Senior University: Winter 2008

Senior University: Winter 2008Senior University: Winter 2008

Evolving Continents, Oceans, andEvolving Continents, Oceans, and God-talk about LifeGod-talk about Life Session 1Session 1 Don BeaumontDon Beaumont

Darrel GilbertsonDarrel Gilbertson

Conversations between the two disciplines ofConversations between the two disciplines of geology and theology:geology and theology:The history of Earth Science and correspondingThe history of Earth Science and corresponding biblical models and language about the scientificbiblical models and language about the scientific and religious origins of the earth.and religious origins of the earth.

Goals:Goals: Civil discourse, impartiality, and class participationCivil discourse, impartiality, and class participation

The mind seems to grow giddy by lookingThe mind seems to grow giddy by looking so far into the abyss of timeso far into the abyss of time Jay Playfair, 1805Jay Playfair, 1805

Science:Science:Natural facts discovered by experimentNatural facts discovered by experiment and testing hypothesesand testing hypotheses

Humans are creatures who comprehendHumans are creatures who comprehend things they cannot see andthings they cannot see andBelieve in things they can not comprehendBelieve in things they can not comprehend William HowellsWilliam Howells

Religion:Religion:answers to great human questionsanswers to great human questionsstrength to bear sorrowstrength to bear sorrowlight on proper conductlight on proper conductassurance in presence of deathassurance in presence of death

Paul Hutchinson, 1957Paul Hutchinson, 1957

Our Amazing Living Crust;“Shaper” of Human HistoryA Geological Course Outline

Stone Age: Rocks (flint, clay, building stone, & soils)

Bronze Age: Minerals: Smelting; copper, tin, & arsenic;trade routes, & competition for resources

Iron Age: Minerals: Smelting; iron, lead, zinc;trade routes, & territorial conquests, & 3 religions

Dark Ages: Civilizations and religions in competitive collision

Iron & Coal Age: Competition for resources, Uniformitarianism“Old as Dirt”, Evolution, Geosynclines,

Iron & Oil Age: “Older than Dirt”, absolute age dates, platetectonics, continental drift, The Earth’s Living Crust.

Humans are creatures who comprehendHumans are creatures who comprehend things they cannot see andthings they cannot see andBelieve in things they can not comprehendBelieve in things they can not comprehend William HowellsWilliam Howells

How have Science and ReligionHow have Science and Religion interacted in Pre-historic Timeinteracted in Pre-historic Time

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Good Old Common SenseGood Old Common Sense

1. Observe and Record Information1. Observe and Record Information2. Imagine an Explanation(s)2. Imagine an Explanation(s)3. Test our Explanation(s)3. Test our Explanation(s)

Explanation to be tested:Explanation to be tested:““Geology determines the sites of earlyGeology determines the sites of early civilizations and their Religions”civilizations and their Religions”

4. Peers review our Conclusion(s)4. Peers review our Conclusion(s)

Modern View of the Rise and Fall of SocietiesModern View of the Rise and Fall of Societies

Dr. Jared Diamond, geographer, UCLADr. Jared Diamond, geographer, UCLA

Books:Books: Collapse: How Societies Choose to FallCollapse: How Societies Choose to Fall or Succeedor Succeed

Guns, Germs, and Steel: Grand UnifiedGuns, Germs, and Steel: Grand Unified Theory of HistoryTheory of History

Book by Dr. Jared Diamond, geographer, UCLABook by Dr. Jared Diamond, geographer, UCLA

Collapse: How Societies Choose to FallCollapse: How Societies Choose to Fall or Succeedor Succeed

Societies doomed by geographySocieties doomed by geographyfragile ecosystemsfragile ecosystemsclimate changeclimate change

hostile neighborshostile neighborsbad decisions bad decisions

Book by Dr. Jared Diamond, geographer, UCLABook by Dr. Jared Diamond, geographer, UCLA

Guns, Germs, and Steel: Grand UnifiedGuns, Germs, and Steel: Grand Unified Theory of HistoryTheory of History

Factors Determining Prevailing SocietiesFactors Determining Prevailing Societiesraw materialsraw materialscropscropsclimateclimatetrade routestrade routesshore linesshore lines

What Geologic Conditions affect History and Religion?

Different Rocks at or near the Surface Erode into Unique Hills & Valleys Weather into Distinctive Soils Contain Natural Resources

Continents: Unique Shapes & LocationsInfluence Weather & Climate

Let’s Look at our Earth’s Rocky Crust

The Earth’s Rocky CrustThe Earth’s Rocky Crust

Continents: shape & location

Rocks: topography, soils, resources

Continental Drift: Shifts the ContinentsContinental Drift: Shifts the Continents

Weathering: Produces Distinctive SoilsWeathering: Produces Distinctive Soils

What geologic processes affect humanWhat geologic processes affect human history and religion?history and religion?

Erosion: Creates Unique TopographyErosion: Creates Unique Topography

What do we know: the Earth’s Crust that moves,What do we know: the Earth’s Crust that moves, and is being destroyed by natural processes?and is being destroyed by natural processes?

From: Ron Blakey, 2000 with permissionFrom: Ron Blakey, 2000 with permission

From E. A. Keller, 1996, Environmental GeologyFrom E. A. Keller, 1996, Environmental Geology

From: S.M. Stanley,1999, Earth System History,From: S.M. Stanley,1999, Earth System History, From: Hammond Atlas, 1972From: Hammond Atlas, 1972

From: Ron Redfern, 2000, OriginsFrom: Ron Redfern, 2000, Origins

From: Halley’s Bible Handbook, 1991From: Halley’s Bible Handbook, 1991

Jared Diamond: Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fall or SucceedJared Diamond: Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fall or Succeed

Jared Diamond: Collapse: Guns, Gems, and Steel: Grand Unified Theory of HistoryJared Diamond: Collapse: Guns, Gems, and Steel: Grand Unified Theory of History

Simon Winchester: The Map that Changed the WorldSimon Winchester: The Map that Changed the World

Bill Bryson: A Short History of Nearly EverythingBill Bryson: A Short History of Nearly Everything

References

4000 miles4000 miles

Our EarthOur Earth

Rocky CrustRocky Crust5 to 50 miles thich5 to 50 miles thich

Rocky Crust Thickness:Rocky Crust Thickness: Oceanic Crust = 5 miles thichOceanic Crust = 5 miles thich Continental Crust = 20 to 50 miles thickContinental Crust = 20 to 50 miles thick

Earth’s Rocky CrustEarth’s Rocky Crust

Blue: Oceanic CrustBlue: Oceanic Crust

Orange, Yellow, Green,Orange, Yellow, Green, and light Blue:and light Blue: Continental CrustContinental Crust

The Earth’s Crustal PlatesThe Earth’s Crustal Plates

From E. A. Keller, 1996, Environmental GeologyFrom E. A. Keller, 1996, Environmental Geology

The Earth’s Earthquakes and VolcanoesThe Earth’s Earthquakes and Volcanoes

From E. A. Keller, 1996, Environmental GeologyFrom E. A. Keller, 1996, Environmental Geology

Volcanoes and Earthquakes have long had dramaticVolcanoes and Earthquakes have long had dramatic affects on both history and religion!!affects on both history and religion!!

Africa-Eurasia:Africa-Eurasia: Earthquakes and VolcanoesEarthquakes and Volcanoes

From E. A. Keller, 1996, Environmental GeologyFrom E. A. Keller, 1996, Environmental Geology

Volcanoes and Earthquakes have long had dramaticVolcanoes and Earthquakes have long had dramatic affects on both history and religion!!affects on both history and religion!!

EarliestHumans

EarlyCivilizations

We’ll consider soils, topography & minerals later

Continental Drift: North AmericaContinental Drift: North America 550 Million Years550 Million Years

No Significant Drift in last several Million YearsNo Significant Drift in last several Million Years

From: Ron Blakey, 2000 with permissionFrom: Ron Blakey, 2000 with permission

Interesting process but not too important in theInteresting process but not too important in thehistory and religions of the human race. Why?history and religions of the human race. Why?

Geologic Time ScaleGeologic Time Scale

HumanHistory

Geologic Time: Last 550 Million YearsGeologic Time: Last 550 Million Years

LastLastMillionMillionYearsYears

550,

000,

000

year

s

Geologic Time LineGeologic Time Line““Humanid” Fossil HistoryHumanid” Fossil History

5 milli

on

5 milli

on

NowNow

OldestOldestHumanidsHumanidsKenya 1970Kenya 1970

Volcanic mudVolcanic mudFootprintsFootprintsTanzania, 1978Tanzania, 1978

Hot Spots under Africa TodayHot Spots under Africa Today

Earliest Humanit FossilsEarliest Humanit Fossils

From: Ron Redfern, 2000, OriginsFrom: Ron Redfern, 2000, Origins

From: Ron Redfern, 2000, OriginsFrom: Ron Redfern, 2000, Origins

Mt. KilimaniaroMt. Kilimaniaro3.6 mmy3.6 mmyfootprintsfootprints

5 mmy5 mmyOldestOldestHumanidHumanid

3.6 mmy Humanid footprints3.6 mmy Humanid footprints

Adult and Child? Walking in wet volcanic ash.

From: Ron Redfern, 2000, OriginsFrom: Ron Redfern, 2000, Origins

Now let’s look at the last million years

PresentPresent

200,000 years ago200,000 years ago

1 million1 million

2 million2 million

3 million3 million

4 million4 million

FossilFossilHumanidsHumanids& Human& HumanHistoryHistory

From: Earth System HistoryFrom: Earth System History S.M. Stanley,1999S.M. Stanley,1999

Stone AgeStone Age

Focus Herenext slide

1 million1 million

500,000500,000

200,000200,000

Last Ice AgeLast Ice Age

Sto

ne

Ag

eS

ton

e A

ge

From: Earth System HistoryFrom: Earth System History S.M. Stanley,1999S.M. Stanley,1999

The Last Million YearsThe Last Million Years

One MillionOne MillionYears AgoYears Ago NowNow

The Last Million Years:The Last Million Years: A Geologic Time Line A Geologic Time Line aka Recent Geologic Timeaka Recent Geologic Time

100,000

100,000Years

Years

1,000,000

1,000,000

Years

Years

500,000

500,000

Years

Years

Let’s look at the last 100,000 years

Hom

o er

ectu

sH

omo

sap

iens

Nea

nder

thal

??????????????????

One MillionOne MillionYears AgoYears Ago NowNow

Human History Time Line: Human History Time Line: aka Recent Geologic Timeaka Recent Geologic Time

NowNow100,000

100,000

Years A

go

Years A

go

Last Ice AgeLast Ice Age

ADAD human history (Stone Age) human history (Stone Age) BC BC

100,000

100,000Years

Years

1,000,000

1,000,000

Years

Years

500,000

500,000

Years

Years

The Last Ice AgeThe Last Ice Age

Last Continental Glacier

Last Continental Glacier110,000 to 10,000 ybp

110,000 to 10,000 ybp

From: Ron Redfern, 2000, OriginsFrom: Ron Redfern, 2000, Origins

Humanid Sites: 1 million to 10,000 ybpHumanid Sites: 1 million to 10,000 ybp

Migrated up and out from AfricaMigrated up and out from Africa

Last Continental Glacier

Last Continental Glacier110,000 to 10,000 ybp

110,000 to 10,000 ybp

What is the earliest evidence of Modern Humans?What is the earliest evidence of Modern Humans?

From: Ron Redfern, 2000, OriginsFrom: Ron Redfern, 2000, Origins

Cave Paintings and FigurinesCave Paintings and Figurines

30,000 to 15,000 ybp30,000 to 15,000 ybp

Note: Note:

White = GlaciersWhite = GlaciersTan = exposed continental ShelvesTan = exposed continental Shelves

From: Ron Redfern, 2000, OriginsFrom: Ron Redfern, 2000, OriginsEarly Early KNOWNKNOWN Civilizations about 30,000 years ago Civilizations about 30,000 years ago Where were they Located?Where were they Located?Now let’s look at the last 10,000 yearsNow let’s look at the last 10,000 years

Division of Historic TimeDivision of Historic Time

Silicon AgeSilicon Age 1950 to Present 1950 to PresentModern AgeModern Age 1900 to 1950 1900 to 1950Steam AgeSteam Age 1830 to 1950 1830 to 1950

Industrial AgeIndustrial Age 1700 to 1830 1700 to 1830RenaissanceRenaissance 1450 to 1700 1450 to 1700Middle AgesMiddle Ages 470 to 1450 470 to 1450

Roman AgeRoman Age to 470 to 470 750750

Iron AgeIron Age 1400 to 750 1400 to 750Bronze AgeBronze Age 3300 to 1400 3300 to 1400

Copper AgeCopper Age 3300 to 3000 3300 to 3000Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000Geology & ReligionGeology & Religion

Where were the Early Civilizations Located?Where were the Early Civilizations Located?

Along major rivers!Along major rivers!

NileNile

Tigris Tigris Euphrates Euphrates

IndusIndus

From: Hammond Atlas, 19From: Hammond Atlas, 19

What do all the earliest civilizationsWhat do all the earliest civilizations have in common? Major Rivers!!!!have in common? Major Rivers!!!!

IndusIndus

GangesGanges

YellowYellowYangtze Yangtze

Rivers are geologic phenomena. Rivers are geologic phenomena.

Major rivers concentrate erosional debris Major rivers concentrate erosional debris at continental marginsat continental margins

Rivers create Topography: Mountains, Hills,Rivers create Topography: Mountains, Hills, Valleys, and Plains.Valleys, and Plains.

Without exception early human civilizationsWithout exception early human civilizations “ “preferred” river flood plains!!!preferred” river flood plains!!!

Continent beingDestroyed byWeathering &Erosion

Continental DebrisTrapped along theContinental Margins forming Geosynclines

Weathering & ErosionRivers Concentrate Weathered Debris at Continental Margin

Rivers carryRivers carryDebris to Debris to ContinentalContinentalMarginsMargins

Continental DebrisTrapped along theContinental Margins forming Geosynclines

Mountain BuildingAlong ContinentalMargins Continent being

Destroyed byWeathering &Erosion

Mountain BuildingAlong Continental Margins

Let’s consider the vehicle responsible forLet’s consider the vehicle responsible for all of the developments of all sciences.all of the developments of all sciences.

Remember: all these statements areRemember: all these statements are based on the Scientific Method!!based on the Scientific Method!!

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Good Old Common SenseGood Old Common Sense

1. Observe and Record Information1. Observe and Record Information2. Imagine an Explanation(s)2. Imagine an Explanation(s)3. Test our Explanation(s)3. Test our Explanation(s)

MYMY Explanation to be tested: Explanation to be tested:““Geology determines the sites of earlyGeology determines the sites of early civilizations and their Religions”civilizations and their Religions”

4. Peers review our Conclusion(s)4. Peers review our Conclusion(s)

And you are the “peer” reviewers!!!And you are the “peer” reviewers!!!

Example: Western EuropeExample: Western Europe

TopographyTopography GeologyGeology

Topography (geology) Topography (geology) Divides humans into distinctive groupsDivides humans into distinctive groups

Contrasting Geology: Contrasting Geology: rock outcrops and their Soilsrock outcrops and their Soils France and GermanyFrance and Germany

Contrasting Geology: Drainage SystemsContrasting Geology: Drainage Systems

SeineSeineRhineRhine

Contrasting Geology: SoilsContrasting Geology: Soils

RollingRollingFarmlandFarmland

ForestedForestedHillsHills

Types of Rocks Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous

Review and more on RocksReview and more on Rocks

Even within France the early local groups wereEven within France the early local groups wereConcentrated in areas of similar rock types. Concentrated in areas of similar rock types.

Common Metamorphic RocksCommon Metamorphic Rocks

Marble = partially melted Marble = partially melted limestonelimestone

Quartzite = partially melted Quartzite = partially melted sandstonesandstone

Slate = partially melted Slate = partially melted shaleshaleSchist = partially melted Schist = partially melted slateslateGneiss = partially melted Gneiss = partially melted schistschist

Where are metamorphic rocks formed?Where are metamorphic rocks formed?In mountain ranges along continentalIn mountain ranges along continental margins.margins.

Common Igneous RocksCommon Igneous Rocks

Granite: Granite: from melted continental crustfrom melted continental crust

Rhyolite: Rhyolite: from melted continental crust from melted continental crust

Basalt: Basalt: from melted oceanic crustfrom melted oceanic crust

Gabbro: Gabbro: from melted oceanic crustfrom melted oceanic crust

Light color & “weight”, Light color & “weight”, crystallinecrystalline

Light color & “weight”, Light color & “weight”, no crystalsno crystals

Dark color, “heavy”, Dark color, “heavy”, no crystalsno crystals

Dark color, “heavy”, Dark color, “heavy”, crystallinecrystalline

Where are Igneous Rocks Formed?

• Volcanoes: At or near the surface of the earth: lavas

• Deep in the Earth’s Crusts:

• Visible at the surface due to uplift and “deep” erosion of the earth’s crust

Igneous Rock Occurrences

• Volcanoes: yield basalts or rhyolites

• Quick cooling = no mineral crystals

• Deep Crust: granites & gabbros

• Slow cooling = mineral crystals

Sedimentary Rocks

Formed in Layers of: Sandstones made of sand grains Shales made of mud

Limestones made of sea shells

Early humans in the Paris Basin (sedimentary rocks)Early humans in the Paris Basin (sedimentary rocks)

were “different” than those living in Brittany (igneous & metamorphic rocks)were “different” than those living in Brittany (igneous & metamorphic rocks)

Rocks: Classes & CyclesRocks: Classes & Cycles

LavaLava

Cooled here Cooled here Granite or GabbroGranite or Gabbro

Cooled here Cooled here Basalt or RhyoliteBasalt or Rhyolite

MagmaMagma

Where does the weatheredWhere does the weathered material of Europe end up?material of Europe end up?

SeineSeine

Rhine

Rhine

ElbeElbe

Modern Sand &Modern Sand &Shale depositsShale deposits

SeineSeine

Rhine

Rhine

ElbeElbe

Modern Sand &Modern Sand &Shale depositsShale deposits

““Limestone”

Limestone”Solutions

Solutions

Geology 401Geology 401

Where does the weatheredWhere does the weathered material of Europe end up today?material of Europe end up today?

SpainSpain

Geology: Impact on Country BoundariesGeology: Impact on Country Boundaries

Geology: Affects Ethnic CharacterGeology: Affects Ethnic Character

RollingRollingFarmlandFarmland

ForestedForestedHillsHills

Coal andCoal andMetalsMetals

Role of Geology in creating the national PersonalityRole of Geology in creating the national Personality

Let’s Look at how Let’s Look at how GEOLOGY GEOLOGY historically has affected thehistorically has affected the development of Civilizations and even Religiondevelopment of Civilizations and even Religion

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Good Old Common SenseGood Old Common Sense

1. Observe and Record Information1. Observe and Record Information

2. Imagine an Explanation(s)2. Imagine an Explanation(s)

3. Test your Explanation(s)3. Test your Explanation(s)

Explanation to be tested:Explanation to be tested:““Religions reflect the geology of theReligions reflect the geology of theRegions of their Origin”Regions of their Origin”

Geologic Factors Affecting PeopleGeologic Factors Affecting People

1. Coast lines1. Coast lines

2. Latitude: climate & weather2. Latitude: climate & weather

3. Topography3. Topography

4. Drainage Systems4. Drainage Systems

5. Surface Rocks-Soils5. Surface Rocks-Soils

7. Mineralization esp. Metals, i.e. Copper, Tin, & Iron7. Mineralization esp. Metals, i.e. Copper, Tin, & Iron

6. Catastrophic geologic events6. Catastrophic geologic eventsVolcanoes, earthquakes, floods, etc.Volcanoes, earthquakes, floods, etc.

Which of the above impact Religion?Which of the above impact Religion? i.e. quest for “divine” control and comforti.e. quest for “divine” control and comfort

i.e. quest for “divine” control and comforti.e. quest for “divine” control and comfort

1. Coast lines1. Coast lines

2. Latitude: climate & weather2. Latitude: climate & weather

3. Topography3. Topography

4. Drainage Systems4. Drainage Systems

5. Surface Rocks-Soils5. Surface Rocks-Soils

7. Mineralization esp. Metals, i.e. Copper, Tin, & Iron7. Mineralization esp. Metals, i.e. Copper, Tin, & Iron

6. Catastrophic geologic events6. Catastrophic geologic eventsVolcanoes, earthquakes, floods, etc.Volcanoes, earthquakes, floods, etc.

Initially I’d like to focus on Earth ScienceInitially I’d like to focus on Earth Science & Religion in very early Human History& Religion in very early Human History

One MillionOne MillionYears AgoYears Ago

NowNow

100,000100,000YearsYears

Holocene Geologic Time Line: Holocene Geologic Time Line: aka Recent Geologic Timeaka Recent Geologic Time The Last 1 million years’’The Last 1 million years’’

NowNow100,000

100,000

Years A

go

Years A

go

Last Ice AgeLast Ice Age

ADADBCBC

500,

000

500,

000

10,00010,000

YearsYears

Recent Geologic Time Line: Recent Geologic Time Line: The Last 14,000 YearsThe Last 14,000 Years

ADADBCBC

End

of L

ast

End

of L

ast

Ice

Age

Ice

Age

5,0005,000

YearsYears

20072007

Hinduism Hinduism

ChristianityChristianity

Judaism Judaism

IslamIslam

BuddhismBuddhism

Stone Age Stone Age

3000

3000

year

s

year

s

Confucianism Confucianism

What would it have been like to live inWhat would it have been like to live in the Stone Age?the Stone Age?

Stone Age: Stone Age: Stone Tools and WeaponsStone Tools and WeaponsClay building bricksClay building bricksStone building blocksStone building blocks

Stone Age: Stone Age: Topography & Soils = Tribal AreasTopography & Soils = Tribal Areas and Different Religionsand Different Religions

The Stone Age The Stone Age 10

,000

BC

10,0

00 B

C

Beginning of AgricultureBeginning of Agriculture

Flint and Obsidian “tools & weapons”Flint and Obsidian “tools & weapons”

Earliest field Geology: finding and digging flintEarliest field Geology: finding and digging flint

Numerous local, geologically based tribal religiousNumerous local, geologically based tribal religious myths, legends, & stories myths, legends, & stories

3,00

0 B

C

3,00

0 B

C

Intelligent Humans!!Intelligent Humans!!

Let’s imagine we’re stone age humansLet’s imagine we’re stone age humans living in Williamson Countyliving in Williamson County

Imagine that you are living inImagine that you are living inWilliamson County during the Stone AgeWilliamson County during the Stone AgeHow would geology affect your life?How would geology affect your life?

Grazing LandGrazing Land(hunting & gathering)(hunting & gathering)

Farm LandFarm Land

How might your location affect yourHow might your location affect yoursearch for help from higher powers?search for help from higher powers?

Imagine that you are living inImagine that you are living inWilliamson County during the Stone AgeWilliamson County during the Stone AgeHow would geology affect your life?How would geology affect your life?

Grazing LandGrazing Land(hunting & gathering)(hunting & gathering)

Farm LandFarm Land

How might your location affect yourHow might your location affect yoursearch for help from higher powers?search for help from higher powers?

No FlintNo FlintAbundant FlintAbundant Flint

FloodsFloodsTornadoesTornadoes

Abundant Abundant SpringsSprings

Glen Rose Limestone

Layer of Reefs and Reef Debris BanksLayer of Reefs and Reef Debris Banks

Flint Occurrences west of IH 35Flint Occurrences west of IH 35

Flint LayerFlint Layer

Edwards Limestone

Cross Section: Georgetown to Taylor East Sloping (dipping) Rock Layers

Georgeto

wn

Edwards Limestone

Austin Limestone

Taylor Limestone

Tayl

or

Farm LandFarm Land

GrazingGrazingLandLand

Flint LayerFlint Layer

Areas prospectiveAreas prospective for Chertfor Chert

St Route 195

St Route 195

Sun CitySun City

Division of Historic TimeDivision of Historic Time

Silicon AgeSilicon Age 1950 to Present 1950 to PresentModern AgeModern Age 1900 to 1950 1900 to 1950Steam AgeSteam Age 1830 to 1950 1830 to 1950

Industrial AgeIndustrial Age 1700 to 1830 1700 to 1830RenaissanceRenaissance 1450 to 1700 1450 to 1700Middle AgesMiddle Ages 470 to 1450 470 to 1450

Roman AgeRoman Age to 470 to 470 750750

Iron AgeIron Age 1400 to 750 1400 to 750Bronze AgeBronze Age 3300 to 1400 3300 to 1400

Copper AgeCopper Age 3300 to 3000 3300 to 3000Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000Geology & ReligionGeology & Religion

Summary: Stone AgeSummary: Stone Age

Stone Tools and WeaponsStone Tools and WeaponsClay building bricksClay building bricksStone building blocksStone building blocks

Topography & Soils = Tribal AreasTopography & Soils = Tribal Areas and Different Religionsand Different Religions

Tribal Conflict: InvasionsTribal Conflict: Invasions

Division of Historic TimeDivision of Historic Time

Silicon AgeSilicon Age 1950 to Present 1950 to PresentModern AgeModern Age 1900 to 1950 1900 to 1950Steam AgeSteam Age 1830 to 1950 1830 to 1950

Industrial AgeIndustrial Age 1700 to 1830 1700 to 1830RenaissanceRenaissance 1450 to 1700 1450 to 1700Middle AgesMiddle Ages 470 to 1450 470 to 1450

Roman AgeRoman Age to 470 to 470 750750

Iron AgeIron Age 1400 to 750 1400 to 750Bronze AgeBronze Age 3300 to 1400 3300 to 1400

Copper AgeCopper Age 3300 to 3000 3300 to 3000Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000

Geology & ReligionGeology & Religion

Next Week: The Bronze AgeNext Week: The Bronze Age Mining Copper and TinMining Copper and Tin International Trade RoutesInternational Trade RoutesThe Rise of Powerful NationsThe Rise of Powerful Nations Advent of 3 Major ReligionsAdvent of 3 Major Religions