SUBMITTED BY:- DEEPTI KOTHARI I.D - 38293 SUBMITTED TO:- Dr. PRATIBHA SINGH Deptt. OF HOME SCIENCE EXTENSION
SUBMITTED BY:-
DEEPTI KOTHARI
I.D - 38293
SUBMITTED TO:-
Dr. PRATIBHA SINGH
Deptt. OF HOME SCIENCE
EXTENSION
EXTENSION IN THE WORLD
O Origin from U.S.A
O Started form late 80s
O Until 1914, use of extension lectures
O Smith Lever Act, 1914- a turning point
PHASES OF EXTENSION IN INDIA
Pre-British Period
British period
Pre-independence
Post-independence
Present scenario
1.PRE- BRITISH PERIOD
Villages were self-sustained, self-
sufficient and self-governed units
Panchayat system was there
Development of central seat of the
government i.e ONE RULAR
2.BRITISH GOVT. PERIOD
No effort till last quarter of 19th
century Series of Famines(1875-1901)
forced them to:-1. Appoint commission2. Following certain Acts(e.g.
Cooperative Act, Land Improvement Loans Act etc.)
3. ESTD. Of Rural Construction Department
OUTCOMES :-
Can be assessed in the form of shortcomings, that are:-
No detailed planning involved
No emphasis on people’s participation, cooperation and
involvement
Never followed educational approach
Approach of extension agents were like that of BOSSES
3.PRE INDEPENDENCE ERA
Some efforts were done by benevolent persons and some agencies that are:-
Work at Shantiniketan
Gurgaon Experiment
Servants of Indian Society, Poona
Sir Daniel Hemilton’s Scheme of Rural Reconstruction
Marthandam Project
Sarvodaya Programme etc.
OUTCOMES:-
Although being initial efforts were superb, but still one or the
other shortcoming that could be summed up are as
following:-
Individual initiative
Govt. backing & financing were not forthcoming
All attempts were isolated, uneven & discontinuous
Inexperienced and untrained staff
Plans and programmes were ill-defined and unbalanced
No evaluation were carried out at the end
4.POST INDEPENDENCE ERA
There are 4 distinct stages in extension efforts during this period:-
1) Community Development
2) Technological Development
3) Development with Social Justice
4) Infrastructural Development
PRESENT SCENARIO
Public-Sector Extension
a. State Departments of Agriculture
b. Agricultural Technology Management Agency
c. SAUs
d. Knowledge Transfer through KVKs
Public-Private Partnership: The Agriclinics and
Agribusiness Centres (ACABC) Scheme
Cntd….
Private-sector Extension: E-Choupal,
Farmer Field Schools
Innovative Approaches
Mass Media and Information and Communication
Technology Approaches
Private-sector Approaches
O ITC e-Choupals
O Haryali Kisaan Bazaars of DCM Shriram
Consolidated Ltd.
O Tata Kisan Sansar, an initiative of Tata
Chemicals
ICT Approaches O Kisan Channel on Doordarshan
O All India FM Transmitter Network
O Kisan Call Centres
O IKSL (IFFCO Kisan Sanchar Ltd. in collaboration with
Airtel), Mandi on Mobile
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES
O Kerala Horticulture Development Program
(KHDP)
O Mahindra Krishi Vihar (MKV)
O BASIX
EXTENSION SYSTEM (STRENGTHS)
Post T & V period show decentralization of
extension planning & control
The use of group approach
Use of para-extension workers
Setting up of multi-disciplinary teams from SAUs
Setting up of agri-clinic by private entrepreneurs
Formation of registered societies like ATMA at the
district level by integrating the functions of key
stakeholders
• Public sector still dominates ,Information
flow is supply-driven and not needs-based or
area-specific
• A large no. of agencies provide support and
advisory support but restricted to regions
• Public-private partnership is limited
• Infrastructural & networking support is still
lacking
• Remote areas and poor producers are poorly
served by both private & public sector
extension
POINTS TO CONSIDER YET……