Seminar Report

REPORT

On

DECORATIVE ACCESSORIES IN INTERIORSOCCUPANT SAFETY AND HEALTH

D.SIRISHA

14031NA001

Church of south India-Medak diocese

C.S.I. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(A Christian minority institution)

(Affiliated to JNAFAU)

Church of South India – Medak Diocese

C.S.I.INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(A Christian minority institution)

(Affiliated to JNAFAU, Hyderabad)145,Macintyre Road,Secunderabad-500003,Andhra Pradesh.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that report entitled for:-

CONCERT HALL

Submitted by Ms. D.SIRISHA bearing Roll no.14031NA001 on in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of the Masters of Architecture (Interior Design) JNAFAU Hyderabad in a bonafied work to the best of our knowledge and may be placed before the examination board for consideration.

Approved by

_______________________ _________________________ GUIDE THESIS CO-ORDINATOR

_______________________ _________________________ H.O.D EXTERNAL EXAMINER

________________________DIRECTOR

ACKNOWLEGMENT

I wish to express my gratitude to all who have helped me in this project. Firstly my sincere thanks to our director Dr.P.J.Dharmaraj for his encouragement.

I take privilege to thank the Head of the Department Ar.Suman Rekha for guiding me with her valuable suggestions and to encourage me to do my best.

I thank my guide Ar.Prasad for his guidance and support and for her help right from the beginning of my project till the end.

Last but not the least I thank my family and friends for their immense help and support that helped from the beginning of my project till the end.

DECORATIVE ACCESSORIES IN INTERIORS

Accessories are added elements that have various effects to the original element.

Once the layout, furniture, lighting, artwork, electronics, accessories, paint and other elements have been established, accessories are then used to finalize the design.

These accessories include:

- Ceramics (Vases)

- Mirrors

- Art and Pictures

- Sculptures

- Clocks and Candles

- Indoor Plants

Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic solids prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling

Types of ceramic products

Structural- eg bricks, floor and roof tiles

Refractories- eg kiln lining, gas fire radiants, steel and glass making crucibles.

White wares- eg tableware, cookware, wall tiles, pottery products and sanitary ware.

Pottery types

1.Earthenware – often made from clay, quartz and feldspar  It is, or can be, fired at relatively low temperatures and vitrification does not take place, leaving the body slightly porous(if not glazed) .

After firing the body is porous and opaque, and depending on the raw materials used will be colored from white to buff to red. Earthenware is also less strong, less tough and more porous than stoneware, but is less expensive and easier to work.

2. Stoneware-  a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic ware made primarily from non-refractory fire Stoneware, which, though dense, impermeable and hard enough to resist scratching by a steel point.

The stoneware differs from porcelain because it is more opaque, and normally only partially vitrified. It is usually coloured grey or brownish because of impurities in the clay used for its manufacture, and is normally glazed."

3. Porcelain- (also known as China or Fine China) is a ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including clay in the form of kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 °C (2,192 °F) and 1,400 °C (2,552 °F).

The toughness, strength, and translucence of porcelain arise mainly from the formation of glass and the mineral mullite within the fired body at these high temperatures.

HOW ARE CERAMIC PRODUCTS MADE?

Shaping and forming methods

1. Hand Building

 This is the earliest forming method. Wares can be constructed by hand from coils of clay, combining flat slabs of clay, or pinching solid balls of clay or some combination of these.

Parts of hand-built vessels are often joined together with the aid of slip, an aqueous suspension of clay body and water.

Some studio potters find hand-building more conducive to create one-of-a-kind works of art.

2.The potter's wheel

 In a process called "throwing“, a ball of clay is placed in the centre of a turntable, called the wheel-head, which the potter rotates with a stick, with foot power or with a variable-speed electric motor.

During the process of throwing, the wheel rotates while the solid ball of soft clay is pressed, squeezed and pulled gently upwards and outwards into a hollow shape.

Wares produced by this method have high artistic merit though reproducibility is poor .

3.Roller head machine

 This machine is for shaping wares on a rotating mould, as in with a rotary shaping tool.

The rotary shaping tool is a shallow cone having the same diameter as the ware being formed and shaped to the desired form of the back of the article being made.

Roller head machines remain the dominant method for producing flatware.

4. Slipcasting

 This is ideally suited to the making of wares that cannot be formed by other methods of shaping.

A slip, made by mixing clay body with water, is poured into a highly absorbent plaster mould. Water from the slip is absorbed into the mould leaving a layer of clay body covering its internal surfaces and taking its internal shape. Excess slip is poured out of the mould, which is then split open and the moulded object removed.

Slipcasting is widely used in the production of sanitary wares and is also used for making smaller articles, such as intricately detailed figurines.

Pottery decoration techniques

1. Impressed surface details

 Making impressions in the damp clay surface can be used to create any number of freehand impressions and marks, limited only by your own imagination and patience.

2.Use of slips

A slip is a suspension in water of clay and/or other materials used in the production of ceramic ware. Decoratively its placed onto a wet or leather-hard clay body surface by dipping, painting or splashing. Slipware may be carved or burnished to change the surface appearance of the ware. Colored slips can be used to create pieces of ceramic art by techniques similar to paint in other media.

3. Glazing

Glaze is a layer or coating of a vitreous substance which has been fused to a ceramic object through firing.

Glaze can serve to color, increase gloss, decorate, strengthen or waterproof an item.

Ceramic glaze raw materials generally include silica, which will be the main glass former. Colorants, such as iron oxide, copper carbonate or cobalt carbonate, and sometimes opacifiers such as tin oxide or zirconium oxide, are used to modify the visual appearance of the fired glaze.

MIRRORS

A mirror is flat or curved surface usually produced of glass that has a reflective coating applied to it.

Brief History

Man first got reflections from rivers, ponds and other natural entities

The earliest man made mirrors from polished stone and mirrors made from black volcanic glass obsidian - Found in Turkey dating back to at least 6000 years.

Also found in Ancient Egypt - polished copper with the round face of the mirror embellished with ornamentation, Mesopotamia - polished metal, Central and Southern America - polished stone,

China - made from metal alloys, a mixture of tin and copper called speculum metal that could be highly polished to made a reflective surface as well as mirrors made of polished bronze.

Metal alloys or precious metals mirrors were very valuable items in ancient times only affordable to the very wealthy.

During the period of the Renaissance in Europe, mirrors were made by a method of coating glass with a tin and mercury amalgam. In the sixteenth century, Venice became the centre of manufacture for such mirrors. A factory for manufacturing mirrors called Saint-Gobain was established in France.

Mirrors were still expensive luxuries and only the very rich owned it.

In 1835 Justus von Liebig, a German chemist, developed the silvered-glass mirror where a thin layer of metallic silver put onto glass by the chemical reduction of silver nitrate.

This enabled mirrors to be manufactured on a much larger scale, and that is when ordinary people could buy a mirror.

Types Of Mirrors

There are two main types:

- Silvered and

- Non-Silvered

Silvered Mirrors

Concave Mirror: Glass is curved inward, and then coated, creating enlarged reflections. Useful as a grooming aide.

Convex Mirror: The glass curves outward, creating reduced reflections. It can be either decorative or a useful tool in parking garages or busy corridors to help people see around the corner

Silvered tinted Mirrors: Tinted mirrors are produced using the methods described above. The silver coating is applied to one of the various tinted glass substrates available on the market. Tinted mirrors are generally used in decorative applications where color and diminished light reflection are desirable.

Non-Silvered Mirrors

Pyrolytic Mirrors: These are highly reflective coated glass mirrors with performance characteristics like that of silvered mirrors. They are used in shower doors and other areas where moisture can affect the substrate of silvered mirrors.

Transparent/Two-way Mirrors: They are designed to permit vision through one direction while giving the appearance of a standard mirror from the opposite side. Their major application is to permit undetected observation for study or surveillance in interior conditions such as learning centers in schools and universities, medical and psychiatric clinics, and security stations in casinos or high-traffic retail stores.

Applications Of Mirrors In Interior Design

1. To reflect light

Mirrors brighten a room, and therefore are placed near lamps or light fixtures or in places where they’ll reflect natural light.

They also improve the inside lighting of a room. For instance, a room that’s painted in a dark color may seem smaller as well as feel oppressive. Adding mirrors to a number of walls can counteract the darkness and boost the color of wall space.

The best method to improve a room’s lighting without needing more electricity would be to place mirrors reverse windows. The mirrors may reflect natural sunlight streaming with the windows and brighten the entire room. Some homeowners actually report a cost savings in energy costs simply by reflecting the free light in the sun.

Use a large, full-length mirror in entrance ways to instantly give a person a sense of increased space when they enter.

2. To Increase space

A wall of a mirror or mirrors in a small space, such as a bedroom or dining room or hallway that is really squashed opens it up and creates a sense of flow and increased area.

3. To create warmth

Placing a mirror on a mantle can make the fireplace area, which can often feel cramped and dark, more inviting.

A mirror can also be placed next to a fireplace to reflect the glow and flames of the fire

4. For an artistic effect

This can be achieved by hanging a series of mirrors on a wall. They can be the same or vary in size and shape. They can be arranged in symmetrical or asymmetrical patterns depending on the tone of the room.

Many mirrored surfaces will reflect the beauty of whatever room it is mounted in, and the jumbled style will add its own personality.

Each of the separate mirrors reflects a slightly different perspective, so there is experience of a burst of color and shapes wherever the mirrors are placed.

5. Accessorize using decorative mirrors.

You can use simple frames, add mosaic tiles to the border, or use other materials to make a mirror fit the room’s theme.

6. Vanity Mirrors In Bathrooms

Since full-length vanity mirrors are standard, embellishments and thoughtful staging can be applied to make the bathrooms stand out.

6. In designing

Group small mirrors together in different shapes and sizes to create an interesting feature on a wall but also bring light to the room.

Glue mirrored tiles to your kitchen cabinet doors so reflect the whole room to create a mosaic look in your kitchen.

Fit a mirror behind your stove, this is traditionally a rather dark area in your kitchen so add a mirror to bounce any available light around the room. This will also give you more light for when you’re cooking a meal.

Place a big mirror beside your dining room table, this adds to the mood of a dining room and keeps it light and bright.

SCULPTURES

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions and one of the plastic arts.

Durable sculptural processes originally used carving (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay) but since modernism, shifts in sculptural process led to an almost complete freedom of materials and process.

Materials used

Metals especially bronze

Stone

Wood

Bone

Precious materials such as gold, silver, jade, and ivory are often used for small luxury works

terracotta and other ceramics

Wax

Stained glass

Types of sculpture

1.  Sculpture in the round- free-standing sculpture that is meant to be viewed on all sides, and is surrounded entirely by space

2. free-standing sculpture, such as statues, not attached (except possibly at the base) to any other surface

3. Relief- at least partly attached to a background surface. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low or bas-relief, high relief, and sometimes an intermediate mid-relief.

Apart from their obvious decorative qualities, sculptures are used as expressive pieces. They may be used to express one’s culture, religion, beliefs, ambitions and likes.

PAINTINGS, ART AND PICTURES

Paintings or any artwork makes a living space more pleasant and intriguing.

They often well with other colors, shapes and textures you choose to put in a certain area. They are included in an interior precisely because they are complementary to almost any room.

 Inside a house, in particular, the normal entryways and hallways often are the new display location for paintings, photos or any artwork like sculptures.

A beautiful large abstract painting can spark some interesting conversation with your guests in your office or living area.

Canvas Printing on wall in Arabic

Heart display of photos on wall

Paintings high up on the living room wall

In the bathroom, attention to the naturally high humidity is important.  A well-protected piece of abstract wall art or whimsy and color that will make the room come alive can therefore be used.

Displaying a lot of small, framed art can be a fun way to add interest to a bathroom, especially in small spaces. Frame works on paper behind acrylic or plexiglass (a transparent acrylic plastic often used in place of glass), which can hinder condensation build up.

In Bedrooms

Photos can be used to fill up empty corners, hallways and walls for a lively feel.

INDOOR PLANTS

Why use indoor plants?

They are a quick decorating tool

They have an air-purifying quality that can absorb and strip toxins like formaldehyde from materials in the home like carpets.

Some like the aloe have medicinal value

Note: Different plants require different care and lighting conditions. Enough research should therefore be made before purchasing any new plant.

Interior plants transform any room in the home, there is a plant for any location provided there is at least a glimmer of natural light. The choice of plant is obviously a matter of personal choice but generally there are some plants that complement a contemporary scheme and some that suit more traditional styles better. Most interior plants, particularly Palms, look good in almost any setting.

Some important things to think about when selecting plants to suit your home are:

Location. The environment in which you place your plant can be important. Don't put plants too close to radiators and avoid cold drafts. Whilst most house plants are tolerant of quite a wide range of light levels many will not like too much direct sunlight. Check the plant descriptions on this site for details. Good plants for direct sunlight are Beaucarnea and Yucca. Good plants for poorly lit areas are Philodendron, Blechnum and Epipremnum but there are many more.

Growth rate. Most indoor plants are relatively slow growing but if you do select a faster growing plant make sure that you allow enough room.

Pots and containers. Most people prefer to hide the plastic pot inside a container, Think about the shape, colour, size and proportions of the container relative to the plant and your room; the right container really can make all the difference. See our range of stylish containers for more ideas.

Grouping plants. House plants like garden plants can look stunning when arranged in mixed groups but consider how the colour, size and form of the plants complement each other. Many house plants look fabulous when a number of the same variety of plant are grouped geometrically in the same container. this is particularly effective in contemporary designs.

Interior Setting. Some plants look stunning when one or two are placed singly along a plain wall. Chose the more architectural species such as Dracena for the best effect. A big blousy plant such as Spatiphylum "Sensation" , the giant peace lily will make a unforgettable first impression in your entrance hall.

CLOCKS AND CANDLES

Clocks are used on walls for time as well as to accessorize the walls.

Candles on the other hand provide more lighting, enhance the mood and can produce a good scent in the atmosphere of a room.

Clocks on shelf with indoor plants, pictures and candles.

Clock on wall above fireplace Candle stands

Candles in a fireplace

OCCUPANT SAFETY AND HEALTH

Modern buildings are generally considered safe and healthy working environments. However, the potential for indoor air quality problems, occupational illnesses and injuries, exposure to hazardous materials, and accidental falls beckons architects, engineers, and facility managers to design and maintain buildings and processes that ensure occupant safety and health.

Notably, building designs must focus on eliminating or preventing hazards to personnel, rather than relying on personal protective equipment and administrative or process procedures to prevent mishaps.

Protecting the health, safety, and welfare (HSW) of building occupants has expanded beyond disease prevention and nuisance control to include mental as well as physical health and protecting the ecological health of a place through the creation of spaces that enable delight and the realization of human potential.

Therefore, the design team should apply an integrated approach, including work process analysis and hazard recognition to develop solutions that provide healthy built environments, having no undue physical stressors, as well as meeting other project requirements.

In addition, consideration of HSW issues should be an integral part of all phases of a building's life cycle: planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance, renovation, and final disposal.

Provide designs that eliminate or reduce hazards in the work place to prevent mishaps and reduce reliance on

personal protective equipment.

Prevent occupational injuries and illnesses.

Prevent falls from heights.

Prevent slips, trips, and falls.

Ensure electrical safety from turnover

through Operations and Maintenance. Modifications must be in conformance with life safety codes and standards and be documented.

Eliminate exposure to hazardous materials (e.g., volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde, and lead and asbestos in older buildings).

Provide good indoor air quality (IAQ) and adequate ventilation.

Analyze work requirements and provide ergonomic work places to prevent work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD).

Perform proper building operations and maintenance.

Provide Designs that Eliminate or Reduce Hazards in the Work Place to Prevent Mishaps

Provide designs in accordance with good practice as well as applicable building, fire, safety, and health codes and regulations.

Conduct preliminary hazard analyses and design reviews to eliminate or mitigate hazards in the work place.

Use registered design professionals and accredited safety professionals to ensure compliance with safety standards and codes.

Provide engineering controls in place rather than rely on personal protective equipment or administrative work procedures to prevent mishaps.

Integrate safety mechanisms, such as built in anchors or tie off points, into the building design, especially for large mechanical systems.

Design a means for safely cleaning and maintaining interior spaces and building exteriors.

Provide for receiving, storing, and handling of materials, such as combustibles, cleaning products, office supplies, and perishables.

Prevent Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

Consider work practices, employee physical requirements, and eliminating confined spaces when designing buildings and processes.

Design for safe replacement and modifications of equipment to reduce the risk of injury to operations and maintenance staff.

Provide proper ventilation under all circumstances, and allow for natural lighting where possible

Mitigate noise hazards from equipment and processes. Designate safe locations for installation of RF equipment such as antennas

on rooftop penthouses.

Prevent Falls from Heights

Provide guardrails and barriers that will prevent falls from heights in both interior and exterior spaces.

Provide fall protection for all maintenance personnel especially for roof mounted equipment such as HVAC equipment and cooling towers.

Provide certified tie off points for fall arrest systems.

Prevent Slips, Trips, and Falls

Provide interior and exterior floor surfaces that do not pose slip or trip hazards.

Select exterior walking surface materials that are not susceptible to changes in elevation as a result of freeze/thaw cycles.

Provide adequate illumination, both natural and artificial, for all interior and exterior areas.

Ensure Electrical Safety

Ensure compliance with the National Electrical Code Provide adequate space for maintenance, repair, and expansion in electrical

rooms and closets. Provide adequate drainage and/or containment from areas with energized

electrical equipment. Evaluate all areas where ground fault circuit interruption (GFI) and arc fault

interruption (AFI) devices may be needed. Consider response of emergency personnel in cases of fires and natural

disasters. Label all electrical control panels and circuits. Install nonconductive flooring at service locations for high voltage

equipment. Specify high visibility colors for high voltage ducts and conduits.

Eliminate exposure to hazardous materials

Identify, isolate, remove, or manage in place hazardous materials such as lead, asbestos, etc.

Consider use of sampling techniques for hazardous substances in all phases of the project to include planning, design, construction, and maintenance.

Consider occupant operations and materials in designing ventilation and drainage systems.

Provide adequate space for hazardous materials storage compartments and segregate hazardous materials to avoid incompatibility.

Substitute high hazardous products with those of lower toxicity/physical properties.

Provide Good Indoor Air Quality and Adequate Ventilation

Consider ventilation systems that will exceed minimum ASHRAE standards. Recognize and provide specially designed industrial ventilation for all

industrial processes to remove potential contaminants from the breathing zone.

Design separate ventilation systems for industrial and hazardous areas within a building.

Consider the use of carbon monoxide (CO) monitoring equipment if there are CO sources, such as fuel burning equipment or garages, in the building.

Specify materials and furnishings that are low emitters of indoor air contaminants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Consider the indoor relative humidity in the design of the ventilation system. Avoid interior insulation of ductwork. Locate outside air intakes to minimize entrainment of exhaust fumes and

other odors. (e.g., vehicle exhaust, grass cutting and ground maintenance activities, industrial pollutant sources, cooling tower blow offs, and sewage ejector pits).

Ensure the integrity of the building envelope, including caulks and seals, to preclude water intrusion that may contribute to mold growth.

Prevent return air plenums/systems from entraining air from unintended spaces.

Provide air barriers at interior walls between thermally different spaces to prevent mold and mildew.

Provide Ergonomic Workplaces and Furniture to Prevent Work RelatedMusculoskeletal Disorders (WMSD)

Design work places that make the job fit the person. Select furnishings, chairs, and equipment that are ergonomically designed

and approved for that use. Design equipment and furnishings reflective of work practices in an effort to

eliminate repetitive motions and vibrations as well as prevent strains and sprains.

Consider using worker comfort surveys in the design phase to help eliminate work related musculoskeletal disorders.

Accept the principle that one size does not fit all employees. Consider providing break areas to allow the employees to temporarily leave

the work place. Minimize lighting glare on computer monitor screens. Provide task lighting

at workstations to minimize eye fatigue.

Perform Proper Building Operations and Maintenance Proper preventative maintenance (PM) not only improves the useful

life of the systems and building structures, but it can lend to good indoor air quality and prevent "sick building" syndromes.

Ensure all maintenance and operation documentation, especially an equipment inventory, is submitted to the building owner/operator prior to building occupancy.

Follow manufacturer recommendations for proper building operations and maintenance.

Include safety training of operator personnel as part of the construction contractor's deliverables.

Require the use of integrated pest management (IPM) for all pest management services, interior and exterior of the building.

Require building maintenance personnel to maintain the HVAC air infiltration devices and condensate water biocides appropriately.

Monitor chemical inventories to identify opportunities to substitute green products.

Consider incorporating continuous into your building maintenance program.

Bibliography:

- http://www.slideshare.net/

- www.wikipedia.com

-http://www.wbdg.org/design/ensure_health.php