Senses in the City Daniele Internicola Aarhus University, Denmark
Sep 14, 2014
Senses in the City
Daniele Internicola
Aarhus University, Denmark
Table of contents
Introduction
See the city
Smell the city
Listen to the city
Conclusion
Appendix A
Appendix B
2
Introduction
On the importance of senses.
The man for its very nature, is a multi-sensory creature.
He knows and enjoys the world around him through a lot of sensor
channels.
He knows through his hands that return him pleasure or sorrow.
Through his ears the man is in touch with the extraordinary world of the
sounds.
The man knows through his nose that discloses him an hidden world full
of stinks and smells.
The man could travel around the world without moving from his kitchen
but just closing his eyes and taste an exotic dish, thanks to his sense of
taste.
He knows how to analyze the world around him through his eyes.
So, senses allow us to discover and enjoy places.
The cities we live in are like the heaven for human senses that are run
down by an explosion of information.
Colors, smells, noise; all these things satisfy our desire of information
and discovery.
All these data could be nice or annoying for us.
So, we are accustomed to balance and filter all this data noise.
In this paper i'll try to focus on three of our senses: sight, smell and
hearing senses.
Starting from the sight, that culturally has more importance than other
sense, i'll move towards the sense of smell.
I'll bring as an example my subjective Aarhus smell map.
Finally i'll analyze in three steps the hear sense and its relation with the
city: identify the sounds of the city; use sounds to visit and discover the
city; creating stories inspired by the city sounds.
3
See the city
The creative use of maps.
Man is hunger for sight. He creates a big disproportion between sight
sense and the others.
[...]The ear has given away to the eye as the most important gatherer of
environmental information. (Schafer 1973, p.21)
We living in a visual society, where what we see has more weight than
we feel with other senses.
We have a tendency to underestimate the senses other than sight. We
regard sounds and scents, for instance, as being somehow temporary
and incidental (Sepänmaa, 2003, p.82).
Usually people visit or live in a city through the sight sense.
We look at a monument, we are petrified in front of a imposing building,
we enjoy the beauty of the city skyline.
It is difficult to imagine a city, in which its visual form would not be
important (Sepänmaa, 2003, p.76).
To orientate ourself within the city, we use visual landmarks like street
signals, buildings, monuments, parks.
We need something visual to not lose ourself.
Maps could help us.
According to Pinder, maps have long been used in attemps to tame the
urban labyrinth, and to represent its spaces as “legible” and
“knowable” (Pinder, 1996, p. 407).
A map is a portable and easy-readable representation of the key city
landmark.
But map are rarely objective.
As Wood argues, we have forgotten this is a picture someone has
arranged for us [Wood, 1993] (Cited in Pinder, 1996, p.407).
This helping tool is a kind of “precooked summary” of the city.
4
Otherwise it is possible to use maps in a creative and personal way, even
if they are made by others.
The effects on how the map is viewed and used can be profound (Pinder,
1996, p.407).
The map could be a valid support to perform an urban exploring
technique called .walk.
Using an algorithm divided in three instructions, we can walking and
looking the city in a different way. Instructions are usually “If X then do
Y” where X is the cause and Y is the action to perform.
We have to follow the instructions cyclically for a stated period of time.
When we perform a .walk could be useful having a map as support to
interpret our experience about our path, later or during the performance.
It is possible to insert as a variable a visual element like see some
person who wears a brown skirt or a brown bag.
We could link this variable to the instruction to turn right on the 1st
street we meet: 1st street right after you meet a person wears
something brown otherwise go straight1.
In this way we could see the city in a creative way and use the map only
to take a note of our path.
We could use maps also as starting point to create a different orientation
tool thanks to our sense of smell, changing maps’ nature,
5
1 See Appendix A #4.
Smell the city
"Odors have a power of persuasion stronger than that of
words, appearances, emotions, or will. The persuasive
power of an odor cannot be fended off, it enters into us
like breath into our lungs, it fills us up, imbues us totally.
There is no remedy for it."
(Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, Süskind)
Using our nose to explore the city could be a pleasant or a terrifying
experience. The city is a mosaic of smells. Our sense of smell is often
used to support what we see or it can influences our decision and have
an important role in our city living.
For instance, if we are visiting a new city, we could be guided trough the
streets by signal, landmarks like historical building, squares and so on.
But if a particular smell hits us, we could choose to follow that odor and
choose the direction suggested by it. So what we have in mind, our
perception influence our interpretation of the places we visit.
Debord[1981] aimed 'to examine how subjective feelings and desires are
affected by the geography of the urban environment, and at the same
time how feelings and desires affect and give form to that
geography.' (Cited in Pinder 1996, p.415). Explore the city through our
sense of smell2 is also about our feelings. The smells can be the link to
bring to mind some memories about our past experiences, our important
moments. In that way those smells acquire a really unique meanings. A
particular smell, whether pleasant or disgusting, can contribute to
construct our own memory about the place we explore.
6
2 For further information look at Appendix A #1
An example of this kind of experience is that one made by Jason Logan3,
a freelance illustrator, who walked and lived the city by day and by night,
trusting only to his nose.
In an article of NewYork Times, he reports:
“I set out to navigate the city by nose. As my nostrils led me
from Manhattan’s northernmost end to its southern tip, some
prosaic scents recurred (cigarette butts; suntan lotion; fried
foods); some were singular and sublime (a delicate trail of
flowers mingling with Indian curry around 34th Street); while
others proved revoltingly unique (the garbage outside a nail
salon).
[...]Some smells reminded me of other places, and some will
forever remind me of New York. “ 4
Try to track the smells of the city is not a so easy 'work' because of the
myriad of kind of smell and odors that fill the city.
First of all, it's important paying attention to the “sudden change of
ambience in a street within the space of a few metres [...]” [Debord
1981b, p.6-7] (Pinder 1996, p.415). The ambience is made of many
elements, some of those are the smells. You can perceive a smell in a
street that suddenly disappear in the next street to be replaced by other
different smell. Moreover the change is not only related to the space but
also to the time: the smells perceived during the day can be different or
disappear during the night. That difference could be notice also if you
consider the weekdays or the weekend, the winter or the spring. The
smells change continually and this changing depends from the activity
performed in the city, from the people who live in and also from the
7
3 An example of this map shown at Appedix B
4 You can found more information on: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/08/29/opinion/20090829-smell-map-feature.html
weather.
As we said, there are a lot of smells spread around the city. Sometimes
they are merged together and it is difficult to distinguish each other or to
perceive an odor rather than the other. For instance, in the street along
the river in Aarhus, often there are strong smells of alcohol, urine and
food mix together. There are also places full of many smell, but one on
all comes out, leaving the other ones in the background, like the smell of
sea near the harbor or the one of food in the main street of Aarhus.
That kind of experience is really subjective because each one can
perceive different smells around the city, depending on which one draw
attention of the person who walk in the city. But there are a lot of smells
common in all the city or connected to a particular city. There are smells
that convey an detailed portrait of a city and it is necessary pay
attention to them in order to acquire important information about the
place we visit.
'Each community has its idiosyncratic sounds, and they should receive
special attention and, if necessary, protection.' (Schafer 1973, p.42).
8
Listen to the city.
Find, cut, create
In order to have a detailed and complete portrait of the city, as it is
important pay attention to the different smells, it's fundamental listen to
the sounds spread around the city. The city is identified by them. They
are like its fingerprint.
When we visit a new city, we could enjoy a beautiful landscape as well as
a peculiar soundscape. Schafer identified two kind of soundscapes: hi-fi
and lo-fi.
The hi-fi soundscape is one in which discrete sounds can be heard clearly
because of the low ambient noise level.(Schafer, 1973, p.24)
So, the sea coast sounds, rivers, woods whispers and other types of
sounds that we can find inside a natural context are good examples of
hi-fi soundscape.
The country is generally more hi-fi than the city.(Schafer, 1973, p.24).
Cities and urban zones are generally lo-fi.
According to Schafer, In a lo-fi soundscape individual acoustic signal are
obscured in an over-dense population of sounds.(Schafer, 1973, p.25)
This is a noisy era, in which is really hard to distinguish the single pieces
composing it.
The industrial revolution began to produce lo-fi soundscape (Schafer,
1973, p.25).
The work of Industries and fabrics, evolution of motors and transports
generated tons of new sound information.
Today noise reigns supreme over human sensibility.(Schafer, 1973, p.26)
Even if we live close to these sounds everyday, we don't mind to them.
Our sense of hearing is accustomed to noise.
Let's try to pay attention to our ear.
The city is also to be heard and not only to be seen.
9
(Thibaud, 2003, p.330)
We should try to explore not only the city landscape but soundscape too.
By treating the urban landscape as a living source of musical
information,[...] we could [.] challenge old ideas of noise and encourage
people to appreciate the sounds they live with every day in a new way
(Butler, 2006, p.892).
Schafer talks about three types of sounds: natural, human and
technology ones.
Throughout human history we have seen the increase in technological
sounds and the decrease in natural sounds (Schafer, 1973, p. 45).
There are places in which the three kinds of sounds are still “living
together”.
The bicycle path between the Aarhus harbor and the Risskov beaches are
a good example5.
The crow's nest, the bike/walking path and the railroad: nature sound,
human sound, tech sound.
The small wood near the sea are full of crows' nest.
They loudly cry especially during the day.
Close to the wood there are a railroad and a bicycle path.
The cries of crows are covered by the train passing on the railroad.
Between this two sound categories, a third one often comes out:
humans.
The bicycle path are often crowded by men and women.
They run by walk, they take a ride bike, they take a walk, chatting and
talking loudly.
In that peculiar place these three kind of sounds are physically divided in
three different sector.
If we will listen carefully we should be capable to distinguish the different
audio pieces.
10
5 For further information look at Appendix A #2
Otherwise, we will lost inside the noise that comes from the mix of the
three ones.
Inside this noise many information and stories are well hidden.
According to Schafer, most sounds of the environment have symbolism.
This symbolism has so far been little explored, but it will have to be
investigated thoroughly if we wish to make meaningful decision as to
which sounds we wish to keep and which we wish to eliminate(Schafer,
1973, p.37).
We should be able to made a selection of information brought by sounds.
This is the first step of hearing the city: sounds selection.
The second step is the exploration of the city following the sounds.
After we have learned how to select and mark sounds, we are ready to
uses these as a tourist guide.
But how?
A good way is to lose ourself within the city and explore it to find our
personal path, with the help of sounds.
As Ariadne's thread helped Theseus to find his way inside the
Labyrinth of the Minotaur, in the same way sounds help us to find a path
inside the city.
Sounds could be used to draw attention to the urban landscape.
(Butler, 2006, p.892)
An example of the application of this technique could be the .walk
again.
If you insert as instruction something linked to the ears sphere, your
walk through the city will be influenced by the sounds.
In the .walk created by other group6, the sound factor was fundamental.
The instruction was turn over 180° every time you hear some heel
11
6 For further information look at Appendix A #4.1
ticking.
This kind of audio randomness guide the performer through street and
hidden alley. It is possible to find some hidden place, simply identifying a
sound and following it.
In this way we could rewriting conventional maps to reveal some of ‘the
other cities that exist inside the city’.
(Pinder, 2001, p.8)
So we are able to discover an hidden “sound city” inside the visible city.
Sounds city made of sounds that could remember you also other places
and past moments of your life.
But can we use this audio pieces to create something?
The third step is the creation of stories, in which the city sounds are part
of them.
We know how to select sounds from the context's noise.
We know how to use these to lost ourself within the city, and how to find
our path.
Are we only passive listener of the city or could we play and interact with
its sounds?
Schafer ask himself a similar question:
Is the soundscape of the world an indeterminate composition over which
we have no control or are we its composers and performers, responsible
for giving it form and beauty?
(Schafer, 1973, p.15).
The city is like a big puzzle and we know how to recognize every single
pieces.
We only have to choose the pieces and play with the city.
When the soundscape is as dynamic as it is today new sounds are
constantly appearing and others are disappearing.
12
(Schafer, 1973, p.42).
It's a creative work.
First we decontextualize sounds of the city; then we give them some
sense (if we can't find one) and finally we ricompose the entire puzzle,
using only the pieces that we like.
So, we are able to create stories and this is an excuse to visit and to
listen to the city in a different way7.
The stories (and the single pieces of which are composed) make audible
[...] what usually goes to unnoticed(Jean-Paul Thibaud, 2003, p.331).
Walking in search of peculiar sounds, that stimulate our fantasies, we
reveal the hidden sides of the city. (Jean-Paul Thibaud, 2003, p.330)
But is this a subjective work, linked to our relation with the places we
explore?
Well, partly yes, partly no.
The subjective and personal part of this kind of play is represented by
our feelings.
When we found sounds within the city we are exploring the connections
between self and city.
(Pinder, 2001, p.16)
We choose sounds that bring with them our past memories, sounds that
trigger strong emotions or sounds that we associated to other place,
things, senses or people.
We give significance and importance to sounds that other people ignore.
So what make this work subjective is how we understand and how we
link the sounds to our life.
The objective part is represented by the nature of some kind of sounds,
that are unquestionably linked to a precise city place.
Everyone is able to hear common city sounds as church bell, sirens, car
traffic etc etc.
13
7 For further information look at Appendix A # 5
The difference between a listener and another listener is the perception
and the meanings of those sounds.
The meanings that we give to city sounds could stimulate our fantasy
and creativity to generate stories and possible situations.
The construction of situations was described as “the concrete
construction of momentary ambiances of life and their transformation
into a superior passional quality” (Debord, 1957) [...](McGarrigle, 2009,
p.2).
Picture yourself taking a walk near the city harbor8.
Suddenly, you heard the sound of a boat and you could imagine that
sound as the starting piece of a pirate story, helping by people scream
near the quay:
“A pirate boat approaching the city harbor. Can you listen the people
screaming?”
Then you could decide to follow someone with heel shoes, imagining that
he runs away from the pirates:
“I should follow the sounds of heel ticking. Some girl could be in
danger!”
Following this girl, you could move away from the harbor.
You could start to walk within the city alleys, in search of new sounds
element to continues and complete this story.
In this way you explore the city, creating situations by sounds.
14
8 I performed a test of sound story in Aarhus.
Conclusion
All this works show us the importance of other human senses to
exploring the places.
The city is a place that could be experienced with all five senses of
human being.
We are accustomed to use primarily the sight sense and the other senses
are used in support of that.
Shifting the attention to the other senses could give us a totally different
experience.
Moreover the creative use of them allow us to play with the city.
As explained in previous chapter, if we try to identify the different sounds
that composing the city soundscape, we could enjoy and discover hidden
place inside the city.
The play of creating stories based on sounds could be played alone or
together with other people, sharing experiences, feelings and opinions.
The stories that we create, are often different one from each other and
this is interesting.
We start with sounds that are both peculiar of a place, occasional or
strange.
Basically we are able to recognize the common sounds of a city but how
we combine them changes from person to person.
We need to rediscover or discover the city, combining all the experiences
filtered by senses.
15
References
Butler, Toby, (2006), “A walk of art: the potential of the sound walk as
practice in cultural geography”, Social & Cultural Geography, 7 (6), 889 -
908. http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/14649360601055821
De Souza e Silva, Adriana, (2006), “From Cyber to Hybrid: Mobile
Technologies as Interfaces of Hybrid Spaces”, Space and Culture, 9
Logan, Jason, 2009, “Scents and the city”, The New York Times, Retrived
on: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/08/29/opinion/20090829-
smell-map-feature.html
McGarrigle, Conor, (2009). “The construction of locative situations :
locative media and the Situationist International, recuperation or redux?”
in Simon Penny (ed.), DAC - Digital Arts and Culture 2009 (UC Irvine).
Pinder, D. (1996), “Subverting cartography: the situationists and maps
of the city”, Environment and Planning A, 28 (3), 405-27.
http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=a280405
Pinder, David, (2001), “Ghostly Footsteps: Voices, Memories and Walks
in the City”, Cultural Geographies, 8 (1), 1-19.
http://cgj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/1/1
Sepänmaa, Yrjö. (2003).Multi-sensoriness and the city.
KOHT ja PAIK / PLACE and LOCATION ,
Studies in Environmental Aesthetics and Semiotics , 3(14),
464. Retrieved in:
www.eki.ee/km/place/pdf/kp3_04_Sepanmaa.pdf
16
Schafer, R. Murray, (1973), “The music of the environment”, Cultures, 1
(1), 15-51.
Süskind, Patrick. (1986). Perfume. Hamish Hamilton.
Thibaud, J.-P. (2003). “The sonic composition of the city”. In M. Bull & L.
Back (Eds.), The Auditory Culture Reader. London: Berg, 329-342.
17
Appendix A
#1 Aarhus Smell map
I tried to explore it following my nose.
I chose a little part of the city center even if is ti possible to apply this
type of map to entire city.
The circles represent different kind of smells.
More smell big circle
I divided the different scents in 5 type that more spread around the
city : Food, Urine, Leather and plastic, the river and the sea.
18
#2 Audiostand
I recorded the audio fragment on the bicycle way from Riisskov to
Aarhus. I was really impressed by the crows and the magical atmosphere
of the place. Few seconds later, this kind of peace was broken by the
train noise. After the chaos, the peace has been restored again.
Retrievable on: http://communicity2010.wikidot.com/daniele-internicola
19
#3 Hybrid Space
Mobnotes9 is a software/community allows you
to share your activities,emotions and thoughts
related(embedded) to your preferred places.
This software seems like Gbuzz but i used it
since 2009, when Buzz didn't exist. Mobnotes
is a digital way to communicate but is
continually linked to the physical world.
When users move around different places,
they share their experiences (geo-localized)
with the whole community. Other users can
use these data to create or modify their
experience. The tools used to do these kind of things are mobile phones
and PDA (Normally i used my Ipod). "Hybrid spaces merge the physical
and the digital in a social environment created by the mobility of users
connected via mobile technology devices."
(De Souza e Silva, Adriana, 2006, p.6) "Conversely, mobile interfaces
are defined as cell phones, PDAs, and Palmptops, that is, interfaces that
allow our connection to the Internet while moving through physical
space.11 These interfaces literally allow us to “carry the digital space”
with us. As a consequence, mobility becomes part of the process of
connecting to the digital and exploring hybrid spaces."
(De Souza e Silva, Adriana, 2006, p.17)
In my example, Hybrid Space is the mashup between User's Experience,
Physical place, Community and a Network, all mediated by digital
devices.
20
9 http://www.mobnotes.com/
# 4 .Walk
//Ah, Brown!!! (group 2B)
repeat for 1 hour
[
1st street left
1st street right after you meet a person wears something brown
otherwise go straight.
2st street left
]
We decided to start our a.walk from the crossroad between Rosensgade
and Bispegade. During our a.walk, when we randomly reached
Stentrappen, we weren't able to follow the 2nd command.
There wasn't anyone that wore a brown stuff, so we went straight and
we reached a small and sad courtyard. After 59 minutes by walk, we
found a bug and we decided to stop.
21
# 4.1 Other group .Walk
//Å + ticking heels .walk
repeat for 1 hour
[
2nd street right
1st street left after you see an "Å" somewhere
Turn over 180° after you hear some heel ticking
]
We decided to start the a.walk from the corner between Immervad and
Lille Torv (close to Magasin and 7Eleven). We spent about 15 minutes
going straight on Kystvejen because we couldn't hear heels ticking.
We entered in a loop walking from Kystvejen to Helgenægade and vice
versa.About 10 minutes for 100 mt!
3.We passed through the Arkitektskolen Aarhus because we didn't hear
heels ticking.
4.When we came out from the Arkitektskolen courtyard, we arrived in
22
Paradisgade street. We were in front of Cafè Paradis.
After 55 minutes, we couldn't hear that annoying sound, we couldn't go
straight on, so we deicided to stop and have a coffee in the cafè.
23
# 5 Misguide
24
Appendix B
Scents and the City
©Jason Logan
25