SELECTIVE BREEDING VS GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS BY: MR. NIEMIECKI.

SELECTIVE SELECTIVE BREEDING VS BREEDING VS GENETICALLY GENETICALLY

MODIFIED FOODSMODIFIED FOODSBY: MR. NIEMIECKIBY: MR. NIEMIECKI

SELECTIVE BREEDINGSELECTIVE BREEDING

Selective breeding is the process of Selective breeding is the process of breeding plants and animals for breeding plants and animals for particular genetic traits. particular genetic traits.

Typically the strains which are Typically the strains which are selectively bred are domesticated, selectively bred are domesticated, and done by a professional breeder. and done by a professional breeder.

Bred animals are known as breeds, Bred animals are known as breeds, while bred plants are known as while bred plants are known as varieties. varieties.

PURE BREEDSPURE BREEDS

Animals with the same appearance, Animals with the same appearance, behaviour, and other characteristics behaviour, and other characteristics are known as particular breedsare known as particular breeds

bred through culling particular traits bred through culling particular traits and selecting for others. and selecting for others.

Purebred animals have a single, Purebred animals have a single, recognizable breedrecognizable breed

CROSS BREEDSCROSS BREEDS

The cross of animals results in what is The cross of animals results in what is called a crossbreed and crossbred plants called a crossbreed and crossbred plants are called hybrids. are called hybrids.

Crossbreeds are a mix of two purebreds, Crossbreeds are a mix of two purebreds, while mixed breeds are a mix of several while mixed breeds are a mix of several breedsbreeds

Involves culling and selection for Involves culling and selection for "superior" qualities to develop a breed "superior" qualities to develop a breed superior in certain respects to the superior in certain respects to the original.original.

ANIMAL BREEDINGANIMAL BREEDING Breeders look for valuable traits in Breeders look for valuable traits in

purebred animals for a certain purposepurebred animals for a certain purpose Crossbreed to produce a new type of animal Crossbreed to produce a new type of animal

with different, and probably superior traitswith different, and probably superior traits E.g. To breed chickens, a typical breeder E.g. To breed chickens, a typical breeder

wants the most eggs and meat from wants the most eggs and meat from chickenschickens

The breeder analyses the breeds of chickens The breeder analyses the breeds of chickens to understand what traits can be expected to understand what traits can be expected from breeding a 2 chickens "from breeding a 2 chickens "breeding the breeding the best to the bestbest to the best””

PLANT BREEDINGPLANT BREEDING

Researchers at the USDA have selectively Researchers at the USDA have selectively bred carrots with a variety of colours. bred carrots with a variety of colours.

Plant breeding has been used for Plant breeding has been used for thousands of yearsthousands of years

Began with the domestication of wild Began with the domestication of wild plants into predictable breedsplants into predictable breeds

Such as high-yielding varieties or fruit Such as high-yielding varieties or fruit trees have been particularly important in trees have been particularly important in agriculture.agriculture.

PLANT CROSS PLANT CROSS BREEDINGBREEDING

Crossbreeding crops to produce new crop Crossbreeding crops to produce new crop varieties with desirable properties.varieties with desirable properties.

To introduce traits/genes from other To introduce traits/genes from other plants to bred a new plant plants to bred a new plant

E.g. A fungus-resistant pea may be E.g. A fungus-resistant pea may be crossed with a high-yielding pea, the goal crossed with a high-yielding pea, the goal of the cross being to introduce fungus of the cross being to introduce fungus resistance without losing the high-yield resistance without losing the high-yield characteristics. characteristics.

The process isnt 100% and involves a lot The process isnt 100% and involves a lot of trial and errorof trial and error

DESIRBALE TRAITS FOR DESIRBALE TRAITS FOR PLANTSPLANTS

Traits that breeders have tried to Traits that breeders have tried to incorporate into crop plants and animals incorporate into crop plants and animals in the last 100 years include:in the last 100 years include:

Increased quality and yield of the cropIncreased quality and yield of the crop Increased tolerance of environmental Increased tolerance of environmental

pressures (salinity, extreme pressures (salinity, extreme temperature, drought) temperature, drought)

Resistance to viruses, fungi and bacteria Resistance to viruses, fungi and bacteria Increased tolerance to insect pests Increased tolerance to insect pests Increased tolerance of herbicides Increased tolerance of herbicides

SOME PROBLEMSSOME PROBLEMS With selective breeding techniques, the breeder With selective breeding techniques, the breeder

does not know exactly what genes have been does not know exactly what genes have been introduced to the new breeds of plants or introduced to the new breeds of plants or animalsanimals

Some scientists therefore argue that plants Some scientists therefore argue that plants produced by classical breeding methods should produced by classical breeding methods should undergo the same safety testing regime as undergo the same safety testing regime as genetically modified plants. genetically modified plants.

There have been instances where plants bred There have been instances where plants bred have been unsuitable for human consumption, for have been unsuitable for human consumption, for example the poison solanine was unintentionally example the poison solanine was unintentionally increased to unacceptable levels in certain increased to unacceptable levels in certain varieties of potato through plant breeding. varieties of potato through plant breeding.

(GM) GENETICALLY (GM) GENETICALLY MODIFIEDMODIFIED

Genetic modification of plants/ animals by Genetic modification of plants/ animals by adding a specific gene or by knocking out adding a specific gene or by knocking out a gene to produce a desirable phenotype. a gene to produce a desirable phenotype.

To produce a transgenic plants or animalsTo produce a transgenic plants or animals

Genetic modification can produce a plant Genetic modification can produce a plant with the desired trait or traits faster than with the desired trait or traits faster than selective breeding because the majority of selective breeding because the majority of the plant's genome is not altered.the plant's genome is not altered.

GM USESGM USES Transgenic plants are currently have introduced Transgenic plants are currently have introduced

resistance to insect pests and herbicides. resistance to insect pests and herbicides. Genetic modification of plants/ animals that can Genetic modification of plants/ animals that can

produce industrial chemicals, vaccines for produce industrial chemicals, vaccines for diseases, medicines and cure world hunger!!diseases, medicines and cure world hunger!!

Add genes from other animal kingdoms which Add genes from other animal kingdoms which cant be done with selective breeding cant be done with selective breeding

Eg.Eg. - The tall rooster (giraffe genes)- The tall rooster (giraffe genes) - Dog with genes from a cheetah- Dog with genes from a cheetah - Bananas with HIV vaccines- Bananas with HIV vaccines - Strawberries that have bacteria genes to - Strawberries that have bacteria genes to

survive the coldsurvive the cold

ISSUES AND CONCERNSISSUES AND CONCERNS Breeding can have a negative effect on nutritional value Breeding can have a negative effect on nutritional value

Compared nutrition of vegetables done in 1950 and in 1999 found Compared nutrition of vegetables done in 1950 and in 1999 found decreases in six of 13 nutrients measured, including 6% of protein decreases in six of 13 nutrients measured, including 6% of protein and reductions in calcium, phosphorus and iron and reductions in calcium, phosphorus and iron

The ecological impact of genetically modified organisms, the The ecological impact of genetically modified organisms, the safety of genetically modified food and concepts used for safety safety of genetically modified food and concepts used for safety evaluationevaluation

Plant breeders' rights as production of new varieties is dominated Plant breeders' rights as production of new varieties is dominated by commercial plant breeders, who seek to protect their work and by commercial plant breeders, who seek to protect their work and collect money through intellectual property rights. Efforts to collect money through intellectual property rights. Efforts to strengthen breeders' rightsstrengthen breeders' rights

Isolation is necessary to prevent cross contamination with related Isolation is necessary to prevent cross contamination with related plants or the mixing of seeds after harvesting. Isolation is normally plants or the mixing of seeds after harvesting. Isolation is normally accomplished by planting distance but in certain crops, plants are accomplished by planting distance but in certain crops, plants are enclosed in greenhouses or cagesenclosed in greenhouses or cages