ACKNOWLEGMENTFirst of all we would like to thanks to our
God.secoundly we would like to express our deepest gratitude to our
advisor, Mr Ahunum Abebe for, his excellent guidance, caring,
patience, and providing us with an excellent atmosphere for doing
this project. He helps us as much as possible and when we ask any
question he answer our question politely. We would also thanks the
school of electrical and computer engineering help us by giving the
resource just like computer access and other material and also
extra ordinary thanks to our parents who support and believe on us
through the long journe
ContentsList of FigureivList of TablevAcronymvAbstractviiChapter
111. Introduction11.1 Back ground information11.2 Statement of the
problem21.3 Objectives of the Project21.3.1 Specific Objectives21.4
Methodology21.5 Scope of the project41.6 Organizations of the
Project4Chapter Two5Literature Review62.1. Embryonic
Development62.2 Incubating Conditions72.3 Egg Incubators in the
Market82.3.1 Automatic Forced-Air Incubator82.3.2 Manual Forced-Air
Incubator92.3.3 The Mini Eco92.3.4 Smart egg incubator10Chapter
Three113. System Design and Analysis113.1 System block diagram and
Operations113.1.1 Power supply113.1.2 PIC16F877A Microcontroller12
3.1.3 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)153.1.4 Humidity control153.1.5
Temperature sensor153.1.6 Fan163.1.7 Egg roller163.1.8 Voltage
Regulator.....183.1.9 transformer183.2 Software design213.2.1
mikroC PRO for PIC213.2.2 Proteus-821Chapter four224. Results and
Discussions224.1 Simulation Results224.1.1 Dc- source22Chapter
five235. Conclusion and Recommendations for future
work235.1Conclusion235.2 Recommendations for future
work24Reference25Appendix26Appendix A. NTC thermistors data
sheet26
List of Figure
Figure1.1 Project development flow chart3Figure 2.2Automatic
Forced-Air Incubator9Figure 2.3 Manual Forced-Air Incubator9Figure
2.4 the Mini Eco Incubator Figure10Figure 3.1 system block
diagram11Figure 3.2 Pin diagram of PIC16F877A14Figure 3.3 egg
roller17Figure 3.4 short circuit test19Figure 3.5 open circuit
test19Figure 4.1 circuit diagram of dc source22Figure 4.2 output
wave form of DC source22
List of TableTable 2.1 Condition of incubator for various types
of egg8Table 3.1 input/output port of micro controller14
Acronym Description AC..alternative currentADC....analog to
digital converterB...betaC..CelsiusDCdirect
currentF..FahrenheitI/O.input outputKB...kilo byteLCDLiquid crystal
displayMHZ...mega hertzNTCNegative temperature
coefficientPIC..programme integrate circuitR25..resistance at 25
degree Celsius RHT.relative humidity temperature RT..thermistor
resistance RT2 resistance at T2Temp.temperatureV ref ..reference
voltageV.Voltage
AbstractThe main objective of this project is to design and
develop the system of an egg incubator that able to incubate
chicken eggs. The Smart egg incubator will fill up with the
temperature and humidity sensor that can measure the condition of
the incubator and automatically change to the suitable condition
for the egg. The health of egg is very important for the
development of embryo within the egg. Improper control means that
the temperature or humidity is too high or too low. In this project
the heater will use to give the suitable temperature to the egg. By
using the water and controlling fan, we can make sure the humidity
and ventilation in good condition. The status condition in the
smart egg incubator will appear on the liquid crystal display (LCD)
screen display. To make sure all part of egg was heated by lamp,
steeper motor is very useful to rotate iron rode at the bottom side
and automatically change the position of egg by using egg roller.
This keeps the embryo centered in the egg and prevents it from
sticking to the shell membrane. The entire element will be
controlled using programmable integrated circuit (PIC). The PIC is
a type of microcontroller that can process a data from sensor and
will execute the control element to change the condition of smart
egg incubator
SMART EGG INCUBATOR
20
Chapter 11. Introduction1.1 Back ground information Today,
according to the growth of human population and human needs , we
should use artificial methods of the mass production in the short
timescales to be responsive to the community needs So, using new
methods is essential for more and better poultry production that
are depends on them. In this regard, can be used its industrial
methods that means using artificial incubation, it was many years
that technology of control devices which used in incubation works,
have been created. Fundamental factors and key are known for being
successful in artificial incubation during the incubation of eggs
should be rotated. It is necessary to control the heat, humidity
and ventilation and no shock occur. Among the environmental
conditions, temperature is very important than other factors, this
temperature is required for its Egg incubation technology that
provides opportunity for farmers to produce development over a
specific period. The humidity is also critical, and if the air is
too dry the egg will lose too much water to the atmosphere, which
can make hatching difficult or impossible. The most important
difference between natural and artificial incubation is the fact
that the natural parent provides warmth by contact rather than
surrounding the egg with warm air. As incubation proceeds, an egg
will normally become lighter, and the air space within the egg will
normally become larger, owing to evaporation from the egg.
Industrial rising of farm animals indoors under conditions of
extremely restricted mobility is commonly known as factory farming.
It is done as part of industrial agriculture which is a set of
methods that changes as laws and technology change known as
industrial agriculture which is designed to produce the highest
output at the lowest cost, using economies of scale, modern
machinery, modern medicine, and global trade for financing,
purchases and sales. Egg incubator is one of the inventions that
provide opportunity especially for who want to be excellent farmer.
There is one of easy and fastest way that can make a product. This
invention will upgrade the egg incubator that has already in market
today. The systems will automatically controlling the temperature
and humidity of the incubator for various types of egg.
1.2 Statement of the problemAccording to speech release by
secretary general Ministry of Agriculture & Agro-based Industry
Ethiopia though blesses with fertile soil, abundant rainfall and
suitable climate for food production is still not yet ensured food
security and has never achieved a food trade balance. Realizing the
opportunity and potential for the development of this sector, the
government was entrusted with the responsibility to develop the
agro food sector into a competitive entity and contribute
significantly to national income. Efforts in transforming the
sector is indeed a Herculean modern farming methods but also
entails the need for a mind-set leap among the community from the
old stigma of agriculture being a backward and low skill activity.
Alternatively, the Smart Incubator is designed to improve the
available eggs incubation method, in order to change the
traditional farming method to advance and modern farming method.
Besides, by introducing the smart incubator may help our country
achieve a food trade balance surplus.1.3 Objectives of the
ProjectThe general objective of this project used to build egg
incubator by automatically control the humidity and temperature
condition. 1.3.1 Specific ObjectivesThe specific objective of this
project is To design the size and type of incubator To identify the
egg roller To design the temperature and humidity circuit To select
the appropriate micro controller for the project To select the
appropriate motor for turning of egg tray
1.4 MethodologyIn this part we try to clarify our projects
procedure by using flow charts will be discussed as follow.
Figure 1.1 Project development flow chart
From the above figure the project development are expressed by
designing mechanical, electrical And software parts.in the
mechanical part we will try to design the egg roller and the
incubator but we cannot work the hard ware part of this one at this
semester. The only we have to do is that the electrical circuit and
software part. Also in the electrical part we develop the system
circuit. Then this three part will combined together to perform the
Smart Egg Incubator System. The incubator will fill up with the
temperature and humidity sensor that can measure the condition of
the incubator and automatically change to the suitable condition
for the egg. Actually, this project consists of three elements that
should be controlled. There are movement, temperature and humidity.
In this project, the light is use to give the suitable temperature
to the egg. The percentage of the humidity in the incubator need to
consistent by control the fan and water through in the incubator,
it is can make sure the humidity and ventilation in good condition.
To make sure all part of egg was heated by the heater, egg roller
is very useful to rotate iron rod at the bottom side and
automatically change the position of egg. The entire element will
be controlled using programmable integrated circuit (PIC). The PIC
is a type of microcontroller that can process a data from sensor
and will execute the control element to change the condition of
incubator. 1.5 Scope of the projectThe scope of this project is
combining of electrical part and programming part. The hardware
part consists of electronic circuit for the microcontroller,
temperature sensor, 7 segments display relay, power supply
circuits, steeper motor and power supply the software consists of
Microcontroller16F877A. Microcontroller circuit are used for
control the entire project, and then sensors are used to detect the
eggs and continue to be brought to the incubation with the
conveyor.1.6 Organizations of the ProjectThis paper is organized in
the following format in a way that caught the attention of the
reader. This project is combination of five chapters that contain
the Introduction, Literature Review, System Design and Analysis,
Results and Discussion and the last chapter is a Conclusion and
Recommendation of the projectChapter 1 is an introduction of the
project. In this chapter, we will explain the background,
methodology and objectives of the project. The idea of the project
and the overall overview of the project also will be discussed in
this chapter.Chapter 2 focuses on the literature review and that
indicates what project has been done before we work this one and
the response of the problem. .Chapter 3 is about System Design and
Analysis. On this chapter the required hard ware and software parts
are described in detail and the system overviews and design and
analysis will be explainedChapter 4 Results and Discussion, in this
chapter we try to see the result of our project. Chapter 5
discusses the conclusion and recommendation of the project. Finally
the project has been done with the expected result. This project
can be done for the short period of time but some recommendation
must be included to make sure the system running properly without
any violation.
Chapter TwoLiterature ReviewNovice poultry producers usually
become interested in artificial incubation of their own chicks. The
success of this type project depends on proper care and incubation
of the hatching eggs so healthy, vigorous chicks are produced. Many
times a producer carefully attends to the incubation process but
disregards the care of the eggs before they are placed in the
incubator. Even before incubation starts the embryo is developing
and needs proper care. Hatching eggs suffer from reduced
hatchability if the eggs are not cared for properly [2]. The size
and type of incubator selected depends on the needs and future
plans of each producer. Many different models are available. For
continuous settings, separate incubator and Hatcher units are
recommended. If all eggs in the unit are at the same stage of
incubation, a single unit can be used. Locate the incubator and
hatchers units indoors to protect them from major weather changes.
It is essential that the room has a good ventilation system to
supply plenty of fresh air. Keeping the units indoors makes it
easier to maintain uniform temperature and humidity. There are
basically two types of incubators available. Forced-air and
still-air incubators. Forced-air incubators have fans that provide
internal air circulation. The capacity of these units may be very
large. The still-air incubators are usually small without fans for
air circulation. Air exchange is attained by the rise and escape of
warm, stale air and the entry of cooler fresh air near the base of
the incubator. 2.1. Embryonic DevelopmentEmbryonic development is a
continuous process that can roughly be divided into three different
phases. They are differentiation, growth and the maturation.
Typically, differentiation of organs occurs in the first days of
incubation. The growth and the maturation of the organs occur in
the later phases of development. Each of these phases requires
specific incubator conditions [7]. As the embryo grows, its
metabolic rate increases and this is accompanied by increased heat
production. Consequently, the natural pattern of the embryo and
eggshell temperature shows an increase towards the end of
incubation. In the incubator we must differentiate between the
temperature set point at which the incubator operates and the
temperature of the air at the level of the eggs, which determines
the temperature of the egg and embryo. At the start of incubation
the embryo produces little heat and eggs must be warmed. This means
that the air temperature must be higher than the egg temperature.
As the embryo grows, metabolic heat production increases and to
prevent overheating the air surrounding the eggs must be cooled
such that heat is removed from the eggs2.2 Incubating ConditionsThe
condition of incubator is very importance element. Poor results are
most commonly produced with improper control of temperature and/or
humidity. Improper control means that the temperature or humidity
is too high or too low for a sufficient length of time that it
interferes with the normal growth and development of the embryo.
Poor results also occur from improper ventilation, egg turning and
sanitation of the machines or eggs.The components than must be
control in the incubator are temperature, humidity and ventilation.
The temperature must depend on the types of egg. In order to hatch
a good percentage of fertile eggs, an incubator must be able to
maintain a constant temperature. Though different sorts of eggs
require different heat levels, most will grow and hatch well at 37
to 38C [5]. Sure, that does sound imposingly precise, but such
accuracy isn't all that difficult to achieveRarely is the humidity
too high in properly ventilated still-air incubators. The water pan
area should be equivalent to one-half the floor surface area or
more. Increased ventilation during the last few days of incubation
and hatching may necessitate the addition of another pan of water
or a wet sponge. Humidity is maintained by increasing the exposed
water surface area [6].Ventilation is very important during the
incubation process. While the embryo is developing, oxygen enters
the egg through the shell and carbon dioxide escapes in the same
manner. As the chicks hatch, they require an increased supply of
fresh oxygen. As embryos grow, the air vent openings are gradually
opened to satisfy increased embryonic oxygen demand. Care must be
taken to maintain humidity during the hatching period. Unobstructed
ventilation holes, both above and below the eggs, are essential for
proper air exchange.The Table 2.1 below shows the condition of the
incubator for various type of egg which is consists of suitable
temperature and humidity for every type of eggs. The Fahrenheit
unit can be converting to Celsius by using the Fahrenheit formula,
F = [32 + (9/5) *C].
Table 2. 1 Condition of incubator for various types of
eggSpecies Incubation Period (days)Temp(F)Humidity (F)
Chicken 2110085-87
Turkey289984-86
Duck2810085-86
Muscovy Duck35-3710085-86
Goose28-349986-88
Guinea2810085-87
2.3 Egg Incubators in the Market There are many egg incubators
at market nowadays. They come with several features that
differentiate their product with other. However, they use the same
principle in creating their product. For example, Automatic
Forced-Air Incubator uses a light bulb to increase the temperature
in the incubator, while, Mini Eco Eggs Incubator, uses heater coil
for the same purpose. In our project, smart incubator makes the
other eggs incubator as literature review in order to provide an
automatic eggs incubator at low cost and easy to handle.2.3.1
Automatic Forced-Air Incubator Automatic model with a capacity /
load the eggs of 100 eggs, also can accommodate nearly 300 quail
eggs. For operating an automatically diverting eggs for up to 8
times a day by the installation of electric motor, timers and
relays. Using a thermostat brand products Caemz Italy known for its
precision control of temperature up to 1 degree Celsius, clear
digital thermometer displays the temperature of incubator
operation, the blower fan is temperature resistant and moisture and
heat lamps are easily replaced with 5 watt, low and save
electricity.[3]
Figure 2.1 Automatic Forced-Air Incubator 2.3.2 Manual
Forced-Air Incubator Model with manual capacity of 60 eggs, can
accommodate nearly 200 quail eggs. Operation simultaneously over
the use of egg tray egg incubator can be operated from the outside
without opening the incubator. Using a thermostat brand product
Caemz Italy known for its precision control of temperature up to 1
degree Celsius, clear digital thermometer displays the temperature
of incubator operation, the blower fan is temperature resistant and
moisture and heat lamps are easily replaced with 5 watt, low and
save electricity. [3]
Figure 2.2 Manual Forced-Air Incubator2.3.3 The Mini Eco The
Mini Eco holds 10 hens eggs (or equivalent) and provides the fine
temperature control to ensure consistent and reliable hatches.
Temperature is monitored on a purpose built liquid-in-glass
thermometer and although factory set, the electronic temperature
control allows fine tuning of the temperature setting if required.
[4]
Figure 2.3 the Mini Eco Incubator Figure
2.3.4 Smart egg incubatorThe smart egg incubator which is our
project comes with several features that differentiate their
product with others. Some of these features are listed below:i.
Using light bulb for heating process. ii. Using thermistor for
entering the temperature. iii. Using fan control the heat process.
iv. 7 segment display to show the value of temperature in the
incubator and setting value. v. Using analogy temperature sensor to
detect the temperature at the incubator vi. Using PIC16F877A
microcontroller to control the overall processBy considering all of
the above literature our incubator should be made with readily
available materials, relatively cheap and be within the buying
capacity of local farmers, able to hatch different shapes and sizes
of egg, have higher capacity compared to natural methods, be simple
to operate and maintain by local farmers.
Chapter Thre3. System Design and AnalysisOn this chapter the
required block diagram and software parts are described in detail
and thesystem overviews and design and analysis will be clarify.3.1
System block diagram and Operations
Figure 3.1 system block diagramThis block diagram is built to
identify the inputs and outputs that will be used in our project.
It consists of a combination of all of the problems encountered and
different information. From this diagram some of the components
are; 3.1.1 Power supplyThe DC source was designed with a rectifier
and filter circuit. A full bridge rectifier was chosen because they
have less ripple than a half bridge rectifier because the frequency
is twice as fast. This means the filter has to supply the voltage
for only half as long so it has less time.We have used Transformer
with rating of 220/12V which steps down the voltage level from 220
V AC to required voltage level to feed the system.3.1.2 PIC16F877A
MicrocontrollerPIC 16F877 is one of the most advanced
microcontroller from Microchip. This controller is widely used for
experimental and modern applications because of its low price, wide
range of applications, high quality, and ease of availability. It
is ideal for applications such as machine control applications,
measurement devices, study purpose, and so on. General Features
High performance RISC CPU. ONLY 35 simple word instructions. All
single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two
cycles. Operating speed: clock input (200MHz), instruction cycle
(200nS). Up to 3688bit of RAM (data memory), 2568 of EEPROM (data
memory), and 8k14 of flash memory. Pin out compatible to PIC
16C74B, PIC 16C76, PIC 16C77. Eight level deep hardware stack.
Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources). Different types of
addressing modes (direct, Indirect, relative addressing modes).
Power on Reset (POR). Power-Up Timer (PWRT) and oscillator start-up
timer. Low power- high speed CMOS flash/EEPROM. Fully static
design. Wide operating voltage range (2.0 5.56) volts. High
sink/source current (25mA). Commercial, industrial and extended
temperature ranges. Low power consumption (