Acenes, Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes Glen P. Miller Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program University of New Hampshire Columbia University September 17, 2008
May 25, 2015
Acenes, Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes
Glen P. Miller Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program
University of New Hampshire
Columbia University September 17, 2008
Acenes: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons composed of
linearly annelated benzene rings
(Clar, E. Polycyclic Hydrocarbons; Academic Press Inc: London, 1964; Vol. 1, pp 4-5)
Acene Applications
Acene Degradation:Competing Photo-Oxidation Mechanisms
Substituent Effects on Acene Longevity
Kinetics of Photo-Oxidation
“Substituent Effects in Pentacenes: Gaining Control Over HOMO-LUMO Gaps and Photo-oxidative Resistances,” submitted to JACS
Kinetics of Photo-Oxidation
“Substituent Effects in Pentacenes: Gaining Control Over HOMO-LUMO Gaps and Photo-oxidative Resistances,” submitted to JACS
Evidence for Singlet Oxygen Chemistry
Lessons Learned: Location, Location, Location
Lessons Learned:Steric Resistance is Important
“Substituent Effects in Pentacenes: Gaining Control Over HOMO-LUMO Gaps and Photo-oxidative Resistances,” submitted to JACS
Lessons Learned: ED and EW Groups Offer Unique Electronic Effects
“Substituent Effects in Pentacenes: Gaining Control Over HOMO-LUMO Gaps and Photo-oxidative Resistances,” submitted to JACS
Steric & Electronic Effects Combined
“Substituent Effects in Pentacenes: Gaining Control Over HOMO-LUMO Gaps and Photo-oxidative Resistances,” submitted to JACS
Arylthio and Alkylthio Substituted Pentacenes are the Big Winners
Thin-Film Characteristics
“Substituent Effects in Pentacenes: Gaining Control Over HOMO-LUMO Gaps and Photo-oxidative Resistances,” submitted to JACS
HOMO & LUMO Energies
HOMO & LUMO Energies and Gapspentacenederivative
(t1/2)
E1/2 [O]a
(mV)E1/2
[red]a
(mV)
EHOMO
(eV)ELUMO
(eV)Eg,EChem
(eV)low energymax (nm)
Eg,optical (eV)c
EHOMO,DFT, ELUMO,DFT
(eV)
Eg,DFT (eV)
1 (1140) 849, 1093
-1099 -5.17 -3.36 1.81 624, 575, 534 1.86 -5.20, -3.03 2.17
2 (750) 755, 936
-1229, -1726
-5.07 -3.26 1.81 617, 570, 529 1.88 -5.08, -2.89 2.19
3 (620) 899 -1227 -5.21 -3.24 1.97 605, 559, 520 1.94 --- ---
4 (520) 789 -1054 -5.11 -3.42 1.69 643, 591, 548 1.81 -5.08, -3.07 2.01
5 (220) 713 -1485 -5.03 -2.99 2.04 605, 558, 520 1.95 --- ---
6 (40) 695 -1478 -5.01 -3.00 2.01 604, 557, 518 1.96 -4.93, -2.71 2.22
7 (13) 638, 1372
-1543 -4.95 -2.93 2.02 618, 569, 529 1.90 --- ---
8 (9.0) 627, 1224
-1430 -4.93 -3.07 1.86 600, 554, 515 1.93 --- ---
9 (8.5) 682 -1396 -5.00 -3.08 1.92 604, 558, 519 1.94 -4.86, -2.63 2.23
10 (7.3) 536, 1171
-1521 -4.86 -2.97 1.89 602, 556, 518 1.92 --- ---
11 (6.6) 464, 1081
-1651 -4.78 -2.84 1.94 583, 539, 501 2.01 --- ---
12 (3.7) 635, 1183
-1407 -4.95 -3.07 1.88 621, 573, 532 1.88 -4.80, -2.59 2.21
Pentacene(7.5)f
582, 537, 501 2.08 -2.67, -4.96 2.29
Pent.HOMO (Expt.)
LUMO (Expt.)
Gap (Expt.)
HOMO (DFTtzv)
LUMO (DFTtzv)
Gap (DFTtzv)
HOMO (DFTdzv)
LUMO (DFTdzv)
Gap (DFTdzv)
1 -5.17 -3.36 1.81 -5.20 -3.03 2.17 -4.78 -2.7 2.08
2 -5.07 -3.26 1.81 -5.08 -2.89 2.19 -4.69 -2.59 2.10
3 -5.11 -3.42 1.69 -5.08 -3.07 2.01
4 -5.01 -3.00 2.01 -4.93 -2.71 2.22 -4.54 -2.39 2.15
5 -5.00 -3.08 1.92 -4.86 -2.63 2.23 -4.49 -2.33 2.16
6 -4.95 -3.07 1.88 -4.80 -2.59 2.21 -4.43 -2.27 2.16
MAD=0.07 MAD=0.38 MAD=0.32 MAD=0.45 MAD=0.70 MAD=0.24
Blue Cells = Electrochemically Derived ValuesGreen Cells = Computationally Predicted ValuesYellow Cells = Mean Absolute Deviations (MAD)
All Energies Reported in eV DFTtzv = B3LYP/6-311+G**DFTdzv = B3LYP/6-31G*
Computing HOMO & LUMO Energies
• TZV basis set used with B3LYP gives accurate HOMO energies for variety of substituted pentacenes
• LUMO energy levels are systematically wrong
• HOMO-LUMO Gaps for DZV B3LYP are closer to experiment by “cancellation of errors”
Computing HOMO & LUMO Energies
HOMO-LUMO Energy Gaps for [n]Acenes: (n = 2-9) B3LYP/6-31G*
Ring # [n] HOMO (eV) LUMO (eV) Gap
2 -6.14 -1.41 4.73
3 -5.57 -2.04 3.53
4 -5.20 -2.46 2.74
5 -4.94 -2.76 2.18
6 -4.74 -2.98 1.76
7 -6.72 -5.31 1.41
8 -6.02 -4.62 1.40
9 -6.72 -5.56 1.16
B3LYP/6-311+G**//B3LYP/6-31G*
HOMO LUMO Gap
-6.09 -1.40 4.69
-5.53 -2.02 3.51
-5.16 -2.44 2.72
-4.90 -2.74 2.16
-4.71 -2.96 1.75
-4.70 -2.98 1.72
-4.67 -3.03 1.64
-4.62 -3.08 1.54
B3LYP/6-31G*
Green = Closed-Shell Solutions Blue = Open-Shell Solutions
Comparing Basis-Sets for [n]Acenes: 6-31G* vs. 6-311+G**
n
Ring # [n] HOMO (eV) LUMO (eV) Gap
2 -6.14 -1.41 4.73
3 -5.57 -2.04 3.53
4 -5.20 -2.46 2.74
5 -4.94 -2.76 2.18
6 -4.74 -2.98 1.76
7 -4.74 -3.00 1.74
8 -4.70 -3.05 1.65
9 -4.66 -3.11 1.55
B3LYP/6-31G*
Green = Closed-Shell Solutions Blue = Open-Shell Solutions
n
HOMO LUMO Gap
-6.09 -1.40 4.69
-5.53 -2.02 3.51
-5.16 -2.44 2.72
-4.90 -2.74 2.16
-4.71 -2.96 1.75
-4.70 -2.98 1.72
-4.67 -3.03 1.64
-4.62 -3.08 1.54
B3LYP/6-311+G**//B3LYP/6-31G*
Comparing Basis-Sets for [n]Acenes: 6-31G* vs. 6-311+G**
Approaching “Band-Gap Engineering”: Substituent Effects on Pentacene Derivatives
R
R
R HOMO LUMO GAP-O- 3.72 4.13 0.41
-NH2 -4.10 -2.45 1.65
-OH -4.89 -2.78 2.11
-H -4.96 -2.67 2.29
-SCH3 -5.08 -2.89 2.19
-CN -5.70 -3.76 1.94
-CCH -5.05 -3.12 1.93
-CHO -5.50 -3.66 1.84
-S+(CH3)2 -10.94 -9.20 1.74
6,13-Disubstituted Pentacenes:Geometries, Energies and Surfaces Computed from B3LYP/6-311+G**
Recall:Hexacene Gap = 1.8Heptacene Gap = 1.7
Exploiting Substituent Effects to Prepare Large, Persistent Acenes
C60
C60 – Pentacene Monoadduct
J. Mack and G. P. Miller, Fullerene Science & Technology 1997, 5, 607
Fullerene-Acene Chemistry
G. P. Miller, J. Briggs, J. Mack, P. A. Lord, M. M. Olmstead, A. L. Balch, Organic Letters 2003, 5, 4199
Fullerene-Acene Chemistry
C60
85% Isolated6,13-Diphenylpentacene
Fullerene-Acene Chemistry
G. P. Miller and J. Mack, Organic Letters 2000, 2, 3979
3.2 Å
1.55 Å2.26 Å
123.9o154.5o
G. P. Miller, J. Mack, and J. Briggs, Organic Letters 2000, 2, 3983
Fullerene-Fullerene Stacking
Fullerene-Fullerene Stacking
G. P. Miller, J. Briggs, J. Mack, P. A. Lord, M. M. Olmstead, A. L. Balch, Organic Letters 2003, 5, 4199
-Stacking in Graphite: d = 3.35 Å
Spacial Dependence of [60]Fullerene-[60]Fullerene -Stacking Interactions
O
O
O
O
+
O
O
C60
1
1.1
G. P. Miller and J. Briggs, Tetrahedron Letters 2004, 45, 477
cis,cis-Tris[60]Fullerene Adduct
G. P. Miller and J. Briggs, Organic Letters 2003, 5, 4203
More Fullerene-Acene Chemistry:Kaur, I. and Miller, G. P., New J. Chem. 2008, 32, 459-463.
J. E. Rainbolt, G. P. Miller, J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 3020–3030A.J. Athans, J. B. Briggs, W. Jia, G. P. Miller, J. Mat. Chem. 2007, 17, 2636–2641
J. Briggs and G. P. Miller, Comptes Rendus Chimie 2006, 9, 916
O
O
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
O
Ph
Ph
O
O
+
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
DDQ
C60
HI
AcOH
BrBr
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
CH2Br
CH2Br
Nonacene
Cyclodecacene
DDQC60
N2dark
AlCl3 /N2Pd/C
Path Forward: Making Cyclacenes Using Fullerene-Acene Chemistry
Path Forward: Making SWNCs Using Cyclacenes
SWNCs with Uniform, Tunable Properties: Band-Gap Engineering
G. P. Miller, S. Okana, D. Tománek, J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 124, 121102
Other Nanostructured
Carbons
Fullerene Nanotubes
[60]Fullerene Nanotubes
Rauwerdink, K., Liu, J.-F., Kintigh, J. and Miller, G. P., Microscopy Research & Technique, 2007, 70, 513-521
Functionalized Fullerenes & Fullerene Nanotubes for OPVs
Functionalized Fullerenes & Fullerene Nanotubes for OPVs
Acknowledgements