRATION AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT : THE MISSING LINK

A striking result of this study is the fact that no migrant/diaspora associations could be found in communities assessed despite these organizations being found in several West African countries. The dimension of Nigerian diaspora is also significant on this point. A common trait to all the communities assessed is the limited role played by the diaspora in community development, with benefits of migration being reserved within individual families. An NGO official provided a description of the situation in the Edo state, which to some extent is applicable to all communities assessed:

Another aspect of the ‘individualistic’ connotation of migration experiences in Nigeria is the lack of trust among returnees. Forming cooperatives and associations of returning migrant is challenging. In our mapping, we found no example of a returnee association or cooperative. As put by a government official involved in reintegration:

“Our assisted [the returnees] often don’t want to form cooperatives. For example, if one wanted to start a fish farm, it would be cheaper for us to have 5 of them forming a cooperative, so that they could be trained together on how to do it and even the packaging machine and oven could be provided once to the cooperative. Financing would be easier even for microfinance organizations in this setting. But there is an issue of trust and these cooperatives cannot be formed. So they need to be better counselled, better educated, encouraged to look at this aspect. Because when they came back and receive vocational training, there is always that apathy of not wanting to do much and settling for what they think is easy. But these can be also therapeutic ways of reintegrating them in the society, because with your generator and a sewing machine you can get by. But if there was more trust among themselves, they would do better.”

“Migration has brought a level of improvement in the lives of some families. The remittances from migrants are used in setting up businesses, building houses, supporting parents and young ones in school etc. But these developments are not community-coordinated. They are individualised and sometimes they even lead to unhealthy competition amongst families: everyone aspires to become like the other person.”


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6. IDENTIFYING COMMUNITY KEY NEEDS To corroborate the data findings collected in the field and the indices developed in the regional report and MEASURE report, Table 33 presents the dimensions of individual reintegration for the five communities assessed in Nigeria.

• The economic dimension relates to the presence of job offers or income-generating activities,

perceptions of job satisfaction and access to food as determinants. The table shows a very clear gap between Iberekodo (0,78) and Orlu (0,18). Iberekodo is a market community on the outskirts of Abeokuta, the Ogun state capiutal. It is also a border community and a transit point for migrants. In this location, income and job satisfaction rated highest. However, the emergence of competing markets nearby are hurting agricultural production and overall food security. The result for Orlu is more surprising given that it is the second largest city of the Imo state, and is home to a number of factors and industrial clusters. However, their impact on local development has decreased over time, despite past opportunities and potential.

• The social dimension takes into account the overall level of satisfaction with basic services, the

availability of electricity and water to fulfill the needs of the population. In this dimension, even among the high scores nuances are noted: while Idogbo’s access to water is strong, access to healthcare is lacking almost entirely and access to electricity is largely insufficient for both businesses and households, and educational facilities are in an alarming state. Water is poorly rated in Uromi and Iberekodo. A key challenge facing Iberekodo is maintaining high levels of social cohesion, especially among young community members, while social and economic transformation is taking place. Across the board however Awa-Alero (0,25) and Ughelli (0,29) rate the lowest on this dimension. This is not surprising as Awo-Alero is a rural community with widespread poverty and a social context challenged by low levels of education and social cohesion. Irregular migration is endemic and returnees are a significant share of the local population. The assessment suggests that Awo-Alero is likely the most challenging community for sustainable reintegration among those profiled in Nigeria.

• The psychosocial dimension is covered by several indicators including the expressed need for

psychosocial support, the presence of negative emotions, networks, discrimination, honesty, participation in social activities and overall sense of security and peacefulness in the community. The lack of participation in social activities, high levels of discrimination and low levels of perceived honesty results in the lowest score in Awo-Alero (0,21). Ughelli (0,30) has the second lowest score but for other indicators – the lack of networks, participation in social activities and the lack of a peaceful environment were reported by respondents. This is coherent with the context: Ughelli is an agrarian community moving towards a rapidly growing town facing industrial decline and insecurity. Industrialization and oil extraction have changed Ughelli deeply, with a rise in organized crime. The highest rating is in Uromi (0,85), a fertile area of Edo state where religion plays a significant role in every day life and source of support. Uromi is a peaceful area, has natural resources and a fertile soil, but mistrust of authorities is high in this community and could be a challenge to reintegration.


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Table 33. Economic, social and psychosocial reintegration score for communities studied in Nigeria

Pilier 1 Dimension économique

Pilier 2 Dimension sociale

Pilier 3 Dimension psychosociale

SCORE DE REINTEGRATION

Nigeria

Rang Communauté Score Communauté Score Communauté Score I Communauté Score

1 Iberekodo 0,78 Idogbo 0,89 Uromi 0,85 1 Uromi 0,66

2 Uromi 0,52 Orlu 0,70 Idogbo 0,71 2 Idogbo 0,65

3 Idogbo 0,34 Iberekodo 0,70 Orlu 0,52 3 Iberekodo 0,62

4 Ughelli 0,23 Uromi 0,63 Iberekodo 0,38 4 Orlu 0,47

5 Awo-Alero 0,22 Ughelli 0,29 Ughelli 0,30 5 Ughelli 0,28

6 Orlu 0,18 Awo-Alero 0,25 Awo-Alero 0,21 6 Awo-Alero 0,23 The index is based on the initial analysis of IOM – MEASURE and the conceptual adjustments described in the Regional Report attached to this study.

Based on the above indices and complimented by qualitative interviews, we identify specific community needs in areas such as water, energy, environment, etc. as shown in the table below: in red, priority issues; in orange, important issues; in grey, issues for which IOM action can not provide a direct response at the community level.

Table 34. Overview of Key Socio-Economic Challenges by Community

Assessed communities Awo-Alero Idogbo Uromi Ughelli Orlu Iberekodo

Water

Energy

Education

Environment

Manufacture

Finance

Social Activities

Housing

Health

Psychosocial

Infrastructure

Papers Opportunity for advocacy at the national level

Justice - Police Opportunity for advocacy at the national level


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7. STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS Though the migration management framework in Nigeria is vast and articulated, the current level of local-level support to returnees is far from achieving sustainable reintegration. A striking result of this study is that no migrant/diaspora associations could be found in the communities assessed, despite the fact that these organizations are found in several other West African countries. The federal government, in collaboration with the ILO and the IOM, developed the National Labour Migration Policy (2014) and the National Policy on Migration (2015), constituting the key legal vehicles for migration-related activities in Nigeria. The IOM provides support to Nigeria’s Technical Working Group (TWG) on Migration and Development which is made up of ministries, departments and agencies, non-state actors, social partners, academia and development partners working on issues related to migration, chaired by the National Commission for Refugees, Migrants and Internally Displaced Persons (NCFRMI). The main stakeholders that are directly/indirectly involved in the reintegration process are: the NCFRMI as the coordinating body for issues of migration, the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP), National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), and National Immigration Service (NIS). Increasing the involvement of state governments in the provision of reintegration support and coordination is generally seen as key to ensure effectiveness, improved coordination and greater involvement and monitoring of local-level reintegration actors. The Edo state government, with its initiatives, can be regarded as an advanced example in the context of Nigeria. For example, the Edo State Task Force Against Human Trafficking (ESTFAHT) was established by the Edo state government to address issue of irregular migration and human trafficking, which has become endemic in the state. That notwithstanding, the NCFRMI coordinates various committees and working groups:

• Standing Committee on Diaspora Matters (SCDM), which focuses to diaspora mobilization and led by the Nigeria National Volunteer Services (NNVS);

• Working Group on Labour Migration led by the Federal Ministry of Labour & Productivity (FML&P); • Working Group on Migration Data Management (WGMD), led by the National Population

Commission (NPopC); • Working Group on Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration (AVRR), led by NCFRMI itself; and • Stakeholders Forum on Border Management, led by the Nigeria Immigration Services with the

support of NAPTIP (issues that come to the forum include the ECOWAS Free Movement Protocol, Border Security, Trafficking in persons, Migrant Smuggling and others).

IOM’s role in the coordination of the stakeholders and in the management of migration in general is deemed as essential. However, some of the stakeholders consulted highlighted the need to put more emphasis on the strengthening of the capacity of Nigerian institutions and actors in view of improving ownership and reducing reliance on external support. Civil society organisations are critical partners in combating issues of migration management in Nigeria. A key informant in Edo noted that NGOs working on migration have organized themselves under an umbrella body known as Network of Civil society organizations against Child Trafficking, Child Abuse and Child Labour (NACTAL). Amongst others, the NGOs focus on issues such as Psycho-Social Support for Victims of Trafficking, Legal Support and Victims Counselling, Advocacy, Report of cases to the authorities, and Sensitisation. Several CSOs have worked in collaboration with the government agencies and the IOM on migration issues generally, trafficking of persons, as well as Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration (AVRR). CSOs emphasize their local knowledge and access, which they believe should ensure they are more involved in the formulation of strategies and in the provision of reintegration support. CSOs have the potential to provide support to returnees in economic empowerment and psychosocial services, however they also need capacity building in


60

all dimensions. The presence of a large network of research institutes in Nigeria can both serve to build capacity and bring innovations to support key value chains in all the areas surveyed as detailed in Table 3. Synergies need to be created, mainstreaming reintegration into broader government action (i.e. infrastructure investment) and implement partnerships with the private sector in key areas, and partner with NGOs to fill gaps in reintegration assistance with clear mechanisms for capacity building and monitoring


61

Figure 17. Mapping stakeholders with identification of major structural weaknesses


62

Table 35. Structural and general partnerships (across value chains and sectors) (1)

Rubber Cocoa Mining Fisheries Forestry Energy Agribusiness Cereals (Rice,

Cassava) Poultry & Egg

Edo

Delta

Ogun

Ogun

Edo

Delta

Edo

Ogun

Ogun

Edo

Edo

Ogun

Imo

Edo

Imo

Edo

Ogun

Imo

Ogun

● Agricultural Research ● Council of Nigeria

● Dunlop Rubber ● International Study Group on

Rubber (IRSG) ● National Agricultural Extension

Research and Liaison Services (NAERLS)

● Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC)

● Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN)

• Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN)

• Cocoa Association of Nigeria (CAN)

• Cocoa Processors Association of Nigeria (CPAN)

• FTN Cocoa Processors PLC

• Raw Materials Research and Development Council

• Ministry of Mines & Steel Development

• Nigerian Geological Survey Agency

(NGSA) • National Steel Raw

Materials Exploration Agency

• Council of Mining Engineers and Geoscientists (COMEG)

• Ogun Waterside Local Government Area (LGA)

• Chi Farms

• Nigerian Institute for Oceanograph-y and Marine Research (NIOMR)

• Federal Deparment of Fisheries (FDF)

• Lake Chad Research Institute

• Kanji Lake Research Institute

• Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN)

• National Institute for Fresh-Water Fisheries Research (NIFFR)

• Nigeria Forestry Department

• Niger Delta Partnership Initiative Foundation (NDPI)

• Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading PLC (NBET)

• Chevron

• Pyxera Global Nigeria

• Agrifood Youth Opportunity Lab in Nigeria

• Quality Foods

• The Nigeria Inventive-Based Risk Sharing System for Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL)

• Nigeria Agribusiness Group (NABG)

• National Cereal Research Institute (NCRI)

• National Root Crops Research Institute Niji Foods

• National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI)

• National Veterinary Research Instiute (NRVI)

• Odeda Training Institute

Table 4 : Specific partnerships (by value chain or sector)


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Social and Psychosocial Actors Mandate Health Empowerment Initiative (MHEI) Network of Civil society organizations against Child Trafficking, Child Abuse and Child Labour (NACTAL) Nigerian Red Cross Society for the Empowerment of Young Persons (SEYP) Anglican Church (Awo-Alero) Living Faith Church (Idogbo) Justice, Development and Peace Caritas Inititative (Idogbo & Uromi) Child Protection Network (Idogbo) Living Christ Gospel Ministry Health Centre (Idogbo) Bethesda (Idogbo) Roman Catholic Church (Orlu) National Orientation Agency (Ughelli) Urhobo Progressive Youth Association (Ughelli) Agriculture and Agrobusiness Sector African Resource Center for Supply Chain (ARC Nigeria) Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria (ARCN) Farmers’ Development Union (FADU) Institute for Agricultural Research & Training (IAR&T) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) National Agriulcutural Extension Research and Laison Services (NAERLS) Nigeria Agribusiness Group (NABG) PYXERA Global Nigeria

Financial Partners and Social Investors Association of Non Bank Microfinance Institution of Nigeria (ANMFI) Bankers’ Committee for financial institutions Bank of Agriculture (previously NACRBD) Co-Creation Hub Corporate Council on Africa – Nigerian Chapter Doreo Partners Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN) Manufacturers’ Association of Nigeria Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Corporation (NAIC)

Research Partners Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria Bayero University, Department of Agriculture Economics Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) Covenant University Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR)

National Cereals Research Institute (NRCI) Nigerian Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER) National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) National Horticulture Research Institute (NIHORT) National Institute for Fresh Water Fisheries Research (NIFFR) National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI) Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN)

Institutional or Governmental Partners Central Bank of Nigeria Federal Institute for Industrial Research, Oshodi (FIIRO) Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMA&RD) Federal Ministry of Finance Federal Ministry of Labour & Productivity (FML&P) Ministry of Works and Housing National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP) National Commission for Refugees, Migrants and Internally Displaced Persons (NCFRMI) National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) National Population Commission (NPopC); Nigeria Immigration Services (NIS) Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC) Standing Committee on Diaspora Matters (SCDM)

Housing, Land and Urban Development Partners Federal Housing Authority (FHA) Federal Ministry of Environment Housing and Urban Development (FMEHUD) Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMGN) Real Estate Developers Association of Nigeria (REDAN) State Housing Corporations

Nigeria Economic Summit Group Nigeria Incentive-Based Risk Sharing System for Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL) West African Institute for Financial and Economic Management (WAIFEM) Okada Cooperative (Delta State Motorcycle Association, Awo-Alero) Onyemeyenibe Cooperative Trusted Partners Society (Awo-Alero) People’s Bank of Nigeria (PBN) Ethics, Societal, Environmental Standards Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre (CISLAC) Edo State Task Force Against Human Trafficking (ESTFAHT) Nigeria National Volunteer Services (NNVS) Nigeria Transparency Watch

Table 36. Structural and general partnerships (across value chains and sectors) (2)

RESEARCH & INNOVATION

SOCIO-ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND

PSYCHOSOCIAL INTEGRATION STRUCTURE

FUNDING & STANDARDS


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8. COMMUNICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT

ANALYSIS OF DATA The survey questionnaire proposed to respondents in the six Nigerian communities profiled (all of age between 15 and 34 years) included questions specifically intended to inform the design of effective C4D activities and to provide elements for the definition of a comprehensive C4D strategy. The interpretation of quantitative data is enriched and contrasted with qualitative evidence, although the latter does not always provide elements to explain and contextualise the quantitative findings. Moving from the identification of the differentiating factors that create conflicts in a community (and the perceived incidence of violence), data is provided on the perception of local actors as ‘honest’ and on the influence that these have on individual decision-making. Data is also provided on the perception of community actors as ‘trusted’ sources of information and on the channels of communication used to obtain information on the situation abroad. The usage of social media is reserved a specific section due to their growing importance among the Nigerian youth. SOURCES OF CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE The first table below shows how landholding, wealth/material possessions, politics, and social status are generally perceived as the most important factors of differentiation between community members that generate conflicts. A more detailed analysis of the data reveals important differences and specificities:

• The two Delta state communities of Awo-Alero and Ughelli are often found recording markedly higher percentages of respondents indicating specific sources of conflict. These include generational differences, gender-based differences, and cultism. In general, these results resonate well with the observations and qualitative evidence gathered in these communities, which indicate challenging socio-economic conditions. Ughelli also records the highest percentage of respondents indicating ethnicity as a differentiating factor at the origin of conflict.23

• In Iberekodo, possibly the community with the most diverse population among the six profiled, only 1% of respondents indicated ethnicity as a source of conflict – a result that resonates well with the good level of social cohesion and openness observed in this market community. Yet, the data evidences the presence of tensions linked to religion (at 16%, Iberekodo records the highest percentage of respondents indicating religion as a source of conflict) and to the arrival of new community members (6%: the highest percentage of respondents indicating ‘residents v newcomers’ as a differentiating factor generating conflict). Inbound migration, mostly internal migration, is indeed significant, but also exists from abroad on a seasonal basis.

• The two Edo state communities of Idogbo and Uromi record markedly higher percentages of respondents indicating political differences as a source of conflict in the community. Qualitative data available does not offer definitive elements to interpret this trend.

23 No relevant qualitative evidence is available to confirm or contrast this specific result.


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Table 37: Factors of differentiations that create conflicts in the community (multiple options)

These differences create conflicts:

Awo-Alero


Landholding 53% 10% 49% 20% 39% 27% 34%

Wealth/material possessions

33% 20% 36% 39% 25% 30% 31%

Politics 17% 25% 44% 26% 24% 51% 30%

Social status 10% 21% 37% 35% 6% 24% 23%

Gender 31% 9% 3% 2% 23% 1% 12%

Education 16% 11% 3% 16% 8% 9% 11%

Generational differences 21% 14% 2% 4% 19% 3% 11%

Religion 0% 16% 8% 6% 3% 3% 6%

Don't know 4% 6% 4% 6% 5% 4% 5%

Cultism 5% 6% 0% 0% 9% 0% 3%

None 1% 6% 1% 4% 5% 0% 3%

Ethnicity, tribe, etc. 0% 1% 3% 1% 10% 1% 3%

Residents v newcomers 1% 6% 2% 3% 1% 1% 2%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532

Colour-code: red = first factor of differentiation that create conflicts in the relevant community; pink = second; yellow = third.

The chart below presents the percentages of respondents who indicated that their community is marked by violence.

• The two Delta state communities record relatively higher percentages of respondents declaring their community is marked by violence, consistently with several sources that indicate how organized crime activity is present at alarming levels in this area of the country.24 At 25%, Ughelli recorded the highest percentage and an outlying value. Informants from this community report two main trends in terms of organized crime presence. On the one hand, they generally perceived that the overall situation has been improving (although a few high-profile kidnappings are still taking place). On the other hand, the last years saw the emergence of a new criminal formation (the ‘Deve boys’) who are mainly dedicated to extorting money from small businesses and community members. The presence of this group was often perceived as a major threat to peace in the community (“The authorities should wipe out the Deve people, or at least make them stop collect illegal money from the community”).25 Strikingly, informants also report that this criminal group has grown to become a common income-generating opportunity (“Besides okada [moto taxi] riding, the Deve ‘association’ represents the second most important opportunity for youths to make a living”),26 possibly implying that the presence and growth of this phenomenon is rooted in harsh socio-economic conditions for the youth in Ughelli. It should be noted that numerous informants indicated the presence of criminal groups dedicated to internet frauds27 which recruit large number of youths from the community.

• At 5%, Iberekodo (Ogun state) recorded the third highest percentage of respondents perceiving their community as marked by violence. The case of Iberekodo is significant as it illustrates measures taken by local stakeholders to mitigate and prevent the marginalisation of youths and violence. The local traditional leader was among the promoters of the creation of a youth association with the specific

24 At the time of the writing of this report, the UK Foreign Service advised against all but essential travels to Delta state locations due to the known incidence of criminal activities (kidnapping in particular) in this area of the country and due to possible escalation of violence linked to criminal/terroristic attacks perpetrated against oil-related industrial/extractive activities. 25 KII with local employer (pharmacy). 26 KII with local employer (confectionery). 27 For example, the ‘Yahoo boys’ – the name ‘yahoo’ is derived from the fact that these criminal groups use mainly email accounts provided by this company to launch their phishing messages.


66

objective of reducing ‘fighting’ between young community members.28 Funds were also raised (still upon the initiative of a local community leader) to buy motorbikes. The bikes were conferred to a local okada association engaging more local youths in this common income-generating activity

Figure 18. Percentage of respondents declaring that their community is marked by violence

SOURCE OF TRUST Who are the actors within the community that youths perceive as honest? Who do they listen to when taking a decision? Answering these questions can help define fundamental aspects of effective C4D activities. The table below provides the percentage of respondents perceiving a relevant actor in the community as ‘honest.’ Three main groups can be identified (consistently across all the six communities assessed):

• Education and healthcare professionals were clearly perceived as ‘honest’ more often by the respondents (all between 15 and 34 years of age). These two categories were generally perceived as ‘honest’ by more than 50% of the respondents.

• A second group, inclusive of traditional leaders, staff of NGOs and UN agencies, and staff of the postal service were perceived as honest less frequently with percentages gravitating around the 30 per cent mark.

• At the end of the spectrum, the lowest perception of honesty was recorded for actors linked to justice and law enforcement services or to the local administration, which are often perceived as honest by less than 20% of respondents.

28 Our observation suggest that this organization mainly promotes self-organization among the youths and also acts as a representative body which dialogues with the local traditional leadership on behalf of the youths. The association is not strictly-speaking engaged in the implementation of specific projects nor involved in the organization of socialisation, cultural or sportive events which are recurrent and of significant size.

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Awo-Alero Iberekodo Idogbo Orlu Ughelli Uromi


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Table 38. Perceived honesty of actors

I think these actors are honest:

Awo-Alero


Teachers 53% 56% 77% 61% 62% 65% 62%

Doctors and nurses 48% 55% 72% 50% 62% 69% 58%

Traditional leaders 31% 34% 56% 36% 20% 38% 36%

Staff of NGOs 30% 28% 37% 18% 41% 39% 31%

UN staff 36% 18% 32% 20% 39% 41% 30%

Staff of post office 12% 28% 39% 20% 37% 42% 28%

Local government official 21% 21% 24% 24% 8% 16% 20%

Judges and staff of courts 16% 16% 29% 15% 18% 14% 18%

Police 24% 18% 1% 10% 9% 4% 11%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532

Colour-code: red = less than 20% positive opinion; pink = between 20% and 39%; yellow = between 40% and 59%; light green = between 60% and 79%; dark green = more than 80%.

Not many categories of community actors were largely perceived as ‘honest’ by youths. This may indicate a general difficulty in establishing relationships of trust with authorities or service providers. Respondents do, however, consider inputs from a wider cohort of actors when making a decision. The general trends identifiable from the table below (which are grossly consistent across communities) are:

• Family members and religious leaders are by far the actors that the widest share of respondents declared to listen to when making a decision. The central role and influence of the family in orientating individual decision-making is a recurrent finding in the 11 West African countries included in this study. The high percentages recorded by religious leaders, however, is a specificity of Nigerian communities. In relation to migration decisions, qualitative evidence indicates that migration aspirations, opportunities, and concerns werel themes frequently touched upon by religious leaders in their discourse.

29 FGD with young entrepreneurs in Ughelli.

Religious leaders in C4D activities

Careful assessments are required to understand the extent to which religious leaders actively participate in awareness-raising campaigns or long-term C4D activities. Qualitative evidence on the role played by religious leaders is diverse and generalisation on this issue should be avoided.

At times, religious leaders are seen as “preachers of prosperity”29 who contribute to the reproduction of a culture of success that is functional to the rooting of human trafficking, endangering forms of migration and returnee stigmatisation in several Nigerian contexts. Informants also reported cases of religious figures actively involved in human trafficking (for example, by staging rituals with religious contents where oaths of secrecy are taken by victims of human trafficking).

In other cases, religious leaders demonstrate a high level of awareness on the risks of irregular migration and on the challenges of reintegration. The community-level stakeholder mapping has also evidenced the presence of promising local religious organizations that have potential to become partners in reintegration activities.


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• Employers, friends, and community leaders are all actors with which personal relationships and frequent interactions can easily be created to form a second group of figures that are listened to when making a decision.

• The end of the spectrum, consistent with the data on perceived honesty, is mainly populated by more impersonal and distant entities such as government authorities, community-based organizations, UN Agencies, and NGOs.30

Table 39. Community actors listened to when taking a decision

When I take a decision, I listen to what they have to say:

Awo-Alero


Family 86% 73% 83% 86% 87% 85% 84%

Religious leader 68% 66% 71% 68% 72% 69% 69%

Employer 50% 31% 54% 39% 51% 36% 44%

Friends 53% 41% 31% 41% 51% 42% 43%

Community leader 39% 45% 46% 40% 44% 43% 43%

Public officer / Government

38% 38% 28% 29% 53% 23% 35%

Community-based organization

26% 25% 22% 25% 46% 30% 29%

Neighbours 35% 36% 11% 22% 35% 24% 27%

UN agency 31% 16% 26% 15% 41% 31% 26%

NGO 25% 11% 33% 11% 34% 36% 25%

Civil society organization 22% 23% 27% 15% 37% 27% 24%

No one 5% 4% 7% 6% 11% 4% 6%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532


INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION The first table below presents quantitative survey data on how respondents perceived certain actors/figures as ‘trusted’ sources of information. At a general level, consistently with the results of the analysis of actors that are listened to when making a decision, respondents clearly indicated the importance of family as a trusted source of information (73%), with all other sources recording markedly lower percentages. Media was seen as a trusted source of information by only 37% of respondents, and friends only by 30%. Religious leaders, despite the fact that 69% of respondents declared to listen to them when taking a decision, were reputed as trusted sources of information only by 19% of respondents. These results seem to indicate that respondents are more open to receive inputs when making a decision, whereas the perception of trust decreases significantly when considering the pieces of information upon which decision-making is based. A possible operational implication of this result could be that awareness-raising initiatives should be designed having families in mind, rather than individuals. The penetration of messages based on factual information may also be greatly enhanced when they come from other family members.

30 It should be noted that the presence of UN Agencies and NGOs is limited or non-existent in all the six communities profiled – a factor that may influence the perception of these entities.


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Table 40. Level of trust in sources of information by community

I trust this actor as a source of information:

Awo-Alero


Family or relatives 69% 68% 82% 78% 59% 84% 73%

Media 28% 43% 36% 23% 44% 55% 37%

Friends or colleagues 25% 46% 17% 39% 19% 36% 30%

Religious leaders 7% 43% 9% 33% 13% 8% 19%

Local community leader 3% 19% 4% 14% 19% 7% 11%

Government 2% 14% 2% 13% 11% 4% 8%

No one 5% 6% 3% 8% 1% 4% 5%

UN 4% 5% 3% 4% 3% 7% 4%

CSOs 2% 8% 2% 5% 1% 5% 4%

NGO 3% 4% 2% 2% 0% 1% 2%

Other 1% 1% 1% 1% 9% 0% 2%

Community organizations 2% 8% 1% 0% 1% 0% 2%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532


The table below provides data on the usage of sources for the specific purpose of obtaining information on the situation abroad. Strikingly, whereas ‘social networks’ were hardly mentioned as trusted sources of information, Facebook recorded the highest percentage of respondents indicating their usage of this channel of communication to obtain information on the situation abroad. The popular social network is followed by traditional media (TV and Radio, 42% and 32% respectively), family or relatives (29%), and Friends or colleagues (19%).

Table 41. Usage of sources to obtain information on the situation abroad

I obtain information on the situation abroad from these sources:

Awo-Alero


Facebook 25% 35% 48% 64% 41% 65% 46%

TV 17% 49% 52% 39% 44% 64% 42%

Radio 17% 45% 42% 36% 29% 27% 32%

Family or relatives 33% 26% 17% 46% 15% 31% 29%

Friends or colleagues 21% 23% 14% 19% 8% 28% 19%

Viber/WhatsApp 1% 21% 17% 32% 11% 20% 17%

Print media 8% 11% 13% 8% 15% 9% 11%

Instagram 0% 19% 7% 11% 4% 14% 8%

Other* 7% 11% 7% 8% 4% 1% 6%

I have no information 13% 8% 1% 5% 6% 1% 6%

Twitter 1% 10% 2% 8% 8% 9% 6%

Youth clubs, social groups 3% 5% 1% 1% 1% 0% 2%

Frequency 107 80 90 102 79 74 532

* Most respondents who indicated ‘other’ specified that they make ‘phone calls’ to obtain information on the situation abroad (leaving it unclear to whom they make calls). This may signal the presence of a possible interpretation problem in relation to this specific survey question.

Unlike all the other C4D-related questions analysed so far, which did not present marked differences between female and male respondents, gender-based differences emerge in the data on sources used to obtain information on the situation abroad. As shown in the chart below, female respondents indicated more often to use the family to obtain information on the situation abroad. On the contrary, the attention of male respondents was on social networks and traditional media.


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Figure 19. Usage of sources to obtain information on the situation abroad (n=532; n-female=255; n-male=277)

SOCIAL MEDIA The analysis of communication channel usage and access to social networks shows that smartphones are important platforms for information, communication, and even socialization for the individuals surveyed, though not with the same intensity in all the six communities surveyed. Beyond these results, distinctions of gender are to be noted:

• While 54% of respondents said they own a smartphone, this percentage is higher for men (58% vs.

51%, or +7 points). Moreover, women did not declare more often to have access to a communal smartphone (2% for both male and female respondents).

• A slightly higher percentage of respondents (57%) reported using social networks frequently, with some difference between men (61%) and women (53%).

• A higher number of respondents declared that they intend to use social networks to learn about local opportunities (65% on average: 63% of female respondents and 66% of male respondents) and about the possibilities of migration (58% on average: 54% of female respondents and 62% of male respondents).

• An analysis of the most used social networks/messaging platforms demonstrates that Facebook and WhatsApp dominated the competition, accounting respectively for 94% and 86% of respondents declaring to use these tools.

TOWARDS A C4D STRATEGY FOR NIGERIA

It is recommended that IOM adopt a strategic C4D plan that is adapted to the resources and objectives of the

organization – considering, in particular, the need for multi-year operational and financial commitment. Only

a coordinated battery of different instruments, with different media, audiences, and timelines, can achieve

lasting results, as Bauer and Jenatsch (2016: 20) point out: “An isolated C4D activity does not usually have

much impact. A successful C4D campaign requires a suitable combination of different tools aimed at different

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Female

Male

“The youths use social media more than the adults but they mostly post pictures without reading.”

FGD with young entrepreneurs, Ughelli


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audiences. It also requires time: impactful campaigns are usually spread over an extended period of time.” The

same authors consider four determinants to build an effective strategy:

Table 42. Key elements of a C4D strategy (adapted from Bauer and Jenatsch, 2016)

Objectives Mobilize, raise awareness, debate, empower.

Audience(s) Level of education, trusted sources of information.

Social environment Available media, cultural context.

Resources available Multi-annual budget; local cultural resources (e.g. associations, events, etc.)

In Annex 7 of this report we include material for the development of a C4D country programme. In particular, the pros and cons of a number of possible tools are discussed. These are divided into three groups: (i) interpersonal communication; (ii) traditional print and audio-visual media; and (iii) new technologies and social networks. At a more general level, in terms of the core contents of a C4D strategy for Nigeria, these should be based on

a broad reflection on the social foundation of migration in the country and on a clear vision on how to promote

a needed paradigm shift. A recurring theme in the discourse on the origin and diffusion of migration (and

particularly on its more endangering forms) is the mounting individualism of youth. Our survey respondents

were overwhelmingly optimistic about the future and generally believe that they will enjoy better living

conditions than their parents. Qualitative evidence, however, suggests that this positive view on the future

rests largely on a feeling of confidence in ones own individual capabilities rather than on hopes that the local

economy and society can be improved through collective action. The desire to migrate and the idea that

migration is a ‘game-changer’ of one’s or of a family’s condition, then, is the foundation of optimism.

Several actors will have to be part of the dialogue on reversing these tendencies and contributing to the

‘socialisation’ of migration in the Nigerian society:

• The government

• Civil society

• Traditional and religious leaders

• Parents

• The education system

• Older return migrants

• The diaspora

A key theme in this dialogue could be the absence of migrant associations and the overall lack of diaspora

engagement in development initiatives for the origin communities, which are simultaneously among the

causes and effects of the strong individualistic connotation of migration in Nigeria. Moreover, C4D activities

should go beyond migration-specific messages to also address fundamental integration issues concerning

younger generations. In particular, these activities should seek to promote dialogue between younger and

older generations, especially in addressing the perceived exclusion of younger community members from

decisional processes.


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9. OPERATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS In general, it is recommended that IOM - Nigeria adopt a systemic approach that aims to influence the structure of local communities. Reintegrating individuals is not just about providing short-term employment opportunities, but about better understanding the community to strengthen the structure of economic, social, societal and psychosocial integration. It is necessary for IOM to:

i) Continue its role as key coordinaters of national-level stakeholders and management of migration in general.

ii) Explore new approaches, not only in terms of partnerships for instance with the private sector,

but also by leveraging existing capacities in the country such as think tanks, universities and NGOs

iii) Place more emphasis on strengthening capacity of Nigerian institutions (such as NCFRMI) and actors by improving their ownership and reducing reliance on external support.

iv) Strengthen monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for reintegration support initiatives.

v) Support a platform for stronger coordination between the migration policy and other structural

interventions that shape push factors and sustainable reintegration conditions i.e. accelerated infrastructure development, apprenticeship systems in high incidence areas.

vi) Recognise the capacities and resources available. Nigeria counts over 17 research institutes

pushing technological innovations in a range of value chains, while also having over 800 microfinance banks. With the establishment of the Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Corporation (NAIC), banks are now also lending to farmers. The strength of these actors and networks can be tapped into to think more broadly about supporting economic systems.

GENERAL RECOMMANDATIONS FOR IOM – NIGERIA

1. Promote the development of the agricultural industry by supporting value chains and linkages with

supporting finance mechanisms: Developing local value chains are a key step to improving the reintegration environment at a community-level. Alemu (2015) suggests that trade and agriculture in the Nigerian economy have the highest absorption capacity in terms of employment. Based on general and local-level analysis, our recommendations emphasize the potential of agriculture/agribusiness and manufacturing (light industry in particular) in the six communities assessed, which are all located in rural or peri-urban settings. As evidenced in our analysis, traditional agriculture activities are not appealing to younger generations. However, focusing on agribusiness activities with varying levels of industrial content (according to varying sustainable content in the local context), can respond to the expectations of younger generations of jobs that offer better remuneration and career prospectives than traditional small-scale agriculture. Furthermore, the presence of strong supporting functions to support value chains – whether research institutes or MFBs – ensures that there are resources for the integration of returnees.

Maximizing impact through partnerships: IOM’s multi-role approach should be coordinated with other key actors, such as government counterparts (NCFRMI, NEMA, NAPTIP), relevants international agencies (Intra-ACP Migration Facility, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNFPA, and ECOWAS), local and national private sector, local smallholders, research partners (Forestry Institute of Nigeria, Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Nigerian Academy of Science) quality labels (Ethiquable, Max Havelaar, etc.) and other relevant actors.


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IOM can address a key challenge in value chain development interventions by facilitating the networking of all actors involved (researchers, producers, processors, product distributors, service providers) and coordinating them to reach a common goal. IOM could also consider including technical support, financing, and long-term monitoring and learning to interventions devised. Finally, IOM could consider the direct implementation of value creation activities in a target community. Of course, this option would require a careful assessment, considering the expertise and the amount of resources that would need to be mobilized.

o IOM can identify, map and promote synergies and mainstreaming of the MFBs to provide three types of support: first, support individual returnee entrepreneurs; second, to support cooperatives for instance of farmers; third, to support the transformation noted in the community profiles whether in peri-urban or rural areas. Since the Microfinance Policy, Regulatory and Supervisory Framework was launched in 2015, the number of Microfinance Banks (MFBs) has continued to sore with the objective of bringing financial services to the benefit of a larger segment of the Nigerian population. The link with return migration can be strengthened.

o Support agribusiness development: Possible priority interventions identified in the community profiles include the need to go beyond self-sufficiency to supporting a potential for agribusiness activities. In some areas, like Uromi, this will require to assess the local primary sector, identify promising agribusiness activities, support their productivity and modern value added techniques. In other communities, such as Iberekodo, the risk of a decline of the sector was raised by respondents, calling for an assessment of bottlenecks and agricultural production potentials. At Addressing these through the injection of loans and grant schemes but also by supporting young farmers specifically, through cooperatives, could help regenerate the marketplaces. Bringing attention to these markets in return areas can be a bridge between individual returnees and communities. Communities like Iberekodo record the highest percentage of youths interested in acquiring agriculture-related skills, in particular, fish farming and livestock.

o The expressed need for the creation of or support to a range of centers is an opportunity for IOM

to actively link components of the reintegration process. Whether through professional orientation centres (in Idogbo), building the capacity of vocational centers (Awo-Alero), or establishing community social centers (in Iberekodo).

1. Generate a strategy for entrepreneurial initiatives with social, economic, societal and environmental dividends: Capacity building and/or strengthening of institutions and individuals at both national and/or community level were identified as a key requirement in most surveyed areas. Capacity development interventions should cover institutional (technical mentoring and training of organizations), professional (vocational training and on-the-job mentoring), and psychosocial (partnering with organizations specializing in mental health) areas. Assessing the impact and not only the outputs of the training programmes are absolute requirements.

2. Support development of diaspora/returnee associations and engagement in community

development. In none of the six communities profiled could a returnee or diaspora association be found, nor were there evident signs of diaspora engagement in community development initiatives. IOM should further investigate this phenomenon, as the cause may differ across communities. IOM is also encouraged to consider the establishment of returnee/diaspora communities in target-communities or even at a state- and a national- level. Even if these initiatives are not successful, their establishment would aid the identification of the underlying causes of the absence of such organisations in Nigeria. IOM should also promote involvement of diaspora members in community-level interventions (i.e.


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value chain development, entrepreneurship schemes) to create mechanisms for diaspora engagement in community development.

3. Reinforce social and psychosocial reintegration capacities through support to families and

centers: IOM could collaborate with local associations to ensure follow-up after the return of beneficiaries to their region of origin as in some of the areas surveyed, the links with families were weak. This was the case in Idogbo where reintegration depends critically on the family of origin’s acceptance and capacity, while at the same time families being currently one of the top three reasons for respondents wanting to leave the community. This shows a prevalence of social and psychosocial bottleneck, closely paired with an opportunity to explore through programming. In other communities, such as Iberekodo, the community realizes the need for a community social center to “enlighten” the youth, strengthen local associations and incubators, and bring them to meet together and include them in ongoing initiatives. At the moment, youth report not feeling involved enough in community decision-making and the overall feeling, as a result, that estrangement is growing.

4. Update stakeholder mappings and focus on stakeholder development priorities: In

communities surveyed in Nigeria, the role of religious youth associations (both Christian and Muslim) was highlighted as providing a platform for sensitization, information sharing and awareness raising. They are especially relevant for continued livelihood and / or social and psychosocial support, during and after IOM/government support expires. While in some locations NGOs do not operate within communities, community-based organisations like religious organisations have a role to play. Others include farming associations for their potential involvement in economic integration. A two-pronged strategy can then consist of linking these with the psychosocial support capacity of religious organisations and the economic support capacity of farming associations.

5. Strengthen entrepreneurship, cooperatives, value chains and possible industrialization,

through financing and capacity building: These efforts should not be reduced to migrants or returnees. For instance, in Orlu, local-level entrepreneurs and employers shared struggles to grow their enterprise; improve their access to finances, plan investments and manage human resources. In other locations such as Ughelli, the business environment is a priority for improvement – addressing issues of security, electricity and corruption will be key to a strengthened economic system.

6. Involve and build sense of ownership and integration in community decision-making among

youth. IOM should recognize youth as a vulnerable group disproportionately affected by the employment crisis and need to strengthen integration of younger generations within communities at all levels. Youth generally feel overly excluded from community-level decision-making processes, and observations suggest a marked socio-economic and psychosocial distance between younger and older generations. Beyond the economic dimension, significant attention should be dedicated to social and cultural activities that favour self-expression and elaboration of complex feelings/perceptions.

7. Focus migration programmes specifically on youth. There is mounting individualism among

youth, whose optimism is largely based on their ind ividual capabilities rather than on collective action for improvement of general conditions. In this perspective, migration is perceived a game-changer of one’s condition. Thus, IOM should promote and inform on legal migration opportunities rather than emphasizing the risks of irregular migration alone. Such interventions could include the creation or support of community groups, out-of-season cash-


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for-work projects, small loans and business grants (if youth are deemed too inexperienced to successfully implement business plans they could be ‘paired’ with older beneficiaries).

8. Support safe spaces and spaces for youth: Overall

certain communities are worried about their lack of capacity to support you, ‘enlighten’ them or work with them. In communities surveyed, there is often no common youth centre or space that can servce as a platform for the strengthening of local associations or as an incubator of CSOs and youth-focused initiatives. In other communities (e.g. Idogbo) professional and migration orientation centres can fulfill the muldi-dimensional needs of youth – through a focus on economic empowerment, social and business entrepreneurship, regular migration opportunities, and promoting cultural and social events.

9. Develop capacity for monitoring and

evaluation among central-level actors as well as community-based monitoring capacity: National and state government actors are often in early stages of reintegration initiatives, thus not familiar with M&E techniques, especially in coordination with all partners. IOM should substanstially increase M&E actitivities of central-level actors with local stakeholders and address the capacity gaps in this area. Since many of the recommendations center around the links between programming for youth, nurturing a sense of cohesion and collective action, a longitudinal approach will be needed. These could be complemented by community-based monitoring (CBM) mechanisms whereby CBOs can also support the monitoring efforts.

“The youth are the major problem of this community. Actually, it is the way their parents bring them up. They like things to be done sharp, sharp, sharp, sharp. That is why our school up till now did not have good students: most of them, all their mind is about travelling, travelling.”

KII with school director

Returnee economic empowerment “Awo-Alero is predominantly a farming community but the youth, due to ‘civilization,’ are no longer interested in this profession, rather they venture into vocational jobs like electrical wiring etc. because they feel it’s more rewarding financially. When, eventually, they discover that the infrastructural support needed to excel is absent, they get restless and migrating becomes the order of the day.”

FGD with returnees


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AWO-ALERO – specific recommendations Awo-Alero is a rural community with widespread poverty and a challenging social context marked by low levels of education and cohesion. The highest share of respondents who declared not to participate in any social opportunities was recorded in Awo-Alero. Irregular migration is endemic and returnees are a significant share of the local population and perception of returnees is prevalently negative. Returnee investment in community development is limited, and some Libya returnees stated that people from Awo-Alero area were among their captors. Our assessment suggests that Awo-Alero is possibly the most challenging reintegration environment among the six communities.

Table 7 : Indicative inverventions for the reintegration of returnees to Awo-Alero (structural and thematic partners identified in section 4)

AWO-ALERO Challenges Possible Priority Interventions

Economic Dimension

Local economy underdeveloped with widespread poverty

Long-term support programme for younger generations. The severe economic condition of Awo-Alero requires a long-term approach for community suppor. The target audience should be younger generations broadly – including childern in school and families (not just community members currently classified as « youth ». Areas of intervention could be –

• Focus on agriculture productivity and agribusiness in the short/medium term for employment creation. Long-term possiblitity is renewable energy.

• Promote and support youth entrepreneurship (business-related and social). Youth entrepreneurs can be mentored on the creation of social or business activity and receive training and financial support for its implementation.

• Local cooperatives (mutual credit, okada riders) may be involved in economic reintegration activities, especially ‘soft landing.’ • A few vocational centres are present in the community and could become resources for reintegration if infrastructure and capacity are

significantly improved Promote entrepreneurship among returnees (in collaboration with non-migrants as much as possible), through grants and technical support. In particular, promote activities with benefits in the following 1) high priority, electricity; 2) medium priority, cultural activity.

« The youths are the major problem of this community. Actually, it is the way their parents bring them up. They like things to be done sharp, sharp, sharp, sharp. That is why this our school up till now do not have students well : most of them, all their mind is about travelling, travelling»


« Poverty is very high, terribly high. People are in peace but the level of understanding pertaining to their children is very low.»

KII with religious leader


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AWO-ALERO Challenges Possible Priority Interventions

Social Dimension

Endemic irregular migration,

Stigmatisation of ‘unsuccessful’

returnees, Negative perceptions of

returnees

• Strengthen educational supply in the community, particularly in capacity building and sensitization of teaching staff

• Improve socialization and promote positive values among teenagers and young members with a structured and steady supply of cultural activities and events (linked to C4D activities).

• Create forums for dialogue through youth and religious associations to ease tensions and strengthen social cohesion between generations

• Assess capacity of local vocational centres and sensitise on returnee reintegration challenges


Lack of actors providing specialized psychosocial support

to returnees

Build psychosocial support capacity of active religious associations (local Anglican Church) who already support returnees in vocational training, to raise awareness among familiess. Youth organizations can create support groups and community dialogue. Long-term support for younger generations (education, socialization, empowerment, support to better parenting, etc.

Communication for

Development

Youth reluctant to work in agriculture, generational gap on shared values and migration; stigma

against returnees to be addressed

Theatre-based methods i.e. Theater of the Oppressed, or other participatory artistic activities could be used to let returnees and younger members elaborate with guidance on the community’s challenging social environment Dialogues within communities between

- local religious organisations that at time provide contradictory messages to youth. Their support is essential to ensuring that youth understand the value in investing in their own growth. Some organisations – such as the local Anglican church – provide support but other churches are significantly less active.

- Local cooperatives to ensure a ‘soft landing’ programme and acces to loans. One of the organisations – the local Okada cooperative counts several returnee members and is a common first job after returneing. The Onyemeyenibe Cooperative Trusted Partners Society provides support to returnees in the form of ‘soft landing’ and loans, although precedence is given to returnees with connections or with better chances to repay. These practices can be scaled and replicated.

An awareness raising campaign is necessary among actors of the community (social and economic actors) as there is still a strong stigma against returnees. The campaign should focus on capacities of youth to contribute and gaps in the communities that youth can fill for a mutually beneficial relationship.


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IDOGBO – specific recommandations Idogbo is a rural community whose economy is based on agriculture and the public sector. The local economy offers limited professional and social opportunities – only 31% of community members have income-generating activity. However, Idogbo is located in a fertile area with good access to food, with respondents showing relatively more positive average psychosocial conditions. Along with the other Edo state community Uromi, Idogbo job market appears to be most influenced by subjective personal relationships for hiring. Idogbo has the second highest percentage of returnees at 8% of the community and the perception of returnees is prevalently positive. Idogbo respondents recorded the highest prevalence of receiving money from relatives or friends abroad (14%), however there is no evidence of diaspora involvement in broader community development. Idogbo suffers from key missing enablers for growth. The basic infrastructure in Idogbo is lacking almost completely. Access to electricity is also largely insufficient for both businesses and households. Education facilities are in an alarming state. There is also no evidence of diaspora involvement in community development. Improving living conditions and creating opportunities are key to achieving sustainable reintegration in a community where irregular migration is endemic and mainly driven by desperation. Economic growth in Idogbo cannot cope with the increase in population. Poverty and food insecurity are on the rise as the main sectors of the local economy fail to take off. Moreover, land for agriculture has become insufficient due to increase in population.

Table 8 : Indicative inverventions for the reintegration of returnees to Idogbo (structural and thematic partners identified in section 4)

IDOGBO Challenges Possible Priority Interventions

Economic Dimension

Severe scarcity of employment/livelihood

opportunities, Significant gaps in healthcare,

electricity and education

Assessment of local agricultural potential and bottlenecks. Focus on agriculture productivity and agribusiness in the short/medium term for employment creation. Long-term possiblitity is renewable energy.

• Detailed analysis of potential for job creation in local primary sector

• Explore value addition for agricultural produce

• Assess capacity of trade associations (farmers, water packaging factories, transporters, private school owners) for potential involvement in economic reintegration

Establish centre for economic empowerment, providing vocational training, self-employment skills like business development, marketing, accounting, etc. Those with professional skills often struggle to find sufficient patronage for their activity. Thus, professional development initaitives must link to broader interventions that improve overall economic outlook of the community.

« When we make up our mind to go, we go take the risk alone because when you tell parents, they will be scared and want to discourage us»

Male FGD participant, Idogbo

“Even though they are often ashamed of coming back to their homes, every family in here has at

least one returnee. Migration is beyond mentality here, it is embedded in this community.”

KII with local religious leader, Idogbo


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IDOGBO Challenges Possible Priority Interventions

Develop partnerships with local King, who is respected and influential, and often employs vulnerable community members (including returnees) in his plantation. Promote entrepreneurship among returnees (in collaboration with non-migrants as much as possible), through grants and technical support. In particular, promote activities with benefits in the following 1) high priority, electricity; 2) medium priority, cultural activity and infrastructure

Social Dimension

Endemic irregular migration general

encouraged, Familistic culture – reintegration

depends on family acceptance,

Lack of structured socialization opportunities

for youth and returnees

Establish migration orientation centre, potentially with local religious organisations/NGOs, private sector employers (some of whom are returnees). Such a centre should provide

• Promotion of information on regular migration opportunities

• Promotion of cultural and social events for youth and returnees Prioritize infrastructure development and basic service provision in

• Electricity for personal use and for businesses

• Healthcare: facility exists, but services not provided

• Education: facilities in alarming state and provision should be improved

• Transportation: urgent maintenance of the Benin-Abraka Road to avoid floods during the rainy season


Lack of actors providing specialized psychosocial

support to returnees.

Collaborate with active religious associations, such as the Justice Development Peace and Caritas Initiative, Child Protection Network; The Living Christ Goaspel Ministry Health Centre; and Bethseda) to raise awareness among families, especially on the expectations and disappointment within families that constitute an additional stressor for returnees. Youth organisations can create support groups and community dialogue.

Communication for

development (C4D)

Migration is embedded in the local culture, but only

irregular migration opportunities are

accessible

Run a campaign informing youth of services available and those lacking – informing them also of steps being taken to address gap to provide them with a forward looking perspective on their community. Invite them to contribute to the betterment of their community through a participation in these campaigns and in infrastructure-based public works. Build on the positive perceptions of returnees and familial relationships to create opportunities for socialization – different neighbourhood activities, plays, shows, recreational events, or get togethers could enhance the sense of social cohesion and community interactions (beyond the family) currently lacking. Engage in a dialogue with employers to organise a system of on-the-job traineeships for returnees and other youth in the community. Although there is a lack of economic opportunities, employers have a positive image of returnees. Returnees can support employers to plan ahead – with the support of IOM. For this, community-based dialogues between employers and youth should be held.


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UROMI – specific recommandations Uromi is a rural community made of a collection of villages. Located in a fertile area, the Uromi community has good access to food and relatively positive average psychosocial condition. However, the local economy provides little beyond subsistency. Employment ratios are significantly below average and hiring on the job market is perceived to be particularly subjective, based on recommendations and personal relationships. Migration from Uromi is endemic and irregular. Migration is mainly driven by the severe scarcity of opportunities within the area and the perception of returnees is prevalently positive. The community is prevalently Roman Catholic and religion plays a significant role in everyday life.

Table 9 : Indicative inverventions for the reintegration of returnees to Uromi (structural and thematic partners identified in section 4)

UROMI Challenges Possible Priority Interventions

Economic Dimension

Local economy provides little beyond subsistence,

Link economic empowerment with systemic interventions on the local economy (i.e. Agribusiness). Agriculture and agribusiness development programme and specialized initiative for returnee/migrant association. Long-term possiblitity is renewable energy. Sugh a programme should include :

• Assessment of local primary sector and identification of agribusiness activities with high potential for the area. Focus on job creation.

• Support agriculture productivity, while maining high access to land and cheap local food products

• Support farmers in modern value-added agriculture to reduce loss of raw materials through training in packaging, processing, cooling, drying and juice extraction activites

Improve access to a stable supply of electricity, which is crucial for the success of any industrialisation initative Improve returnee economic empowerment through :

• Assessing capacity of local employers and trade associations (i.e. farmers’ association) for potential involvement in economic reintegration through trainings in entrepreneurship and craftsmanship skills

• Increasing opportunities for returnees to acquire professional skills or vocational training. “Quick money’ vocational training have limited effectiveness in sustainable reintegration of returnees

Promote entrepreneurship among returnees (in collaboration with non-migrants as much as possible), through grants and technical support. In particular, promote activities with benefits in the following 1) high priority electricity and water; 2) medium priority, cultural activity

« When we talk about returnees, there are two categories – those who have made it – they come back and show their

cars and wealth around, I don’t know where and how they made it. The second category is those who do not make it. Those who come back with nothing need acceptance, the

parents have to accept them.» KII with local religious leader, Uromi


81

UROMI Challenges Possible Priority Interventions

Social Dimension

Local authorities highly corrupt and lack capacity,

Widespread irregular migration with significant challenges to economic

reintegration. Migration is generally encouraged

Investing in institution building and transparency in the community is a requirement to building trust and social cohesion. Practices should be put in place learning from the work of organisations such as Nigeria Transparency Watch. Create local opportunities and socialization for returnees, particularly with religious NGOs that are well rooted in the community. The cost of irregular migration from Uromi is low, yet only the better off can afford to migrate, sometimes by selling family assets. There is a growing number of “unsuccessful” returnees who faced unfavourable conditions abroad and a severe lack of opportunities.

• Raise awareness with religious organizations such as Catholic CHESS Project and Justice Development Peace Caritas Intiatives

• Initiatie returnee/migrant association that may address local institutional failures and promote development of the community. A top-down approach may be justified to overcome social and individual obstacles that make such initaitves so rare in Nigeria.



support to returnees, Stigmatisation of

‘unsuccessful returnees’ on the rise

Build psychosocial and C4D capacities of religious organisations

• A local religious NGO, JDPCI, is already active in providing psychosocial support to returnees and would benefit greatly from capacity strengthening in order to scale up initiatives.

• Sensitize and train other religious leaders on the risks of irregular migration. Some are actively promoting migration

Communication for

Development (C4D)

Irregular migration is common

Strong sensitization efforts targeting families and young members of the community on the risks of irregular migration and returnee reintegration. Limited capacity of local population to initiative collective actions aimed at improving the local politica land administrative framework As corruption and lack of trust in leadership structures is highlighted in Uromi, new partners such as Nigeria Transparency Watch can lead campaigns and consultations locally to engage in community-based monitoring practices. This will serve the dual purpose of teaching skills on monitoring practices, but also ensuring that community members have a voice.


82

UGHELLI – specific recommandations Ughelli suffers from deterioriation of local economy due to electricity costs, crime and halted oil extraction. Despite the overall reduction criminal activity, organized crime groups are still present in the community and benefit from the challenging socio-economic conditions of the youths. The psychosocial condition of youth is particularly challenging. Perception of returnees is prevalently negative, and may be driving by community-specific factors such as the boasting behaviour of young returnees. The perception of migration is geared towards the acquisition of wealth and social status; although a push to migrate due to poverty and lack of opportunities is increasing. Ughelli also receives a significant amount of internal migrants from surrounding rural areas. Ughelli’s key challenge is to find innovative and sustainable solutions to its economic decline and to eradicate organised crime

Table 10 : Indicative inverventions for the reintegration of returnees to Ughelli (structural and thematic partners identified in section 4)

UGHELLI Challenges Possible Priority Interventions

Economic Dimension

Deterioration of local economy due to electricity costs, crime and halted oil

extraction.

Focus on agribusiness, fisheries, and light industry in the short/medium term for employment creation. Long-term possiblities are ICT and renewable energy.

• Reorient youth on opportunites in IT beyond scams. IT is a growing field although this is partly ude to illegal activities (i.e. internet scams)

Support the relaunch of industrialisation in Ughelli by :

• Adressing security issues (i.e. kidnappings of business owners or of their family members; extortion)

• Improve provision of electricity to business and community at large

• Reduce corruption Promote and support youth entrepreneurship (both business related and social). Young members of the community can be mentored on creating social or business activities, and receive financial support and training for its implementation. Promote entrepreneurship among returnees (in collaboration with non-migrants as much as possible), through grants and technical support. In particular, promote activities with benefits in the following 1) high priority electricity; 2) medium priority, cultural activity

« The community here is not united as people are interested in seeing their neighbors fail in

their endeavors.» Civil society actor KII, Ughelli

« In Delta state, you are either a politician, a

civil servant, a teacher, or a revenue collector. Industries ahve all collapsed. »

FGD with young community members, Ughelli


83

UGHELLI Challenges Possible Priority Interventions

Social Dimension

Security issues due to organized crime populated

by unemployed youth, Strong tradition of

emigration to Ghana, Negative perception and

stigmatization of returnees

Long-term programmes for youth on education, socialization. Key stakeholders have had limited exposure to reintegration issues and so capacity training of reintegration expertise is needed at all levels. Work with existing organizations, such as Urhobo Progressive Youth Association or National Orientation Agency, to:

• Improve socialization and promote positive values among teenagers and youth with a structured and steady supply of cultural activities (to be linked to C4D activities)

• Reintegrate youths previously engaged in criminal activities


Lack of actors providing psychosocial support to returnees at the district

level

Further assessments are needed to identify possible sources of psychosocial support locally. Both the survey and the qualitative assessment show an overall gap in psychosocial service provision. To begin with, a psychosocial mobile clinic should be organized with a one week presence every quarter in this community. Similar to mobile health clinic practices, this one would focus on psychosocial support. It would be advertised within the community.

Communication for

Development (C4D)

Participation of youth in criminal activities

Consider conducting C4D activities during the Christmas Period. Youths perceive this period as the only time of the year when the community is not socially dull. This is also the time when migrants come back to their community of origin to spend the festivities with their families, thus making it a key moment for the perception of migrants (and of migrations in general) in the community. Cultural activities and events should be based on community consultations to ensure that the taret groups (young members of the community) are reached to improve socialization and promote positive values. A specific campaign will be needed to change the perception of youth previously engaged in criminal activities, to inform community members of practices around reintegration of ex-criminals within the local society. This could be paired with elements of community works and volunteering services by the youth to invest them in changing their own image. Ex-criminal youth can also participate in campaigns to prevent further participation of youth in criminal activities.


84

ORLU – specific recommandations

Table 11 : Indicative inverventions for the reintegration of returnees to Orlu (structural and thematic partners identified in section 4)

Orlu is the second-largest city in the Imo state and has experienced a decline in economic and administrative imporance with significant consequences for younger generations. There is limited capacity to define a development strategy for the community and local powers are living in a continued institutional impasse. Ughelli has experienced sustained population growth mostly due to internal rural to urban migration, but unpaired with sufficient economic growth. The city is an imporant centre for the trade of irregular migration opportunities and migration is perceived as only way to social mobility.

« It is a good thing for the youth to travel abroad. They will be bringing things for their

parents and younger ones. When travel abroad is bad, they will not bring anything and their

parents will be unhappy.» KII wit female market leader, Orlu


85

ORLU Challenges Possible priority interventions

Economic Dimension

Decline of economic prominence; Disruptive

road infrastructure development, Lack of development strategy

Prioritize creating long-term career prospectives for youth. Our rapid assessment of Orlu’s labour market suggests that local SMEs would benefit greatly from a generational change in the apical positions and from the influx of young workforce. Improve job market integration by including the following in programmes:

• Guidance to employers in scaling up their enterprise, improving access to finance, planning investments and managing human resources

• Link active microfinance institutions to provide support for career development and business plans too

• Improve youth (and returnee) access to stable job opportunities and career development through apprenticeship programmes covering different career profiles and giving the possibility to switch paths or understake self-employment after formation is complete

• Focus on agribusiness and light industry in the short/medium term for employment creation. Long-term possiblities are ICT, renewable energy, and industrialisation relaunch programme. Other growing sectors are mechanical services, furniture and metal fabrication.

Improve access to steady supply of electricity for employers and community at large Promote entrepreneurship among returnees (in collaboration with non-migrants as much as possible), through grants and technical support. In particular, promote activities with benefits in the following: 1) in high priority, none ; 2) medium priority, electricity and cultural activity

Social Dimension

Rise of crime and violence; Social pressure to achieve success through migration

Establish platform to support vulnerable youths and younger generations, who are feeling increased marginalization

• Create a platform linking youth with community decision-making

• Create a youth-led organization advocating for younter generations and providing support to youth most in need



support to returnees

Train religious actors in awareness raising. More than 90% of the local population is Roman Catholic and the local diocese supports IDPs from the Boko Haram insurgency in the North of the country Extend counseling support to families and friends of the returnees so that they can become themselves stronger support systems upon return.

Communication for

Development (C4D)

Pessimism and apathy among youth, Sense of

powerlessness

Given the transition that Orlu is going through, there is a lack of common vision for the community. A series of community consultations are needed to identify priority investment areas for all and for youth specifically. Crime and prostitution were mentioned by youth as practices that bother them but that happen in their community. Engaging youth to speak against such practices will require that their capacity is built and that they are engaged in the development of a campaign. Several layers of support will be needed fro ma protection training, design of a campaign and roll out of the campaign.


86

ORLU Challenges Possible priority interventions


87

IBEREKODO – specific recommandations

Table 11 : Indicative inverventions for the reintegration of returnees to Iberekodo (structural and thematic partners identified in section 4)

IBEREKODO Challenges Possible priority interventions

Economic Dimension

Decline of the market, Road infrastructure development led to

housing demolitions and cut access to water in certain areas, Limited opportunities beyond “quick money” jobs,

especially for educated youth

Strategic reorientation of the local market and assessment of local agricultural potential and bottleecks, with possible focus on fisheries value chain thanks to the Ogun river. Fufutre long-term focus could be on ICT and renewable energy industry.

• Identify the specific causes of decline of the Iberekodo market and define a strategy with a participatory approach for its relaunch

• Consider improving market infrastructure and capacity building for market planning and management

• Assess local agriculture production potential and bottlenecks. Interventions can include loan/grants schemes for young farmers and creation/strengthening of farmers cooperatives to allow local product to reach more dynamic marketplaces

• Harness the active entrepreneurial scene by offering business skills training such as self-management, marketing and accounting (instead of vocational training)

Promote entrepreneurship among returnees (in collaboration with non-migrants as much as possible), through grants and technical support. In particular, promote activities with benefits in the following: 1) in high priority, none ; 2) medium priority, infrastructure, electricity and cultural activity

Iberekodo is a ethnically-diverse community on the outskirts of Abeokuta (Orgun state capital). It is undergoing radical socio-economic transformation, such as a decline of local markets and struggles to maintain high levels of social cohesion, especially between generations. There are also tensions linked to religion and the arrival of newcomers due to inbound migration. At the same time, the seasonal migratory influxes contributes to Iberekodo’s open market comunity. Migration is generally desired but not common. Iberekodo is a ‘border’ community and a transit point for migrants, though the impact of migration is limited.

Large road infrastructure development is negatively affecting Iberekodo. A large number of houses have been demolished, in some cases with no compensation, due to lack of legal certification of building. However, community members are generally optimistic on the opportunities that the new infrastructure will bring. The key challenge facing Iberekodo is maintaining high levels of social cohesion, especially among young community members, while deep social and economic transformation is taking place.

« I see it [migration] as people seeking greener pasture. To be realistic, the country is not

comfortable. Even if I have the opportunity myself, I will go abroad»

KII with local actor, Iberekodo


88

IBEREKODO Challenges Possible priority interventions

Social Dimension

Lack of structured socialization opportunities

for young community members and returnees,

Limited awareness on irregular migration and human trafficking issues

Establish social centre for youth ‘enlightenment’, inter-generation dialogue platform, and awareness raising on migration. Potential to work iwht Abeokuta North local government. This space should also serve as platform to strengthen local associations or as an incubator of local civil society initiatives and organisations. Address the gaps in services through compensation mechanisms for those who may have lost their homes.




Train local traditional leaders and religious youth associations (Christian and Muslim) in awareness-raising. They are relvant platforms for sensitization activities and for reintegration, especially for continued livelihood and/or social and psychosocial support after IOM/government support expires. Train and support members of the community to act as mentors to returnees, and help increase interactions.

Communication for

Development (C4D)

Young community members do not feel involved in decision-

making, the feeling of estrangement is growing

Consider launching specific C4D activities during Carnival festivities (rebranded as ‘Iberekodo day’) which attracts visitors from across Ogun state and beyond. Successful C4D operations during Carnival could have significant psychosocial impact. Organise public works activities to be jointly financed by the government and donors to address the harms caused by infrastructure development, notably on the lack of housing. Create dialogue opportunities to help the community and its youth transition through the strong economic and social transformations happening in the community. Engage in a dialogue on where they would like their community to be and the steps / roles that they are ready to take and play towards this vision. Given the existing social cohesion, build on community social and cultural events, radio programmes and other means of local communication to engage in sports, civic debates around the identity and future of the community, around youth and migration, tradition and modernity etc. This could lead to entrepreneurial activities to continue these activities more long-term.

Awo-AleroDelta state

% of respondents with a

PAID JOB or INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES

44%

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

Sample average:

48%

Setting type:

Rural

Awo-Alero is a rural community with widespread poverty and a challenging socialcontext marked by low levels of education and cohesion. Irregular migration isendemic and returnees make up a significant share of the local population. Ourassessment suggests that Awo-Alero is likely the most challenging community forsustainable reintegration among the ones profiled in Nigeria.

KEY CHALLENGES FACED BY THE COMMUNITY:

Main languages:

Ika, Pidgin English

Widespread povertyAwo-Alero is a relatively remote communitywith a subsistence economy. Local governmentis situated in distant Owa-Oyibu. The fact thatthe Governor of Delta State is from thiscommunity and his father resident in thecommunity attracted some interventions,although most of these are regarded as whiteelephants (an empty library and amalfunctioning ‘general hospital’).

Youth upbringing failure?Qualitative data gathered clearly indicates thepresence of a wide psychosocial gap betweengenerations, especially in terms of aspirations.Multiple informants pointed out that parents in thecommunity generally fail to “enlighten” theirchildren, who are ill-prepared to face materialisticand individualistic pressures posed by contemporarysociety.

Population:

N/A

“Poverty is very high, terribly high. People are in peace but the level of understanding pertaining to their children is very low.”

KII with religious leader

The key challenge faced by Awo-Alero is to improve education and social cohesion, as a precondition to benefit from migration.

% of respondents who

CAN BORROW MONEY

26%


HAD TO REDUCE FOOD FOR LACK OF MEANS

68%Sample average:

50%% of respondents who

HAVE A GROUP OF FRIENDS

70%Sample average:

80%


HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA OR MORE

40%Sample average:


DROPPED OUT OF SCHOOL BECAUSE THEY COULD NOT AFFORD FEES

30%Sample average:

19%

% of respondents who are

LOOKING FOR A JOB

66% Sample average:

48%


CAN RELY ON THEIR NETWORKS FOR SUPPORT

30%Sample average:

44%

MAIN SECTORS:1. Small trade (34%)2. Sewing (17%)3. Construction (15%)4. Transport (6%)5. Electric/plumbing (4%)

BASIC SERVICES SATISFACTION


INTERESTED IN STARTING THEIR OWN BUSINESSES

81% Sample average:

79%

MAIN REASONS NOT TO HAVE STARTED BUSINESSES:1. Lack of capital2. Lack of skills

% of respondents who had

MAJOR ILLNESS EPISODES DURING the LAST YEAR

16% Sample average:

10%

Awo-AleroAverage

satisfaction ratio

Education +2% 81%

Documentation -20% 57%


-5% 62%

Housing -17% 76%

Healthcare -7% 75%

Drinking Water -13% 73%

“The youth are the major problem of this community. Actually, it is the way their parents bring them up. They like things to be done sharp, sharp, sharp, sharp. That is why our school up till now did not have good students: most of them, all their mind is about travelling, travelling.”


Is migration contributing to the development of Awo-Alero? Our rapid assessment identified limited returnee investment. Moreover, some Libya returnees stated that people from the area were among their captors.

% of respondents with no access to grid

Sample average 18% 27%

31% 26%

MIGRATION PROFILE% of respondents

BORN IN ANOTHER COMMUNITY

71%Sample average:

61%

% of respondents

RECEIVING REMITTANCES

8%Sample average:

7%

% of respondents with

FAMILY MEMBERS / FRIENDS ABROAD

73%Sample average:

67%

DESIRE TO MIGRATE ABROAD

I WANT TO LEAVE BUT I AM UNABLE TO BECAUSE (MAIN REASONS):1. Financial means

MAIN REASONS FOR WANTING TO LEAVE THE COMMUNITY:1. Employment opportunities2. Better prospects abroad3. Lack of prospects here

% of respondents

ABLE TO MOVE AWAY WITHIN 12 MONTHS

55%Sample average:

44%

MIGRATION PROJECT DESTINATIONS:

SUSTAINABLE REINTEGRATION:

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES% of

RETURNEES

10%Sample average:

6%

PERCEPTION OF RETURNEES IN THE COMMUNITY


ACCESS TO PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT

7%Sample average:

24%

OPPORTUNITIES:• Presence of actors formally and informally engaged

in providing support to returneesCHALLENGES:• Local economy underdeveloped and widespread

poverty• Support to returnees sometimes based on personal

relationships

ECONOMIC DIMENSION

OPPORTUNITIES:• N/A: needs further assessmentCHALLENGES:• Stigmatization of ‘unsuccessful’ returnees• Negative perception of returnees in general

(migration is associated with ‘degenerate’ youths and small criminals)

SOCIAL DIMENSION

OPPORTUNITIES:• N/A: needs further assessmentCHALLENGES:• Lack of actors providing specialized psychosocial


PSYCHOSOCIAL DIMENSION


FELT DISCRIMINATED AGAINST

50%Sample average:

37%

STAKEHOLDER MAPPING

RECOMMENDATIONS

STAKEHOLDER MAP:KEY COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED:

Traditional leader: Local traditional leaders (four, one for each quarter of the community, one is the father of the state governor) are influential, partially due to the absence of local authorities.

Religious organizations: The local Anglican Church providessupport to returnees in terms of vocational training and returnsupport. Other churches are significantly less active.

POSSIBLE PRIORITY INTERVENTIONS: OBJECTIVES:

ADDRESS KEY COMMUNITY CHALLENGES

CREATE EMPLOYMENT

FOSTER SUSTAINABLE REINTEGRATION

SENSITIZE COMMUNITY

STAKEHOLDER DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES:- Build psychosocial support capacity of religious organizations- Assess capacity of local vocational centres and sensitize on

returnee reintegration challenges

Returnee economic empowerment“Awo-Alero is predominantly a farming community, but theyouth, due to ‘civilization,’ are no longer interested in thisprofession, rather they venture into vocational jobs likeelectrical wiring etc. because they feel it’s more rewardingfinancially. When, eventually, they discover that theinfrastructural support needed to excel is absent, they getrestless and migrating becomes the order of the day.”

FGD with returnees

Communication for DevelopmentTheatre-based methods (e.g. Theater of the Oppressed) or other participatory artistic activities could be used to let returnees and younger members elaborate (with guidance) on the community’s challenging social environment and lack of positive values.

Local cooperatives: The local Okada cooperative (Delta StateMotorcycle Association) counts several returnee members and isa common first job after returning. The OnyemeyenibeCooperative Trusted Partners Society provides support toreturnees in the form of ‘soft landing’ and loans, althoughprecedence is given to returnees with connections or with betterchances to repay.

Education institutions: A few vocational centres are present inthe community which could become resources for reintegration,provided their infrastructure and capacity is improvedsignificantly

Long-term support programme for younger generationsThe severe economic condition of Awo-Alero and its challenging social environment call for a long-term approach to support this community. The focus of the programme should be the younger generations – not just community members currently classified as ‘young’ but also children in schooling and families.The areas of interventions could be:- Strengthen the educational supply in the community with particular

attention to capacity building and sensitization of teaching staff.- Improve socialization and promote positive values among teenagers

and young members of the community with a structured and steady supply of cultural activities and events (to be linked to C4D activities).

- Promote and support youth entrepreneurship (both business-relatedand social). Young members of the community can be mentored onthe creation of a social or business activity and receive training andfinancial support for its implementation.

- Promote better parenting practices among families.

Long-term C4D: fostering dialogue between generations on shared values and migration

Different generations and groups should dialogue to define the corevalues to be shared and promoted within the community. How doesmigration fit into this value code? Is Awo-Alero benefiting frommigration? What can be done to ensure that the community benefits frommigration?

IberekodoOgun state



76%


Sample average:

48%

Setting type:

Peri-Urban

Iberekodo is a market community on the outskirts of Abeokuta (Ogun statecapital). It is also a ‘border’ community and a transit point for migrants, althoughthe impact of migration is limited.


Main languages:

Yoruba, Pidgin English, English

Decline of the market:

New, more competitive markets haveemerged in the Abeokuta area, affecting bothcommerce and agricultural production inIberekodo. This decline is only partlycompensated by the development of lightindustry (water filtering), although these newforms of economic activity are affecting thetraditional social dynamics in the community.

Road infrastructure development:Large road infrastructure development is negativelyaffecting Iberekodo. A large number of houses havebeen demolished, in some cases with nocompensation, due to lack of legal certification ofbuilding. Community members, however, aregenerally optimistic on the opportunities that thenew infrastructure will bring.

Population:

N/A

« When Iberokodo was Iberokodo, this was the first market in Abeokuta. Now our market is for benchwarmers, like in football »

Community member

The key challenge facing Iberekodo is maintaining high levels of social cohesion, especially among young community members, while deep social and economic transformation is taking place.


CAN BORROW MONEY

61%Sample average:

44%



53% Sample average:



80%Sample average:

80%



51%Sample average:

50%



25%Sample average:

19%


LOOKING FOR A JOB

53% Sample average:

48%



49%Sample average:

44%

MAIN SECTORS:1. Small trade (23%)2. Mechanic services (9%)3. Construction (8%)4. Manufacturing (4%)5. Agriculture (4%)

IberekodoAverage

satisfaction ratio

Education -1% 81%



10% 62%

Housing -4% 76%

Healthcare 14% 75%

Drinking Water 12% 73%




90% Sample average:

79%

MAIN REASONS NOT TO HAVE STARTED BUSINESSES:1. Lack of capital2. Still in education



6%Sample average:

10%



13% 18%



54%Sample average:

61%

% of respondents


3%Sample average:

7%



60%Sample average:

67%


I WANT TO LEAVE BUT I AM UNABLE TO BECAUSE (MAIN REASONS):1. Financial means2. Ongoing education

MAIN REASONS FOR WANTING TO LEAVE THE COMMUNITY:1. Employment opportunities2. “I don’t belong here”3. Education

% of respondents


41%Sample average:

44%




RETURNEES

3%Sample average:

6%




28%Sample average:

24%

OPPORTUNITIES:• Short-term economic reintegration relatively easy

thanks to large availability of “quick money” jobs (market, water sachet factories, okadas).

CHALLENGES:• Limited opportunities beyond “quick money” jobs,

especially for young, educated persons.

ECONOMIC DIMENSION

OPPORTUNITIES:• Non-negative perception of returnees prevailingCHALLENGES:• Lack of structured socialization opportunities for

young community members and returnees• Limited awareness on irregular migration and

human trafficking issues

SOCIAL DIMENSION

OPPORTUNITIES:• N/A: need further assessmentCHALLENGES:• Lack of actors providing specialized psychosocial





25%Sample average:

37%

STAKEHOLDER MAPPING

RECOMMENDATIONS


Traditional leader: The local traditional leader is very engaged and respected. He can be an effective partner for reintegration and any other community development initiative.

Local authorities: Our quick assessment indicates that they can be involved in project development and monitoring.

Religious organizations: Religious youth associations (Christian and Muslim) are relevant platforms for sensitization activities and for reintegration. They are especially relevant for continued livelihood and/or social and psychosocial support, after IOM/government support expires.

POSSIBLE INTERVENTIONS: OBJECTIVES:


CREATE EMPLOYMENT


SENSITIZE COMMUNITY

Marketplace reorientationIdentify the specific causes of the decline of the Iberekodo market and define a strategy with a participatory approach for its re-launch. Interventions may include the improvement of market infrastructure and capacity building on market planning and management.

Assessment of local agriculture production potential and bottlenecks

Several informants pointed at the untapped potential of agriculturalproduction in the area. Production is declining as the market declines. Interventions may include loan/grants schemes for young farmers and the creation or the strengthening of farmers cooperatives to allow localproducts to reach more dynamic marketplaces.

Community social centreThere is a general consensus among community members thatIberekodo needs a space for the socialisation and the “enlightenment” of the youth. More than being a common youth centre, this space couldalso serve as a platform for the strengthening of local associations or asan incubator of local civil society initiatives and organizations. Manyinformants suggested the organization of migration-related sensitizationinitiatives in the centre.

STAKEHOLDER DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES:- Build psychosocial support capacity of religious organizations- Assess capacity of farming associations for potential

involvement in economic reintegration

NGOs: We did not find NGOs operating in the community. The only previous development project encountered is a EU-funded cold storage room built within the local government compound.

Returnee economic empowerment- Commerce; quick jobs (okada riding, day worker in water filtering factory, etc.) are available and there is no need for vocational training to access these. However, these activities do not yield high income and have limited sustainability.- Iberekodo youths are rather entrepreneurial and they demand self-management, marketing and accounting skills rather than vocational training.- Iberekodo records the highest percentage of youths interested in acquiring agriculture-related skills, in particular, fish farming and livestock.

Communication for Development-Socio-economic transformations in place and difference in education attainment are widening the psychosocial distance between young and old members of the community.-Young community members do not feel involved enough in community decision-making and feeling of estrangement is growing

Reverse increase in poverty and food insecurity

Economic growth in Idogbo cannot cope withthe increase in population. Poverty and foodinsecurity are on the rise as the main sectorsof the local economy fail to take off.Moreover, land for agriculture has becomeinsufficient due to increase in population.

IdogboEdo state



31%


Sample average:

48%

Setting type:

Rural

Idogbo is a rural community with an economy based on agriculture and thepublic sector. Irregular migration is endemic and driven by the severe lack ofopportunities and growing levels of poverty.


Main languages:

Esan / Bini, Pidgin English

Missing enablers of growthThe basic infrastructure in Idogbo is in a state ofneglect. Access to healthcare is lacking almostcompletely. Access to electricity is also largelyinsufficient for both businesses and households.Education facilities are in an alarming state. There isalso no evidence of diaspora involvement incommunity development.

Population:

N/A

“While the world continues to change and is moving on, we are suffering, there is no money, there are no jobs in our community - that is why the young people are moving out to get a better life.”

KII with the King of Idogbo


CAN BORROW MONEY

39%Sample average:

44%



31%Sample average:



84%Sample average:

80%



57%Sample average:


DROPPED OUT OF SCHOOL BECAUSE COULD NOT AFFORD FEES

9%Sample average:

19%


LOOKING FOR A JOB

30%Sample average:

48%



52%Sample average:

44%

MAIN SECTORS:1. Education (22%)2. Construction (11%)3. Sewing (11%)4. Small retail (7%)5. Restaurant (7%)



INTERESTED IN STARTING OWN BUSINESS

66% Sample average:

79%

MAIN REASONS NOT TO HAVE STARTED BUSINESS:1. Lack of capital2. No business plan/idea



6%Sample average:

10%

IdogboAverage

satisfaction ratio

Education -3% 81%

Documentation +22% 57%


+5% 62%

Housing +13% 76%

Healthcare -9% 75%

Drinking Water +1% 73%

“Even though they are often ashamed of coming back to their homes, every family in here has at least one returnee. Migration is beyond mentality here, it is embedded in this community.”

KII with a local religious leader

“We [the public sector] have hired as many as 500 youths. The others, we leave them to God.”

KII with local government official

Improving living conditions and creating opportunities are key to achieving sustainable reintegration in a community where

irregular migration is endemic and mainly driven by desperation.



12% 7%



54%Sample average:

39%

% of respondents


14%Sample average:

7%



67%Sample average:

67%



MAIN REASONS FOR WANTING TO LEAVE THE COMMUNITY:1. Employment opportunities2. Education3. Family reasons

% of respondents


37%Sample average:

44%




RETURNEES

8%Sample average:

6%




39%Sample average:

24%

OPPORTUNITIES:• Presence of returnee employers and general

acceptance of returnee employeesCHALLENGES:• Severe scarcity of employment/livelihood

opportunities in the community

ECONOMIC DIMENSION

OPPORTUNITIES:• Non-negative perception of returnees prevailsCHALLENGES:• Family-centered culture – reintegration depends

critically on family of origin acceptance and capacity

• Insufficient socialisation opportunities for youngcommunity members and returnees

SOCIAL DIMENSION

OPPORTUNITIES:• Presence of actors with psychosocial support

experienceCHALLENGES:• Need to build psychosocial support capacity among

relevant actors




51%Sample average:

37%

STAKEHOLDER MAPPING

RECOMMENDATIONS


Traditional leader: The local King is respected and influential inthe community. He employs vulnerable community members(including returnees) in his plantation and provides support totheir families.

Religious organizations: Three structured religious organizationsoperate in the community (Justice Development Peace andCaritas Initiative; Child Protection Network; The Living ChristGospel Ministry health centre and Bethesda). Some worked withreturnees.

Private employers: a number of small business are run byreturnees or by people who employs young returnees.



CREATE EMPLOYMENT


SENSITIZE COMMUNITY

STAKEHOLDER DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES:Assess capacity of trade associations (farmers, water packaging factories, transporters, private schools owners, etc.) for potential involvement in economic reintegration

Community organizations: Community Development Associationswere disbanded by the King after cases of mismanagement.

NGOs: We did not find NGOs operating in the community, although some informant indicated that there are NGOs interested in undertaking projects in the community.

Infrastructure development and basic service provision- Healthcare: facilities exist but services are not provided.- Education: facilities are in an alarming state and provision to be

improved.- Transportation: urgent maintenance of the Benin-Abraka Road to

avoid floods during the rainy season.

Assess job creation potential of agricultureAgriculture is the first productive sector in Idogbo and plays a key role in terms of subsistence production. However, productive plots are scarce and an output expansion would require better techniques and technology. A detailed analysis should be conducted on the potential for job creation in the local primary sector. Value addition for agricultural produce should be explored.

Professional and migration orientation centreEstablishment of a centre for youth undertaking the following core activities:- Economic empowerment: provision of vocational training, self-

employment skills (business development, marketing, accounting, etc.).

- Promotion of social and business entrepreneurship among youths.- Promotion of regular migration opportunities.- Promotion of cultural and social events.

Returnee economic empowermentSeveral informants pointed out that options to acquire professional skills in Idogbo are limited due to the challenging economic environment. Moreover, those with professional skills most often struggle to find sufficient patronage for her/his activity. It is important that professional development / skill acquisition initiatives are linked to broader interventions that improve the overall economic outlook of the community or that point beneficiaries toward regular migration opportunities.

Communication for Development-Young community members do not feel involved enough in community decision-making and feeling of estrangement is growing

OrluImo state



41%


Sample average:

48%

Setting type:

Urban

Orlu is the second largest city of the Imo state and an important centre for thetrade of irregular migration opportunities.

CHALLENGES FACED BY THE COMMUNITY:

Main languages:

Igbo, Pidgin English, English

Decline of Orlu’s prominence Orlu knew rapid expansion during the Biafracivil war, when the city became an importantbase for humanitarian operations. The Orlusector is also home to a number of factoriesand industrial clusters, although their impacton local development decreased over time.To some extent, despite past opportunitiesand potential, Orlu missed out on taking asustainable development path.

Migration as the only wayLocal powers are living in a continued institutional impasseand there is no participation in the definition of adevelopment strategy for the community. This isexacerbated by large and disruptive road infrastructuredevelopment in the area. Younger generations are thosesuffering the most and lament the rise of crime andprostitution. Migration is firmly established as the only wayto achieve upward social mobility.

Population:

420.000 (estimated)

“It is good thing for the youth to travel abroad. They will be bringing things for their parents and younger ones. When travel abroad is bad, they will not bring anything and their parents will be very unhappy.”

KII with woman market leader, Orlu

Orlu’s key challenge is to reverse its decline by reviving the localinstitutions, increasing economic activity and involving younger

generations in the definition of a vision for the future of the community.


CAN BORROW MONEY

61%Sample average:

44%



50% Sample average:



88%Sample average:

80%



49%Sample average:



16%Sample average:

19%


LOOKING FOR A JOB

34% Sample average:

48%



57%Sample average:

44%

MAIN SECTORS:1. Small trade (23%)2. Construction (10%)3. Mechanical services (7%)4. Wholesale trade (5%)5. Restaurant/hotel (5%)




78% Sample average:

79%

MAIN REASONS NOT TO HAVE STARTED BUSINESS:1. Lack of capital2. Still in education3. Lack of skills

% of respondents who had a

MAJOR ILLNESS EPISODES DURING LAST YEAR

11%Sample average:

10%

OrluAverage

satisfaction ratio

Education +8% 81%



+6% 62%

Housing +8% 76%

Healthcare +8% 75%

Drinking Water +14% 73%



16% 24%



40%Sample average:

39%

% of respondents


5%Sample average:

7%



83%Sample average:

67%


I WANT TO LEAVE BUT I AM UNABLE TO BECAUSE (MAIN REASONS):1. Ongoing education2. Financial means3. Convince family

MAIN REASONS FOR WANTING TO LEAVE THE COMMUNITY:1. Employment opportunities2. Education3. Lack of prospects locally

% of respondents


43%Sample average:

44%




RETURNEES

4%Sample average:

6%




27%Sample average:

24%

OPPORTUNITIES:• Untapped potential for growth and job creation

within local small and medium businesses. There is need to improve management and access to capital

CHALLENGES:• Most jobs available do not provide stable career

prospects

ECONOMIC DIMENSION

OPPORTUNITIES:• Non-negative perception of returnees prevailingCHALLENGES:• Generalised social pressure to achieve success

through migration

SOCIAL DIMENSION

OPPORTUNITIES:• Limited stigmatisation• Fostering psychosocial reintegration by extending

counselling support to families and friends of the returnees

CHALLENGES:• Lack of actors providing specialized psychosocial





23%Sample average:

37%

STAKEHOLDER MAPPING

RECOMMENDATIONS

STAKEHOLDER MAP:KEY COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED:Religious organizations: Religion plays a very important role in regulation of local social activities and attitudes. More than 90% of the local population is Roman Catholic and the local diocesesupports IDPs from the Boko Haram insurgency in the North of the country.

Traditional leaders: Traditional leaders have a strong influence over the community and are better received than local government authorities.

Private sector: A number of small enterprises (e.g. printing, furniture manufacturing, metal fabrication), would benefit greatlyfrom the involvement of young workers in a structuredapprenticeship/career development perspective that goesbeyond short-term vocational training.



CREATE EMPLOYMENT


SENSITIZE COMMUNITY

STAKEHOLDER DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES:- Build psychosocial support capacity of religious organizations- Strengthen capacity of private sector partners on apprentices

career development/counselling

Community-level organizations: We mapped a local development union and an elderly association for advocacy. Both could be consulted as part of a more in-depth assessment of community-level interventions to foster sustainable reintegration.

Apprenticeship + SME strengthening programmeThe creation of long term career prospects in Orlu is a priority to ensurea future in the community for younger generations. Our rapidassessment of Orlu’s labour market suggests that local small andmedium enterprises would benefit greatly from a generational changein the apical positions and of the influx of young workforce. At the sametime, younger generations demand stable jobs that provide them withdecent salaries and a perspective to develop professionally and improvetheir social condition. We suggest a programme that links young jobseekers with local employers and supports them both:- Guidance to employers to grow their enterprise, improve access to

finance, plan investments, manage human resources;- Improve access to stable job opportunities and career development

to younger generations (and potentially returnees) through amentoring/apprenticeship programme covering different careerprofiles with the possibility to switch paths or undertake self-employment opportunities after the formation is completed.

In parallel, we suggest to improve access to a steady supply ofelectricity for employers and the community at large.

Support vulnerable youth and foster collective actionYounger informants report that marginalization and vulnerability are on the rise, with cases of girls turning to prostitution and boys to crime by necessity. At a more general level, younger members of the community lack a platform to influence community decision-making. Support maybe needed to create a youth-led organization advocating for youngergenerations and providing support to the younger members of the community most in need.

Returnee economic empowerment- Meaningful economic reintegration in Orlu can only happen by

giving a long-term career perspective to returnees. ‘Quick money’ activities (e.g. hairdressing, tailoring) can in fact encourage further irregular migration.

- Growing sectors: commerce, IT, mechanical services, furniture and metal fabrication.

- Access to finance: potential to link support to access to microloans (microfinance institutions are present locally) and defining career development or business plans.

Communication for Development- Pessimism, apathy and lack of positive role models

among younger members of the community- Need to address the sense of powerlessness in the

determination of the future of the community- Involvement in decision-making as a strategy to

address the expectations of the youths

UghelliDelta state


PAID JOB or INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITY

63%


Sample average:

48%

Setting type:

Semi-Urban

Industrialization and oil extraction have changed Ughelli deeply, from anagrarian community to a rapidly growing town facing industrial decline andinsecurity issues. In terms of migration, Ughelli receives a significant number ofinternal migrants from the surrounding rural areas, and several of its youthsmigrate to Ghana.


Main languages:

Urhobo, Pidgin English

Economic declineOnce home to major industrial activity,Ughelli has seen the closure or the relocationof several factories in recent times. Oilextraction activities in the area have alsobeen halted due to security concerns, thoughnot all Ughellians agree on whether theseactivities were beneficial for the community.In general, Ughelli’s business environmentdeteriorated significantly in the last 10-20years to the point that large activities are notsustainable anymore.

Organized crimeCriminal and terrorist organizations have beentargeting oil-related and industrial activities in thearea. With the decline of industries and the halting ofoil extraction, criminal activities targeting thecommunity are becoming more frequent. A criminalgroup called “Deve” recruits several local unemployedyouths to extort money from small businesses. Othergroups use youths to run internet scams (“Yahoo” and“Yahoo+”).

Population:

Estimated at 83,000 (2007)

“The rich here are unable to enjoy their wealth because they do not feel safe.”

FGD with young community members

Ughelli’s key challenge is to find innovative and sustainablesolutions to its economic decline and to eradicate organised crime.


CAN BORROW MONEY

32%Sample average:

44%



65%Sample average:

50%



71%Sample average:

80%



58%Sample average:



11%Sample average:

19%


LOOKING FOR A JOB

66% Sample average:

48%


CAN RELY ON NETWORK FOR SUPPOR

23%Sample average:

44%

MAIN SECTORS:1. Small trade (22%)2. Construction (7%)3. Transport (7%)4. Restaurants (4%)




84%Sample average:

79%

MAIN REASONS NOT TO HAVE STARTED BUSINESS:1. Lack of capital2. Lack of skills



15%Sample average:

10%

UghelliAverage

satisfaction ratio

Education -10% 81%



-17% 62%

Housing -13% 76%

Healthcare -16% 75%


“In Delta state, you are either a politician, a civil servant, a teacher, or a revenue collector. Industries have allcollapsed.”

FGD with young community members

“The authorities should wipe out the Deve people, or at least make them stop collect illegal money from the community.”

KII with employer

“If you want to make fast money now you don’t need to go to Ghana anymore but you can go to the Yahoo boys and get trained.”

KII with employer



25% 27%



48%Sample average:

61%

% of respondents


5%Sample average:

7%



44%Sample average:

67%



MAIN REASONS FOR WANTING TO LEAVE THE COMMUNITY:1. Employment opportunities2. Better prospects abroad3. Lack of prospects here

% of respondents


53%Sample average:

44%




RETURNEES

4%Sample average:

6%




8%Sample average:

24%

OPPORTUNITIES:• The private sector is generally open to employing returnees with

clean records.

CHALLENGES:• The disappearance of industries and the reduction of oil extraction

activities in the area has heavily affected by the availability ofemployment opportunities. Promising industries continue tocollapse/withdraw due to lack of enabling environment for growthincluding steady supply of electricity and demands for ‘settlement’(money) by youth gangs.

ECONOMIC DIMENSION

OPPORTUNITIES:• Presence of partners with sensitization experience (e.g. NOA, UPYA

youth association).

CHALLENGES:• Prevailing negative perception of returnees, mainly formed through

the boastful behaviour of returnees from Ghana observed during the festive season

SOCIAL DIMENSION

OPPORTUNITIES:• N/A: need further assessment

CHALLENGES:• Lack of actors providing specialized psychosocial support to returnees• Overall low performance of psychosocial health indicators




34%Sample average:

37%

STAKEHOLDER MAPPING

RECOMMENDATIONS


National Orientation Agency: Providing empowerment to young community members as part of a state programme. Past collaboration with UNICEF on sensitization activities.

Urhobo Progressive Youth Association: Provides empowerment to unemployed youths regardless of clan and education level.

POSSIBLE INTERVENTIONS: OBJECTIVES


CREATE EMPLOYMENT


SENSITIZE COMMUNITY

Improve business environment and support sustainable industrialization

Relaunching industrialization in Ughelli is not possible if the business environment is not improved significantly:- Address security issues (e.g. kidnappings of business owners or of

their family members, extortion);- Improve provision of electricity to business and community at large- Reduce corruption

Long-term support programme in favour of younger generations

The key areas of interventions could be:- Improving socialization and promote positive values among

teenagers and young members of the community with a structured and steady supply of cultural activities and events (to be linked to C4D activities)

- Promotion and support of youth entrepreneurship, both business-related and social: young members of the community can be mentored on the creation of a social or business activity and receive training and financial support for its implementation

- Reintegration of youths previously engaged in criminal activities

STAKEHOLDER DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES:- The key stakeholders involved have had limited exposure to

reintegration issues and would need to build/strengthen their expertise in this area

NGOs: A few NGOs are active in the community, although we are not in a position to provide an indication of their relevance.

Traditional leaders and local government: The population has a negative perception of the local monarchy. Local chiefs are very influential and respected in some cases. The local government is perceived negatively and their capacity is low.

Religious organizations: Contrary to expectations, our rapid mapping did not find evidence for the presence of relevant religious organizations. Further assessment may be needed.

Returnee economic empowerment

- A strategic assessment should be conducted at the local level with the relevant partners active in providing economic empowerment (National Orientation Agency, Urhobo Progressive Youth Organization).

- IT is growing in the area, although this is partly due to illegal activities (i.e. internet scams). Reorientation of youth on opportunities in IT beyond scams is urgent

Communication for Development- Prevent participation of youth in criminal activities- Parents reorientation: “A mother wakes up and

spanks a son that all your friends have gone to Ghana and you are here eating my eba. The boy later left for Ghana and came back with three jeeps in less than one year. The question is – what kind of engagement will earn him millions to buy three jeeps in less than one year?” (FDG with youths)

UromiEdo state


PAID JOB or INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITY

38%


Sample average:

48%

Setting type:

Rural

Uromi is a rural community resulting from a collection of villages. Located in afertile area, level of access to food is good, although the local economy provideslittle beyond subsistence. Migration from Uromi is significant and mainly drivenby the a severe scarcity of opportunities within its area. The community isprevalently Roman Catholic and religion plays a significant role in everyday life.


Main languages:

Esan / Bini, Edo, Pidgin English

Leadership failuresDespite the presence of natural resources(fertile soil) and the absence of conflicts inthe community, local authorities, eithertraditional or governmental, have failed tobring development to Uromi due tocorruption and incompetence. Mistrust ofauthorities is high in the community, whosemembers are forced to challenge authoritieson some occasions.

Reintegration of returneesThe cost of irregular migration from Uromi is low asto reflect the low level of the local economy and thelow quality of the ‘packages’ offered. Yet only thebetter off can afford it, sometimes by selling assetsacquired through generations. The influx of agrowing number of returnees with little to show fortheir journey and the severe lack of opportunitiesmake reintegration a major challenge.

Population:

N/A

“I met it [Uromi] as before, as in I still met it the way I left it. Infact, is even worse, is very very worse now. Just like fuel. Na die.”

FGD with returnees

Uromi’s key challenge is to elevate itself from a subsistence economydespite weak and corrupt institutions. In the short term, opportunitiesshould be created locally to foster the reintegration of a growingnumber of migrants who faced unfavourable conditions and to improveaccess to regular migration opportunities.


CAN BORROW MONEY

46%Sample average:

44%



27%Sample average:

50%



86%Sample average:

80%



54%Sample average:

50%


DROPPED OUT OF SCHOOL BECAUSE COULD NOT AFFORD FEES

20%Sample average:

19%


LOOKING FOR A JOB

42%Sample average:

48%


CAN RELY ON NETWORK FOR SUPPORT

57%Sample average:

44%

MAIN SECTORS:1. Small trade (23%)2. Mechanic services (9%)3. Construction (8%)4. Manufacturing (4%)5. Agriculture (4%)




76% Sample average:

79%

MAIN REASONS NOT TO HAVE STARTED BUSINESS:1. Lack of capital2. Lack of connections3. Legal obstacles



7%Sample average:

10%

UromiAverage

satisfaction ratio

Education +1% 81%



0% 62%

Housing +16% 76%

Healthcare +11% 75%


“There is self-sufficiency in Uromi but no institution, no activity no functional hospitals, schools, and other facilities and services in our community – there are lots of abandoned projects – how can we trust any authority?”

FGD with community members



9% 70%



81%Sample average:

61%

% of respondents


8%Sample average:

7%



65%Sample average:

67%


I WANT TO LEAVE BUT I AM UNABLE TO BECAUSE (MAIN REASONS):1. Financial means2. Convincing family

MAIN REASONS FOR WANTING TO LEAVE THE COMMUNITY:1. Employment opportunities2. Education3. Better prospects abroad

% of respondents


31%Sample average:

44%




RETURNEES

7%Sample average:

6%




43%Sample average:

24%

OPPORTUNITIES:• Good access to food and basic subsistence• Untapped potential in the primary sectorCHALLENGES:• Severe scarcity of opportunities for employment

and self-employment

ECONOMIC DIMENSION

OPPORTUNITIES:• Non-negative perception of returnees prevailsCHALLENGES:• Stigmatization of ‘failed’ returnees on the rise• Lack of structured socialization opportunities for

returnees

SOCIAL DIMENSION

OPPORTUNITIES:• Presence of several actors offering reintegration

support that could scale up/improve psychosocialsupport

CHALLENGES:• Need to build/strengthen capacity to offer

psychosocial support across all potential actors




41%Sample average:

37%

STAKEHOLDER MAPPING

RECOMMENDATIONS

STAKEHOLDERS MAP:KEY COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED:

Local religious organisations: A local religious organisation (JDPCI: Justice, Development and Peace Caritas Initiative) is already active in providing psychosocial support to returnees and would benefit greatly from capacity strengthening in this area and support to scale up initiatives. Other religious leaders in Uromi are activelypromoting migration and should be sensitized to the risks of irregular migration.

NGOs: A few NGOs are active in Uromi, although our rapidassessment indicated that local religious NGOs are much more rooted in the community. Synergies between the two groupscould be sought.

Trade associations: Given the agricultural orientation of Uromi, the farmers association can play a key role in economicreintegration. The local tailors association could also be considered in this perspective.

POSSIBLE PRIORITY INTERVENTIONS: OBJECTIVES:


CREATE EMPLOYMENT


SENSITIZE COMMUNITY

Agribusiness development programmeUromi’s fertile soil has allowed this community to enjoy self-sufficiency andgood access to food. Informants pointed out the potential of establishingagribusiness activities in the area, which go beyond basic transformation (inpart already present). An agribusiness development programme for Uromicould include the following elements:- Assessment of local primary sector and identification of agribusiness

activities with high potential for the area (with primary focus on job creation).

- Support to agriculture productivity, while also making sure that access to land and/or cheap local food products remains high so not to impact negatively community resilience.

- Support to farmers in modern value-added agriculture to reduce loss of raw materials through training in packaging, processing, cooling, drying, and juice extraction activities, amongst others.

Improve access to a stable supply of electricity is key for the success of any industrialization initiative in the area.

Initiate returnee/migrant associationGiven the significance of migration from Uromi and the growing number ofreturnees, a returnee association could potentially have the critical massneeded to make an impact for addressing the local institutional failures andpromote the development of the community. Migrant/returnee associationsare extremely rare in Nigeria – a fact that is in contrast with the incidence ofmigration in this country and that finds no clear explanation yet. A top-downapproach in the creation of such association may be justified to overcome thesocial and individual obstacles that make these initiatives so rare in the country.

STAKEHOLDER DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES:- Build psychosocial support capacity of religious organizations- Assess and strengthen capacity of trade associations for

potential involvement in economic and social reintegrationTraditional leader and local authorities: Both are perceived negatively by the community due to widespread corruption, mismanagement, and lack of interest in the development of Uromi.

Returnee economic empowerment- At a general level, opportunities to acquire professional skills or

to receive vocational training locally are very scarce. There isthus a need to intervene on this basic point.

- The effectiveness of ‘quick-money’ vocational training forreturnees is likely to be limited in terms of sustainablereintegration.

- Greater impact can be achieved only by linking economicempowerment with systemic interventions on the local economy(e.g. agribusiness).

Communication for Development- Need for a strong sensitization effort targeting

families and young members of the community onthe risks of irregular migration and returneereintegration.

- Address the limited capacity of local population toinitiate collective actions aimed at improving the localpolitical and administrative framework.


108

ANNEX 1 : REGRESSION RESULTS

Dependent variable: Desire to leave the community (migint).

The third and fourth regressions are run on, respectively, female and male respondent only.

(1) (2) (3)(Female) (4)(Male)

migint migint migint migint

b/p b/p b/p b/p

female -0.431* -0.435* 0.000 0.000

(0.082) (0.080) (.) (.)

age -0.056** -0.058** -0.055 -0.065*

(0.039) (0.036) (0.195) (0.083)

urban -0.690** -0.684** -1.408*** -0.014

(0.014) (0.016) (0.001) (0.973)

Edo state -0.378 -0.374 -0.395 -0.429

(0.332) (0.348) (0.518) (0.432)

Delta state 0.561 0.594 0.497 0.697

(0.143) (0.124) (0.377) (0.211)

Imo state 0.600 0.589 0.992 0.266

(0.208) (0.218) (0.185) (0.681)

High school 0.682** 0.695** 1.144** 0.230

(0.017) (0.015) (0.011) (0.557)

University

degree

1.038** 1.033** 0.935 1.470*

(0.021) (0.022) (0.129) (0.072)

Reduced food 0.620** 0.631** 1.041** 0.287

(0.019) (0.017) (0.011) (0.439)

Employed -0.408 -0.404 -0.978** 0.042

(0.155) (0.159) (0.023) (0.916)

Receive

remittances

1.884** 1.870** 2.190* 1.692

(0.014) (0.014) (0.062) (0.110)

Easy to find

job

-0.857 -0.861 0.116 -1.390*

(0.141) (0.139) (0.922) (0.069)

Violent

community

-0.332

(0.489)

Close

community

-0.062

(0.813)

Constant 2.731*** 2.799*** 2.517** 2.765***

(0.000) (0.000) (0.021) (0.007)

N. of Obs. 512 512 247 265

Pseu. R2 0.109 0.110 0.206 0.084


109

ANNEX 2 : COMMUNICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT DEFINITION AND STRATEGY A communication for development (C4D) strategy is primarily based on an environmental scan and must answer five basic questions, as suggested by Bauer and Jenatsch (2016):

• What changes do we want to contribute?

• Who are we talking to? Who are the target audiences?

• With which messages?

• What are the most effective channels and tools?

• How do we measure success? This section addresses these issues and questions by identifying a conceptual framework upstream in line with IOM's mandate and its specific objectives in West Africa. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK : COMMUNICATION AND CAPABILITY In a context of migration - and in particular of return - the challenge is therefore to increase, as much as possible, the 'capabilities' of potential candidates for migration or returning migrants without trying to influence this or that choice. In this perspective, a policy or strategy of assistance to actual migrants, IDPs and returnees as well as to people wishing to migrate will need to focus on removing what Carling (2011) calls involuntary mobility or involuntary immobility (Carling, 2002). This would better promote their ability to make informed and autonomous choices, based on what they deem preferable. IOM's redefinition of the objectives of the reintegration of returnees follows this logic: "Having achieved sustainable reintegration, returnees are able to make future migration decisions a matter of choice, not of necessity" (2017; 3). IOM recognizes that return – regardless of the success of the social, economic and psychosocial reintegration process – does not exclude possible future migration; this decision belongs to the individual and must be done voluntarily and not passively or undergone. COMMUNICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT (C4D) How to define the objectives and modalities of a communication strategy for communities, potential migrants and return migrants? If the objective is to reinforce the capacities of individuals to make an informed choice and optimize the possibilities they themselves have identified, it is important to distinguish between prevention campaigns (awareness raising) and so-called behavioural change campaigns. The former aims to increase the options available and the ability to choose, putting the capacity for voluntary action of the individual at the centre of the process and maintaining a goal of protection; the latter can be understood as partially at odds with this objective, since it aims to restrict options while modifying the behaviour of the individual, who then finds himself in a situation of passivity. These two terms have sometimes been used interchangeably, sometimes coordinated with each other. To avoid confusion, this study will focus on an approach to promote dialogue and socio-economic integration - the communication for development (C4D).


110

Figure 20. Conceptualisation of C4D initiatives in the area of sustainable reintegration

C4D is defined as ‘a social process based on dialogue and using a wide range of tools and methods. It also aims to bring about change at different levels, including listening, building trust, sharing knowledge and skills, developing policies, discussing and learning for meaningful and sustainable change’ (UNDP, 2011). In the text of the Consensus from the World Congress on Communication for Development of Rome 2006, the United Nations recommends to earmark 5 per cent of the total resources of any development programme in favour of the C4D component, in order to optimize long-term impact and sustainability. In the case of this study, given the integration difficulties encountered by returnees (stigma, trauma, discrimination), C4D can contribute to giving return migrants and non-returnees make individual choices and be part of a collective decision-making process. Objectives of the C4D approach:

1. Potential migrants are informed and aware of the risks and consequences of irregular migration 2. Potential migrants are informed and aware of opportunities and options for safe, regular

migration - with socio-economic integration in the countries of destination; 3. Potential migrants are informed and aware of social, economic and psychosocial (re-) integration

options - in their communities of origin or in communities of their choice; 4. Communities do not encourage / promote irregular migration as a social norm of success; 5. Communities gain a better understanding of the migratory phenomenon as well as the added

value (socially and economically) of returning migrants in the community; 6. Communities gain a better understanding of remit-related opportunities, partnerships with the

diaspora, and exchanges with destination countries (vocational training, cultural exchanges);


111

7. Potential migrants, returnees and the community at large gain ability to influence the decision-making in their own community.

Through socio-economic research and the C4D approach, the aim is to support IOM by strengthening their Communications and Outreach strategy under the EUTF. The priority audience remains the return migrants but also the so-called 'host' communities of return, transit or reception. Both are prioritized in order to optimize the respective capacities of the individuals by a better reintegration or social, economic but also psycho-social integration within these communities. The table below recalls the major issues of this optimisation.

Table 43. Synthesis of the goal and objectives of the C4D

Central objective: Optimize individual returnee's capabilities in order to prevent human trafficking

and avoid resorting to life-endangering migration projects

Intended outcomes:

• Economic opportunities and stability

• Social support and inclusion

• Psychological stability and wellbeing

Stages:

1. Map and evaluate existing local, national and regional opportunities

2. Develop new and improve on existing local, national and regional

opportunities

3. Actively promote and engage with enactment of local, national and

regional activities

Intended audience: IOM and national-level actors dealing with youth and migration

Approach: Communications for development (C4D)

Tenets of

interventions:

• Listening

• Sharing knowledge and skills

• Learning

• Building policies & programmes


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ANNEX 3 : LIST OF COMMUNITY-LEVEL STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED

# Community Type Informant Organization Position Date Email Phone/Skype

1. Awo-Alero Local Government

Aziken Lucy Local Government Office Head of Department, Community Development Office

12 Feb 2018 N/A 08065883447

2. Awo-Alero Local government / CSO

Comrade Memeh National Union of Local Government Employee (NULGE)

Secretary 14 Feb 2018 N/A 07062207537

3. Awo-Alero CSO Martin Ikechukwu Idegwu

Onyemeyenibe Multi Purpose Cooperative Society (OMPCS)

Committee member 14 Feb 2018 N/A 0816873354

4. Awo-Alero CSO Okekpolo Chukwunedum Ochuko

Calvary Polytechnic Assistant Lecturer 14 Feb 2018 [email protected] 08162738928

5. Awo-Alero Employer Georgina Omogor Mbanwa

Victory Maternity Matron 14 Feb 2018 N/A 08065351494

6. Awo-Alero Employer Uche Onyemariehi Freedom Computer Centre Owner 14 Feb 2018 N/A 07061952684

7. Awo-Alero Employer Chukwuebuka Chukwugozie

Cijjoge Ventures Ltd Manager 12 Feb 2018 N/A 08093246003

8. Awo-Alero Employer Chinyere Eboma Chinyere Fashion Centre Owner 14 Feb 2018 N/A 08134635102

9. Awo-Alero Religious leader

Pastor Oduluyi Kayode Living Faith Church Pastor 14 Feb 2018 N/A 08137019373; 07054702206

10. Awo-Alero Employer Emeke Felix White Man Barbing Salon Owner 14 Feb 2018 N/A 08136541842

11. Iberekodo Local government

Mr Oguneye Abeokuta North Local Government

Head of Administration

08 Feb 2018 N/A N/A


David Dada, Abeokuta North Local Government

Director of Budget, Planning and Statistics

08 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

13. Iberekodo Traditional leader

Balogun Dekoye Iberekodo community Chief 08 Feb 2018 N/A 08033448024


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14. Iberekodo CSO Adekunle Sunday Iberekodo Community Development Association

Secretary 10 feb 2018 N/A N/A

15. Iberekodo CSO / Employer

Emmanuel Segun Falade

Citizens Diplomatic Bureau (NGO) / Money Wealth Info Systems

Project officer / CEO 08 Feb 2018 [email protected] 08022226484

16. Iberekodo CSO (vigilante)

Lukeman Ojo AKA “Wosan”

Vigilante Service of Ogun State (Iberekodo)

Manager 10 Feb 2018 N/A 0814 844 5876

17. Iberekodo Traditional leader

Atanda Olaifa Ojo Iberekodo community Chief, Herbalist, Traditional healer

10 Feb 2018 N/A N/A


Odidi Olubisayo Market Health Centre Matron 08 Feb 2018 [email protected] 08033934588

19. Iberekodo Employer Kayode Ogundele Kay Blue Concept (beverage distributor)

CEO 08 Feb 2018 N/A 08137737795

20. Iberekodo Employer Yussuf Taoheed Powerful Omega Telecommunications

Owner 07 Feb 2018 [email protected] 07038881499

21. Iberekodo Employer Rotimi Falade Unnamed baking business Owner 10 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

22. Idogbo Local government

Henry Okojie Local Government Authority Director of Administration

12 Feb 2018 N/A 08115851155

23. Idogbo Local Government / CSO

Josephine Duze Local Government Authority / Nigerian Union of Local Government Employees

Senior Administrative Officer/ Vice Chairperson

14 Feb 2018 N/A 08059662175

24. Idogbo Local government

Okankan William Local Government Authority Principal Administrative Officer (Establishment)

12 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

25. Idogbo CSO (vigilate)

Friday Uhunamure Vigilante Group of Nigeria (Idogbo)

Commander 13 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

26. Idogbo Religious organization

Nosa Lazarus Obamwonyi

The Living Christ Gospel Ministry

General supervisor 14 Feb 2018 [email protected] 08139665702


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Reverend Father Dr. Fidelis Arhedo

Justice Development Peace and Caritas Initiative (JDPCI)

Executive Director 14 Feb 2018 N/A 08034930414


Pastor Josephine Duze Child Protection Network Coordinator 14 Feb 2018 N/A 08059662175

29. Idogbo Traditional leader

H.R.H Edorodion Osarobo,

Local Monarchy King (Enogie) 13 Feb 2018 N/A 08183128531

30. Idogbo Employer Ewaen Ojo-Edokpayi E-Way Hotel CEO 13 Feb 2018 N/A 08059499004

31. Idogbo Employer Ehigie Ojo Ehigie & Co. Weilding Works Managing Director 14 Feb 2017 N/A 08055642863; 09090805315; 08075272812

32. Idogbo Employer Imariabe Bright Osaze Dre Light Computer Training Institute

CEO 13 Feb 2018 N/A 08054530945

33. Orlu Local Government

Hon. Obinna Onyeocha Local Government Authority Chairman 12 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

34. Orlu Employer / Local government

Dr. Ephraim Ifeanyi Chukwudime

Orlu Clinic Director 14 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

35. Orlu CSO / Local government

Chidi Meremikwu Orlu Development Union (ODU)

Assistant Secretary 14 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

36. Orlu Religious organization

Theresa Obioha Catholic Women Organization (CWA)

Member 14 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

37. Orlu Religious organization

Rev. Fr. Patrick Osekwu Orlu Catholic Diocese Secretary to the Bishop of Orlu

14 Feb 2018 [email protected] 08148406220

38. Orlu Traditional leader

Barrister I. Achi (J.P) Orlu Community Prime Minister of Orlu Community

12 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

39. Orlu Employer Cyril Udeze CYN Construction Works Owner 14 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

40. Orlu Employer Innocent Okolie Charity Printing Press Owner 14 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

41. Orlu Employer Kelvin Metu Policy Printing Press Owner 14 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

42. Orlu Employer Nwuchi Perfect Wood and InteriorDecoration

Owner 14 Feb 2018 N/A N/A


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43. Ughelli Employer Ejiro Broboh Confectionery factory CEO 09 Feb 2018 N/A 081349727993; 08134192192

44. Ughelli Employer Omonigho Anthony Efak Ventures Ltd CEO 09 Feb 2018 N/A 08035863354

45. Ughelli Trade association

Evelyn Oghenevo Market Women Association President 10 Feb 2018 N/A 07089639086

46. Ughelli Government Obegba Maurice National Orientation Agency (NOA)

Department Head 09 Feb 2018 [email protected] 08037317632

47. Ughelli Employer Akpotobor Edewor Passmark Hotel Manager 11 Feb 2018 [email protected] 08069843770

48. Ughelli CSO Ebah Eserophe Steve The Peace Corps of Nigeria Top Commandant 09 Feb 2018 [email protected] 08069843635

49. Ughelli Employer Jacob Opute MD Ufor Hospital Director 09 Feb 2018 [email protected] 08074456365; 08023835391

50. Ughelli Local government

Egbikuadje O. Williams Local Government Office Head of Personnel Management

09 Feb 2018 [email protected] 08052748566

51. Ughelli CSO Marcus Ekure Urhobo Progressive Youth Association

Director 10 feb 2018 [email protected] 08063726664; 07051340945

52. Ughelli Employer Blessing Ogounje Usivwo Pharmacy Manager 10 feb 2018 N/A 08033629739

53. Uromi CSO Rev. John Bosco Ezehi Catholic CHESS Project (Children Home Education and Social Support)

Executive Director 10 Feb 2018 Chess.com.ng N/A

54. Uromi Traditional leader

Prince Collins Ezewere Local Monarchy Odionwere (Chief) 08 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

55. Uromi Traditional leader

Chief Mozyienonrue Local Monarchy Ihanze of Uromi Kingdom, Owala Ihanzi Uromi

08 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

56. Uromi Religious leader

Michael Ebosele Local Monarchy Chief Priest 10 Feb 2018 N/A N/A

57. Uromi Local Government

Eloh Friday Local Government Authority Orphan and Vulnerable Children (OVC) Desk Officer

10 Feb 2018 N/A 08100369104, 08055367487


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58. Uromi Employer Oseiwe Cosmos Rodelia Bar and Restaurant Owner 08 Feb 2018 N/A 09077126776

59. Uromi Employer Anthony Momodu Tonero Group of Companies CEO 09 Feb 2018 N/A 08169527545

60. Uromi Employer Humphrey Ebareh Hotel de’ Tonero Manager 11 Feb 2018 N/A 08058544170, 08126376277

61. Uromi Employer Godfrey Kadiri Ecobank Plc Brnch Manager 09 Feb 2018 N/A 08022183172

ANNEX 4 : LIST OF FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS HELD


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Community Participants’ profile No. of participants

Sex Date

Awo-Alero Returnees 7 All men 13 Feb 2018

Young returnees (18-34) 7 All men 13 Feb 2018

Iberekodo

Community leaders (5 traditional leaders, 1 activist, 1 ‘successful’ returnee) 7 All men 09 Feb 2018

Female community members (25-39) 5 All women 09 Feb 2018

Iberekodo market women leaders 5 All women 09 Feb 2018

Idogbo Young male community members (including 1 returnee) 6 All men 13 Feb 2018

Young female community members (including 1 returnee) 6 All women 13 Feb 2018

Orlu Young community members (18-24) 5 Mixed 13 Feb 2018

Returnees (28-42) 6 All men 13 Feb 2018

Ughelli Young entrepreneurs and self-employed community members (15-34) 7 All men 10 Feb 2018

Young entrepreneurs and self-employed community members (18-34) 7 All women 10 Feb 2018

Uromi Young returnees (20-23) 5 All men 10 Feb 2018

Micro/small-business owners and community members 7 All women 10 Feb 2018


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ANNEX 5 : LIST OF CENTRAL-LEVEL STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED

Governmental stakeholders

Organization Government level Date of interview Interview type

National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) Lagos office 12 Feb 2018 In person

National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) Central 14 Feb 2018 Phone interview

National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP) Lagos office 13 Feb 2018 In person

National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP) Central 14 Feb 2018 Phone interview

Nigeria National Volunteer Service (NNVS) Central 14 Feb 2018 Phone interview

National Commission for Refugees Migrants and Internally Displaced Persons (NCFRMI) Lagos office 14 Feb 2018 In person

Edo State Task Force on Anti-Human Trafficking (ESTFAHT) State-level 14 Feb 2018 In person

Federal Ministry of Labour & Employment (FMLE) Central 15 Feb 2018 Phone interview

International stakeholders

Organization Date of interview Interview type

EU Delegation 12 Feb 2018 In person

Embassy of Switzerland in Nigeria 14 Feb 2018 Phone interview

NGOs


Women Economic Empowerment Organization (WEEO) 08 Feb 2018 Phone interview

Policy Consult 09 Feb 2018 Phone interview

Committee for Support of Dignity of Women (COSUDOW) 12 Feb 2018 In person

Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre (CISLAC) 13 Feb 2018 In person

Patriotic Citizen Initiative (PCI) 13 Feb 2018 In person

IDIA Renaissance 13 Feb 2018 In person

Society for the Empowerment of Young Persons (SEYP) 13 Feb 2018 In person

Other stakeholders


Fabie Foods (Ibadan-based private food processing factory employing youths from disadvantaged backgrounds)

01 Feb 2018 In person


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ANNEX 6 : LIST OF INITIATIVES THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED FOR REPLICATION IN THE NIGERIAN CONTEXT

Type Name Organization Website What it does Lead Resources needed

Mental Health / Psychosocial

Psychosocial Support training programme

Caritas https://www.caritas.ch/en/what-we-do/worldwide/education-and-income/palestine-strengthening-sustainability-of-psychosocial-healthcare.html

Caritas has implemented a training programme for psycho-social interventions in Palestine. In the realm of psychosocial health, it is impossible to provide services unless you have trained professionals. This 3-year programme trains a group of 30 locals to become psychotherapists – sustainably addressing the lack of workforce.

IOM Medium

Mental Health / Psychosocial

Community Resource Centres

IOM https://www.iom.int/news/community-resource-centres-consolidate-support-returnee-reintegration-iraq

With millions of IDPs returning to their places of origin in Iraq, IOM is working in conjunction with the Iraqi government’s Joint Coordination and Monitoring Centre to support returnees through Community Resource Centres. These centres are meant to serve as hubs for coordination, information, and referrals so that community members and returnees may access the services they require.

IOM with support of government

Medium

Health / Energy Community Cooker

Clean Cookstoves

http://cleancookstoves.org/partners/item/12/476 https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2017/09/27/slums-youth-and-social-enterprise-nairobis-community-cooker-project/

Based in Kibera, Nairobi, the Community Cooker was prototyped to harness the energy produced from safely incinerating (the proliferation of) trash in informal settlements, while also providing a means for cooking and boiling water for washing and cleaning at a fraction of the cost of using charcoal or kerosene.

Entrepreneur Low

Health / Energy Takamoto Biogas

Takamoto Biogas

http://www.takamotobiogas.com/ This company sells a system which converts cow waste into cooking gas. Geared particularly toward farmers (requires 2-4 cows and access to water), it eliminates the cost and health risk of using firewood and charcoal. The waste is converted into energy and the remaining waste is utilized as bio fertilizer which increases crop yield.

Entrepreneurs, with IOM buying the system

Low

https://www.caritas.ch/en/what-we-do/worldwide/education-and-income/palestine-strengthening-sustainability-of-psychosocial-healthcare.html





https://www.iom.int/news/community-resource-centres-consolidate-support-returnee-reintegration-iraq



http://cleancookstoves.org/partners/item/12/476

http://cleancookstoves.org/partners/item/12/476

https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2017/09/27/slums-youth-and-social-enterprise-nairobis-community-cooker-project/




http://www.takamotobiogas.com/


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Energy Brighter lives for refugees

IKEA Foundation and UNHCR

http://www.unhcr.org/565c16736.html http://www.unhcr.org/brighterlives/

This is a large-scale campaign, the third phase of which can be applicable to potential IOM WA solutions: Building a grid-connected solar farm near Azraq Syrian refugee camp (could be done in small towns in WA and is a long-term sustainable energy solution).

IOM, with government support

High

Energy Solar Powered Borehole

NRC https://www.nrc.no/news/2015/march/more-water-from-solar-energy-at-affordable-cost/

NRC developed a borehole in 2014 which is capable of providing refugees in Dadaab camp with a daily average of 280,000 litres of potable water. This is an environmentally sound solution for a camp/settlement environment and also helps people live more productive and healthy lives when they are able to access adequate amounts of water, which is often not the case in settlements.

IOM Medium

Agriculture Green 2000 Green 2000 http://www.green-ltd.com/projects-2/ http://www.jpost.com/Enviro-Tech/Green-2000-teaches-Nigeria-Sudan-agricultural-techniques

Green 2000 is Israel’s biggest importer of seeds and other agricultural products. They set up programmes in countries like Nigeria, Chad, Angola, Kenya, Ghana, and Equatorial Guinea to create agriculture-related employment in rural areas. They set up ‘agricultural education centres’ which serve 7,000 families each (50,000 people per site) and farmers are able to borrow equipment and undertake skills training to improve their farming techniques.

IOM, with government support

High

Agriculture Food for All Africa

Food for All Africa

http://foodforallafrica.org/

“Food for All Africa Programme is a food recovery organization that operates West Africa’s first food bank in Ghana by creating efficient food supply chain and sustainable means of nutrition for vulnerable children, aged and mentally challenged through food banking, farming and forum for stakeholders within Africa’s food supply chain.”

Entrepreneur Medium

http://www.unhcr.org/565c16736.html

http://www.unhcr.org/brighterlives/

https://www.nrc.no/news/2015/march/more-water-from-solar-energy-at-affordable-cost/



http://www.green-ltd.com/projects-2/

http://www.jpost.com/Enviro-Tech/Green-2000-teaches-Nigeria-Sudan-agricultural-techniques



http://foodforallafrica.org/


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Water Water ATM Oxfam Kenya https://kenya.oxfam.org/innovation-increased-water-access-wajir

Oxfam’s partnership with Wajir Water and Sewerage Company has allowed for residents in a subcounty called Griftu to have access to “Water ATMs” at 12 water kiosks, allowing ‘residents to load water units on their water ATM cards which they use to access water.’ The perks of this approach to water access is eliminating cash handling, round-the-clock availability to water (previously a challenge), avoiding mismanagement and corruption over water sources.

Entrepreneurs with IOM support

Medium

Culture/Art Butterfly Art Project

Butterfly Art Project

http://www.butterflyartproject.org/about_us

The Butterfly Art Project “encourages creativity and healing through art to build strong communities of active, artistic and stable citizens that are able to recognize and utilize opportunities. By partnering with diverse educational institutions, offering mentorships, training for educators and art practitioners to run healing art classes in vulnerable communities, we build resources for a creative network for a greater South Africa and beyond.”

IOM Low

Education Essence of Learning Programme

Caritas https://www.promisingpractices.online/caritas-switzerland

This programming looks at the line between education and psychosocial well-being specifically of children, preparing them for reintegration to school after a crisis. Is a 12 week programme in total, meant to get children back to their former learning abilities.

IOM Medium

https://kenya.oxfam.org/innovation-increased-water-access-wajir

https://kenya.oxfam.org/innovation-increased-water-access-wajir



https://www.promisingpractices.online/caritas-switzerland

https://www.promisingpractices.online/caritas-switzerland


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Infrastructure Support to Returnee Reintegration in Afghanistan

IOM, European Commission

https://afghanistan.iom.int/press-releases/iom-european-commission-support-returnee-reintegration-afghanistan

In 2017, IOM launched a four-year project funded by the European Commission Directorate General for International Cooperation and Development (DH DEVCO) geared toward supporting returnees and host communities in Afghanistan. “Under the project, and working with a network of partners, IOM will complete a series of community development initiatives in areas of high return. The initiatives will include small-scale infrastructure and income-generating projects in a number of different sectors, including agricultural rehabilitation, irrigation and canal cleaning, rural development, handicrafts, and providing equipment and supplies for public institutions and commercial spaces such as markets.”

IOM High

Infrastructure Community Response Map

IOM https://www.iom.int/news/ioms-community-response-map-strengthens-communication-communities-afghanistan

IOM launched a Community Response Map (CRM) project in Afghanistan which has the purpose of monitoring projects and strengthening engagement with communities served by IOM. “The CRM is a tool and methodology developed by IOM to facilitate communication with communities in order to collect, analyse and visualize feedback. When IOM provides such services, the recipients can provide direct feedback through in-person surveys, SMS, phone calls or other channels. The responses are collected on a live online platform that IOM and its partners can use to instantly identify gaps and assess the efficacy of the assistance provided, modifying project interventions as needed.”

IOM Medium

Livelihoods / Infrastructure

Community Technology Access Centres

UNHCR http://www.unhcr.org/news/makingdifference/2010/10/4ca5f3806/unhcr-computer-centres-offer-education-jobs-future-georgia.html

Computer training classes and internet café in camps. Run BY the community. Offers jobs this way. Users can use this as a space to leverage their own businesses by accessing market information, etc. These have been implemented by UNHCR in various locations around the world.

Entrepreneurs Medium





https://www.iom.int/news/ioms-community-response-map-strengthens-communication-communities-afghanistan




http://www.unhcr.org/news/makingdifference/2010/10/4ca5f3806/unhcr-computer-centres-offer-education-jobs-future-georgia.html





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Livelihoods Bicycles Against Poverty

Bicycles Against Poverty

http://obicyclesagainstpoverty.org/our-model/

BAP is a social enterprise in Northern Uganda that distributes lease-to-own bicycles to rural dwellers to improve the standard of living. Access to bikes improve access to education, healthcare, clean water, and local markets. Due to frequent sharing, each bicycle impacts at least five people – with 2,700 bikes distributed to date, at least 13,500 people in northern Uganda have been impacted.

Entrepreneurs Low

Livelihoods MAGNET Project

IOM https://www.iom.int/news/iom-magnet-ii-assesses-impact-sustainable-return-and-reintegration-iraqis-kurdistan

IOM Iraq’s MAGNET and MAGNET II projects were implemented in Iraq as a job placement scheme funded by the EU Return Fund. These projects facilitated the reintegration of Iraqi nationals, through job training and job placement, who voluntarily returned from four then six European Member States to the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Between 2014 – 2016, the projects supported more than 170 returnees, with 86 finding employment and 63 benefitting from vocational, IT and language trainings to improve their prospect of finding a job.

IOM Medium

Livelihoods Support to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

IOM http://kosovo.iom.int/support-microsmall-and-medium-enterprises-kosovo-msme-grants-project

The MSME’s Grants Project was implemented in Kosovo between 2014 – 2016 providing subsidies for companies that were subcontracted for development projects and employed returnees.

IOM Medium



https://www.iom.int/news/iom-magnet-ii-assesses-impact-sustainable-return-and-reintegration-iraqis-kurdistan



http://kosovo.iom.int/support-microsmall-and-medium-enterprises-kosovo-msme-grants-project




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ANNEX 7 : POSSIBLE APPROACHES FOR C4D PROGRAMMING In order to implement regular and adapted campaign, national stakeholders need to know the local context, partner with the appropriate local stakeholders and use adapted means to reach their audience. The table below summarizes a series of tools and stakeholders that could be involved in C4D strategies.

Available C4D tools for IOM (Source Bauer & Jenatsch + interviews + SH reports)

PROS CONS Comments

Inte

rper

son

al c

om

mu

nic

atio

n

Public debate

Face-to-face dialogue (community and participatory, group discussion) is the oldest, most direct and most emotional form of communication.

Public debate serves to inspire confidence in first contacts with rural or urban communities.

Highly controversial or sensitive topics (religion, sexuality, domestic violence) are not suitable for public debate.

Good approach to define needs; check the results; mediate in conflict situations.

Field visit

Field visits with authorities, community representatives, journalists or project partners are useful for realizing the reality and strengthening the dialogue with project beneficiaries. In particular, these visits help to "speak the same language" with donors, UN agencies, NGOs, CSOs, and communities: what does 'livelihood opportunity' mean in this or that community? What does 'resilience' or 'gender issue' mean in a rural community without access to basic services?

1) Recommended to help better understand the diversity of communities targeted by IOM (IOM visits); 2) Recommended also for having a common basis of subjective knowledge (donor visits, UN, NGOs, etc.).

The presence of media (radio and television) or authorities may hinder the free expression of respondents.

Sufficient slots for bilateral exchanges (beyond group discussions) should be provided; it is necessary to favour the low profile to reduce the aspect 'official visit' (cognitive or acquiescence bias).

Artistic activities

Cultural activities convey messages in the form of scenes, images, metaphors and emotions that are more easily anchored in memories than writings. The most common types of activities are: street theatre, photo exhibitions, competitions, community celebrations, festivals and concerts; but also thematic week, collective creation of a fresco.

They also allow participants to express themselves in a different form of socially or cognitively codified speech (questionnaire).

It is important to go beyond the merely informative or illustrative framework, aiming at: 1) self-expression by individuals or the community; 2) the genesis of debates or dialogues.

The mass media and social networks can energize events, reach a wider audience and spread the message to those who have not been able to attend.


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Anti-Atlas or anti-mapping

Anti-cartography or anti-atlas is based on three observations: - The map is a conventional representation of a pre-existing geographic area - the territory. It is a means of materializing it, of marking it. In this sense, it is often question in geography topography, a standardized, codified, sometimes encrypted. - Migration is often mapped by arrows, flows, to signify dynamics - without representing human exchanges, the emotional dimension of travel. - In the traditional research protocol, the individual (migrant or non-migrant) is always objectified - summoned to answer questions about him / her, both in the quantitative questionnaire and in the qualitative approaches (group discussion). Anticartography proposes to "open a space for exchange with migrants. Not just the way of interview - the idea is to do differently from the administrative questioning to which migrants are perpetually subjected when they seek asylum. To tell things in other, more creative ways. Not to tell that the factual - you went where, when, at what time - but to make an emotional approach.

At a very low cost, the anti-atlas provides a radically different light on the issue of migration. They are part of a logic of bottom-up listening and also make it possible to express individuals often traumatized by the migratory experience.

The 'therapeutic' benefits of these alternative approaches are limited to the participants. The investment in time (4-6 months) is to be taken into account.

To optimize the approach, it is necessary to develop communication and dissemination around these workshops (with communities and donors).

Photo 3: Example of anti cartography (S. Mekdjian – Uni. de Grenoble)

Workshops, seminars

Seminars and workshops are used to present new methods, to bring together points of view and to facilitate the exchange of ideas between experts or colleagues / peers in a protected area. Participants act as multipliers of knowledge. For example, the participation of journalists in a seminar on issues of migration to Europe or intra-regional displacement helps to improve the level of media coverage and raise awareness - and more generally to lay the groundwork for common legal, economic and social knowledge on sensitive subjects and too often caricatured in the media or opinion.

These events, if taken as collective and participatory brainstorming workshops, can have many benefits: 1) clarify misunderstandings; 2) establish a basis for joint discussion; 3) share knowledge, successes and failures; 4) identify solutions and opportunities in the field. It is important not only to communicate or inform but to

1) In order to obtain quality debates, the number of participants should be limited. It is better to organize several workshops with a limited audience than a large-scale event that allows no exchange. 2) Without follow-up and action plan after

It is useful to mix views and actors, types of participants, to avoid silos: for example, by avoiding a workshop with NGOs only, with private sector only, with donors only, etc. but rather by mixing these different types of actors in small sessions - this will give the feeling that the keys are theirs and that it is not the IOM who is accountable to the NGOs, the donors, etc.


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generate novelty by putting the participants in the position of actors.

the workshops, these events have a weak echo compared to the investment which can be important.

Campaigns in schools and educational centres

Awareness-raising work in schools and universities is generally an investment for the future, but on the specific theme of migration / mobility, it is also observed that many candidates for departure are of a higher education than the average. : if socio-educational capital is important, access to information, curiosity and the ability to achieve his desires and go abroad are important.

Students have an effective multiplier effect by relaying lessons to their families.

Campaigns that are too naive or one-sided can have the opposite effect to that desired - for example, students are often critical of messages perceived as 'official' or 'restrictive'. It is therefore essential to prepare this type of campaign without a priori as to their outlets and to remain flexible and open during the exchange.

It's a good idea to combine information and entertainment: campaigns using drama, competitions and other fun elements are particularly popular with children and young people. Campaigns in schools should be linked to the curriculum and coordinated with the Ministry of Education.

Campaigns with local associations

At the community level were identified a multiplicity of associations of local employers, youth, or returnees. They know the needs of a certain part of the population and the social network to reach this population. Those local partners can help disseminate the message and integrate it to their own initiatives (regular meetings or social events)

Local associations have an effective multiplier effect thanks to their network and legitimacy among the local population

1. Lack of financial capacities to formalize their network, (i.e. a place to hold their meetings, equipment to implement their initiatives) 2. Lack information on migration and reintegration issues 3. Lack of legitimacy and contact with local authorities

If they gain legitimacy and a formalized structured, they could be autonomous and disseminate IOM’s message on a regular basis based on a curricula prepared by IOM on migration trends and reintegration issues, with a topic introduced in each meeting.

Campaigns in mosques and churches

At the community level were identified a multiplicity of legitimate religious stakeholders (priests, imams, or religious organizations)

An example of good practice on how to involve religious stakeholders was done in Guinea Conakry. IOM identified imams through the secretariat of religious affairs, which has an Islamic league in each commune. IOM then trained the imams on migration and reintegration issues, by

Religious stakeholders are legitimate among the population and convey messages through faith.

1. Lack of financial capacities to carry out their activities 2. Lack of information on migration and reintegration issues

If they have a more solid and formalized structure, they could be autonomous and disseminate IOM’s message on a regular basis based on a curricula prepared by IOM on migration trends and reintegration issues, with a topic introduced in each celebration.


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giving figures, explaining major risks and trends of illegal migration and national alternatives. IOM finally gave a message on migration to the Imams who then tried to relate it to a passage in the Koran, and disseminated the information on Fridays at the mosque. This initiative is interesting as it allows regular and low cost campaigns.

It is also important to work with them, as according to qualitative data, some can encourage illegal migration, making prayers to protect the migrants through the desert.

Campaigns with the diaspora

Members of the diaspora have a strong influence in the communities because they can give information about illegal migration and help to fund it. They should first be sensitized on the impact of illegal migration, and dangers to encourage it.

They should then be included in campaigns at the community level, in order to give testimonies and participate in Q&As about the realities of the illegal migration route and life in the host countries.

They are legitimate stakeholders in the eyes of the population because they can help funding the migration journey, give practical information about the journey, and have the social prestige of being already in the host country

1. Often help in taking illegal routes, also need to be sensitized on the benefits of safe migration 2. Lack of cooperation between authorities and the diaspora at the community level

They play a major part in the decision making process but the fact some migrated through illegal routes and still live and make a successful living abroad could actually encourage the youth to migrate illegally

Lobbying with institutional partners (governmental and non-governmental) to influence policies

In the long term, the C4D aims not only to inform and optimize the individual / community capacity of choice but also to modify the institutional framework. With this in mind, IOM must be identified as a key player in the regional, national and local debate around mobility (human rights, protection, equitable access to services, etc).

As a complement to the traditional C4D, lobbying consolidates the gains by acting on the structural (political, legal) dimension and not only on the conjunctural aspects.

Lobbying requires specific skills that go beyond ad-hoc meetings with institutional partners - country-specific multi-year strategy, alignment with the IOM regional roadmap, personal charisma of the spokesperson.

The credibility of a lobbyist actor on mobility issues comes first from his ability to deliver on the ground. No theme is too sensitive with government partners if IOM is perceived as reliable, impartial, and effective.


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Trad

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Printed and electronic media

Written material, posters / banners, community radios, television / video ... The written or visual supports become tools of C4D as soon as they are integrated in the processes of communication. They are the tool most used to promote new methods or to raise awareness of complex topics. But these instruments should only be a small component of a strategy and a toolkit, IOM's awareness raising campaigns are in general negative. when they rely on print or electronic only,

1) Pedagogical booklets distributed in the context of collective or individual activities have a high degree of acceptance and make it possible to specify concepts or illustrate steps to be followed in a given process. 2) The content of the written support lends itself to multiple uses through other channels: web pages, e-newsletters, Facebook, Twitter.

1) Print and electronic media alone are not a C4D campaign. 2) The language and format must be adapted to the means used. The publication of information on the Internet thus requires to synthesize the content to the maximum. The use of quality photos, attractive graphics and professional design helps to catch the attention of readers.

Each product is the showcase of the organization or project: as such, it deserves special care. Before the printing phase, it is essential to develop a distribution plan and a realistic calculation of the necessary draw. The distribution of electronic newsletters makes it possible to drastically reduce the circulation.

Community Radio

Community radios owe their popularity to their proximity and the spaces of interaction they offer to the community. They are generally willing to promote development issues and help to: 1) mobilize the local community and provoke debate; 2) disseminate educational programs; 3) launch awareness campaigns.

In rural and remote areas, radio is the only medium available and often the reference medium.

1) These radios are small and not always professional, they generally do not have an ethical charter and rarely filter their remarks 2) Community radio coverage is local. To cover extended territories, it is advisable to work with national stations.

But it is important for IOM to be well informed about the context of the broadcasts or radio partners so that the organization is not associated with internal community conflicts (linguistic, ethnic, socio-cultural, etc.) that are also discussed in other countries. other emissions

Video and audiovisual

Pedagogical videos are widely used in the context of cooperation: they inform, sensitize, train and mobilize their audience. The soap opera with social content is gaining momentum in several countries of the South and East because it raises awareness and educates a wide audience while entertaining.

1) The ability of television soap operas to raise awareness among youth is important on topics such as violence, migration, health, education, gender ... because of the identificatory process. 2) Studies conducted in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kenya, etc. as a result of the broadcast of television series or internet are positive (retention, awareness, behavior).

1) The production process is long and requires specialists in the script, filming, editing, subtitling, distribution, etc. 2) High technical requirements increase the cost of producing videos.

1) Before starting the production , it is important to calculate the cost / benefit ratio: How many people will watch the video? Where will it be shown? Are there more effective and / or less expensive solutions? 2) This approach can probably be envisaged at the regional level (West Africa) by IOM by including young people of different nationalities, in order to pool costs and increase the target audience - even if the specificity the message would lose.


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New

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s Presence of IOM (as

a stakeholder) on social networks

Social networks and web-based trading platforms are growing in popularity and users are spending more and more time using them. Social networks are essential in any initiative aimed at disseminating information, mobilizing individuals and launching debates. Among the exchange tools: Web page, digital story, e-newsletter, social networks: Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, SMS / text messages, e-mail, podcast / Multimedia rebroadcast edia, blog, educational games on the Internet.

There is evidence that people rely more on personal testimony from field agents than on "official" information produced by central services.

1) To create a loyal subscriber group, it is essential to adapt the content and update at a regular pace (at least two to three times a week). The ease of creating an account contrasts with relatively high operating costs.

In the absence of the necessary resources, it is better not to have a presence on the web (as the cornerstone of IOM's C4D).

Digital stories

Easy access to technical devices (smartphones equipped with a camera) and the vast possibilities of diffusion on Internet (YouTube and social networks) fostered the rise of videos and audiovisual amateur productions. Filming their realities allowed individuals to think about themselves and emancipate them. Technical quality is secondary. The process counts just as much as the final rendering. As noted by Bauer and Jenatsch (2016), 'telling stories makes a tangible contribution to the construction of reality. This task is too important to leave it to the hands of the mainstream media, which are often at the service of the political and economic elites. Digital stories (transformative digital story-telling) make it possible to tell stories and build reality by drawing on the experience of citizens. These are amateur-produced videos that convey personal experiences. Voluntarily subjective, they build their success on their authenticity and originality. '

These stories are powerful tools to: 1) comment on on public facts from the point of view of the population (citizen journalism) 2) mobilize support for social causes 3) denounce abuses or negligence attributed to the authorities 4) collect testimonials as part of qualitative assessments 5) report on the results of the cooperation or document them 6) inform about group dynamics and promote learning processes.

1) For IOM, it is important not to be perceived as a politically 'gray' actor, directly promoting political activism. If the video is posted on the Internet, we must take into account the rights to the image: did the protagonists agree to be filmed?

For IOM, contribute to these initatives through internships, technical training, in-kind donations (cameras, smartphones) can improve the life of the community and identify spokespersons of a generation. This is to focus on the construction of collective identity, on individual capabilities - more than on messages of 'determination'.

Online educational games

Online games that combine entertainment and learning are booming. When they are entertaining and well designed, they are spread quickly on the web. The question of mobility - awareness of risks, rights, opportunities, partnerships - is a theme of choice for interactive games that adapt to all possible themes.

The design and development of games requires the intervention of specialists and can be relatively expensive.

Dissemination costs can be kept relatively low as long as they advertise on the Internet and attract interest from schools.

Still exploratory, this C4D instrument will clearly be an essential component of tomorrow's awareness and prevention campaigns.


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Samuel Hall is an independent think tank providing research and strategic services, expert analysis, tailored counsel and access to local knowledge for a diverse array of actors operating in the world’s most challenging environments.

We specialize in socio-economic surveys, private and public-sector studies, and impact assessments for a range of humanitarian and development actors. With a rigorous approach and the inclusion of academic experts, field practitioners, and a vast network of national researchers, we access complex settings and gather accurate data. We bring innovative insights and practical solutions to addressing the most pressing social, economic, and political issues of our time.

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September 2018 IOM NIGERIA - Squarespace

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