University of Nebraska-Lincoln College of Engineering Computer and Electronics Engineering Department CEEN 4990 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) By Daniel Hamrick Kyle O’Doherty Elliot Triplett Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the B.Sc. Degree, Computer and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nebraska Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A. May 2012
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University of Nebraska-Lincoln College of Engineering
Computer and Electronics Engineering Department
CEEN 4990
Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.)
By
Daniel Hamrick
Kyle O’Doherty
Elliot Triplett
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the B.Sc. Degree, Computer and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering,
University of Nebraska Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A.
May 2012
2 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
I. ETHICAL DESIGN STATEMENT
Team E.S.P. has periodically reviewed the IEEE Code of Ethics and has applied the design process to the final
proposed design. Though out the planning, design and construction process all project engineers held public safety
as the highest concern for this project and the E.S.P. project reflects that distinctly.
II. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Team E.S.P. has taken into high consideration the environmental effects of the parking lot detector and has opted
for lead free – RoHS compliant components wherever possible.
III. PROJECT ABSTRACT
The E.S.P. system allows drivers to better utilize parking spaces across the University of Nebraska campus by
allowing them to see the availability of parking spaces on a website, accessible from any mobile device. Consisting
of four induction loops, a tracking computer and a server to host the client access, our product will autonomously
and passively monitor vehicle traffic without pedestrian interference.
The induction loops are buried in the road and generate a small magnetic field that is altered as metallic objects
pass over the system. This change is registered by the tracking computer and sent to the server with a system
status message over an Ethernet connection. The server then stores this data locally and provides a visual
representation of the traffic volume to the user as well as a remote access capability to campus parking
administrators.
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Efficient Student Parking team would personally like to thank the faculty and staff at the University of
Nebraska for all of the council, assistance and patience over these past four years as we worked towards this goal.
The team would also like to thank our friends and family for all the support they have provided to help us succeed
during the project and in our education.
The following individuals were involved in this projects design, development and approval:
The Efficient Student Parking project was undertaken based on personal experiences of the team and fellow
classmates regarding difficulties in parking on the University of Nebraska campus. Our team wanted to come up
with a product that was cheap enough for a state school to purchase and implement yet our greatest challenge
was devising a system that would be adaptable to the different parking lot styles, configurations and individual
challenges while still maintaining a high level of accuracy.
The solution for this problem evolved into a common vehicle detection method used in street light sensors and
automatics driveway gates. This solution was selected based on the cost of materials to construct, accuracy, and
the ability to not be triggered by pedestrians. In the final version of E.S.P. the team was able to demonstrate a
highly accurate vehicle detection system that could be adapted to several environments and parking lot styles
using variable components and deployment configurations of the induction loops. The success of the project was
demonstrated using a set of individual performance tests and acceptance testing to provide system viability and
standard certification. These tests include verification that a vehicle can be detected even at speeds of 35 mph
entering or exiting the parking lot and accuracy verification of detection of 106 out of 106 vehicle transitions.
Additionally, the client was verified to work on Safari, Firefox, Internet Explorer and Chrome web browsers on both
laptops as well as smartphone platforms all while being updated within 20 seconds of a change in the system.
In its current form, the E.S.P. system has the potential to be deployed immediately; however, given the
opportunity to develop this product our team has several suggestions. First, would be to further develop the client
interface to a more professional looking and feature rich product that would then be adapted to a cellphone based
application. Second, would be the development of a marquee display that would connect to the system to display
a clear and obvious indication of parking availability when driving by the parking lot entrance. Finally, the local
node has a few items that would need to be changed; specifically from our reliability analysis we found that our
3.3V and 5V regulators have a 9.1 and 17.6 year Mean Time to Failure respectively, an unacceptable rate for a final
commercial product.
4 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
TABLE OF CONTENTS i. Ethical Design Statement ....................................................................................................................................... 2
ii. ENVIRONMENTAL Impact Statement .................................................................................................................... 2
iii. PROJECT Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 2
iV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................................................... 2
v. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 3
List of Figures and Tables ............................................................................................................................................... 8
2.0 Problem Formulation ............................................................................................................................................. 14
2.1 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................................................ 14
2.3 Problem Formulation ......................................................................................................................................... 19
3.0 Project Design Requirements, Specifications and Success Criteria ....................................................................... 20
4.0 Concept Development, Synthesis and Process Description .................................................................................. 24
4.1 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................................... 24
5.3.2 Theory of Operation ................................................................................................................................... 42
6.2 Bill of Materials .................................................................................................................................................. 55
7.0 Reliability and Safety Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 57
8.2 Social Responsibility and Ethical Impact Analysis .............................................................................................. 62
6 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
8.3 Political Impact Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 63
10.3.1 Preparing for installation .......................................................................................................................... 69
10.3.2 CUTTING the Pavement Slots ................................................................................................................... 70
10.3.3 FORMING the Loop ................................................................................................................................... 70
10.3.4 PREPARE the loop lead wires .................................................................................................................... 70
10.3.5 SEALING the loop ...................................................................................................................................... 71
10.4 Local Node Maintenance ................................................................................................................................. 72
10.5 Server User manual ......................................................................................................................................... 75
10.6 System Requirements ...................................................................................................................................... 75
10.7 Startup and Operating Instructions ................................................................................................................. 75
A. Notes ................................................................................................................................................................... 78
B. Engineering change requests .............................................................................................................................. 78
C. Electrical Specifications ....................................................................................................................................... 81
D. Software .............................................................................................................................................................. 85
Program Listings .................................................................................................................................................. 88
E. Resource Expenditure Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 96
F. Project purchases ................................................................................................................................................. 99
G. Other Resources ................................................................................................................................................ 103
One page project manager ................................................................................................................................ 103
8 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1 - North Campus Parking ................................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 2 - South Campus Parking ................................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 38 – Project Funding by Category ..................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 39 – Chart of Total Budget Spent...................................................................................................................... 53
Figure 40– Chart of Budget Spent by Category ........................................................................................................... 53
Figure 41 – Table of Example Man Hours Tracker ....................................................................................................... 54
Figure 42 - Product Bill of Materials ............................................................................................................................ 56
Figure 43 - Equation for Failure/106 hours .................................................................................................................. 57
Figure 44 – Failure Analysis of ATMEGA1284P ............................................................................................................ 58
Figure 45 - Failure Analysis of LD1117AS33 ................................................................................................................. 58
Figure 46 - Failure Analysis of LD1085V0 ..................................................................................................................... 58
Figure 47 - Failure Analysis of MAX764CPA ................................................................................................................. 59
Figure 51 – Local node labeled .................................................................................................................................... 72
Figure 52 – Server connection window ....................................................................................................................... 75
Figure 53 – Server connection interface ...................................................................................................................... 76
Figure 54 – Server Status Interface.............................................................................................................................. 76
Figure 55 - Original Proposed PSSCs ............................................................................................................................ 78
Figure 56 - PSSCS after ECR.......................................................................................................................................... 79
Figure 64 – Server User Interface Flowchart ............................................................................................................... 87
Figure 65 – Server Message Listener Flowchart .......................................................................................................... 88
Figure 73 – Complete Bill of Materials ...................................................................................................................... 102
28 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
By the above analysis the best solution to our problem is Image Processing followed by RFID Tags and Inductance Loops. After examining each of those options, Image Processing requires more powerful computers than a microcontroller and the RFID tags have a very short range and aren’t practical in vehicle situations without major construction and impeding the traffic flow. This ultimately let the team to design and build a system based off of induction loops as the method for detecting vehicles.
Research into how to make an induction loop was derived from several textbooks which described how to design
various oscillators.6 7
[6] Beasley and Miller, Laboratory Manual to Accompany Modern Electronic Communications, 9th Ed., 2008.
[7] Jaeger and Blalock, Microelectronic Circuit Design, 3rd Ed., 2008.
this value and clicking the “Set UID” button. This sends a message to the local node to reflect this
change.
Voltages: These are the current loop voltages of the local node. This field will highlight green if the
loop voltages are at an acceptable level. If the loops are disconnected, this field will highlight red.
Temp: Displays the current temperature on the board. If the temperature exceeds the acceptable
level, this field will highlight red.
Lot Count: This field denotes the current number of cars in the parking lot. This value can be
incremented or decremented using the “+” and “-“ buttons, or set manually by altering the field and
clicking the “Set” button.
Lot Size: This field denotes the number of available parking spaces in the lot. This value can be
administratively changed by altering the field and clicking the “Set” button. A message indicating this
change will be sent to the Local Node, and the new value will be reflected.
10.7.3 LOGGING AND TROUBLESHOOTING
All messages sent between the server and the Local Node are logged. The server also logs when a
disconnection occurs. These logs can be viewed in either the “Log” tab, or within the log file. The log file is
located at <GET LOG PATH>. New log files are created daily and are indentified with a unique filename.
78 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
11.0 APPENDICES
A. NOTES
B. ENGINEERING CHANGE REQUESTS
PSSCs before Engineering Change Request
Marketing Requirement
PSSC Description
1, 4 Accuracy The tracker will be able to accurately detect 99 out of 100 cars upon entering and exiting the parking lot – proven by testing.
2,3,4 Mobile access Client will be accessible via web browser on personal computers, iOS, and Android via web browser.
1 Reliability Local node keeps master count of lot traffic and can be retrieved by the server at any time. Users receive accurate lot count via browser upon refresh within 1 minute.
1,2 BIT testing System will check for component failure by using built in diagnostic tools every 30 minutes and display errors to administrator login on website.
1 IEEE Standard System Communication will meet standards for both Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) and XBee (IEEE 802.15.4) protocols.
Marketing Requirements
1 - System is reliable 2 - System is easy to use 3 - System is low cost 4 - System is adaptable
1, 4 Accuracy The tracker will be able to accurately detect 99 out of 100 cars upon entering and exiting the parking lot – proven by testing.
2,3,4 Mobile access Client will be accessible via web browser on personal computers, iOS, and Android via web browser.
1 Reliability Local node keeps master count of lot traffic and can be retrieved by the server at any time. Users receive accurate lot count via browser upon refresh within 1 minute.
1,2 BIT testing System will check for component failure by using built in diagnostic tools every 30 minutes and display errors to administrator login on website.
1 IEEE Standard System Communication will meet standards for both Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
Marketing Requirements
1 - System is reliable 2 - System is easy to use 3 - System is low cost 4 - System is adaptable
Figure 56 - PSSCS after ECR
80 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
_delay_ms(1); sei(); // Enables interrupts //Opening Splash screen LCD_print_string(" T E A M E S P "); LCD_print_string(" CEEN "); LCD_print_string(" University of NEB "); LCD_print_string(" SW Version 1.0 "); _delay_ms(1000); LCD_clear(); char lotID = '2'; // Sets lot identification int sense = 200; // Sets sensitivity to 200mV int lotcount = 0; // Resets lot count int lotsize = 0; // Stores total spots available unsigned int UID = 1; // Variable used to store UIDs unsigned int oldUID = 0; // Variable used to store old UIDs int state = 0; // Variable for state machine int changemade = 1; // Tests code for value changes buttonpress = 0; // Tests for button 1 press force = false; // Forces USART receive bool bootup = false; // Sets if user wants boot information double timer = 0.0; // Timer for timeout period Reset_Bools(); // Resets loop detection variables in = false; out = false; Read_Loops(); // Gets Loop initial values //Upon boot up, local node will request info from the server if user requests // ____________________ // //|Request server info?|// //|Button 2 : YES |// //|Button 3 : NO |// //| |// // ____________________ // LCD_print_string("Request server info?"); LCD_to_line_2(); LCD_print_string("Button 2 : YES"); LCD_to_line_3(); LCD_print_string("Button 3 : NO"); while (timer < 10000) if (Get_SW_2()) bootup = true; break; else if (Get_SW_3())
90 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
break; timer += 0.5; LCD_clear(); //If user requests boot up info if (bootup) // ____________________ // //|Requesting Info... |// //|New UID is: X |// //|New lot size is: X |// //|New lot count is :X |// // ____________________ // LCD_print_string("Requesting Info..."); // Board sends R1*UID*0 // Sends request for UID count USART_Send_Command(requestUID,&UID,&lotID); force = true; // Board receives Get_Command // Gets response from server LCD_to_line_2(); LCD_print_string("New UID is: "); LCD_print_int(UID); LCD_to_line_3(); LCD_print_string("New lot size is:"); LCD_print_int(lotsize); LCD_to_line_4(); LCD_print_string("New lot count is:"); LCD_print_int(lotcount); _delay_ms(2000); LCD_clear(); //Infinite while loop... while (1) switch(state) case 0: // Marquee Mode while (buttonpress == 0) // While button 1 not pressed oldUID = UID; Get_Command // Runs Car Test Run_Car_Test if (oldUID != UID) // If something changed changemade = 1;
if (changemade == 1) //Send_Status // Prints Demo Menu Print_Demo(&lotID,&lotcount, &lotsize); changemade = 0; state = 1; // Moves to next menu changemade = 1; _delay_ms(300); // Needed to handle interrupt buttonpress = 0; case 1: // Adjust Lot // If changing manually, can cause issues with server changes while (buttonpress == 0) oldUID = UID; // Check for command Get_Command // Runs Car Test Run_Car_Test if (oldUID != UID) // If something changed changemade = 1; if (Get_SW_2()) // If button 2 pressed lotcount++; // Increase lot count changemade = 1; Send_Status else if (Get_SW_3()) // If button 3 pressed lotcount--; // Decrease lot count changemade = 1; Send_Status if (changemade == 1) // Prints Lot Count Menu Print_lot_count(&lotID,&lotcount); changemade = 0; state = 2; changemade = 1; _delay_ms(300); buttonpress = 0; case 2: // Adjust Max while (buttonpress == 0) oldUID = UID;
92 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
// Check for command Get_Command // Runs Car Test Run_Car_Test if (oldUID != UID) // If something changed changemade = 1; if (Get_SW_2()) // If button 2 pressed lotsize++; // Increases lot size changemade = 1; Send_Status else if (Get_SW_3()) // If button 3 pressed lotsize--; // Decreases lot size changemade = 1; Send_Status if (changemade == 1) Print_max_count(&lotID,&lotsize);//Prints Max Size Menu changemade = 0; state = 3; changemade = 1; _delay_ms(300); buttonpress = 0; case 3: // Voltage & Temp while (buttonpress == 0) Print_Loops(&sense); // Prints Voltage Loops oldUID = UID; // Check for command Get_Command // Runs Car Test Run_Car_Test if (oldUID != UID) // If something changed changemade = 1; Send_Status if (changemade == 1) changemade = 0; //Send_Status //Resets Loops initial values
if (Get_SW_2() == 1) Read_Loops(); state = 4; // Moves to next menu changemade = 1; _delay_ms(300); buttonpress = 0; case 4: // UID while (buttonpress == 0) oldUID = UID; // Check for command Get_Command // Runs Car Test Run_Car_Test if (oldUID != UID) // If something changed changemade = 1; if (Get_SW_2()) // If button 2 pressed changemade = 1; Send_Status else if (Get_SW_3()) // If button 3 pressed // Decreases by 2 because it sends out the status UID -= 2; changemade = 1; Send_Status if (changemade == 1) Print_UID(&UID); // Prints UID Menu changemade = 0; state = 5; // Moves to next menu changemade = 1; _delay_ms(300); buttonpress = 0; case 5: // Sensetivity // Caps between 50 and 300mV // +/- 25mV each button push while (buttonpress == 0) oldUID = UID; // Check for command Get_Command // Runs Car Test Run_Car_Test
94 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
if (oldUID != UID) // If something changed changemade = 1; if (Get_SW_2()) // If button 2 pressed if (sense <= 300) sense += 25; changemade = 1; Send_Status else if (Get_SW_3()) // If button 3 pressed if (sense >= 75) sense -= 25; changemade = 1; Send_Status if (changemade == 1) Print_Sensitivity(&lotID, &sense); // Sensetivity Menu changemade = 0; state = 0; changemade = 1; _delay_ms(300); buttonpress = 0; default: // Marquee Mode state = 0; buttonpress = 0; // End switch // End infinite loop return 0;
The other important piece of code is how the cars are detected by the system. The code is written in a modular
fashion so that it is very adaptable for each need. Any algorithm relating to the method of car detection is in a
single function. Currently, each loop is defaulted to a value once laid on the concrete, and then when something
disturbs the field, the voltage goes down. This value is then compared against the defaulted value subtracting the
sensitivity change. If this change is greater than the sensitivity then there is a vehicle in the loop. Depending on the
loop orientation, this either sets a first flag to alert the system that something has entered or it will clear the flag
letting the system know that a vehicle has successfully passed in or out, which in turn changes the current lot
count.
//Function : Car_Test //Author : Kyle O'Doherty //Called by : Each state in Main //Purpose : Tests for any cars //Returns : None //Flags : Changes boolean input values //Started : 2-14-12 //Updates : 3-23-12 completely re-did function // : 3-27-12 added in check for < 5000 roll over void Car_Test (unsigned int * UID , char * lotID, int * lotcount, int * lotsize, int *sense) // Checks for a sensitivity level change // Keeps unsigned rollover in mind with the < 5000 check if ((Get_Loop_1() < (loop1 - *sense)) && ((loop1 - *sense) < 5000)) in = true; if (Get_Loop_2() < (loop2 - *sense) && ((loop2 - *sense) < 5000)) two = true; if (Get_Loop_3() < (loop3 - *sense) && ((loop3 - *sense) < 5000)) three = true; if (Get_Loop_4() < (loop4 - *sense) && ((loop4 - *sense) < 5000)) out = true; //If car is detected going out if (two && out) (*lotcount)--; USART_Send_Status(UID , lotID, lotcount, lotsize, sense); out = false; //If car is detected going in if (three && in) (*lotcount)++; USART_Send_Status(UID , lotID, lotcount, lotsize, sense); in = false; //Resets detection parameters Reset_Bools();
96 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
E. RESOURCE EXPENDITURE ANALYSIS
COST ANALYSIS
Much of the cost analysis can be found in the Economic Analysis section on page 51. Below are listed more charts
concerning the financial data and cost breakdown. After completing the project in its entirety, team E.S.P. was well
short of the proposed budget.
Investments
Last Updated: Investor Name Invoice Number Investment Date Amount
Daniel Hamrick 11-10-06-001 October 6, 2011 $7.48 Daniel Hamrick 11-11-16-001 November 16th, 2011 $19.25 Daniel Hamrick 11-11-17-001 November 17th, 2011 $4.54 Elliot Triplett 11-12-28-001 December 28th, 2011 $44.70 Daniel Hamrick 12-01-02-001 January 2nd, 2012 $15.23 Kyle O'Doherty 20378401 January 30th, 2012 $182.13 Kyle O'Doherty 501473 February 26th, 2012 $13.59 Kyle O'Doherty 4829615 February 26th, 2012 $84.24 Daniel Hamrick 351-0073215 February 27th, 2012 $85.44 Kyle O'Doherty 749546 February 29th, 2012 $50.61 Daniel Hamrick 12-03-31-001 March 31, 2012 $58.15 Daniel Hamrick 12-03-31-001 March 31, 2012 $17.09 Kyle O’Doherty 12-04-07-001 April 4, 2012 $33.15 Kyle O’Doherty 12-04-07-002 April 4, 2012 $18.90 Kyle O’Doherty 12-04-09-001 April 9, 2012 $22.50 Daniel Hamrick 12-04-10-001 April 10, 2012 $38.50 Kyle O’Doherty 12-04-11-001 April 11, 2012 $139.09 TOTAL AMOUNT INVESTED $869.71
The following table consists of all of the purchases made during this project. Items on the product bill of materials and not on this list indicate that particular
item was provided though use of one of the engineers or the University of Nebraska. The product bill of materials still remains the master list of components,
the required to make one product and can be found on page 54. Shown below are the entire expenses that team E.S.P. encountered throughout the project.
Part Name Units
Total Cost Category Part Number Order Location
Invoice or Order Number Purchaser
Frosted Front Report Cover 1 $7.48 Demo N/A Staples 11-10-06-001 Daniel 11 x 17 Paper 1 $19.25 Demo N/A Staples 11-11-16-001 Daniel
11" x 17", color, double sided (AON, WBS, Gantt) 3 $12.04 Demo N/A Kinkos 11-11-17-001 Daniel Aluminium Dry Erase Board 1 $34.23 Misc N/A OfficeMax 11-12-28-001 Elliot Expo Dry Eraser 1 $4.27 Misc N/A OfficeMax 11-12-28-001 Elliot Expo II 4Ct Chisel Asst 1 $6.20 Misc N/A OfficeMax 11-12-28-001 Elliot 1" PVC Coupling 1 $1.41 Testing 49336 Lowe's 12-01-02-001 Daniel 1" PVC 90 deg Elbow 3 $4.36 Testing 49395 Lowe's 12-01-02-001 Daniel 1" PVC Tee 1 $3.64 Testing 49571 Lowe's 12-01-02-001 Daniel 1" x 10' PVC Pipe 3 $24.84 Testing 33181 Lowe's 12-01-02-001 Daniel 1" PVC 90 deg Elbow 3 $4.36 Testing 49395 Lowe's 12-02-18-001 Daniel 1" PVC Tee 1 $3.64 Testing 49571 Lowe's 12-02-18-001 Daniel 1" x 10' PVC Pipe 1 $8.66 Testing 33181 Lowe's 12-02-18-001 Daniel
During the actual design and implementation part of the capstone project, a one page project manager document was developed each week and turned in as
evidence of progress. On the left side of the document is listed the objectives as major categories and how they relate to the Major Tasks. On the right hand
side of the report is a listing of all the owners associated with that task in order of priority. The center of the document shows all of the bubbles needed in
order to complete the project on time and what week they are associated with. As the semester continued, more and more bubbles were filled in designating
that tasks were completed on time (on or to the right of the date line) or behind schedule (to the left of the date line). Lastly, the bottom section lists the costs
associated with the project as well as a short overview of the week in a few short sentences.
104 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
Test Writer: Daniel Hamrick Test Case Name: Test Loop Parameters Test ID #: ESP-Tracker-03 Description: After building a loop in PVC
pipe, test the parameters of the loop to model on schematics
Type: White Box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Daniel Hamrick Date: 2012-01-02 Hardware Version: PVC Loop v1.1 Time: 1630 Set up: Build a 4’ x 4’ rigid PVC conduit and run #18 AWG stranded wire four times
through the frame. Strip and tin the ends of the wire.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1 Use a Digital Multimeter to measure the resistance of the loop.
Obtain the unit’s resistance.
X
Loop was measured at 1.3 Ohms from end to end.
2 Use an inductance measurement device to measure the loop’s inductance.
Obtain the unit’s inductance.
X
Loop was measured at 83 uH from end to end.
Overall Test Result X
This will allow accurate model generation for the electrical designs.
128 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
Test Writer: Daniel Hamrick Test Case Name: Test Loop Parameters
Part 2
Test ID #: ESP-Tracker-05
Description: Test variations in PVC loop with different configurations
Type: White Box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Daniel Hamrick, Elliot Triplett,
Kyle O’Doherty Date: 2012-01-02
Hardware Version: PVC Loop v1.1
Time: 1900
Set up: Use previously created PVC loop and find metal objects of various sizes to pass over/in front of inductance loop to measure changes in the inductance of the loop.
Step
Action Obtained Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1 Stand loop on its end, measure inductance (L)
Measured 83 uH X
Baseline value established in ESP-Tracker-03 verified
2 Lay loop flat on ground and measure L
Measured 74 uH X
Change is most likely due to metal/concrete in floor of building.
3
With loop flat on ground place 1 chair inside loop, measure L
Measured 74 uH
X
Change was most likely too small
4
Repeat step 3 with 2,3 and 4 chairs inside loop
2) 73.5 uH 3) 73.5 uH 4) 73 uH X
Consistent with theoretical behavior, L decreased with a metal disruption of magnetic field.
5
Stand loop on end and pass metal object parallel to the loop between 1 to 2 feet away
Lowest value measured 81.5 uH with object parallel and centered to loop X
Noted a moderate decrease in inductance, proves theoretical expectations in dealing with loop as well as rough estimate for drop in value as a vehicle passes
6
Repeat step 5 with object going perpendicular to loop
Lowest value measured 79 uH X
Unrealistic approach vector for a vehicle and our system, good data however.
Overall Test Result
X
Will begin to use a value of 83 uH with a 3 uH drop to model inductance loop and vehicle variations.
Test Writer: Daniel Hamrick Test Case Name: Test Loop Parameters
Part 3
Test ID #: ESP-Tracker-06
Description: Test variations in PVC loop with different configurations
Type: White Box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Dan H.
Date: 2/25/2012
Hardware Version: Colpitts V3.7
Time: 1300
Set up: Use previously created PVC loop, Colpitts Oscillator operating at 60kHz and an oscilloscope to measure frequency. Use PVC loop in the LC tank of oscillator. Setup system in outside parking lot.
Step
Action Obtained Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1
Measure oscillator frequency (f) while lying flat on the parking lot.
X
2
Using a 2001 Mitsubishi Eclipse GS drive the vehicle over the loop, measure f on oscilloscope.
X
3 Using a 2012 Ford Escape XLT repeat step 2.
X
4 Using a 2001 Pontiac Grand Am GT, repeat step 2.
X
5 Using a 2004 Dodge Intrepid, repeat step 2.
X
Overall Test Result
X
Unable to get a functioning oscilloscope outside to measure the frequency. Ultimately not necessary once changed to a LPF.
130 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
Test Writer: Daniel Hamrick Test Case Name: Calculate Tracker Parameters
Test ID #: ESP-Tracker-07
Description: Test various parameters of tracker electrical design to meet expectations outlined in Proposal
Type: White Box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Dan H.
Date: 1/27/2012
Hardware Version: Colpitts v3.4 Schematic v0.3
Time: 1300
Set up: Will need the PSpice program and schematics as well as scratch paper and a graphing calculator. Provide a softcopy of testing results where appropriate.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1
Schematic labels Schematic has labels for author, project, subsystem, sheet #, version and published date
X
Analog Section: Good Single Board: Needs version date on PCB layout, needs a better title, author and shows 1/1 sheets when there is 2.
2
Verify naming conventions.
All components are properly numbered/labeled and visible on schematic. In/out pins are labeled.
X
Need to label potentiometers on silk screen and buttons for controller. Missing Test Points from Analog Circuitry. (1st POT is DC bias, 2nd is BPF Freq)
3 Determine current through each resistor
Power dissipation under 0.25W X
R1 has highest dissipation at 16mW
4 Determine current though all transistors/ICs
Power dissipation within tolerances X
2N3904 handles up to 625 mW and we are using 3.7 mW.
5 Determine input resistance
N/A X 1038 Ohms
6 Determine output resistance
N/A X 36 Ohms from Oscillator and 100k Ohms Out Overall
Test Writer: Daniel Hamrick Test Case Name: Colpitts Oscillator Proof of
Concept Test ID #: ESP-Tracker-08
Description: Build a colpitts oscillator from a PSpice schematic/simulation which differs from MATLAB theoretical calculations
Type: White Box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Daniel Hamrick Date: 2012-01-09 Hardware Version: Colpitts Tracker v2.1 Time: 1800 Set up: Build a colpitts oscillator v1.0 and v2.1 and use the PVC test loop in the LC
tank. Prepare an oscilloscope to measure frequency.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1
Using V1.0, measure the free running frequency at the output node.
60 kHz measured frequency.
X
2 Measure the Vp-p at the output node.
250 mVp-p measured. X
3
Using a metal object (such as the metal cart) measure frequency change as it passes though magnetic field.
N/A
X
4 Repeat step 1 using V2.1 hardware.
60 kHz measured frequency. X
60kHz signal buried in there but very unclean.
5 Repeat step 2 with V2.1 hardware.
250 mVp-p measured. X
50mV signal with significant amounts of noise
6 Repeat step 3, using V2.1 hardware.
N/A X
Overall Test Result
X
This proof on concept testing showed the design failed but the purpose of it was a success as we can now avoid this particular design.
132 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
Test Writer: Daniel Hamrick Test Case Name: Verify Analog Circuitry
Test ID #: ESP-Prototype-01
Description: Measure and verify voltage and currents in analog circuitry with Spice results from ESP-Tracker-07
Type: White Box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Dan H.
Elliot T. Date: 1/18/2012
Hardware Version: Colpitts V3.4
Time: 1600
Set up: Build analog circuits on bread board for all 4 oscillators and repeat all steps for all 4 analog sections.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1
Measure oscillator frequency for all 4 oscillators while adjusting potentiometer.
60kHz, 70kHz, 80kHz, 90kHz
X
2
Verify BPF independently of Oscillator for center frequency.
60kHz, 70kHz, 80kHz, 90kHz tuned by the potentiometer X
3
Verify envelope detector independently for ripple and decay rate
Ripple is less than 10mV and decay is less than 10ms X
4
Connect oscillator and BPF, tune BPF to center frequency, measure resistance of pot.
N/A
X
5
Connect all sections together, measure output voltage.
Positive voltage between 4 and 5V. X
Overall Test Result
X
System good, but note that if BPF isn’t tuned on center frequency, voltage could go up rather than down.
Test Writer: Elliot Triplett/Daniel Hamrick Test Case Name: Packet Handling Test Test ID #: ESP-Server-01 Description: Verifies that Ethernet packets
are received correctly and handled correctly
Type: White Box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Kyle O. Date: 3/16/2012 Hardware Version: V1.6 PCB Time: 2200 Set up: Deploy backend server locally.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1 Prepare server to receive and analyze packets
System in idle state X
2 Send a Local Node Status Packet to server
Server records status from local node and attached tracker module
X
3 Send out a Command Packet to Local Node
Packet sent out has accurate data and formatting
X
Overall Test Result X
System good
134 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
Test Writer: Daniel Hamrick Test Case Name: Communication Speed Test ID #: ESP-Server-02 Description: Measures maximum
communication rate between server and Xport
Type: White Box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: N/A Date: N/A Hardware Version: N/A Time: N/A Set up: Deploy backend server locally and connect sample Xport to network.
Step
Action Obtained Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1
Establish that server transmits 2 bytes (one ASCII character) at a time with a 20 msec delay between transmissions.
X
2 Verify Xport receives character and displays it properly.
X
3
Set up a test message 10 characters long numerically going from 1 to 10.
X
4
Test transmissions decreasing the transmission delay from 20 msec until Xport begins to display errors in the transmitted message, record delay speed.
X
5 Calculate datarate speed, 16 bits * 1/delay.
X
Overall Test Result
X
Test cancelled due to other measurement difficulties and other methods of testing
Test Writer: Kyle O’Doherty Test Case Name: Verify Local Node Functionality
Test ID #: ESP-Node-
01
Description: Test various parameters of the digital and power components to verify specifications met.
Type: White box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Kyle O.
Date: 3/16/2012
Hardware Version:
V1.6 PCB
Time: 2100
Set up: Will need print out of schematics and PCB for component identification, multi-meter, calculator, and notebook for any notes.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1
Voltage
Supply holds steady at 5V and 3.3V
X
2
Current
Measured current from supply is less than 1.25A
X
Overall Test Result
X
System good
136 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
Test Writer: Kyle O’Doherty Test Case Name: Verify Local Node Functionality
Test ID #: ESP-Node-02
Description: Test various parameters of the digital and power components to verify specifications met.
Type: White box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Dan H.
Date: 4/7/2012
Hardware Version:
V1.6 PCB Embedded Software: Combined Board 4-7
Time: 0945
Set up: Will need print out of schematics and PCB for component identification, multi-meter, calculator, and notebook for any notes. External LCD for print out of info may be needed.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1
LCD
Characters can be sent to the LCD and displayed correctly. X
2
Temperature
Temperature can be read on the LCD and is accurate within 3 degrees centigrade. X
Used temperature from weather.com
3
Buttons
Both selection buttons work properly and increase or decrease values accordingly. X
Description: Test various parameters of the digital and power components to verify specifications met.
Type: White box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester:
Dan H.
Date: 4/7/2012
Hardware Version:
V1.6 PCB Embedded Software: Combined Board 4-7
Time: 0930
Set up: Will need print out of schematics and PCB for component identification, multi-meter, calculator, and notebook for any notes. External LCD may be needed for any output to the screen.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1
Xport
Xport is initialized and can communicate with the PC properly. X
Tested and verified functioning properly
Overall Test Result X
System good
138 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
Test Writer: Kyle O’Doherty Test Case Name:
Verify Local Node Functionality
Test ID #:
ESP-Node-04
Description: Test various parameters of the digital and power components to verify specifications met.
Type: White box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester:
N/A Date: 4/7/2012
Hardware Version:
N/A
Time: 0900
Set up: Will need print out of schematics and PCB for component identification, multi-meter, calculator, and notebook for any notes. External LCD may be needed for any output to the screen.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1 Xbee
Xbee is initialized properly and is ready to transmit and receive data.
X
Overall Test Result
X
Invalid test due to project change ESP-ECR-20120123 removal of XBee requirement
Test Writer: Elliot Triplett Test Case Name: Web App Input Validation
Test Test ID #: ESP-Web-01
Description: Verifies correct input and operation of web application. Application should run continuously and not break from any user input. Application should accept all forms of user input and alert the user of any invalid input
Type: Black Box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Elliot T. Date: 4/12/2012 Hardware Version: Time: 0900 Set up: Runs on web client
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1 Input all data types into each form. Include all forms of ASCII
All error handling should be done correctly. Web application should continue to run
X
2 Navigate through all options provided on interface.
Each transition should be allowed without breaking/stopping client. Expected operation is outline in the user’s manual.
X
Overall Test Result X
System good
140 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
Test Writer: Elliot Triplett Test Case Name: Web App Profile Validation
Test Test ID #: ESP-Web-02
Description: Verifies correct loading of profiles and validates login authorization. System should also perform correct read/writes of data to the database.
Type: Black Box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Elliot T. Date: 4/12/2012 Hardware Version: Time: 0920 Set up: Runs on web client
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1 Input username and password for correct validation. Also input all forms of characters into forms.
Correct validation should occur. Correct database access should be granted. X
2 Verify that correct login accesses the correct database during startup. Verify that shutdown saves correctly to the database.
All information should be stored in the correct file format, make correct connect. Database should have test entries into the database.
Test Writer: Daniel Hamrick Test Case Name: Tracker Accuracy #1 Test ID #: ESP-System-01 Description: Test the local node for when a
vehicle stops over the tracker for a period of time.
Type: White Box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Dan H., Elliot T. Kyle O. Date: 7 April 2012 Hardware Version: V1.6 PCB
Embedded Software: Combined Board 4-7
Time: 1130
Set up: Deploy tracker and local node in parking lot with appropriate power. Tester 1 monitors system data, Tester 2 runs test.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1 Drive vehicle over tracker at 10 mph.
Baseline test. Current fluctuations measured and node registers a vehicle.
X
2 Drive vehicle over tracker and stop centered for 1 second before accelerating off tracker.
Tracker current maintains fluctuation for duration. Local Node recognizes this and registers only one vehicle.
X
3 Drive vehicle and stop over tracker for 5 seconds.
Same as above. X
4 Drive vehicle and stop over tracker for 10 seconds.
Same as above. X
5 Drive vehicle and stop over tracker for 15 seconds.
Local node registers tracker as being defective and properly report the status to the server. X
This functionality isn’t coded in such a way that this test would work. Low voltage levels are set at a threshold around 500 mV, far lower than any car can change it.
6 Drive vehicle over half of inductance loop
Local node registers a vehicle X
7 Drive 1 vehicle over the loop and a 2nd less than 3 seconds later
Local node registers two separate vehicles X
Overall Test Result X System good
142 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
Test Writer: Daniel Hamrick Test Case Name: System Durability Test ID #: ESP-System-02 Description: Test system reliability in a
variety of simulated weather conditions.
Type: Black Box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Dan H., Kyle O., Elliot T. Date: 7 April 2012 Hardware Version: V1.6 PCB
Embedded Software: Combined Board 4-7
Time: 1500
Set up: In an outdoor parking lot, setup tracker/local node with monitoring equipment to check behavior. A vehicle to drive over tracker. A 5 gallon bucket, water source, several bags of ice. WARNING: Take precautions in setting up system to ensure that the system is protected from water damage while the inductance loop is exposed to water/ice.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1 Drive over tracker with dry pavement and loop.
Baseline test. X
2 Drive over tracker after dumping 1 bucket of water over loops.
Vehicle checked in.
X
3 Drive over tracker after dumping 3 buckets of water over loops to get standing water.
Vehicle checked in.
X
4 Drive over tracker after covering loops with ice.
Test Writer: Daniel Hamrick Test Case Name: Induction Loop Patterns Test ID #: ESP-System-03 Description: Test integration of local node
and analog circuits to determine which configuration is the most accurate.
Type: Black Box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Dan H., Kyle O. Date: 31 Mar 2012 Hardware Version: V1.6 of PCB Time: 1300 Set up: In a parking lot, set up local node and 4 operational induction loops. Configure
local node to display voltages on the LCD and watch for the “CAR” detection signal. Accuracy is measured by the voltage drop detected and the location on the car where the first detection occurs.
Step
Action Obtained Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1 Drive over a x4 PVC loop
150 mV drop, detection from middle of car sometimes
X Unreliable
2
Drive over a x6 PVC loop
200 mV drop, detection from middle of car X
Reaffirms the use of x6 passes per induction loop, PVC was strong enough to drive over but too wide in shape
3 Drive over a x6 operational loop in a 4x4 square shape
300 mV drop, detection from middle of car near engine block
X A slightly better result, also easier to drive over when not in PVC.
4 Drive over a x6 operational loop in a circle shape
250 mV drop, detection area only in very middle of vehicle
X Contrary to what we theorized, the circle doesn’t perform as well as the square
5 Drive over a x6 op loop in an octagon shape, 2 ft sides
250 mV drop, barely registered car in the middle X
Not a good configuration
6 Drive over a x6 op loop in a 3x5.5 rectangle shape
300 mV drop over nearly the entire length of vehicle X
This result was so exceptional, it was retested with 2 loops and performed very well
7 Drive over a x6 op loop in a Q-configuration
X
Required a new loop to be built and after the success of step 6 this step was not done.
8 Drive over a x6 op loop in a D-configuration
X
Required a new loop to be built and after the success of step 6 this step was not done.
Overall Test Result X
New operational configuration is a 3’ x 5.5’ rectangle with x6 passes.
144 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
Test Writer: Daniel Hamrick Test Case Name: Local Node Detection
Sequence Test ID #: ESP-System-04
Description: Test integration of local node and server to detect vehicles entering from various directions
Type: White Box
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Dan H., Kyle O., Elliot T. Date: 7 April 2012 Hardware Version: V1.6 of PCB
Embedded Software: Combined Board 4-7
Time: 1430
Set up: In a parking lot, set up local node and 4 operational induction loops. Configure local node to display voltages on the LCD and watch for the “CAR” detection signal. Loops are identified by number, top left being 1, top right 2, bottom left 3, bottom right 4.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1 Drive car over loops 1 then 3
Vehicle In X
2 Drive car over loops 4 then 2
Vehicle Out X
3 Drive car over loops 2 then 3
Vehicle In X
4 Drive car over loops 3 then 2
Vehicle Out X
Overall Test Result
X
After running this test, we realized that we decided against trying to code this in the system back in February due to the complexity of the decision tree.
Test Case Name: PSSC Detection Accuracy Test ID #: ESP-PSSC-01 Description: Demonstrate the accuracy
requirement of 99% for project success criteria.
Type: Acceptance
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Dan H., Kyle O., Elliot T. Date: 7 April 2012 Hardware Version: V1.6 Hardware
Embedded Software: Combined Board 4-7
Time: 1200
Set up: Tracker will be set up in PKI North Lot. Generator will be needed to provide power to tracker and local node. Induction loops will be laid out across parking lot entrance and covered with duct tape to hold in place. Tester will monitor local node’s data to verify when a vehicle is detected.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1. Car enters lot Spaces available will decrement X
2. Car exits lot Spaces available will increment X
3. Record the results for 100 cars entering or exiting parking lot
At least 99 cars should be detected by the tracker and local node X
Overall Test Result
X
Noted an inconsistency during test where two cars entered/exited at the same time. Isolated error to a programming implementation on the local node. Software corrected and change verified.
146 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
Test Case Name: PSSC Mobile Access Test ID #: ESP-PSSC-02 Description: Demonstrate capability to
view current E.S.P. data on various devices
Type: Acceptance
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Daniel H., Elliot T. Date: 4/12/2012 Hardware Version: Time: 1030 Set up: Requires a cellphone with iOS, one with Andoid OS, and a computer with Firefox
and Google Chrome installed.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1. Using Firefox on a laptop or desktop, connect to web site.
Client will display on website. X
2. Using Google Chrome on a laptop or desktop, connect to web site.
Client will display on website.
X
3. Using an iOS enabled mobile device, connect to web site.
Client will display on website X
4. Using an Android OS enabled mobile device, connect to web site.
Test Case Name: PSSC Reliability Test Test ID #: ESP-PSSC-03 Description: Demonstrate reliability
through system update delay monitoring
Type: Acceptance
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Daniel H., Elliot T. Date: 4/12/2012 Hardware Version: Time: 1100 Set up: Tracker will be set up in PKI North Lot. Generator will be needed to provide power
to tracker and local node. Induction loops will be laid out across parking lot entrance and covered with duct tape to hold in place. Tester will need mobile device to connect to website and computer to monitor local node data.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1. Log in to website and monitor lot information
Current information for lot is displayed X
2. Car enters or exits lot
Local node registers vehicle and updates data within 10 seconds
X
3. Update website data every 20 seconds for up to 3 minutes
Within 1 minute, client and local nodes value will be synchronized X
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 ten more times
Updates will continue to be posted in less than 1 minute from detection
X
Overall Test Result X
System good
148 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
Test Case Name: PSSC Administration Test Test ID #: ESP-PSSC-04 Description: Demonstrate administrative
functionality of the client system
Type: Acceptance
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Elliot T. Date: 4/12/2012 Hardware Version: Time: 1230 Set up: Internet connected device and local node attached to the marquee display for
reference.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1. Connect to client using administrative login
Client grants access to administrative functions X
2. Manually set spaces filled
Marquee displays accurate remaining spaces
X
3. Manually set maximum spaces available
Marquee displays accurate remaining spaces
X
4. Request lot activity Client displays lot activity for vehicle entering/exiting lot
X
5. Request system status
Client displays tracker, local node and marquee operational status
Test Case Name: PSSC BIT Test Test ID #: ESP-PSSC-05 Description: Demonstrate system’s ability
to perform self tests and diagnostics.
Type: Acceptance
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Elliot T. Date: 4/12/2012 Hardware Version: Time: 1330 Set up: Tracker will be set up in PKI North Lot. Generator will be needed to provide power
to tracker and local node. Induction loops will be laid out across parking lot entrance and covered with duct tape to hold in place.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1. Disconnect induction loop one
Tracker will identify malfunctioning equipment, notify the server through the local node and send an email to the admin
X
2. Reconnect induction loop
System status shows normal X
3. Repeat step 1 and 2 for induction loops 2 through 4
Same as in Step 1 and 2. X
4. Disconnect tracker from local node
Local node will alert server of the change in connections, and send an email to the admin
X
5. Reconnect tracker module
System status shows normal X
6. Connect to client using admin login and request status report
Server will generate status report which will outline all connections, including local node and trackers.
X
7. Verify Status Report
System status report shows errors induced into system during test
X
Overall Test Result X
System good
150 Efficient Student Parking (E.S.P.) Final Report
Test Case Name: PSSC IEEE Test ID #: ESP-PSSC-06 Description: Demonstrate system’s ability
to transmit over an Ethernet connection
Type: Acceptance
Tester Information: Name Of Tester: Elliot T., Kyle O. Date: 24 February 2012 Hardware Version: V1.6 PCB
Embedded Software: Combined Board 2-24
Time: 2100
Set up: Built local node, computer and crossover Ethernet cable.
Step
Action Expected Result Pass
Fail
N/A
Comment
1. Boot up laptop and begin running embedded testing webpage
Software functions
X
2. Connect crossover cable to board and computer
Nothing X
3. Power on local node, select the “Change UID” menu, increment and decrement the UID as appropriate.
Status message is sent to computer, testing webpage receives Ethernet packet in IEEE standard 802.3 and displays the message