SENSORY SYSTEMS INSTRUMENTATION BY MARYAM IDRIS MUSA (20142926) MSc BIOENGINEERING
Jul 17, 2015
IntroductionSensory system instrumentation refers to the
application of engineering techniques and analyses
using sensory system which is part of the peripheral
nervous system to design devices that can be used
for detection, measurement and monitoring of
physiological signals.
Examples of Sensory DevicesThe Hearing Aid:This is an electroacoustic device which is designed to amplify sound for the wearer. It receives sound through a microphone, which converts the sound waves to electrical signals and sends them to an amplifier. The amplifier increases the power of the signals and then sends them to the ear through a speaker.
Thermometer:
This measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles. These include thermal expansion of solids or liquids with temperature or the change in pressure of gas on heating or cooling. The digital contains diode as temperature-sensing element. The radiation-type thermometers measure the infra red energy emitted by an object
Balloon Catheter This is a type of "soft" catheter with an inflatable "balloon" at its tip which is used during a catheterization procedure to enlarge a narrow opening or passage within the body. The deflated balloon catheter is positioned, then inflated to perform the necessary procedure, and deflated again in order to be removed. It is used for the treatment of chronic epiphora and nasolacrimal obstruction in children and adults.
Contact lenses:A contact lens is a thin, clear disks of plastic
that floats on the surface of the eye. They are designed to correct refractive errors and maintain ocular health. Contact lenses are used to correct the same conditions that eyeglasses correct:myopia (near sightedness);hyperopia (farsightedness);astigmatism (blurred vision due to the shape of the cornea);presbyopia (inability to see close up).A soft contact-lens biosensor (SCL-biosensor) for novel non-invasive bio monitoring of tear fluids has recently been fabricated. The biosensor has an enzyme immobilized electrode on the surface of a polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) contact lens.
continued
Smart contact lens
These are contact lenses with embedded sensors
and other miniaturized electronics to measure
glucose levels in the tear fluid of the eyes.
The measurements would be transmitted wirelessly
to a mobile device, for viewing by diabetic
patients and their doctors.
Another possible use of the technology would be
to provide near-focusing capability for intraocular
lenses that are implanted during cataract surgery.
This would benefit people with presbyopia who
would otherwise need reading glasses.
Narrow-band UVB PHOTOTHERAPYfor Skin Diseases
MECHANISM OF ACTION
In the skin, NB-UVB radiation is absorbed by DNA
and urocanic acid.
Inhibits DNA synthesis.
Inhibits epidermal keratinocyte
hyperproliferation.
Induces T-cell apoptosis.
Induces immunosuppression.
Induces anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Alters antigen presenting cell activity.
Thus, the ability of NB-UVB radiation tosystemically suppress the major components ofcell mediated immune function is linked to itsbeneficial effect in several inflammatory skindiseases.
LED Light Therapy Device
This is use to treat skin disease psoriasis vulgaris.A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a basic pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated.
When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect called electroluminescence, and the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.
FUNCTIONS OF A BIOMEDICAL ENGINEER
A biomedical engineer designs medical instruments that help healthcare personnel
Detection
Monitoring and
Treatment of diseases associated with the sensory systems
Conclusion
The nervous system is the body’s principal regulatory system, and pathological processes in it often lead to serious functional disturbances. With the help of instruments such as EEG, ECG.EMG etc. these processes can be measured and its activities monitored which can help in diagnosis and treatment diseases.
References International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering(An ISO 3297:
2007 Certified Organization)Vol. 3, Issue 3, March 2014Copyright to IJAREEIE www.ijareeie.com 7707. Review on Biomedical Instrumentation
Basic concepts of medical instrumentation. Medical instrumentation: application and design. Fourth edition. John G. Webster
Handbook of Biomedical instrumentation by Khandpur
www.wikipedia.org
www.meditech.com
www.Princeton.edu
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation. 2010.Mandeep Singh