Seminar 3G to 4G

3G-TO-4G

With

Consideration of the fulfilment of the submission of the Electronics & Communication (VII Semester)

CONTENTS Preface Introduction What is 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G Cellular Evolution over the Years 1G Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 2G Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 2.5G General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 2.75G CDMA2000 1XRTT (Radio Transmission Technology) Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) 3G CDMA2000 CDMA2000 1XEV Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 3.5G High Speed Download Packet Access (HSDPA) 3.75G High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Data Speed 4G Reasons to have 4G What’s new in 4G Comparison of 3G and 4G Revolution 4G Broadband and wireless ubiquity 4G architecture Radio access From 3G to 4G ZigBee UWB WiBro Wireless System Discovery 4G: the future look Bibliography

Telecommunications was the most discussed subject of the past decade. From Wi-Fi to WiMax, and from cellphones to smartphones, the sky is the limit for heated debates. There are now diverse media for communications and the rate of phone calls have dropped drastically. Now we are totally connected, through not only the much improved phone lines but also the internet, wireless networks and gadgets that allow us to stay connected anywhere and at anytime. Developments are so fast that even before a technology becomes the market rule, another is already out to replace it. While we talk about 4G, we are still stuck with 2.5G networks. But then it is the characteristics of the humans to keep innovating. This report includes wireless telephonic generations as the central theme. Wireless phone standards have the life of their own. They are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. This report has been written with the goal of making it as easy as possible for everyone to understand properly. This has been done by giving the details of the history of wireless telephonic generation and its present scenario, also by giving different examples and diagrams wherever possible. This report includes the introduction of all the generations i.e. 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G and the cellular evolution over the years. It also includes the study of various technologies that were present in different generations. The first generation of wireless telecommunication systems, back in the 1970’s, had more than ten analogue standards established worldwide. Cellular radio systems that were simultaneously developed in Europe and Japan have been identified as the first generation (1G). The first generation systems had a low available at www.mindstien.netcapacity and hit the saturation level soon. This forced the development of the second generation (2G) systems in 1980s, which took two directions: while the global system for mobile communication (GSM) was chosen by Europe and the US, Japan and Korea adopted the code division multiple access (CDMA) technology. The success of GSM has been widely held as an achievement for the telecom industry. This encouraged major telecom firms to begin work on new technologies for the third generation (3G) of telecommunication. For evolution from 2Gto 3G, a range of wireless systems, including General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Enhanced Data-rates for Global evolution (EDGE), IMT-2000, Bluetooth, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and

HiperLAN, were developed. We are currently at the stage between 2G and 3G (hence called 2.5G). 2.5G represent a digital revolution where data speeds and broadband on mobiles becomes a reality. The 2.5G GPRS networks have brought about 28kbps bit rate for data transfer. This report brings out the evaluation of each generation through the advantages and disadvantages of the technologies used in these generations and through the description of their dataspeed. This report describes the complete explanation of 4G, which includes the reasons for having 4G, its broadband and wireless ubiquity, its architecture and the changes that are expected to be adapted in 4G. This report also provides the adoption of new technology in 3G to bring the 4G. It also gives the future view of the world after the implementation of 4G. The bibliography appearing at the end of this report includes the details of several websites and magazines that provide the reference material related to this topic. available at www.mindstien.netTelecommunications was the most discussed subject of the past decade. From Wi-Fi to WiMax, and from cellphones to smartphones, the sky is the limit for heated debates. For the layman to, things have changed remarkably over the last two decades. There are now diverse media for communications and the rate of phone calls have dropped drastically. Now we are totally connected, through not only the much improved phone lines but also the internet, wireless networks and gadgets that allow us to stay connected anywhere and at anytime. Developments are so fast that even before a technology becomes the market rule, another is already out to replace it. While we talk about 4G, we are still stuck with 2.5G networks. But then it is the characteristics of the humans to keep innovating. With generations of telecom networks behind us, its time to turn the corner and see where we stand today and the shape of things seven years from now.

available at www.mindstien.net 3 3G G t to o 4 4G G W Wh ha at t i is s 1 1G G, , 2 2G G, , 3 3G G a an nd d available at www.mindstien.net 4 4G G? ?? ?? ?? ? Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they're spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's great-granddad who's pioneering story pre-dates cellular, grandma and grandpa analog cellular, mom and dad digital cellular, 3G wireless just starting to make a place for itself in the world, and the new baby on the way, 4G. Most families have a rich history of great accomplishments, famous ancestors, skeletons in the closets and wacky in-laws. The wireless scrapbook is just as dynamic. There is success, infighting and lots of hope for the future. Here's a brief snapshot of the colorful world of wireless. First of all, this family is the wireless telephone family. It is just starting to compete with the wireless Internet family that includes Wi-Fi and the other 802 wireless IEEE standards. But it is a completely different set of standards. The only place the two are likely to merge is in a marriage of phones that support both the cellular and Wi-Fi standards. Wireless telephone started with what you might call 0G if you can remember back that far. The great ancestor is the mobile telephone service that became available just after World War II. In those pre-cell days, you had a mobile operator to set up the calls and there were only a handful of channels available. available at www.mindstien.netThe big boom in mobile phone service really began with the introduction of analog cellular service called AMPS (Analog Mobile Phone Service) starting in 1981. This generation is 1G, the first for using cell technology that let users place their own calls and continue their conversations seamlessly as they moved from cell to cell. AMPS uses what is called FDM or frequency division multiplexing. Each phone call uses separate radio frequencies or channels. You probably had a 1G phone, but never called it that. The next generation, quick on the heels of the first, is digital cellular. One standard uses a digital version of AMPS called D-AMPS using TDMA (Time

division Multiple Access). A competing system also emerged using CDMA or Code Division Multiple Access. As you might suspect, the two are incompatible but you can have a phone that works with both. Europe embraced yet a third standard called GSM which is based on TDMA. Digital transmissions allow for more phone conversations in the same amount of spectrum. They also lay the groundwork for services beyond simple voice telephone calls. Data services such as Internet access, text messaging, sharing pictures and video are inherently digital. This is where the whole "G" thing got started. The original analog and digital cellular services were invented to cut the wire on landline phone service and give you regular telephone service you could take with you. As such, the bandwidth they offer for adding data services is pretty meager, in the low Kbps region. Now that a cell phone is not merely a cell phone, but also a PDA, a messaging system, a camera, an Internet browser, an email reader and soon to be a television set, true broadband data speeds are needed. That new generation of cell phone service has been dubbed 3G for 3rd generation. 3G has proven to be a tough generation to launch. The demand for greater bandwidth right now has spawned intermediate generations called 2.5G and even 2.75G. One such standard is GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) which available at www.mindstien.netis an extension of the GSM digital cellular service popular in Europe. It offers download speeds up to 144 Kbps. 3G phones and services are just starting to come into their own. One service you'll find is called EVDO which stands for EVolution Data Only. EVDO has download speeds up to 2.4 Mbps, which is faster than T1, DSL or Cable broadband service. There is also an evolution that includes voice called EVDV which is in the works. While 3G is going to enable telephones to also become Internet computers, video phones and television receivers, its maturity phase will find it competing with wireless VoIP telephone services on Wi-Fi, WiMax, WiTV and the new wireless mobile standard 802.20, which doesn't seem to have a catchy name yet. The slug fest between analog wireline phone service and wired VoIP seems likely to be continued on the wireless front. There is also an emerging cellular standard we should be aware of called 4G. the fourth generation being championed in Japan will boost the data rates to 20 Mbps. These speeds enable high quality video transmission and rapid download of large music files. The first 4G phones may appear as soon as 2006. that means we better starting thinking about what to do with 5G if this generation is going to continue.

available at www.mindstien.net The first generation of wireless telecommunication systems, back in the 1970’s, had more than ten analogue standards established worldwide: the Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Public Corp. (NTT) and narrowband Total Access Communication System (NTACS) in Japan, Total Access Communication System (TACS) in Italy and UK, and the Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) in America. Cellular radio systems that were simultaneously developed in Europe and Japan have been identified as the first generation (1G). The first generation systems had a low capacity and hit the saturation level soon. This forced the development of the second generation (2G) systems in 1980s, which took two directions: while the global system for mobile communication (GSM) was chosen by Europe and the US, Japan and Korea adopted the code division multiple access (CDMA) technology. The success of GSM has been widely held as an achievement for the telecom industry. This encouraged major telecom firms to begin work on new technologies for the third generation (3G) of telecommunication. For evolution from 2Gto 3G, a range of wireless systems, including General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Enhanced Data-rates for Global evolution (EDGE), IMT-2000, Bluetooth, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and HiperLAN, were developed. We are currently at the stage between 2G and 3G (hence called 2.5G). 2.5G represent a digital revolution where data speeds and broadband on mobiles becomes a reality. The 2.5G GPRS networks have brought about 28kbps bit rate for data transfer. available at www.mindstien.net

Advanced Mobile Phone System or AMPS is the analog mobile phone system standard, introduced in the Americas during the early 1980s. Though analog is no longer considered advanced at all, the relatively seamless cellular switching technology AMPS introduced was what made the original mobile radiotelephone practical, and was considered quite advanced at the time. Technology It was a first-generation technology, using FDMA which meant each cell site would transmit on different frequencies, allowing many cell sites to be built near each other. However it had the disadvantage that each site did not have much capacity for carrying calls. It also had a poor security system which allowed people to steal a phone's serial code to use for making illegal calls. It was later replaced by the newer Digital TDMA systems, such as Digital AMPS and GSM, which brought improved security as well as increased capacity. Introduction of digital TDMA Later, many AMPS networks were partially converted to what became (incorrectly) known as TDMA, a digital, TDMA, based 2G standard used mainly by Cingular Wireless (who has purchased AT&T Wireless in October 2004) and U.S. Cellular. The misuse of the term TDMA (which is a type of channel sharing scheme) to refer to a particular access protocol has caused some confusion. The first version of the TDMA standard was known as IS-54 and was supplanted by IS-136. available at www.mindstien.net Introduction of GSM and CDMA AMPS and TDMA are now being phased out in favor of either CDMA and GSM which allow for higher capacity data transfers for services such as WAP and i-mode, Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS), and wireless Internet Access. The major difference between the two options is that CDMA has a much higher capacity then GSM, as well as some other features (i.e. being able to talk to six different cell sites simultaneously, and a higher bitrate Vocoder). There are some phones capable of supporting AMPS, TDMA and GSM all in one phone (using the GAIT standard; see the Nokia 6340, for example); however, AMPS/CDMA phones supports nearly seamless roaming between CDMA and AMPS/TDMA (with the loss of some features) while GAIT phones cannot.

available at www.mindstien.net The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. GSM phones are used by over a billion people across more than 200 countries. The ubiquity of the GSM standard makes international roaming very common with "roaming agreements" between mobile phone operators. GSM differs significantly from its predecessors in that both signalling and speech channels are digital, which means that it is seen as a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This fact has also meant that data communication was built into the system from very early on. GSM is an open standard which is currently developed by the 3GPP. From the point of view of the consumer, the key advantage of GSM systems has been higher digital voice quality and low cost alternatives to making calls such as text messaging. The advantage for network operators has been the ability to deploy equipment from different vendors because the open standard allows easy inter-operability. Also, the standards have allowed network operators to offer roaming services which mean subscribers can use their phone all over the world. GSM retained backward-compatibility with the original GSM phones as the GSM standard continued to develop, for example packet data capabilities were added in the Release '97 version of the standard, by means of GPRS. Higher speed data transmission have also been introduced with EDGE in the Release '99 version of the standard. available at www.mindstien.net Subscriber Identity Module One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smartcard containing the user's subscription information and phonebook. This allows the user to retain his information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries. In the USA and Europe, most operators lock the mobiles they sell. This is done because the price of the mobile phone is usually subsidised with revenue from subscriptions and operators want to try to avoid subsidising competitor's mobiles. A subscriber can usually contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee (which

operators sometimes try to claim to be ignorant of), utilize private services to remove the lock, or make use of ample software and websites available on the Internet to unlock the handset themselves. Some providers in the USA, such as T-Mobile and Cingular, will unlock the phone for free if the customer has held an account for a certain period. Third party unlocking services exist that are often quicker and lower cost than that of the operator. In most countries removing the lock is legal. available at www.mindstien.net General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile phones. It is often described as "2.5G", that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused TDMA channels in the GSM network. Originally there was some thought to extend GPRS to cover other standards, but instead those networks are being converted to use the GSM standard, so that is the only kind of network where GPRS is in use. GPRS is integrated into GSM standards releases starting with and onwards. First it was standardised by ETSI but now that effort has been handed onto the 3GPP. GPRS service GPRS is different from the older Circuit Switched Data (or CSD) connection included in GSM standards releases before Release 97 (from 1997, the year the standard was feature frozen). In CSD, a data connection establishes a circuit, and reserves the full bandwidth of that circuit during the lifetime of the connection. GPRS is packet-switched which means that multiple users share the same transmission channel, only transmitting when they have data to send. This means that the total available bandwidth can be immediately dedicated to those users who are actually sending at any given moment, providing higher utilisation where users only send or receive data intermittently. Web browsing, receiving e-mails as they arrive and instant messaging are examples of uses that require intermittent data transfers, which benefit from sharing the available bandwidth. available at www.mindstien.netUsually, GPRS data is billed per kilobytes of information transceived while circuit-

switched data connections are billed per second. The latter is to reflect the fact that even during times when no data is being transferred, the bandwidth is unavailable to other potential users. GPRS speeds and profiles Packet-switched data under GPRS is achieved by allocating unused cell bandwidth to transmit data. As dedicated voice (or data) channels are setup by phones, the bandwidth available for packet switched data shrinks. A consequence of this is that packet switched data has a poor bit rate in busy cells. The theoretical limit for packet switched data is approx. 170 kbit/s. A realistic bit rate is 30–70 kbit/s. A change to the radio part of GPRS called EDGE allows higher bit rates of between 20 and 200 kbit/s. The maximum data rates are achieved only by allocation of more than one time slot in the TDMA frame. Also, the higher the data rate, the lower the error correction capability. Generally, the connection speed drops logarithmically with distance from the base station. This is not an issue in heavily populated areas with high cell density, but may become an issue in sparsely populated/rural areas. Impetus for 2.5G The major impetus for 2.5G is the "always-on" capability. Being packet based, 2.5G technologies allow for the use of infrastructure and facilities only when a transaction is required, rather than maintaining facilities in a session-like manner. This provides tremendous infrastructure efficiency and service delivery improvements. available at www.mindstien.net CDMA or "Code Division Multiple Access" is a digital radio system that transmits streams of bits. Channels are divided using codes (PN Sequences). CDMA permits several radios to share the same frequencies. Unlike TDMA "time division multiple access" a competing system used in GSM and D-AMPS, all radios can be active all the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the number of active radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be served by smaller numbers of cell-sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant economic advantage over TDMA-based standards, or the oldest cellular standards that used frequency-division multiplexing. CDMA2000's 1xRTT is the first technology for the evolution of cdmaOne 2G networks to 2.5G networks. CDMA2000 1xRTT (Radio Transmission Technology) is the basic layer of CDMA2000, which supports up to 144 kbit/s packet data speeds. While 1xRTT officially qualifies as 3G technology, 1xRTT is considered by some to be a

2.5G (or sometimes 2.75G) technology. This has allowed it to be deployed in 2G spectrum in some countries which limit 3G systems to certain bands. 1xRTT doubles voice capacity over IS-95 networks. While capable of higher data rates, most deployments have limited the data rate to around 150 kbit/s. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is a digital mobile phone technology which acts as a bolt-on enhancement to 2G and 2.5G (a.k.a.GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)) networks. This technology works in TDMA and GSM networks. EDGE (also known as EGPRS) is a superset available at www.mindstien.netto GPRS and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it (provided the carrier implements the necessary upgrades). EDGE provides Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), which can be used for any packet switched applications such as an Internet connection. High-speed data applications such as video services and other multimedia benefit from EGPRS' increased data capacity. It can carry data speeds up to 384 kbit/s in packet mode and will therefore meet the International Telecommunications Union's requirement for a 3G network, and has been accepted by the ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards. It also enhances the circuit data mode called HSCSD, increasing the data rate of this service also. EDGE has been introduced into GSM networks around the world since 2003, initially in North America. As of 2004, EDGE is more actively supported by GSM operators in North America than anywhere else in the world because GSM/GPRS has a strong competitor: CDMA2000. Most other GSM operators view UMTS as the ultimate upgrade path and either plan to skip EDGE altogether or use it outside the UMTS coverage area. However, the high cost and slow uptake of UMTS (as demonstrated by the upstart network 3) have made some western European GSM operators reevaluate EDGE as an interim upgrade. Although EDGE requires no hardware changes to be made in GSM core networks, base stations must be modified. An EDGE compatible tranceiver unit must be installed and base station system needs to be upgraded to support EDGE. New mobile terminal hardware and software is also required to decode/encode using the new shift keying scheme. The status of EDGE as to if it is 2G or 3G depends on implementation. While Class 3 and below EDGE devices clearly are not 3G, class 4 and above devices perform at a higher bandwidth than other technologies conventionally considered available at www.mindstien.netas 3G (such as 1xRTT). With a maximum bandwidth of 230k at Class 10, EDGE transcends both common 2G and 3G definitions.

3G (or 3-G) is short for third-generation mobile telephone technology. The services associated with 3G provide the ability to transfer both voice data (a telephone call) and non-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging email, and instant messaging). The first country which introduced 3G on a large commercial scale was Japan. In 2005 about 40% of subscribers use 3G networks only, and 2G is on the way out in Japan. It is expected that during 2006 the transition from 2G to 3G will be largely completed in Japan, and upgrades to the next 3.5G stage with 3 Mbit/s data rates is underway. Third generation (3G) networks were conceived from the Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) concept for high speed networks for enabling a variety of data intensive applications. 3G systems consist of the two main standards, CDMA2000 and W-CDMA, as well as other 3G variants such as NTT DoCoMo's Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA) and Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) used primarily in China. CDMA2000 is a 3G mobile telecommunications standard that uses CDMA, a multiple access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data and signaling data (such as a dialed telephone number) between mobile telephones and cell sites. available at www.mindstien.net A wide area network or WAN is a computer network covering a wide geographical area, involving a vast array of computers. This is different from personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs) or local area networks (LANs) that are usually limited to a room, building or campus. The best example of a WAN is the Internet. WANs are used to connect local area networks (LANs) together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are private. Others, built by Internet service providers, provide connections from an organization's LAN to the Internet. WANs are most often built using leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. Network protocols including TCP/IP deliver transport and addressing functions. Protocols including Packet over SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame relay are often used by service providers to deliver the links that are used in WANs. X.25 was an important early WAN protocol, and is often considered to be the "grandfather" of Frame Relay as many of the underlying protocols and functions of X.25 are still in use today (with upgrades) by Frame Relay. CDMA2000 1xEV

CDMA2000 1xEV (Evolution) is CDMA2000 1x with High Data Rate (HDR) capability added. 1xEV is commonly separated into two phases: Phase 1 of CDMA2000 1xEV, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized) (AKA Ev-DO) supports downlink (Forward Link) data rates up to 3.1 Mbit/s and uplink (Reverse Link) rates up to 1.8 Mbit/s in a radio channel dedicated to carrying high speed packet data. available at www.mindstien.netPhase 2 of CDMA2000 1xEV, CDMA2000 1xEV-DV (Evolution-Data and Voice), supports downlink (Forward Link) data rates up to 3.1 Mbit/s and uplink (Reverse Link) rates of up to 1.8 Mbit/s. 1xEV-DV can also support concurrent operation of legacy 1x voice users, 1xRTT data users, and high speed 1xEV-DV data users within the same radio channel. UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is a so-called "third-generation (3G)," broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, and multimedia at data rates up to and possibly higher than 2 megabits per second (Mbps), offering a consistent set of services to mobile computer and phone users no matter where they are located in the world. Based on the GSM communication standard, UMTS, endorsed by major standards bodies and manufacturers, is the planned standard for mobile users around the world by 2002. Once UMTS is fully implemented, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet as they travel and, as they roaming service, have the same set of capabilities no matter where they travel to. Users will have access through a combination of terrestrial wireless and satellite transmissions. Until UMTS is fully implemented, users can have multi-mode devices that switch to the currently available technology (such as GPRS and Edge) where UMTS is not yet available (CF spectrum page). available at www.mindstien.net With UMTS, you will directly dive straight into the mobile multimedia wave. Today's cellular telephone systems are mainly circuit-switched, with connections always dependent on circuit availability. packet-switched connection, using the Internet Protocol (Internet Protocol), means that a virtual connection is always available to any other end point in the network. It will also make it possible to provide new services, such as alternative billing methods (pay-per-bit, pay-per-session, flat rate, asymmetric bandwidth, and others). The higher bandwidth of

UMTS also promises new services, such as video conferencing. UMTS promises to realize the Virtual Home Environment in which a roaming user can have the same services to which the user is accustomed when at home or in the office, through a combination of transparent terrestrial and satellite connections. A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a local area, like a home, office or small group of buildings such as a college. available at www.mindstien.netWhen using Ethernet the computers are usually wired to a hub or to a switch. This constitutes the physical layer. A layout known as a spanning tree protocol is often used to maintain a loop free network topology within a LAN, particularly with ethernet. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical layer including TCP/IP. In this case DHCP is a convenient way to obtain an IP address rather than using fixed addressing. LANs can be interlinked by connections to form a Wide area network. A router is used to make the connection between LANs. As of May 2005,UMTS is in service on 67 networks in 33 countries and an additional 76 UMTS networks are in either precommercial, planning, licenced or deployment stage. It is designed to deliver bandwidth hungry services such as streaming multimedia, large file transfers and video conferencing to a wide variety of devices, including cellphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and laptops. Frequency use available at www.mindstien.net Comparison of W-CDMA to CDMA2000 Both use a coding scheme that separates each subscriber from other subscribers Both use control channels to manage the network W-CDMA and CDMA2000 are not compatible from the perspective that they have different chip rates - 3.84 MCPS for W-CDMA vs. 1.2888 MCPS for CMDA2000. W-CDMA uses a 5 MHz channel. Initially, CDMA2000 uses only a 1.25 MHz channel, but with CDMA2000 3x, three 1.25 MHz channels can be combined to form a super channel structure. W-CDMA is synchronous, relying on mobile station time measurements between two base stations, rather than using GPS as CDMA2000 does. Difference between regular CDMA and W-CDMA available at www.mindstien.net

W-CDMA makes possible a world of mobile multimedia Impetus for 3G The major impetus for 3G is to provide for faster data speed for data-intensive applications such as video. In addition, 3G to providing faster data speeds on a per-user basis, 3G is also helpful to provide greater overall capacity for voice and data users. 3G wireless technology represents a shift from voice-centric services to multimedia-oriented services like video, voice, data and fax. A step into 3G will see an explosion of personal communication devices and systems that deliver freedom of communication through mobility as well as wide-band wireless access to the internet and advanced multimedia services. available at www.mindstien.netData Speed The data speed of 3G is determined based on a combination of factors including the chip rate, channel structure, power control, and synchronization. An example of calculating the theoretical 3G data speed is as follows: - W-CDMA assigned code 400-500 Kpbs/code. 6 codes X 400 > 2Mbps (UMTS target for 3G data speed in fixed location) Actual data speeds will vary in accordance with several factors including: Number of users in cell/sector Distance of user from cell User is moving or stationary Network operator capacity and network optimization requirements 1xEV-DO is a data-only solution, supporting a theoretical data speed of up to 2.457 Mbps 1xEV-DV is a data and voice solution, supporting a theoretical data speed of up to 3.072 Mbps FOMA has two operational modes, supporting a dedicated 64 Kbps connection or a 384 Kbps downlink/64 Kbps uplink best-effort connection. TD-SCDMA can operate in 1.6 MHz or 5 MHz mode for 2 Mbps or 6 Mpbs respectively. available at www.mindstien.net High-Speed Downlink Packet Access or HSDPA 2G and 3G definitions is a new mobile telephony protocol. Also called 3.5G (or "3½G"). High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a packet-based data service in W-CDMA

downlink with data transmission up to 8-10 Mbit/s (and 20 Mbit/s for MIMO systems) over a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink. HSDPA implementations includes Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), Hybrid Automatic Request (HARQ), fast scheduling, fast cell search, and advanced receiver design. In 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standards, Release 4 specifications provide efficient IP support enabling provision of services through an all-IP core network and Release 5 specifications focus on HSDPA to provide data rates up to approximately 10 Mbit/s to support packet-based multimedia services. MIMO systems are the work item in Release 6 specifications, which will support even higher data transmission rates up to 20 Mbit/s. HSDPA is evolved from and backward compatible with Release 99 WCDMA systems. available at www.mindstien.net HSUPA, High-Speed Uplink Packet Access, is a data access protocol for mobile phone networks with extremely high upload speeds up to 5.8 Mbit/s. Similar to HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access), HSUPA is considered 3.75G or sometimes 4G.

available at www.mindstien.net DATA SPEED GPRS data speeds are expected to reach theoretical data speeds of up to 171.2 Kbps. However, this is based on optimal conditions in terms of available cell/sector capacity in terms of available time slots, maximum coding scheme (CS-4) as well as mobile phone availability to support the maximum number of time slots - eight. More practical data rates are currently in the order of 40-60 Kbps. CDMA2000 1xRTT data speeds are averaging about 70-80 Kbps. EDGE will boost data theoretical data rates to 384 Kbps if/when deployed. EDGE accomplishes these higher rates through introduction of a new modulation scheme known as Eight Phase Shift Keying (8PSK). 8PSK provides for up to 3 bits per symbol (rather than GPRS's 1 bit per symbol), facilitating an up to 3 X's improvement over GPRS. HSCSD will provide speeds of up to 64 Kbps. However, HSCSD perpetuates the inefficient use of spectrum and transmission that is relegated by any circuit switched mechanism. Prior to the introduction of these technologies, Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), offered only up to 19.2 kbps on AMPS networks. Other current means of mobile data such as NTT DoCoMo's PDC network offer only 9.6 kpbs, such as used for the highly successful I-mode. 3G technologies such as CDMA2000 (1xEV-DO and 3x) and W-CDMA will theoretically provide up to 2 Mbps in a fixed location. There will, however, be some significant limitations to this theoretical capacity. available at www.mindstien.net 4G (or 4-G) is short for fourth-generation the successor of 3G and is a wireless access technology. It describes two different but overlapping ideas. 1. 4G technology stands to be the future standard of wireless devices. A leading wireless company NTT DoCoMo is testing 4G communication at 100Mbps while moving, and 1Gbps while still. NTT DoCoMo plans on releasing the first commercial network in 2010. Despite current wireless devices seldom

utilize full 3G capabilities, there is a basic attitude that if you provide the pipeline then services for it will follow. 2. Pervasive networks. An amorphous and presently entirely hypothetical concept where the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly move between them (See handover). These access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio technology to efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network. 3. Ideally, this would provide users with on demand high quality video and audio. The killer application of 4G is not clear, but video is one of the big differences between 4G and 3G. 4G uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), and also can implement OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) to better allocate network resources to multiple users. 4G devices may use SDR (Software-defined_radio) receivers which allows for better use of available bandwidth as well as making use of multiple channels simultaneously. available at www.mindstien.net Reasons to Have 4G - Support interactive multimedia services: teleconferencing, wireless Internet, etc. - Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates. - Global mobility and service portability. - Low cost. - Scalability of mobile networks. What's New in 4G - Entirely packet-switched networks. - All network elements are digital. - Higher bandwidths to provide multimedia services at lower cost (up to 100Mbps). - Tight network security.

available at www.mindstien.net Comparison of 3G and 4G • 3G • 4G • Back compatible to 2G. • Extend 3G capacity by one order of magnitude. • Circuit and packet switched networks. • Entirely packet switched networks. • Combination of existing & evolved equipment. • All network elements are digital. • Data rate (up to 2Mbps). • Higher bandwidth (up to 100Mbps). available at www.mindstien.netAdvent of 3G While 2G systems such as GSM, IS-95and cdmaOne were designed to carry speech and low-bitrate data, 3G systems are being designed solely to provide high-data rate services. This generation of wireless communications attempt to converge various 2G and 2.5G networks into a single uniform system. The 3G telecom networks include both terrestrial and satellite components. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has been developing the 3G wireless standard since 1985. Two different standards are competing for the title of the 3G standard: while QualComm has proposed CDMA-2000, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute endorses the Universal Mobile

Telecommunications System (UMTS). Revolution 4G 4G has sprung from a usage-driven research framework o invent new technologies for the wireless world vision. The evolution of such a wireless system (also called ‘beyond 3G’ or ‘B3G’) is closely linked to rapid advances in digital and component technologies. The merger of consumer electronics, computer systems, telecommunications and broadcasting is leading to an information convergence that will require increasingly seamless connections. Seamless means getting over barriers of different wireless standards and bands. So future mobile devices will be capable of supporting multiple wireless standards, and operate in a multimode, multiband fashion. The 4G wireless communication system can be integrated with the Internet protocol (IP) backbone network to provide quality-of-service (QoS) support for multimedia applications. It will support dynamic scheduling, link adaptation and available at www.mindstien.netfrequency selection as well as full roaming capabilities. 4G will also mean mobile telephony at a data rate of 100 Mbps globally (between any two points in the world) and 1 Gbps locally. Broadband and wireless ubiquity According to NTT-DoCoMo, a leading Japanese wireless company, the current data download speed for the I-Mode mobile Internet service is 9.69 kbps theoretically, although in practice the rates tend to be slower. 3G rates are expected to each speeds 200 times that, while 4G will yield further increases, reaching 20 to 40 Mbps. 4G services would allow data transfer speeds of up to 20 MB/s for uplinks and 100 MB/s for downlinks-up to 260 times faster than popular 3G services, which allow for downlinks at 384 kB/s. 4G architecture The conceptual 4G system by DoCoMo isvery different from the present 2.5G architecture as it has cells for outdoors, indoors and inside moving vehicles (see Fig.). Outdoor cells cover a wide area and allow data transfer at high bitrates for fast-moving terminals. Indoors, we will find separate access points. Cells will be created within moving vehicles (like buses and trains) and served by

a mobile router having wireless functions. Signals will be relayed through this router instead of the terminals individually communicating with the base station. Shadows and electronic interferences couse dead spots-areas within the coverage of a wireless network in which transmission falls off. A multihop connection, which is effective in expanding the cell size, is being investigated as a way to overcome dead spots. Smart antennae can also help prevent dead spots resulting from multipath propagation. available at www.mindstien.netRadio access 4G radio access equipment will employ the variable-spreading-factor spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radio access method and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiplexing techniques. They will also use a new signal-detection algorithm to achieve 1 Gbps peak data transmission with a 100 MHz downlink. Smart antennae, OFDM, software-defined radio and mesh networking will be building bocks of the 4G infratructure. In fact, cell sites in the 4G world will eventually reside in the handset and towers will become as ubiquitous as handsets that will be ‘on’ all the time. Smart antennae. A smart antenna combines several antenna elements with a signal-processing capability to optimize its transmission and reception patterns automatically. Each antenna element ‘sees’ each propagation path differently. The smart antenna transmitters can encode independent streams of data onto different paths, thereby increasing the data rate, or they can encode data redundantly onto paths that fade independently to protect the receiver from catastrophic signal fades. This leads to an increase in the signal quality through a more focused transmission and also enhances the capacity through frequency reuse. This increased capacity will translate to higher data rates for a given number of users or more users for a given data rate per use. Another feature of smart antennae is that they don’t need manual placement. They can electronically adapt to the environment by looking for pilot tones that the transmitted signal is known to have. Smart antennae can also separate signals from multiple users who are separated by distance but use the same radio channel with a technique called space-division multiple access (see Fig.) available at www.mindstien.net

4G wireless networks will bring in some major changes. We will see more ad more battery-driven devices in use, sensors integrated into communication networks and use of new frequency bands with the release of the bandwidth. Cooperation across terminals and sub-networks and features such as reconfigurability, adaptivity, programmability and flexibility of access schemes, services and terminal devices will also be seen. Low-cost mobile devices will access contest conveniently and seamlessly, interacting with users in a multisensory manner. Devices customized for disabled people will be commonplace. The targeted data rates will be 50 to 100 Mbps. There will be a shift from wide range radio communications to short range radio communications. Pervasive broadband wireless networking will encompass personal area networks(PANs), which use Bluetooth, ZigBee and ultra-wide band (UWB) technologies, sensor networks as well as other advanced applications and services like radio-frequency identification (RFID) and mesh networking. Some technologies that will facilitate transition from 3G to 4G are: 1. ZigBee: Zigbee is a new wireless standard based on IEEE’s 802.15.4 specification that could serve as a lower cost alternative for wireless sensing and control. It allows small devices to quickly transmit small amounts of data such as temperature reading for thermostats and on/off request for light switches or other remote monitoring and control needs. ZigBee devices can transmit information beyond 20 meters and run for years on inexpensive primary batteries. ZigBee finds applications in professional installation kits for lighting control, heating, ventilation, air conditioning and security. It is also well suited to building available at www.mindstien.netautomation, industrial, medical and residential control and monitoring applications. 2. UWB: UWB is a short range wireless RF signal that can be used to relay data from a host device to other devices in the immediate area. A signal is UWB if its bandwidth is greater than “0.25 X carrier frequency”. It works for devices 10 meters apart, helping to create a wirefree home or office. UWB technology can transmit data between consumer electronics, PC peripherals and mobile devices at very high speeds while consuming little power. 3. WiBro: The WiBro technology, short for “wireless broadband”, is based on

the 802.16e standard. It offers mobility, wide area services and global standardization for wireless broadband applications. With WiBro, users can wirelessly receive data applications and multimedia content, at speeds upto 121 kmph, while traveling across large geographic areas. The application of WiBro are diverse, including m-commerce, mobile trading, entertainment (for real time streaming and broadcasting), 3D gaming, interactive news and distance education. 4. Wireless System discovery: To use 4G services, devices should be able to dynamically select the wireless system. This process is complicated in a 4G network because of its heterogeneous nature. One solution is to use software radio devices that can scan all the available networks. After scanning, these devices will load the required software and reconfigure themselves for the selective network. The software can be downloaded from such media as a PC server, smart card or memory card, or over the air. available at www.mindstien.net4G: The future look E-mail: 4G wireless network are expected to sweep the cellphone users off their feet, and make our lives less complicated. With abandon services and media rich broadband that will be 20 times faster than DSL, 4G networks will make even the common e-mail facility more interactive than it already is. Sending e-mail could turn into a multi-media affair in a 4G world. Mobile users will have a multimedia inbox, and receive mail attachments in the form of high resolution images, audio and video clips. The user can reply by recording an audio message, snapping a photo or shooting a video, and sending it right back using just a mobile. Health Monitoring: 4G could result in an increase in remote health monitoring of patients, as faster, real time communication enables better two way transmission of vital medical data. Personal Mobility and Presence: 4G will offer personalized communications to the mass market regardless of location, network and terminal used. High bandwidth and global capabilities of 4G could bring some useful applications for consumer and businesses. Personal mobility concentrates on the movement of users instead of user’s terminals, and involves provision of personal communications and personalized operating environments.

Tracking: The virtual presence system would also be able to track the exact whereabouts of individuals in case they need to be contacted. This capability might be used for law enforcement (checking whether the prisoners are where they are supposed to be) and tracking of packages and cargo shipments more precisely. For example, a large company will get to know not only that the package has arrived but also exactly whose desk it is sitting on at any given time using the network. available at www.mindstien.net Networking and Global roaming: 4G will allow any mobile device run different wireless technologies automatically, and maintain connections seamlessly, using small software. The software will also be capable of choosing the best connection available according to the users intentions. 4G will deliver not only enhanced multimedia and smooth streaming video but also universal access and port ability across all types of devices. 4G will connect the entire globe and be operable from practically anywhere on the Earth. It would allow for more complex voice-over-IP services, more media rich messaging services and more native support for local area networking on handsets. available at www.mindstien.net