www.viti.com.au September 2016 Evaluating native insectary plants to boost beneficial arthropod populations in vineyards (Initial PhD findings) Presented by Mary Retallack Findings of two studies in Australian vineyards 1. Which native insectary plants enhance biological control of vineyard pests throughout the year? Ladybird beetle Epiphyas postvittana Light Brown Apple Moth (LBAM) Greg Baker 2. Which species of Tortricidae (pest leafrollers) are present in grapevine canopies? Acropolitis rudisana Merophyas divulsana Lucerne Leafroller $76 M $63 M $52 M $18 M $14 M $12 M $9 M $6 M Powdery Mildew Downy Mildew Botrytis and other bunch rots Light Brown Apple Moth Root-Knot and other… Viruses Birds Trunk diseases Mean Economic Impact $M/annum (Australian Vineyards) The problem Key vineyard pests and diseases Source: Scholefield, P.B. and Morison, J. (2010). "Assessment of Economic Cost of Endemic Pest and Diseases on the Australian Grape and Wine Industry." GWRDC, Adelaide. LBAM moths (L: Female, R: Male) Greg Baker LBAM larvae Mary Retallack LBAM webbing Mary Retallack Botrytis Mary Retallack Mealybugs Mary Retallack $70M Other key pests Vine moth Oechalia schellenbergi (Predatory Shield Bug) consuming a leafroller larvae Arkys sp. (Triangular Spider) eating a western flower thrips The solution Beneficial predators can provide natural biological control for free! The solution Native insectary plants enhance natural biological control Food Nectar = Carbohydrates and energy Pollen = Protein to produce more eggs > ladybird beetles, lacewings Shelter Alternative prey Study 1
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www.viti.com.au
September 2016
Evaluating native insectary plants to boost beneficial arthropod populations in vineyards (Initial PhD findings)Presented by Mary Retallack
Findings of two studies in Australian vineyards
1. Which native insectary plants enhance biological control of vineyard pests throughout the year?
Ladybird beetle
Epiphyas postvittanaLight Brown Apple Moth (LBAM)
Greg
Bak
er
2. Which species of Tortricidae (pest leafrollers) are present in grapevine canopies?
Acropolitis rudisanaMerophyas divulsana
Lucerne Leafroller
$76 M
$63 M
$52 M
$18 M
$14 M
$12 M
$9 M
$6 M
Powdery Mildew
Downy Mildew
Botrytis and other bunch rots
Light Brown Apple Moth
Root-Knot and other …
Viruses
Birds
Trunk diseases
Mean Economic Impact $M/annum (Australian Vineyards)
The problemKey vineyard pests and diseases
Source: Scholefield, P.B. and Morison, J. (2010). "Assessment of Economic Cost of Endemic Pest and Diseases on the Australian Grape and Wine Industry." GWRDC, Adelaide.
LBAM moths (L: Female, R: Male)
Gre
g Ba
ker
LBAM larvae
Mar
yRe
talla
ck
LBAM webbing
Mar
yRe
talla
ck
Botrytis
Mar
yRe
talla
ck
Mealybugs
Mar
yRe
talla
ck
$70M
Other key pests Vine moth
Oechalia schellenbergi (Predatory Shield Bug) consuming a leafroller larvae
Arkys sp. (Triangular Spider) eating a western flower thrips
The solutionBeneficial predators can provide natural biological control for free!
The solutionNative insectary plants enhance natural biological control
FoodNectar =
Carbohydrates and energy
Pollen =Protein to produce more eggs > ladybird beetles,
lacewings
Shelter
Alternative prey
Study 1
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September 2016
Slide 7 Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
Vacuum sampler (STIHL Petrol Blower with tube attached to the air intake)
Slide 8
Modified insect collecting net
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
Vitis vinifera (grapevine)
Slide 10
Modified beat net
Pitfall trap(charged with propylene glycol)
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
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September 2016
Bursaria spinosaEach collection comprised 5 shakes of foliage x 5 sub-samples into insect collecting net (modified) = 1 sample, repeated 10 times per collection date.
Leptospermum continentale (Prickly tea-tree)Each collection comprised 5 shakes of foliage x 5 sub-samples into insect collecting net (modified) = 1 sample, repeated 10 times per collection date.
Austrodanthonia sp (Wallaby Grass)10 x pitfall traps emptied fortnightly.
Vitis vinifera (Shiraz and Chardonnay)Each collection comprised 5 taps of the cordon x 5 sub-samples to collect arthropods in a beat net (modified), process repeated 10 times for each sampling date.
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush) ! Only vegetation type where orange assassin
bugs found (most abundant assassin bug species).
! Excellent host for a range of spiders (including active hunting predators Salticidae ‘Jumping’ and ambush hunters Thomisidae ‘Flower’ spiders).
! Excellent host for Brown and Green Lacewings.
! Good host for shield bugs (Predatory Shield Bugs in particular).
! Good host for Common Spotted Ladybird Bugs and Damsel Bugs.
! No Grapevine Moth observed.! Very few LBAM observed (n=2 instars total).
Bursaria spinosa (Christmas Bush)
Leptospermum continentale (Prickly Tea-tree) ! Excellent host of a range of spiders (including
active hunting predators Salticidae ‘jumping’some Lycosidae ‘Wolf’ spiders, and ambush hunters Thomisidae ‘flower’ spiders).
! Excellent host for Brown Lacewings and good host for Green Lacewings.
! Good host for shield bugs (Predatory Shield Bugs in particular).
! Good host for Common Spotted Ladybird Bugs and Damsel Bugs.
! No Grapevine Moth observed.! Low number of Elephant Weevil observed
(n=11 at one site, on one date = average 1 per sample).
! Very few LBAM observed (n=6 instars total).Leptospermum continentale
(Prickly Tea-tree)Slide 42
Wallaby grassOther considerationsAustrodanthonia sp (Wallaby grass) ! Three species of assassin bug
predominantly found in Wallaby Grass (Coranus granosus, brown assassin bug, black ground assassin bug).
! Excellent host of Lycosidae ‘Wolf’ spiders, earwigs, brown lacewings and glossy shield bugs.
! No LBAM or Grapevine Moth observed.
! Lepidoptera: Agrotis sp (Army and Herringbone Cutworms) (n=230) were found early in the season at a single site (may present an issue if planting young vines).
Wolf spider
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September 2016
Biodiversity (species richness)! 287 taxa (all) including predators, known pests, alternative
prey, detritivores etc.! 77 predator taxa found
! 52 predator taxa found in vineyards (room to improve?)! 53 predator taxa found in Bursaria spinosa! 52 predator taxa found in Leptospermum continentale! 29 predator taxa found in Wallaby Grass= overlap between vegetation types and capacity to control different pest life stages (=diversity is important).
! 14 Tortricidae (leafrollers) found on native plants versus5,189 predators found on native plants
! = 0.27% leafrollers= 370 predators for every leafroller instar.
Study 2
3 x Tortricidae species have been collected in vineyard mid rows previously
Study 2Confirming the presence of key leafroller species in grapevine canopies
? species
Tortricidae(leafroller)?
Epiphyas postvittana(Light Brown Apple Moth)
Merophyas divulsana(Lucerne Leaf Roller)
Acropolitis rudisana
LBAM moths (L: Female, R: Male)
Greg
Bak
er
Question: Are Acropolitis rudisana and Merophyas divulsana(Lucerne Leaf Roller) also present in grapevine canopies?
Tortricidae (leafroller) samples collected from grapevine canopies in season 2014/15 and 2015/16 (n=407)
Study 2Confirming the presence of leafroller species in grapevine canopies
First time Acropolitis and Merophyas have been described in vineyard canopies
Light Brown Apple Moth
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September 2016
Significance of these studies
1. Identified native insectary plants that can provide the provisioning requirements of key predators.
2. Determined which Tortricidae (leaf roller species) are present in grapevine canopies for the first time.
Acknowledgements
Scholarships:! Australian Postgraduate Award (APA), !C. J. Everard Supplementary Scholarship! Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation (GWRDC) Scholarship! SARDI Science Bursary
Project funding: ! Adelaide Hills Wine Region Postgraduate Biodiversity Study Grant! Australian Grape and Wine Authority (AGWA)
Supervisors: ! Principal Supervisor: Prof. Michael A. Keller (Adelaide University)! Independent Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Duncan Mackay (Flinders University)! External Advisor: Dr Linda Thomson (Melbourne University)