Selecting Repertoire for K-6 Choirs Mara E. Culp Ph.D. Candidate Penn State Michigan Music Conference 1/23/16 © Culp 2016
SelectingRepertoireforK-6ChoirsMara E. Culp Ph.D. Candidate Penn State Michigan Music Conference 1/23/16
©Culp2016
ElementaryMusicinPreviousYears• LowellMason
• Singingasthebasisofelementarycurriculum• 1950s
• Spacerace• Interestincoresubjects
• GeneralMusic• Academically-drivenclimate• Measurablestandards• Focusbecomesliteracy
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ElementaryMusicToday• GeneralmusicisoHentherequiredmusicalexperience• LackofLmeforbothchoirandgeneralmusic
• Onemusicteachertofillbothroles• LackofemphasisonchildvocalpedagogyandsingingopportuniLes(Gackle,2004)
• Communitychoirsdevelopedtofillthisneed• Repertoire&StandardsCommiUees
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CompositionofElementarySchoolChoirs• GradedivisionsbetweenbuildingsoHendeterminechoircomposiLon
• Youngerthan5thgradeoHencannotjoinachoir• PerforminschoolproducLons• 3rdand4thgradersareverycapablechoristers(Wilson,2003)• ProvidingyoungstudentswithopportuniLestosinginstructuredgroups“affordsstudentstheopportunitytousetheirvoicesinwaysthatwillprovidemaximumvocaldevelopment”(Wilson,2003,p.33).
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Thatbringsushere…
What ©Culp2016
HOW?
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Importance“FewsingersareabletoovercomedifficulLescausedbyrepertoirethatisnotsuitedfortheirvoices”(Nix,2002,p.217).• Inappropriateliterature:
• Impairvocaldevelopment• Hindergoodtechnique
• Idealliterature:• Manageable• Challengesstudents• Encouragesmusicalgrowth
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PurposeandGuidingQuestionsThispresentaLonwillprovideeducatorscriteriabywhichtoselectelementarychoralrepertoireandhowtohelpstudentsmeetCoreArtsStandards(2014)inelementarychoirs.
1. Whattypesofrepertoireareappropriateforelementarychoirs?
2. WhatcriteriashouldbeconsideredwhenselecLngrepertoireforelementarychoirs?
3. InwhatwayscanelementarychoralexperienceshelpstudentsmeetCoreArtsStandards(2014)?
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TypesofLiterature• FolkSongs• SongsfromMulLpleCultures• Spirituals&Gospel• ArtMusic• Popular/Contemporarymusic• PatrioLcSongs ©
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CONSIDERATIONS(Gackle2006;Cox2006;Apfelstadt2001;Nix2002;Marshall2005)
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ConsiderationsforSelectingRepertoire• Musical/Educa4onal
• PhysicalConsideraLons• VocalConsideraLons• Expressive&EmotionalConsiderations• Musicianship• Quality
• Extra-MusicalConsiderations• Students• Resources• Community• Program
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PhysicalConsiderationsElements related to physiological development
• Age • Technical problems • Experience
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VocalConsiderationsElementsconcerningtheactofsinging• Range• Tessitura• Placementofvowelsthroughouttessitura
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Expressive&EmotionalConsiderationsExpressiveandemo4onalconsidera4onsaddressagroup’sabilitytoexpresstheemo4onalcontentoftherepertoire.• Directorenthusiasm• EmoLonalmaturity• Temperament/Personality• Text
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Musicianship
Theabilityofthesingersandconductortonego4atethecomposer'sinstruc4onsaccurately
• Individualdevelopment• Melody• Harmony• Accompaniment• Voicing• Unison
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QualityInternalqualityconcernsthecomposiLonalelementsofapiece.Externalqualityconcernstheroleofapiecewithintheperformanceandtheenjoymentbytheaudience.• ComposiLon• FacilitaLonofvocaldevelopment• Encouragementofmusicaldevelopment• Diversity• Context/Audience
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Extra-musicalConsiderations
• Students• LearningStyles• AUenLonSpan• Interests
• Resources• Budget• Personnel• FaciliLes
• Community• Values• Culture
• Program• Purpose• Length• PorLonandPosiLoninPerformance
Considera4onsthataddresselementsoutsideoftypicalmusicalconsidera4ons
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ADDRESSINGTHENATIONALSTANDARDS
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The1994NationalStandardsforMusicEducation
1. Singing,aloneandwithothers,avariedrepertoireofmusic.
2. Performingoninstruments,aloneandwithothers,avariedrepertoireofmusic.
3. Improvisingmelodies,variaLons,andaccompaniments.4. Composingandarrangingmusicwithinspecified
guidelines.5. ReadingandnotaLngmusic.6. Listeningto,analyzing,anddescribingmusic.7. EvaluaLngmusicandmusicperformances.8. UnderstandingrelaLonshipsbetweenmusic,theother
arts,anddisciplinesoutsidethearts.9. UnderstandingmusicinrelaLontohistoryandculture.
(ascitedinRutkowski,1989,p.25)
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NationalCoreMusicStandards
AnchorStandards
(11)
ArLsLcProcess(3)
Steps(4-7),EQ(1-2),EU
(1-2)
Strands(4)
Level(5)
Perf.Standards(13-19)
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NationalCoreMusicStandards:AnchorStandards#1.GenerateandconceptualizearLsLcideasandwork.#2.OrganizeanddeveloparLsLcideasandwork.#3.RefineandcompletearLsLcwork.#4.Analyze,interpret,andselectarLsLcworkforpresentaLon.#5.DevelopandrefinearLsLcworkforpresentaLon.#6.ConveymeaningthroughthepresentaLonofarLsLcwork.#7.PerceiveandanalyzearLsLcwork.#8.InterpretintentandmeaninginarLsLcwork.#9.ApplycriteriatoevaluatearLsLcwork.#10.Synthesizeandrelateknowledgeandpersonalexperiencestomakeart.#11.RelatearLsLcideasandworkswithsocietal,culturalandhistoricalcontexttodeepenunderstanding.
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NationalCoreMusicStandards:ArtisticProcessandSteps• Ar#s#cProcess:Crea4ng
• Steps:Imagine;PlanandMake;EvaluateandRefine,andPresent• AddressAnchorStandards1-3
• Ar#s#cProcess:Performing• Steps:Select;Analyze;Interpret;Rehearse,Evaluate,andRefine;andPresent
• AddressAnchorStandards4-6• Ar#s#cProcess:Responding
• Steps:Select;Analyze;Interpret;andEvaluate• AddressAnchorStandards7-9
• *Open-endedConnec4ngoutcomes
• cross-referencetoCreaLng,Performing,andRespondingperformancestandardsandareanessenLalpartofeacharLsLcprocess.
• AddressAnchorStandards10-11
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NationalCoreMusicStandards:Strands&Levels• Fourstrands:
• TheoryandHistory• HarmonizingInstruments• MusicTechnology• Tradi4onalandEmergingEnsembles
• Fivelevels:
• Novice(5thgrade*)• Intermediate(8thgrade*)• Proficient,Accomplished,andAdvanced(HighSchool)*Nominallyassigned
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ConsiderationsforAddressingtheStandards
Musical/Educa4onal
• Tempo• Key• Meter• Tonality• Range• Tessitura• Language• Style• Voicing• Quality
Extra-Musical• Students
• LearningStyles• AUenLonSpan• Interests
• Resources• Budget• FaciliLes
• Community• Values
• Program• Purpose• Length
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PlanningforSuccessviaConsiderations
Musical/Educa4onal
Considera4ons• Whatshouldstudentslearn?• Learntosingintune• Learntousethe"singingvoice"musically
• Learntosinginensemble
• Learntheinfluenceofrepertoireonaudienceresponse(ACDA,1989)
Extra-musicalConsidera4ons
• Whatperformancesarecomingup?• Occasion:Holiday,Spring,MemorialDay,CommemoraLon
• Length• FaciliLes• Audience
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PlanningforSuccessbyDesign
• PlannedaroundthebeauLfulrepertoireOccasion
• WhateveristhemostbeauLful!Repertoire
• Singintune• Use“singingvoice”musically
• Singinensemble• Understandimpactofrepertoire
Goals
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PlanningforSuccessbyDesign• Singintune• Use“singingvoice”musically
• Singinensemble• Understandinfluenceofrepertoire
Goals
• TheFirstNoel• Caroling,Caroling• CaroloftheBellsRepertoire
• 4thand5thgradechoirwillgivea10minuteperformanceofHolidayMusicforeldercarefacilitywithnopianoaspartofaholidaymusicalshowcaseOccasion
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StandardAddressedWhenConsideringanOccasionRirst• AnchorStandard:CommonAnchor#6,ConveymeaningthroughthepresentaLonofarLsLcwork.
• Ar4s4cProcess:Performing• Step:Present:Performexpressively,withappropriateinterpretaLonandtechnicalaccuracy,andinamannerappropriatetotheaudienceandcontext.• EnduringUnderstanding:Thecontextandhowaworkispresentedinfluencetheaudienceresponse.
• Essen4alQues4on:Howdocontextandthemannerinwhichmusicalworkispresentedinfluenceaudienceresponse?
• Strand:Ensemble• Level:Novice• PerformanceStandard:MU:Pr6.1.E.5aDemonstrateaUenLontotechnicalaccuracyandexpressivequaliLesinpreparedandimprovisedperformancesofavariedrepertoireofmusic.
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PlanningforSuccessbyDesign
Occasion
Repertoire
Goals
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AdditionalConsiderationsforK-2Choristers• Involvemovement• ScaffoldlearningSLOWLY
• 4measures,8measuresataLme
• Scheduling• AskclassestomeetduringothermusicLmes
• Conduc4ng• Don’tbeLedtoapaUern• TEACHyourgestures
• TypesofMusic• FUNandengaging• THENbeauLfulandmelodic• Youhavetobeexcited!
• AmountofLiterature• LESSisMORE• 3holiday,5-7spring
• Voicing/Arranging• Unison->PartnerSong->Canons->Rounds
• Assigngradestoparts• Arrangepartmusicsothat
kindergartenalwayshasmelody
• Giveharmonyto1stor2ndgrade(par4cularly3rds)
• Assignverses,allsingchorus• Addextravoicestosongsincommondomain
• Accompaniment• Guitars,pianos,orchestralinstruments,recordings
• Askaccompanisttoarrangeforamelody
• Seniorstudentsplay• Choristersplayinstruments
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FinalThoughts• Choosingrepertoireisthegreatesttask• Repertoirecan:
• Enhancemusicianship• Impedeotherwisetalentedstudentsand• Stuntmusicalgrowth
• Chooseafewselec4onscarefully(Smith,1987)• Theoutcomeofanyrepertoireshouldbetoenhancemusicianship(Smith1987;Gackle2006;Marshall2005;Nix2002)
• OveralleducaLonalvalueshouldbeoftheutmostimportance
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QUESTIONS/COMMENTS
Thankyou!
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References• AmericanChoralDirectorsAssociaLon.(2012,December1).Children'sandcommunityyouthchoir
repertoire&standardsmissionstatement.RetrievedfromhUp://acda.org/page.asp?page=childcommyouthmissionstatement
• Apfelstadt,H.(2001).Firstthingsfirst:SelecLngrepertoire.ChoralJournal,41(7),31-35. • Bruno,K.L.(2009).KeepAmerica’syouthsinging.ChoralJournal,50(3),57-60.• Cox,N.(2006).Repertoirestandards:Children'schoirs-selecLngchoralliteraturefor• children'schoirs:Acloserlookattheprocess-partI.ChoralJournal,47(5),101-109.• Gackle,L.(2004).Repertoire&standardscommiUeereports:Children'schoirs-theelementary
children'schoir.ChoralJournal,45(5),85-86.• Gackle,L.(2006).Repertoirestandards:Children'schoirs-selecLngchoralliteratureforchildren's
choirs:Acloserlookattheprocess,partII.ChoralJournal,47(6),49-55.• Lana,R.&Westgate,K.A.(2008).Children’schoirs:Makingmusicwithouryoungestsingers.Choral
Journal,49(3),77-80.• Marshall,H.D.(2005).Elementarychoirresources.GeneralMusicToday,18(2),38-42.doi:
10.1177/10483713050180020110• Nix,J.(2002).CriteriaforselecLngrepertoire.JournalofSinging-theOfficialJournaloftheNa#onal
Associa#onofTeachersofSinging,58(3),217-221.• Rutkowski,J.(1989).Guidingmusicaldevelopment:Acurricularapproach.StateCollege:PA.The
SchoolofMusicCollegeofArts&Architecture,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity.• Smith,J.P.(1987).SelecLngmusicfortheelementaryschoolchorus.MusicEducatorsJournal,73(8),
54-57.• Rutkowski,J.,Shelley,D.,&Kooistra,L.(2012).Musicinchildhood:Aguideforclassroomteachers
andcare-givers.StateCollege,PA:ProCopyCourseworks• Wilson,S.W.(2003).Theyoungelementaryschoolchorus:AnintroducLontochoralsinging.Music
EducatorsJournal,89(5),32-37.
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