Relevant • Independent • Objecve CERI Crude Oil Report Editorial Commiee: Ganesh Doluweera, Paul Kralovic, Dinara Millington, Megan Murphy, Allan Fogwill About CERI The Canadian Energy Research Instute is an independent, not-for-profit research establishment created through a partnership of industry, academia, and government in 1975. Our mission is to provide relevant, independent, objecve economic research in energy and related environmental issues. For more informaon about CERI, please visit our website at www.ceri.ca or contact us at [email protected]. poor environmental standards, or do not have a carbon emissions policy. In fact, if such substuon were to happen, what are the associated costs and benefits for refineries and the Canadian economy? The Canadian Energy Research Instute (CERI) is currently compleng a study tled “An Economic and Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis of Eastern Canadian Crude Oil Imports”. The study is aimed at answering many quesons about substuon and will provide a cost and emissions comparison of domesc vs. foreign crude in the eastern Canadian refinery market as well as highlight other implicaons. The study will model several scenarios and compare the effects with base year 2016. This arcle presents a snapshot in me. Gathering data from various sources and synthesizing it to present the 2016 snapshot was conducted by CERI. It explores the refineries themselves, their technologies, Canadian and imported feedstock supply, as well as exisng and potenal transportaon routes for western and eastern Canadian oil to the eastern refinery market. In order to discuss any substuon, it is crical to grasp and realize the sheer complexity of the eastern refinery market. Eastern Refineries Crude Intake Canada is a net exporter of refined products – refinery capacity exceeds domesc demand, notably in Quebec and Atlanc Canada. On the naonal level, Canada exports 28 million liters of refined products, while it imports 14 billion liters [3]. There are 15 refineries in Canada, seven of which are located in western Canada and eight located in eastern Canada [3]. The total refining capacity in the East (Ontario, Quebec, and Atlanc Provinces) is 1.23 million barrels per day [4]. Four refineries reside in Ontario, two in Quebec, and one each in New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador. All eight refineries, their capacies, ulizaon rates, crude intakes, and intake by oil type are illustrated in Table 1. The Eastern Refinery Market: Canadian and Imported Oil Supply and Transportaon Opons Andrei Romaniuk Canada is the fiſth largest oil producer in the world, accounng for 4.8 percent of world producon in 2016, ranking behind the United States (13.4%), Saudi Arabia (13.4%), Russia (12.2%) and Iran (5.0%) [1]. Canada’s proved reserves, totaling 171.5 billion barrels or 10 percent of the world’s share of proved reserves, are behind only Venezuela (300.9 billion barrels) and Saudi Arabia (266.6 billion barrels) [1]. Despite this, Canada sll imports oil. In 2016, imports in four provinces – Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador – comprised 607 thousand barrels per day (Mbpd) [2]. Major suppliers were the United States (259.4 Mbpd), Saudi Arabia (86.7 Mbpd), Algeria (84.8 Mbpd) and Nigeria (73.7 Mbpd) [2]. The total cost of imported crude for 2016 was C$12.7 billion; C$5.6 billion from the United States and C$7.1 billion from other countries (Stascs Canada Trade Data, FOB base, does not include transportaon costs from foreign oil offloading points to a Canadian refinery gate) [2]. As Canadian oil producon capacity and reserves are high, there is an argument being made which suggests complete or paral substuon of imported oil in the Eastern refinery market. The moves vary and are generally driven by economic and social raonale. On the economic side, benefits are expected to come from using domesc producon and, hence, leaving money to work inside the economy rather than leaving the naonal border. On the social side, the push aimed at substuon of crude oil coming from authoritarian states, which score low on democrac or human rights indices, have September 2017 CERI Crude Oil Report
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September 2017 CERI Crude Oil Report · (13.4%), Russia (12.2%) and Iran (5.0%) [1]. anada’s proved reserves, totaling 171.5 billion barrels or 10 percent of the world’s share
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Relevant • Independent • Objective
CERI Crude Oil Report Editorial Committee: Ganesh Doluweera, Paul Kralovic, Dinara Millington, Megan Murphy, Allan Fogwill About CERI The Canadian Energy Research Institute is an independent, not-for-profit research establishment created through a partnership of industry, academia, and government in 1975. Our mission is to provide relevant, independent, objective economic research in energy and related environmental issues. For more information about CERI, please visit our website at www.ceri.ca or contact us at [email protected].
poor environmental standards, or do not have a carbon emissions policy. In fact, if such substitution were to happen, what are the associated costs and benefits for refineries and the Canadian economy? The Canadian Energy Research Institute (CERI) is currently completing a study titled “An Economic and Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis of Eastern Canadian Crude Oil Imports”. The study is aimed at answering many questions about substitution and will provide a cost and emissions comparison of domestic vs. foreign crude in the eastern Canadian refinery market as well as highlight other implications. The study will model several scenarios and compare the effects with base year 2016. This article presents a snapshot in time. Gathering data from various sources and synthesizing it to present the 2016 snapshot was conducted by CERI. It explores the refineries themselves, their technologies, Canadian and imported feedstock supply, as well as existing and potential transportation routes for western and eastern Canadian oil to the eastern refinery market. In order to discuss any substitution, it is critical to grasp and realize the sheer complexity of the eastern refinery market. Eastern Refineries Crude Intake Canada is a net exporter of refined products – refinery capacity exceeds domestic demand, notably in Quebec and Atlantic Canada. On the national level, Canada exports 28 million liters of refined products, while it imports 14 billion liters [3]. There are 15 refineries in Canada, seven of which are located in western Canada and eight located in eastern Canada [3]. The total refining capacity in the East (Ontario, Quebec, and Atlantic Provinces) is 1.23 million barrels per day [4]. Four refineries reside in Ontario, two in Quebec, and one each in New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador. All eight refineries, their capacities, utilization rates, crude intakes, and intake by oil type are illustrated in Table 1.
The Eastern Refinery Market: Canadian and Imported Oil Supply and Transportation Options Andrei Romaniuk Canada is the fifth largest oil producer in the world, accounting for 4.8 percent of world production in 2016, ranking behind the United States (13.4%), Saudi Arabia (13.4%), Russia (12.2%) and Iran (5.0%) [1]. Canada’s proved reserves, totaling 171.5 billion barrels or 10 percent of the world’s share of proved reserves, are behind only Venezuela (300.9 billion barrels) and Saudi Arabia (266.6 billion barrels) [1]. Despite this, Canada still imports oil. In 2016, imports in four provinces – Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador – comprised 607 thousand barrels per day (Mbpd) [2]. Major suppliers were the United States (259.4 Mbpd), Saudi Arabia (86.7 Mbpd), Algeria (84.8 Mbpd) and Nigeria (73.7 Mbpd) [2]. The total cost of imported crude for 2016 was C$12.7 billion; C$5.6 billion from the United States and C$7.1 billion from other countries (Statistics Canada Trade Data, FOB base, does not include transportation costs from foreign oil offloading points to a Canadian refinery gate) [2]. As Canadian oil production capacity and reserves are high, there is an argument being made which suggests complete or partial substitution of imported oil in the Eastern refinery market. The motives vary and are generally driven by economic and social rationale. On the economic side, benefits are expected to come from using domestic production and, hence, leaving money to work inside the economy rather than leaving the national border. On the social side, the push aimed at substitution of crude oil coming from authoritarian states, which score low on democratic or human rights indices, have
September 2017
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The data for this article (and the forthcoming CERI study) was obtained from several sources including Statistics Canada, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), the Canadian Fuel Association (CFA), the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), various refinery websites, midstream companies’ websites (Enbridge and others), Clipper Data (transportation of oil by tankers), as well as calculations and estimates by CERI where needed. If the data was suppressed, missing or conflicted with one another, CERI reconciled using multiple sources in order to infer quality and certainty in data. In 2016, Quebec refinery utilization rates did not seem to be representative across the refining industry in Canada (an average 78% for two refineries) [5]. For the purposes of modelling, an adjusted utilization rate of 88% was assumed for Valero, and 92% for the Suncor Energy refinery. For reference, the factual 2016 import in Quebec was 214.1 thousand barrels (Mbpd) [2]; the modelled 2016 import is 9.8% more than factual – 235 Mbpd. All import volumes were increased proportionally by the same rate – 9.8%.
All of Ontario’s refineries are located in the southern part of the province, with three refineries located in the greater Sarnia area (Suncor Energy and Imperial Oil operate refineries in Sarnia while Shell Canada operates the Corunna Refinery in nearby St. Clair). Imperial Oil operates a refinery in Nanticoke. Québec has two refineries, Suncor Energy’s Montreal Refinery and Valero’s Jean-Gaulin Refinery, located in Lévis, near Québec City. Atlantic Canada also has two refineries, Irving Oil Refinery in Saint John, New Brunswick and the North Atlantic Refinery in Come By Chance, Newfoundland and Labrador. Light oil prevails in the supply slate for the four provinces comprising 71 percent, followed by synthetic crude oil (SCO) with 15 percent in the crude slate; heavy and bitumen both comprise 12 percent of the crude intake [4]. Even though the intake is largely light and SCO, process-wise refineries are equipped with technologies to process heavy oil and high sulphur crude. These include:
Quebec Valero Levis 265 88% 232.8 131.9 81.2 8.1 11.6
Quebec Suncor Energy
Montreal 137 92% 125.4 109.0 - - 16.4
240.8 81.2 8.1 28.0
New Brunswick
Irving Oil Saint John 318 87% 277.8 250.6 11.9 15.3 -
Newfoundland North Atlantic Refining
Come by Chance
115 81% 93.1 93.1 - - -
Total 1228 1073 782 164 74 53
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Coking (25.5 Mbpd in Ontario) Visbreaking (5 Mbpd in Ontario and 40 Mbpd in the
Atlantic provinces) Hydrocracker (around 60 Mbpd in Ontario, 22 Mbpd
in Quebec, and 72 Mbpd in the Atlantic provinces) Catalytic cracker (98 Mbpd in Ontario, 67.5 Mbpd in
Quebec, and 95 Mbpd in the Atlantic provinces), and Hydrotreating (290 Mbpd in Ontario, 320 Mbpd in
Quebec, and 255 Mbpd in the Atlantic provinces) [6]. Sources of Supply and Transportation Modes Fifty-six percent of oil into the eastern region is imported, while thirty-nine percent comes from western Canada and five percent is supplied from Canadian eastern offshore assets (offshore Newfoundland & Labrador) (unless otherwise sourced, this and further information is cited from CERI’s Crude Flow Model [4]). Among eastern Canadian refineries, Ontario receives the highest amount of western Canadian crude (almost 83%), followed by Québec (33%) and New Brunswick (4%). Newfoundland & Labrador does not receive oil from western provinces (Table 2). Table 2: Eastern Refineries, Crude Intake by Source of Supply
The single exporter to Ontario’s four refineries was the United States (58 Mbpd). Light oil comes from North Dakota and is modelled in the study to be transported through Enbridge Line 81 to Clearbrook, MN and further through the Enbridge Mainline (Line 5 entering Sarnia). Canadian light, heavy, and bitumen crude from three provinces – Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba – flows through various lines of the Enbridge Mainline and enters Ontario via Line 5 and 78. Volume-wise, Alberta
supplies 206 Mbpd, followed by Saskatchewan at 72.6 Mbpd, and Manitoba at 6.4 Mbpd. Suncor’s Montreal refinery imports light oil from four countries – the US (92.7 Mbpd), Azerbaijan (4.5), UK (4.1) and Norway (1.9). Of the total crude that comes from the US, 62.1 Mbpd comes from North Dakota and Michigan through Enbridge Mainline and Line 9 (from Sarnia to Montreal). All other crude, including 30.6 Mbpd from Texas, is transported by tankers from loading ports to Portland, Maine and then transported via the Portland-Montreal pipeline to the refinery. Canadian supplies include 16.4 Mbpd of bitumen and 5.8 Mbpd of light crude that comes from eastern offshore assets. Bitumen comes through Enbridge Mainline and Line 9, while the eastern crude follows the path of international oil via Portland. With the Line 9 reversal and purchase of two Panamax tankers by Valero with the goal to move 130-160 Mbpd from Montreal to Lévis [7], the crude intake slate in the Valero refinery has changed dramatically. In 2016, it used 101 Mbpd of western Canadian crude, which includes synthetic, bitumen and heavy. The imported light oil came from four countries: Algeria (92.1 Mbpd), Kazakhstan (21.1), Nigeria (11.5), and the US (Texas,7.2). All foreign oil comes to Valero by tankers. The Irving Oil refinery in New Brunswick relies more heavily on imported oil and Eastern offshore supply. Western Canada supplied synthetic crude oil (11.9 Mbpd) via rail, 47.7 Mbpd of light crude came by tankers from Hibernia and other eastern offshore projects, and 218.2 Mbpd came by tankers from four above-mentioned countries. Except for 15.3 Mbpd of heavy oil coming from Colombia and the Ivory Coast, the rest of the imported oil was light. The largest supplier of imported feedstock is Saudi Arabia (86.7 Mbpd), followed by Nigeria (45 Mbpd), the United States (34 Mbpd), Norway (24 Mbpd), the Ivory Coast (12.6 Mbpd), Colombia (5.3 Mbpd), Azerbaijan (2.8 Mbpd) and Congo (2.7 Mbpd). Lastly, Newfoundland and Labrador’s North Atlantic Refining was supplied almost entirely by foreign crude. Eastern offshore light oil accounted for 3.3 Mbpd out of a modeled 93.7 Mbpd intake for the refinery. Imported oil comes from the US (49 Mbpd), Nigeria (18.3 Mbpd), Norway (13.7 Mbpd), the UK (6.2 Mbpd) and Denmark (1.7 Mbpd).
Refinery Total
Intake
Western Canada Supply
(Mbpd)
Eastern Canada Supply
(Mbpd)
Imported (Mbpd)
Imperial, ON 104.1 86.5 - 17.6
Shell Canada, ON
65.9 54.8 - 11.1
Suncor Energy, ON
77.8 64.6 - 13.1
Imperial, ON 96.3 79.4 0.6 16.3
344 285.3 0.6 58.1
Valero, QC 232.8 100.9 - 131.9
Suncor Energy, QC
125.4 16.4 5.8 103.2
358 117.3 5.8 235.0
Irving Oil, NB 277.8 11.9 47.7 218.2
North Atlantic Refining, NL
93.1 - 3.3 89.8
371 11.9 51.0 307.9
Total 1,073 414 57 601.0
% of total 39% 5% 56%
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Possible Transportation Options for Canadian Crude Western Canadian crude could reach as far as Valero’s refinery in Lévis, Quebec by pipeline and tanker, and as far as St. John by rail. Eastern Canadian offshore oil could reach as far as Montreal. The Eastern refining market can be generally accessed through pipelines, sea and rail (see Figure 1). Figure 1: Possible Routes of Canadian Oil Supply to Eastern Refineries and Capacities per Refinery and Pipeline
The major artery for western Canadian crude to the market is the Enbridge Mainline which can bring Western crude from Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Specifically, the Mainline enters Sarnia via two entry lines – Line 5 and Line 78 – with a total capacity of 1,040 Mbpd. As Ontario refineries consume 344 Mbpd (total refining capacity 393 Mbpd), the incoming pipeline capacity is sufficient to carry more Canadian oil beyond the Ontario demand. The only refinery in Ontario with railway offloading capability is the Imperial refinery in the Nanticoke (20 Mbpd). Eastern offshore oil does not seem to have a straightforward and easy way to access Ontario refineries. In Quebec, two refineries in Montreal and Lévis can be accessed by western and eastern Canadian oil producers. Montreal’s refinery, with oil intake of 125.4 Mbpd (total capacity 137), can be fully supplied from the west through the 300 Mbpd Enbridge Line 9, which is connected to Sarnia, and can also receive up to 30 Mbpd by rail. Montreal can also accept Panamax (60,000-80,000 DTW) size tankers directly from the eastern offshore projects. Finally, it can receive more Eastern oil through the Portland-Montreal pipeline which has a capacity of 285 Mbpd and is heavily underutilized. Valero’s refinery can receive around 130-160 Mbpd of western Canadian crude oil from Montreal (recall, 2016 consumption of this refinery was 232.8 Mbpd). If
Montreal were to use 100% of western Canadian crude, Line 9 would only allow an additional 160 Mbpd to Valero, which existing tankers could handle. Valero can also receive oil from the west by rail (up to 60 Mbpd) as well as eastern oil directly by water to its offloading facilities. Irving Oil in New Brunswick, with crude consumption of 277 Mbpd in 2016, is located on the coastline and has direct access to eastern offshore oil (47,000 barrels of eastern crude were used in 2016). The refinery also has large rail offloading capacity of 145 Mbpd. Usage of rail has decreased substantially in recent years, as Irving Oil used to import approximately one-third of its intake by rail; that number dropped to 10% in 2015, and to an estimated 4% in 2016. The refinery can be accessed by tankers loaded at Montreal which could traverse along the St. Lawrence river and further to St. John, provided there is spare capacity in Line 9 (however, this route has not been used in 2016). Lastly, North Atlantic Refining can have access to eastern oil and potentially western oil from Montreal by tanker. To sum up, existing transportation infrastructure allows to push more Canadian crude from the west and east to eastern Canadian refinery markets, however it is not sufficient to substitute all foreign oil. The major infrastructural bottleneck for western crude becomes Line 9 capacity to supply any refinery to the east of Montreal. If Suncor Energy and Valero were to consume all Line 9 throughput capacity – 285 Mbpd (125 Mbpd for Suncor Energy and 160 Mbpd for Valero), the remaining 40% of Valero capacity, 100% of Irving Oil and 100% of North Atlantic Refining would be left to use a combination of rail from the west (up to 225 Mbpd) and tanker supply from the east for oil substitution purposes. Transportation capacity is not the only constraint and consideration in foreign oil substitution. Other constraints in refinery decision-making are economics of supply and crude availability in the west and east. The former means that refineries modus operandi is to optimize the cost of feedstock while gaining desired yields demanded by the refined petroleum markets. Thus, if Canadian oil is more expensive at the gate of a particular refinery compared to foreign oil, in market-driven, non-policy constrained decision-making, a refinery will prefer cheaper feedstock (if it can get the same desired yields). Prices of particular brands of
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foreign and domestic oil as well as transportation costs play a role in the selection of intake slate. On the latter note, tankers are generally a cheaper option than pipelines and far cheaper than rail. As western production is relatively far from eastern refinery market, transportation costs by pipeline and rail will almost always be at a cost disadvantage to foreign tanker costs. Finally, to substitute foreign oil, enough domestic light oil should be available for a minimum combined volume of 585 Mbpd. As there is some refinery capacity to handle bitumen and heavy oil, this capacity is limited. Conclusion The mix of the above-mentioned constraints for each refinery defines the viability for oil substitution in each circumstance and will be reviewed in detail in the upcoming study. The research looks at four key questions. First, how much additional oil can be economically pushed through existing infrastructure to eastern refineries (from west and from east) substituting foreign oil and how much more (or less) emissions will this substitution bring? In this case, only more expensive foreign oil volumes are substituted. Second, how would the cost of feedstock and emissions levels differ if only oil from authoritarian states was substituted? Third, if there was additional transportation pipeline infrastructure like an Energy East project, how much more “economic” oil could be brought to Eastern refineries and at what emissions levels? Fourth, what would the cost of feedstock and emissions levels be if all foreign crude was substituted with Canadian crude using expanded transport infrastructure? As substitution of foreign oil using more Canadian crude could be macro-economically attractive and socially-pushed, the market economy profit-seeking decision-making process at each refinery may come at odds with a “social” push if Canadian oil is more expensive at the gate of a refinery compared to foreign oil. The forthcoming CERI study will show market and socially-pushed scenario outcomes which could serve as a good indication for Canadians on how beneficial or costly such substitution could be.
4. CERI Crude Flows Model, based on number of sources: Statistics Canada, Natural Resources Canada, CFA, CAPP, various refinery websites, COLC, midstream companies’ websites (Enbridge Mainline and others), Clipper Data (transportation of oil by tankers), Oil and Gas Journal.
5. Statistics Canada, CANSIM Refineries Receipts table 6. Oil and Gas Journal, 2106, Refineries survey 7. http://business.financialpost.com/commodities/
A1: Historic Light Sweet Crude Futures Prices ($US per barrel)
A2: Historic Crude Product Futures Prices (¢US per gallon)
Notes (Tables A1 and A2): Prices are listed by contract month. Close: final contract close on the last day of trading. Last 3 Day Average Close: simple average con-
tract close on last three days of trading. Average When Near Month: simple average closing price on trading days when contract was near month. 12-Month Strip
Average: simple average of daily near 12-month contract closing prices in a given contract month. Spread: difference between one-month and two-month forward
prices in a given period. Source: New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX).
NYMEX Light Sweet Crude
Last 3 Day Avg. When 12-Month Spread
Close Average Near Mo. Strip Avg. (1-2 Mo.)
2014 96.53 96.37 96.73 87.56 0.54
2015 49.68 49.80 51.41 53.75 -0.78
2016 42.28 42.15 42.01 44.80 -0.98
3Q 2016 46.95 47.20 46.46 48.68 -0.65
4Q 2016 47.30 47.03 46.91 49.12 -0.58
1Q 2017 52.90 52.44 52.19 54.65 -0.80
2Q 2017 49.45 49.76 50.08 51.66 -0.44
3Q 2017 45.89 46.22 46.87 48.05 -0.20
Yr-on-Yr Chg. -2.3% -2.1% 0.9% -1.3%
Oct-16 43.44 43.26 45.39 47.67 -0.62
Nov-16 50.43 50.77 48.64 50.65 -0.49
Dec-16 48.03 47.07 46.71 49.03 -0.63
Jan-17 52.23 52.08 50.63 53.49 -0.99
Feb-17 52.42 51.62 52.75 55.39 -0.87
Mar-17 54.06 53.61 53.18 55.08 -0.55
Apr-17 47.34 48.11 51.12 52.81 -0.50
May-17 50.27 51.04 50.72 52.33 -0.46
Jun-17 50.73 50.14 48.40 49.84 -0.35
Jul-17 43.23 44.06 47.11 48.32 -0.23
Aug-17 46.79 46.77 45.12 46.35 -0.21
Sep-17 47.64 47.84 48.40 49.46 -0.15
Oct-17 50.41 49.93 48.34 49.99 -0.46
Yr-on-Yr Chg. 16.0% 15.4% 6.5% 4.9%
NYMEX Unleaded Gasoline NYMEX Heating Oil
Last 3 Day Avg. When 12-Month Spread Last 3 Day Avg. When 12-Month Spread
Close Average Near Mo. Strip Avg. (1-2 Mo.) Close Average Near Mo. Strip Avg. (1-2 Mo.)
A3: World Crude Oil Contract Prices (FOB, $US per barrel)
A4: North American Posted Crude Prices (FOB, $US per barrel)
Notes: 1. ANS is Delivered price on US West Coast. 2. As of August 2016, Edmonton Light Sweet is referred to as Canadian Sweet. 3. As of August 2016, Western
Canadian Select is referred to as Canadian Heavy. Posted prices are based on price at the end of each month. Sources: Oil & Gas Journal; Natural Resources Canada.
Notes: 1. Urals is Delivered price at Mediterranean. Contract prices are based on prices at the end of each month. Source: OPEC Monthly Oil Market Report.
Saudi U.A.E. Oman U.K. Norway Russia Venez. Kuwait Ecuador Mexico Nigeria Indon.
Arab Lgt Dubai Oman Brent Ekofisk Urals1 T.J. Light Blend Oriente Isthmus Bonny Lgt Minas
A5: Crude Oil Quality Differentials (FOB, $US per barrel)
A6: Crude Oil Spot Prices and Differentials (FOB, $US per barrel)
Notes: 1. OPEC-Reference Basket is average price of seven crude streams: Algeria Saharan Blend, Dubai Fateh, Indonesia Minas, Mexico Isthmus, Nigeria Bonny
Light, Saudi Arabia Light and Venezuela Tia Juana Light. Source: OPEC Monthly Oil Market Report.
Notes: 1. As of August 2016, Edmonton Light Sweet is referred to as Canadian Sweet. 2. As of August 2016, Western Canadian Select is referred to as Canadian Heavy. Sources: OPEC Monthly Oil Market Report: Oil & Gas Journal; Natural Resources Canada.
A7: World Petroleum Product Spot Prices ($US per barrel)
A8: Product Spot Prices in Selected American Cities (¢US per gallon)
Notes: 1. Reformulated regular unleaded gasoline. Spot prices are based on average daily prices over a specific timeframe. Source: EIA Weekly Petroleum Status
Report.
Notes: 1. Regular unleaded gasoline. 2. Waterborne 3. High Sulfur (3.5-4.0%) Residual Fuel Oil. Spot prices are based on average daily prices over a specific timeframe. Source: IEA Oil Market Report.
US Gulf Coast, Pipeline Rotterdam, Barges Singapore, Cargoes
B1: World Petroleum Supply and Demand Balance (million barrels per day)
Notes: 1. Totals for OECD and non-OECD supply include net refining gains; specific regions/groupings within each do not. 2. OPEC demand is an estimate based on
historical annual data. 3. Balance for World equals global stockbuilds (+) and stockdraws (-) for crude oil and petroleum products and miscellaneous gains and loss-
es. Regional surpluses (+) and deficits (-) are balanced through net-imports and stock changes in the short-term, and net-imports in the longer term. Supply includes
crude oil, condensates, NGLs, oil from non-conventional sources and processing gains. Demand is for petroleum products.
Source: IEA Oil Market Report.
OECD Non-OECD OPEC World
Americas Europe Asia Ocean. Total1 Asia Non-Asia FSU Total1 P. Gulf Non-Gulf Total2 Total3
Notes: 1. Production includes crude oil, condensates and NGLs. 2. Reserve-Production ratio is based on latest month production and British Petroleum reserve
estimates. Sources: IEA Oil Market Report and BP Statistical Review of World Energy.
Notes: 1. Product includes only finished petroleum products. 2. Total stocks include NGLs, refinery feedstocks, additives/oxygenates and other hydrocarbons. All
stocks are closing levels for respective reporting period. Source: IEA Oil Market Report.
OECD Non-OECD OPEC World
Americas Europe Asia Oc. Total Asia Non-Asia FSU Total P. Gulf Non-Gulf Total Total1
B4: OPEC Crude Oil Production and Targets (million barrels per day)
Notes: 1. Does not include NGLs; OPEC production targets apply to crude oil only. 2. Iraq does not have an official OPEC target. Source: IEA Oil Market Report.
Notes: 1. Based on dated Brent being processed in average US Gulf cracking refinery. 2. Based on dated Brent in average Rotterdam cracking refinery. 3. Based on
spot Dubai in average Singapore hydroskimming refinery. Source: IEA Oil Market Report.
C1: US Petroleum Supply and Demand Balance (million barrels per day)
Notes: 1. Does not balance because of unaccounted for crude oil. Regional surpluses (+) and deficits (-) are balanced through net-imports/transfers and stock chang-
es in the short-term, and net-imports/transfers in the longer term. 2. As of most recent month. Supply includes crude oil, condensates, NGLs, oil from non-
conventional sources and processing gains. Demand is for petroleum products. Source: EIA Petroleum Supply Monthly.
C2: US Petroleum Demand by Product (million barrels per day)
Notes: 1. Total includes other finished petroleum products. 2. Total petroleum demand includes refinery feedstocks, additives/oxygenates and other hydrocarbons.
Source: EIA Petroleum Supply Monthly.
C3: US Petroleum Stocks (million barrels)
Notes: 1. Petroleum stocks include crude oil, finished products, NGLs, refinery feedstocks, additives/oxygenates and other hydrocarbons. 2. Includes Strategic
Petroleum Reserves. 3. Total includes other finished petroleum products. All stocks are closing levels for respective reporting period. Source: EIA Petroleum Supply
Monthly.
Finished Petroleum Products NGLs Petroleum
Gasoline Jet Fuel Distil. Resid. Total1 Total Total2
C4: US Petroleum Net Imports by Source (million barrels per day)
Notes: 1. Total includes net-imports from Russia and Asia-Pacific region. 2. Total OPEC includes the other eight cartel members. 3. As of latest month. Source EIA
Petroleum Supply Monthly.
C5: US Regional Crude Oil Production (million barrels per day)
Notes: 1. California includes Federal Offshore crude oil production. 2. Gulf of Mexico includes Federal Offshore production adjacent to Texas and Louisiana. 3. Crude
oil Reserve-Production ratio as of latest production month. Crude oil production does not include NGLs. Source: EIA Petroleum Supply Monthly.
OPEC
Canada Mexico Lat. Am. Europe Africa M.E. Total1 Venez. S. Arabia Nigeria Total2 P. Gulf
C6: US Refinery Activity Crude Input (MMbpd) - Utilization (percent)
Notes: 1) As of most recent month. Source: EIA Petroleum Supply Monthly.
C7: US Refinery Margins ($US per barrel)
Note: Based on specific crude being processed in average cracking refinery in a given area. As of February 2010, NY Harbor Arab Med. is now East Coast Composite.
D1: Canada Petroleum Supply and Demand Balances (million barrels per day)
D2: Canada Demand by Product (million barrels per day)
Notes: 1. As of most recent month. See notes for Table C1 for additional comments. Source: Statistics Canada’s Energy Statistics Handbook.
D3: Canada Petroleum Stocks (million barrels)
Notes: 1. Total includes other finished petroleum products. 2. Total petroleum demand includes refinery feedstocks, additives/oxygenates and other hydrocarbons. Source: Statistics Canada’s Energy Statistics Handbook.
Notes: 1. Total includes other finished petroleum products. 2. Total petroleum stocks include NGLs, refinery feedstocks, additives/oxygenates and other hydrocarbons. All stocks are closing levels. Source: Statistics Canada’s Energy Statistics Handbook.
D4: Canada Crude Oil Production (million barrels per day)
Note: Total includes small amounts of production from Manitoba and Ontario. Source: Statistics Canada’s Energy Statistics Handbook.
D5: Canada Petroleum Imports by Source (thousand barrels per day)
Notes: 1. Includes all non-OPEC production. 2. Includes production by the other seven OPEC members. 3. As of most recent month. Sources: Statistics Canada’s
Energy Statistics Handbook.
Non-OPEC OPEC Imports
Mexico U.S. U.K. Norway Total1 Algeria Nigeria S. Arabia Venez. Total2 P. Gulf Total
1. The World: OECD is comprised of countries from three regions: North America (Canada, Mexico, US); Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak
Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK); and Asia-Pacific (Australia, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea). OPEC is comprised of Persian Gulf (Iran,
Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates) and non-Persian Gulf countries (Algeria, Indonesia, Libya, Nigeria, Venezuela). Non-OECD is
comprised of countries from three regions: Former Soviet Union (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizstan, Moldova, Russia,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); Asia (including non-OECD
Oceania); and non-Asia (Africa, Middle East, Latin America, and non-
OECD Europe). 2. United States: East (PADD I) – New England
(Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
Vermont); Central Atlantic (Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia) and Lower Atlantic (Florida,
Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia). Mid
3. Canada: East is comprised of Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec and the
Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova
Scotia, and Prince Edward Island). West is comprised of Alberta, British
Columbia, Saskatchewan and the northern territories (NorthWest
Territories, Nunavuut, and Yukon).
Additional Notes
1. Petroleum and oil refer to crude oil and natural gas liquids (NGLs),
whereas crude oil refers to its namesake and field condensates.
Condensates derived from natural gas processing plants are classified as
NGLs. 2. The spot price is for immediate delivery of crude oil or refined
products at a specific location. Spot transactions are generally on a cargo
by cargo basis. In contrast, a futures price is for delivery of a specified
quantity of a commodity at a specified time and place in the future. 3.
Crude oil sold Free-On-Board (FOB) is made available to the buyer at the
loading port at a particular time, with transportation and insurance the
responsibility of the buyer. Crude oil sold Cost-Insurance-Freight (CIF) is
priced at a major destination point, with the seller responsible for the
transportation and insurance to that point. A “Delivered” transaction is
similar to a CIF transaction, except the buyer in the former pays based on the quantity and quality ascertained at the unloading port, whereas in a CIF
transaction, the buyer accepts the quantity and quality as determined at the loading port. 4. Processing gain is the volume of which refinery output is
greater than crude oil inputs. The difference is due to the processing of crude oil products, which in total have a lower specific gravity than crude oil. 5.
Unaccounted for crude oil reconciles the difference between crude input to refineries and the sum of domestic production, net imports/exports, stock
changes and documented losses (in the U.S.). 6. Totals may not equal the sum of their parts in the statistical tables due to rounding.
Crude Stream
Producing
Country or
Region
API
Gravity
(@60° F)
Sulfur
Content
(%)
BBLs/Metric
Tonne
Tapis Blend Malaysia 44 0.1 7.910
Ekofisk Blend Norway 43 0.2 7.773
WTI Texas 40 0.3 7.640
GCS Gulf of Mexico 40 0.3 7.640
Oklahoma Sweet Oklahoma 40 0.3 7.640
Kansas Sweet Kansas 40 0.4 7.640
Wyoming Sweet Wyoming 40 0.2 7.640
ELS Alberta 40 0.5 7.640
Brent Blend United kingdom 38 0.8 7.551
Bonny Light Nigeria 37 0.1 7.506
Oman Blend Oman 36 0.8 7.462
Arabian Light Saudi Arabia 34 1.8 7.373
Minas Indonesia 34 0.1 7.373
Isthmus Mexico 34 1.5 7.373
Michigan Sour Michigan 34 1.7 7.373
WTS Texas 33 1.7 7.328
Urals Russia 32 1.7 7.284
Tia Juana Light Venezuela 32 1.2 7.284
Dubai U.A.E. 31 1.7 7.239
Lost Hills California 30 0.6 7.194
Cano Limon Colombia 28 0.6 7.105
Arabian Heavy Saudi Arabia 27 2.8 7.061
ANS Alaska 27 1.1 7.061
Oriente Ecuador 25 1.4 6.971
Hardisty Heavy Alberta 25 2.1 6.971
Maya Mexico 22 3.3 6.838
Kern River California 13 1.0 6.436
Crude Oil Qualities
For more information, please contact Dinara Millington at [email protected]. Canadian Energy Research Institute 150, 3512 – 33 Street NW Calgary, AB T2L 2A6