Millimeter Wave Mobile Communication For 5G Cellular CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smart phones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage. As today's cellular providers attempt to deliver high quality, low latency video and multimedia applications for wireless devices, they are limited to a carrier frequency spectrum ranging between 700 MHz and 2.6 GHz. The global spectrum bandwidth allocation for all cellular technologies does not exceed 780 MHz, where each major wireless provider has approximately 200 MHz across all of the different cellular bands of spectrum available to them. Servicing legacy users with older inefficient cell phones as well as customers with newer smart phones requires simultaneous management of multiple technologies in the same band-limited spectrum. Currently, allotted spectrum for operators is dissected into disjoint frequency bands, each of which possesses different radio networks with different propagation characteristics and building penetration losses. This means that base station designs must service many different bands with different cell sites, where each site has multiple base stations (one for each frequency or technology usage e.g. third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G), and Long Term Evolution - Advanced (LTE- A)). 1
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Seminar report on Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellular
The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless communication has motivated the exploration of the unutilized frequencies present in the frequency spectrum; this exploration has lead to the use of millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks
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Millimeter Wave Mobile Communication For 5G Cellular
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smart phones are creating
unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth
shortage. As today's cellular providers attempt to deliver high quality, low latency video
and multimedia applications for wireless devices, they are limited to a carrier frequency
spectrum ranging between 700 MHz and 2.6 GHz.
The global spectrum bandwidth allocation for all cellular technologies does not
exceed 780 MHz, where each major wireless provider has approximately 200 MHz across
all of the different cellular bands of spectrum available to them. Servicing legacy users
with older inefficient cell phones as well as customers with newer smart phones requires
simultaneous management of multiple technologies in the same band-limited spectrum.
Currently, allotted spectrum for operators is dissected into disjoint frequency bands, each
of which possesses different radio networks with different propagation characteristics and
building penetration losses. This means that base station designs must service many
different bands with different cell sites, where each site has multiple base stations (one for
each frequency or technology usage e.g. third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G),
and Long Term Evolution - Advanced (LTE-A)).
To procure new spectrum, it can take a decade of administration through
regulatory bodies such as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the U.S.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC). When spectrum is finally licensed,
incumbent users must be moved off the spectrum, causing further delays and increasing
costs.
The need for high-speed connectivity is a common denominator as we look ahead
to next generations of networks. Achieving 24/7 access to, and sharing of, all our “stuff”
requires that we continue on our current path: going far beyond simple voice and data
services, and moving to a future state of “everything everywhere and always connected”.
Today, as the provisioning and take-up of data services, and the types of
connected devices, on both fixed-line and mobile networks continues to increase
exponentially, the rules of network provisioning need to be re-written. Data services are
by their nature discontinuous. Moving to packet rather than circuit-based service delivery
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Millimeter Wave Mobile Communication For 5G Cellular
allows more users to share the same resource even though the overhead associated with
directing the data becomes more complex. As fixed-line network infrastructures have
moved from copper to the virtually-limitless capacity of fiber, this packet delivery
overhead has not been an issue.
Successive advances in mobile network technology and system specifications
have provided higher cell capacity and consequent improvements in single user data rate.
The Increases in data rate have come courtesy of increased computing power, and
increased modulation density made possible by better components, particularly in the area
of digital receivers.
In all this, there is one certainty that must be considered “wireless spectrum is
limited”. In the long run, this must mean only those connections which MUST be mobile
should be wireless. We’re already seeing the rise of television and radio services
delivered over the internet, today’s Wi-Fi offload becomes the starting point for the norm
of tomorrow, freeing up cellular system capacity to give mobile users the best possible
service.
In the mobile world, capacity gains come essentially from three variables: more
spectrum, better efficiency and better frequency re-use through progressively smaller cell
size. However, with mobile data consumption currently forecast to almost double year-
on-year for the next five years, the network operators maintain they will struggle to meet
long-term demand without even more spectrum. Freeing up frequency bands currently
used for other systems will become a major priority.
Mobile broadband networks need to support ever-growing consumer data rate
demands and will need to tackle the exponential increase in the predicted traffic volumes.
An efficient radio access technology combined with more spectrum availability is
essential to achieve the ongoing demands faced by wireless carriers.
In this report, how millimeter wave can be used for 5G cellular is presented. In this
article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz
spectrum for mobile broadband applications. Discuss propagation and device technology
challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile
communication. And introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a
candidate for next generation mobile communication system. And show the feasibility for
MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile
environment.
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Millimeter Wave Mobile Communication For 5G Cellular
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
To date, four generations of cellular communication systems have been adopted
worldwide with each new mobile generation emerging every 10 years or so since around
1980: first generation analog FM cellular systems in 1981; second generation digital
technology in 1992, 3G in 2001, and 4G LTE-A in 2011.
Review of Previous Fourth Generations Systems:-
First-Generation Systems (1G):
The 1st generation was pioneered for voice service in early 1980‘s, where almost
all of them were analog systems using the frequency modulation technique for radio
transmission using frequency division multiple access (FDMA) with channel capacity of
30 KHz and frequency band was 824-894 MHz, which was based on a technology known
as Advance Mobile Phone Service (AMPS).
Second Generation Systems (2G):
The 2nd generation was accomplished in later 1990’s. The 2G mobile
communication system is a digital system; this system is still mostly used in different
parts of the world. This generation mainly used for voice communication also offered
additional services such as SMS and e-mail.
In this generation two digital modulation schemes are used; one is time division
multiple access (TDMA) and the 2nd is code division multiple access (CDMA) and
frequency band is 850-1900 MHz’s. In 2G, GSM technology uses eight channels per
carrier with a gross data rate of 22.8 kbps (a net rate of 13 kbps) in the full rate channel
and a frame of 4.6 milliseconds (ms) duration .The family of this generation includes of
2G, 2.5G and 2.75G.
Third Generation Systems (3G):
Third generation (3G) services combine high speed mobile access with Internet
Protocol (IP)-based services. The main features of 3G technology include wireless web
base access, multimedia services, email, and video conferencing. The 3G W-CDMA air
interface standard had been designed for always-on packet-based wireless service, so that
computer, entertainment devices and telephones may all share the same wireless network
and be connected internet anytime, anywhere.
3G systems offer high data rates up to 2 Mbps, over 5 MHz channel carrier width,
depending on mobility/velocity, and high spectrum efficiency. The data rate supported by
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Millimeter Wave Mobile Communication For 5G Cellular
3G networks depends also on the environment the call is being made in; 144 kbps in
satellite and rural outdoor, 384 kbps in urban outdoor and 2Mbps in indoor and low range
outdoor. The frequency band is 1.8 - 2.5 GHz.
Fourth Generation Systems (4G):
4G usually refers to the successor of the 3G and 2G standards. In fact, the 3GPP is
recently standardizing LTE Advanced as future 4G standard. A 4G system may upgrade
existing communication networks and is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure
IP based solution where facilities such as voice, streamed multimedia and data will be
provided to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis and at much higher data rates
compared to previous generations.
One common characteristic of the new services to be provided by 4G is their
demanding requirements in terms of QOS. Applications such as wireless broadband
access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content
and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) are being developed to use a 4G network.
4G-LTE advanced:
LTE also referred to as LTE-Advanced, is claimed to be the true 4G evolution step.
LTE is an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based
radio access technology that supports a scalable transmission band
width up to 20 MHz and advanced multi-antenna transmission. As a key
technology in supporting high data rates in 4G systems, Multiple-Input
Multiple-Output (MIMO) enables multi-stream transmission for high
spectrum efficiency, improved link quality, and adaptation of radiation
patterns for signal gain and interference mitigation via adaptive beam
forming using antenna arrays . The coalescence of HSPA and LTE will
increase the peak mobile data rates of the two systems, with data
rates exceeding 100 Mbps, and will also allow for optimal dynamic load
balancing between the two technologies.
Earlier releases of LTE are included as integrated parts of LTE release 10,
providing a more straightforward backwards compatibility and support of legacy
terminals, for example. The main requirement specification for LTE advanced as
approved are:
Peak Downlink data rate: 1 Gbps, Peak Uplink data rate: 500 Mbps.
Transmission bandwidth: Wider than approximately 70 MHz in DL and 40
MHz in UL.
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Millimeter Wave Mobile Communication For 5G Cellular
User throughput at cell edge 2 times higher than that in LTE.
Average user throughput is 3 times higher than that in LTE.
Spectrum efficiency 3 times higher than that in LTE; Peak spectrum