1 Selected Topics in Nanoscience and Selected Topics in Nanoscience and Selected Topics in Nanoscience and Selected Topics in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Danny Porath 2006 Physical Chemistry Department, The Hebrew University Administrative issues: Administrative issues: Administrative issues: Administrative issues: Danny Porath Tel: 65-86948, [email protected]mail: - E Monday, 11:00-13:00 (14:00) Papers reading and presentation Research proposal – as a final work Lecture notes – in my homepage: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/ (69706) References – on the web Course Syllabus Course Syllabus Course Syllabus Course Syllabus 1. General survey of NST (1) 2. Selected experimental techniques a. Scanning electron/transmission microscopy (SEM/TEM) (1) b. Lithography techniques (optical, e-beam, direct) (2) c. Scanning probe microscopy (STM/STS, AFM, EFM …) (2) 3. Single electron tunneling – short theory and examples (2) 4. Leading directions in NST: a. Nanoelectronics (2) b. Nanomechanics (1) c. Nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine (1) 5. Summary and future directions (1) 6. Presentation of research proposals…. Links to NST Links to NST Links to NST Links to NST http://www.foresight.org/ http://dir.yahoo.com/Science/Nanotechnology/ http://www.zyvex.com/nano/ http://www.nano.gov/ http://nanonet.rice.edu/intronanosci/index.html http://www.the21century.com/nano.htm http://www.nanozine.com/ http://seemanlab4.chem.nyu.edu/ http://www.matar.ac.il/eureka/newspaper15/dreams.asp http://www.science.org.au/nova/077/077key.htm . . . . Some Books Some Books Some Books Some Books…… …… …… ……. 1. “Nanotechnology” – M. Ratner & D. Ratner 2. “Nanotechnology” – G. Timp 3. “Understanding Nanotechnology” – Scientific American 4. “Nanoelectronics and Information Technology” – R. Waser With the help of With the help of With the help of With the help of…… …… …… ……. 1. Jim Heath - UCLA 2. Jim Hutchbi - SRC 3. Yosi Shacam – TAU 4. Cees Dekker – Delft 5. Yossi Rosenwacks - TAU 6. Julio Gomez - UAM 7. Joshua Jortner - TAU
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Selected Topics in Nanoscience and Selected Topics in Nanoscience and Selected Topics in Nanoscience and Selected Topics in Nanoscience and
Some BooksSome BooksSome BooksSome Books……………………....
1. “Nanotechnology” – M. Ratner & D. Ratner
2. “Nanotechnology” – G. Timp
3. “Understanding Nanotechnology” – Scientific American
4. “Nanoelectronics and Information Technology”– R. Waser
With the help ofWith the help ofWith the help ofWith the help of……………………....
1. Jim Heath - UCLA
2. Jim Hutchbi - SRC
3. Yosi Shacam – TAU4. Cees Dekker – Delft
5. Yossi Rosenwacks - TAU
6. Julio Gomez - UAM7. Joshua Jortner - TAU
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Outline Survey NST:Outline Survey NST:Outline Survey NST:Outline Survey NST:1. Definition and description of the term “Nano”2. Why now? Why interdisciplinary? What is new here?3. NST in Israel and in the world4. Top-bottom vs. Bottom-up approaches5. Some of the “tools” for NST
1. SEM/TEM/SPM – The “eyes” to the nano world
2. Lithography – The “hands” in the nano world
3. Self-assembly and chemical manipulations
6. Examples of “nano” activitya. Nanoelectronics
b. Nanomechanics
c. Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine
7. Future ….. In the end of the course…Maybe
Homework 1Homework 1Homework 1Homework 11. Read the lecture on nanotechnology by R.P. Feynmann, "There's Plenty of
Room at the Bottom": http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.htmlDoes it promise too much; is it unphysical by today's technology (2002) compared to the 1959 date when it was delivered? Is Nanotechnology just a continuation of the trend toward miniaturization that began decades ago, or is it something qualitatively different?
2. Read the US Government report: "Nanotechnology: Shaping The World Atom By Atom": http://itri.loyola.edu/nano/IWGN.Public.Brochure/Analyze in the same spirit as assignment 1 above.
Here I am looking for the clever insights that a graduate level student can glean from these articles.
3. Presentations to the class: ~ 10 minutes.
×××××××× 300300
×××××××× 300300
A pictorial definition of NanoA pictorial definition of NanoAphid
×××× 100
Paramecium ×××× 100
Tina (Weatherby) Carvalho
Bio Images by:
×××× 100
Electronics, circa 1985Electronics, circa 1985
40 nanometers40 nanometers
×××× 1000
Electronics, circa 2010Electronics, circa 2010
Electronics, circa 1985Electronics, circa 1985
Electronics, circa 2010Electronics, circa 2010
Electronics, circa 2040Electronics, circa 2040
X 100
1 nm diameter 1 nm diameter
molecular wires molecular wires
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A scanning tunneling microscope image of a Single-Walled Carbon NanotubeA symbol of the origins of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
The visionThe visionThe visionThe vision
�The classic talk: “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom”Richard Feynman, December 29, 1959. The annual meeting of the American Physical Society at Caltech
� “Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?”
� “Biology is not simply writing information; it is doing something about it. A biological system can be exceedingly small.”
� “I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other, which are manufacturing simultaneously, drilling holes, stamping parts, and so on.”
The visionThe visionThe visionThe vision
�The classic talk: “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom”:
Richard Feynman, December 29, 1959. The annual meeting of the American Physical Society at Caltech
� “Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?”
� “Biology is not simply writing information; it is doing something about it. A biological system can be exceedingly small.”
� “I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other, which are manufacturing simultaneously ,drilling holes, stamping parts, and so on.”
c. Provide access to realms of quantum behaviorthat is not observed in larger (even 0.1 µm)
structures
d. Combine small size, complex organizational
patterns, potential for very high packingdensities, strong lateral interactions and high
ratios of surface area to volume.
VisionVisionVisionVision………….(b).(b).(b).(b)1. Small => …………means not only x1000 smaller but alsomeans not only x1000 smaller but alsomeans not only x1000 smaller but alsomeans not only x1000 smaller but also…………....
a. High packing density
b. Potential to bring higher speed to information processing
c. Higher areal and volumetric capacity to information storage.
d. Dense packing is also the cause of complex electronic and magnetic interactions between adjacent (and sometimes nonadjacent) structures.
e. The small energetic differences between the various possible nanostructures configurations may be significantly shaped by those interactions.
These complexities also promise access to These complexities also promise access to These complexities also promise access to These complexities also promise access to
complex complex complex complex nonnonnonnon----linear systemslinear systemslinear systemslinear systems that may that may that may that may
exhibit classes of behavior fundamentally exhibit classes of behavior fundamentally exhibit classes of behavior fundamentally exhibit classes of behavior fundamentally
different fromdifferent fromdifferent fromdifferent from those of both those of both those of both those of both molecular molecular molecular molecular
and microand microand microand micro----scale structuresscale structuresscale structuresscale structures....
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VisionVisionVisionVision………….(c).(c).(c).(c)New established disciplines:
a. Electronics: nanostructures represent the
limiting extension of Moore’s law and classical devices to small devices, and they
represent a step into quantum devices and
fundamentally new processor architectures.
b. Molecular biology: nanostructures are the
fundamental machines that drive the cell — histones and proteosomes — and they
are components of the mitochondrion, the
chloroplast, the ribosome, and the replication and transcription complexes. In
catalysis, nanostructures are the templates
and pores of zeolites and other vitally important structures.
c. Materials science: the nanometer length
scale is the largest one over which a crystal can be made essentially perfect. The ability
to precisely control the arrangements of
impurities and defects with respect to each other, and the ability to integrate perfect
inorganic and organic nanostructures,
holds forth the promise of a completely new generation of advanced composites.
…………and beyond the nice definitions and beyond the nice definitions and beyond the nice definitions and beyond the nice definitions …………
What it really isWhat it really isWhat it really isWhat it really is…………....
…………and beyond the nice definitions and beyond the nice definitions and beyond the nice definitions and beyond the nice definitions …………
What it really isWhat it really isWhat it really isWhat it really is…………....SoSoSoSo………….What are Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?.What are Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?.What are Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?.What are Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?
�The ability to observe, measure, predict and construct — on the scale of atoms and molecules and exploit the novel properties found at that scale.
�Traditionally, the nanotechnology realm is defined as being between 0.1 and 100 nanometers.
1 nm = 1/1000 mm = 1/1000000 mm.
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Some Observations:Some Observations:Some Observations:Some Observations:� Nanoscience and nanotechnology pertain to the synthesis,
characterization, exploration, interrogation, exploitation and utilization of nanostructured materials, which are characterized by at least one dimension in the nanometer range.
� Such nanostructured systems constitute a bridge between single molecules and infinite bulk systems.
Additional Observations:Additional Observations:Additional Observations:Additional Observations:� Collections of nanostructures involve: arrays, assemblies and
superlattices of individual nanostructures.
�The chemical and physical properties of nanomaterials can significantly differ from those of the atomic-molecular or the bulk materials of the same chemical composition.
�The uniqueness of the structural characteristics, energetics, response, dynamics and chemistry of nanostructures is novel and constitutes the experimental and conceptual background for the novel field of nanoscience.
�Suitable control of the properties and response of nanostructures can lead to new devices and technologies.
Nanostructures and their assembliesNanostructures and their assembliesNanostructures and their assembliesNanostructures and their assemblies
Ceramic OxidesRadius: 1 – 100 nm Other nanoparticles
Insulators,semiconductors,
metals,magnetic materials
Radius1 – 10 nm
ClustersNanocrystals
Quantum Dots
MaterialSizeNanostructureNanostructures and their assembliesNanostructures and their assembliesNanostructures and their assembliesNanostructures and their assemblies
TEM of CdSe quantum rods, with average size 25*4 nm.
Membrane ProteinsMembrane ProteinsMembrane ProteinsMembrane ProteinsExamples of Quantum WiresExamples of Quantum WiresExamples of Quantum WiresExamples of Quantum Wires
Towards the nano (=10Towards the nano (=10Towards the nano (=10Towards the nano (=10----9999) scale ) scale ) scale ) scale ---- MooreMooreMooreMoore’’’’s law:s law:s law:s law:
8
Towards the nano (=10Towards the nano (=10Towards the nano (=10Towards the nano (=10----9999) scale ) scale ) scale ) scale ---- MooreMooreMooreMoore’’’’s law:s law:s law:s law:
For exampleFor exampleFor exampleFor example…………....
(Intel site)
65 nm Technology
The Fullerenes:
Nanoscale control over materials properties
Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1996
The Scanning Tunneling Microscope: Resolving the atomic world
Nobel Prize in Physics, 1988
The Development of Technological Means The Development of Technological Means and Computational Power Sufficient for and Computational Power Sufficient for Visualizing and operating in the NanoVisualizing and operating in the Nano--WorldWorld
Adapted from the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation on Nanotechnology (http://www.apectf.nstda.or.th/html/nano.html).
The emergence of the nanometer as a fundamental length The emergence of the nanometer as a fundamental length
scale of science, engineering & medicinescale of science, engineering & medicine
Adapted from the –Nanotechnology Magazine: (http://www.nanozine.com/WHATNANO.HTM).
The emergence of the nanometer as a fundamental length The emergence of the nanometer as a fundamental length
scale of science, engineering & medicinescale of science, engineering & medicine
Graphite latticeGraphite lattice
ModerateModerate--Sized ProteinSized Protein
21st century technology will arise from an understanding of how to manipulate, control & manufacture at the nanoscale –This means interacting assemblies of molecular & macromolecular-scale components
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Publishing and Patenting in Bioscience/technology and
AND NANOSENSORSAND NANOSENSORSAND NANOSENSORSAND NANOSENSORS
4. The development of chemical synthetic methods to prepare nanocrystals and monolayers, and methods to further assemble them into larger organized structures.
5. The introduction of biomolecules and supermolecularstructures into the field of nanodevices.
6. The isolation of biological motors, and their incorporation into non-biological environments.
The Electrical Conductivity of a Single MoleculeThe Electrical Conductivity of a Single MoleculeThe Electrical Conductivity of a Single MoleculeThe Electrical Conductivity of a Single Molecule
(Reed et al. 1997)
Organic Nanostructures: The Electrical Organic Nanostructures: The Electrical Organic Nanostructures: The Electrical Organic Nanostructures: The Electrical
Conductivity of a Single Molecule (breakConductivity of a Single Molecule (breakConductivity of a Single Molecule (breakConductivity of a Single Molecule (break----junctions)junctions)junctions)junctions)
(Reed et al. 1997)
Organic Nanostructures: The Electrical Organic Nanostructures: The Electrical Organic Nanostructures: The Electrical Organic Nanostructures: The Electrical
Conductivity of a Single Molecule (breakConductivity of a Single Molecule (breakConductivity of a Single Molecule (breakConductivity of a Single Molecule (break----junctions)junctions)junctions)junctions)
(Reed et al. 1997)
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1. The size reduction of electronic devices to the molecular scale will dictate the use of a new physics, because current microelectronics is classical and nanoelectronics is quantum mechanical.
2. The cost of building the factories for fabricating electronic devices, or fabs, is increasing at a rate that is much larger than the market for electronics; therefore, much less expensive manufacturing process will need to be invented.
3. Molecular electronics: molecules, that are quantum electronic devices, are designed and synthesized using batch processesof chemistry and then assembled into useful circuits through the processes of self-organization and self-alignment.
Molecular Electronics ThemesMolecular Electronics ThemesMolecular Electronics ThemesMolecular Electronics Themes4. If molecular electronics achieves the ultimate goal of using
individual molecules as switches and carbon nanotubes as the wires in circuits, we can anticipate nonvolatile memories with one million times the bit area density of today’s DRAMsand power efficiency one billion times better than conventional CMOS circuitry.
5. Such memories would be so large and power-efficient that they could change the way in which computation is performed from using processors to calculate on the fly to simply looking up the answer in huge tables.
6. A major limitation of any such process is that chemically fabricated and assembled systems will necessarily contain defective components and connections. This limitation was addressed in a 1998 paper entitled “A Defect-Tolerant Computer Architecture: Opportunities for Nanotechnology”. (Heath et al.1998).
(Heath et al. 1998)Molecular ElectronicsMolecular ElectronicsMolecular ElectronicsMolecular Electronics
(Avouris et al. IBM)
A FieldA FieldA FieldA Field----Effect Transistor Made from a SingleEffect Transistor Made from a SingleEffect Transistor Made from a SingleEffect Transistor Made from a Single----
(Avouris et al. IBM)AFM OxidationAFM OxidationAFM OxidationAFM Oxidation
61 % Humidity 14 % Humidity
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(Avouris et al. IBM)Theory of CNTTheory of CNTTheory of CNTTheory of CNTTwisting angle
effect on energy band-gap
Bending effect of on CNT Electronic Structure
The NASA Avionic RoadmapThe NASA Avionic RoadmapThe NASA Avionic RoadmapThe NASA Avionic Roadmap
1. NASA has created the Deep Space Systems Technology Program, known as X2000.
2. Every 2-3 years starting in 2000, the program will develop and deliver advanced spacecraft systems and to missions in different areas of the solar system and beyond.
3. In order to achieve reduction in the size of spacecraft, the avionics systems of the spacecraft are being reduced in size with each delivery of X2000, in part by means of integrating nanotechnology with microtechnology.
4. The figure attempts to chart the forecasts of the mass, volume, and power of future avionics systems of spacecraft. The leftmost column shows the Mars Pathfinder spacecraft, which represents the current state of the art.
(NASA)
Avionic RoadmapAvionic RoadmapAvionic RoadmapAvionic RoadmapIntegrated Nanotechnology in MicrosystemsIntegrated Nanotechnology in MicrosystemsIntegrated Nanotechnology in MicrosystemsIntegrated Nanotechnology in Microsystems
Control of mechanical, electrical, optical, and chemical properties at the nanoscale will enable significant improvements in integrated microsystems.
1. When certain materials systems are exposed to a magnetic field, their electrical resistance changes. This effect - the magnetoresistive effect, is useful for sensing magnetic fields such as those in the magnetic bits of data stored on a computer hard drive.
2. In 1988, the giant magnetoresistance effect (GMR) was discovered in layers of nanometer-thick magnetic and nonmagnetic films.
3. a spin valve, could sense very small magnetic fields. This opened the door for the use of GMR in the read-heads of magnetic disk drives.
4. In the spin valve GMR head, the copper spacer layer is about 2 nm thick, and the cobalt GMR pinned layer is about 2.5 nm thick. The thickness of these layers must be controlled with atomic precision.
A Commercial IBM Giant A Commercial IBM Giant A Commercial IBM Giant A Commercial IBM Giant MagnetoresistanceMagnetoresistanceMagnetoresistanceMagnetoresistance
Read HeadRead HeadRead HeadRead Head
A Commercial IBM Giant A Commercial IBM Giant A Commercial IBM Giant A Commercial IBM Giant MagnetoresistanceMagnetoresistanceMagnetoresistanceMagnetoresistance
Read HeadRead HeadRead HeadRead Head
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Additional Nanoelectronic devicesAdditional Nanoelectronic devicesAdditional Nanoelectronic devicesAdditional Nanoelectronic devices…………device and architecture options for highdevice and architecture options for highdevice and architecture options for highdevice and architecture options for high----performance electronicsperformance electronicsperformance electronicsperformance electronics
Resonant Tunneling Devices in NanoelectronicsResonant Tunneling Devices in NanoelectronicsResonant Tunneling Devices in NanoelectronicsResonant Tunneling Devices in Nanoelectronics
1. The crucial technology for advancing these quantum devices has been epitaxial growth and process control at the nanoscale.
2. The resonant tunneling diode (RTD) consists of an emitter and collector regions, and a double-tunnel barrier structure that contains a quantum well, as shown in the energy band diagrams.
3. This quantum well is so narrow (5-10 nm) that it can only contain a single so-called “resonant”energy level.
Resonant Tunneling Devices in NanoelectronicsResonant Tunneling Devices in NanoelectronicsResonant Tunneling Devices in NanoelectronicsResonant Tunneling Devices in Nanoelectronics
4 bit 2 GHz analog-to-digital converter, 3 GHz (40 dB spur-free dynamic range) clocked quantizer, 3 GHz sample and hold (55 dB linearity), clock circuits, shift registers, and ultralow power SRAM (50 nW/bit)
(Seabaugh 1998)
The Future of NST ????The Future of NST ????The Future of NST ????The Future of NST ????
HmmmmmHmmmmmHmmmmmHmmmmm…………....
In the end of the course!!! In the end of the course!!! In the end of the course!!! In the end of the course!!! (Maybe)(Maybe)(Maybe)(Maybe)
The Future of NST ????The Future of NST ????The Future of NST ????The Future of NST ????
HmmmmmHmmmmmHmmmmmHmmmmm…………....
Still to be revealed!!! Still to be revealed!!! Still to be revealed!!! Still to be revealed!!! (Maybe)(Maybe)(Maybe)(Maybe)