SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY - Springer978-1-349-27439... · 2017-08-25 · Select Bibliography 255 7. S. G. Ellis, 'The English State and its Frontiers, 1300-1600' Unpublished sources Belfast,

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INDEX

A 'Abbasid caliphate, caliphs, 128, 136,

139, 145, see Baghdad 'Abd al-Rabmiin III, Umayyad caliph,

49-51 Abela, Leonard, bishop of Sidon, 218-

19 Abou-el-Haj, R. A, 233 n. 8, 242 absentee lordship, 164, 171-2 Abii I-;lanifa, 39 Abulustayn (Elbistan), 137, 139, 141 Abii Sa'id, ilkhan, 134, 147 Abu Shama (d. 1267), 131 Achaea, see Greece Acquigny, 117 Acre, 130, 133,210-11 Adana, 136 Adriatic Sea, 215 Agluonenai, 193, 205 n. 42 Abmedi,234, 238 Akhlat (Khilat), 133, 144 akra, xiii, 8, 81-2 al-'ajam, see Persia al-Andalus, 32-50 passim al-Bab, 137, 142 Albert, Grand Master of Teutonic

Order and Duke of Prussia, see Hohenzollern, Albert of

Albertina University (Konigsberg), 19~ 7

al-Bira, 133, 134-5, 137, 142 ai-Darbassak, 136, 137 Alen~;on, 113, liS Aleppo, 132, 133, 137, 138, 147, 223 Alexander III, pope, 108 Alexander VII, pope (Fabio Chigi), 223 Alexander, Grand Duke of Lithuania,

196, 199 Alexandria,213,214 Alexiad, the, see Anna Comnena

Alexius I, Byzantine emperor (1081-1118), 94, 96, 98

Al-Fadl federation, 138 Alfonso I, king of Asturias (739-57), 44 Algiers, 215 allegiance and loyalty, 18-19, 49, 68,

69, 74-5, 129, 145-6, 148, see also frontiers, inhabitants of

changes of, 14-15, 20, 21, 49, 6~7, 68, 74-5, 138, 147-8

effect on frontiers, 19, 21, 22, 49, 57, 62,66,68, 73

al-Man~iir, 42 al-Man~iir Lajin, Mamluk sultan (129~

98), 147-8 Almohads, 40, 42 Almoravids, 40, 42 al-Na~r Mul;tammad b. Qalawiin,

Mamluk sultan (1293-94, 1299-1309, 1310-40), 134, 146, 147, 148

alp, xiii, 238 al-Rabba, 133, 135 al-Raqqa, 133, 141 al-Rubii, 133, 141 al-Ru~iifa, 142 Amazonia, 243 Amt, xiii Anatolia (Asia Minor), 46, 105, 128,

137-45,148,228-31,235-8,241 Andely, 118, see also Chateau-Gaillard Anglo-Gaelic frontier, see Ireland,

Anglo-Gaelic frontier in Anglo-Scottish border, 15~76 passim

cultural similarities across, 156, 165 historiography of, 157, 176 land tenure of, .5ee 'tenant right' law of, 163-4 lawlessness of, 165-6, 169, 171-5 organisation of, 163-4, 169-70 origins and location of, 160, 162

272

Index 273

wardens of, 162, 163-4, 165, 166, 169, 171, 172, 173

Anglo-Scottish wars, 162, 163, 165, 168-9, 173-4

Anjou, 112, see also Marches Separantes counts of, see Fulk V, Geoffrey

Plantagenet, Plantagenet (Angevin) dynasty

Anna Comnena (and the Alexiad), 81, 95, 100 n. 12

Annales School, 3 Anti-Taurus mountains, 46, 229 Antioch, 133, 136, 137 Aquitaine, Aquitanians, 12, 110 Arabs, 12, 14,26,32,39,40-1,43,48,

50, 130, 236 Aragon, 211, 216-17, see Franco

Aragonese frontier Aragon and Catalonia, langue of, 210

Arista, 48 Arman~;on, river, 110 Armenia, Lesser, see Cilicia Armenians, Armenian Christians, 146,

218-19 Catholicus of, xiv, 136

Armstrong, J. A., 31 n. 53, 31 n. 55, 77 n. 12

Arthur, count of Brittany, 124 n. 24 Artois, 123 n. 12 Asia, 26, 60, see also under names of

subregions western (in general), 231

Asia Minor, see Anatolia Astrakhan, 231 Asturias, 33, 37, 43, 44 Athens, 84,213,223 Attaliates, Michael, 93 Aubusson, Pierre d', Grand Master of

the Order of StJohn, 214 Augustus, Roman emperor, 4 'Auld Alliance', the, 174 Aumale, county of, 119 aurochs (wild ox), 182 Austria, 231, 241 Austro-Hungarian frontier, see

Imperial-Hungarian frontier Auxerre, county of, 110 Avignon, Avignonese Papacy, 210, 213 Avre, river, 114, 120 Ayas (Layasso), 137, 143 'Aynjahit, battle of(1260), 128-9, 131,

132, 140, 141 'AynTab, 133,137,138

Ayyubid, 132 'Azaz, 137, 138 Azerbaijan, 131

B baba, xiii, 239 Baba Ishak, 236 Baghdad, 128, 130, 137, 144, 145 Baghras, 136, 137 Bahasna, 133, 136, 137 Balis, 137, 142 Balkan Peninsula, 80-99 passim, 228,

229, 243, see Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, Ottoman Turks

Balkan (Haemus) Mountains, 84, 85, 90,92,97

ban, seigneurial, xiii, 111, 120 Banli 'Amrlis, 48 Banli lli 1-Niin (Banli Zannlin), 33, 50,

51, see also Sulayman Banli Qasi, 33, 48-9 Banli Razin, 33 Banli Sabrit, 48 barid, xiii Bar, county of, 123 n. 10 'barbarians', 'barbarity', concepts of, 19,

82, 235, 239, see also English state, frontiers of; nomads, views of; compare, 'civilisation', 'civility', concepts of

Barbarossa, Aruj and Khayraddin, 215 Barbarossa, Frederick, see Frederick I

Barbarossa Barbary, see North Mrica Bartlett, R., 11

and Mackay, A. (Medieval Frontier Societies), 30 n. 43

Basil II, 'the Bulgar-slayer', Byzantine emperor(976-1025), 88-9,94

Basques (Vascones), 33, 48-9 Batakiai, 196 Bavarians, 12 Baybars, Mamluk sultan (1260-77),

132-47 passim Bayezid (Bayezet) II, Ottoman sultan

(1481-1512), 214, 230 Bee (-Hellouin), abbey of, 119 bedouins, 132, 134, 138, 145 beg, bey, xiii beglik, beylik, xiii, 228 Beijing,26,56,58,62 Beinigkehmen, 191, 199 Belgrade (Belgrad), 223, 229, 230

274 Index

Belleme, 113 Berbers, 48, 50 Berwick-upon-Tweed, 162 Bessarabia, 84, 242 Bewcastledale, 160, 165, 174 bilad al-islam, 143 biliid al-kufr, 233 bilad al-Rum, see Anatolia bilad al-sharq, 143, 144 bilad al-tatar, 14 3 BileviCiai family, 197

BileviCius, Jonas, 197, 198 Birgu, 217 Bithynia, 231 Bizerta, 221 Black Sea, 85, 87, 95, 129, 130, 134,

146, 225 Bleyfoller, Wolfgang, 198 Blois, Stephen of, see Stephen, king of

England Bodrum, 213 boiar, boiars, xiii, 182, 189, 197, 200 Bohemia, 84, 86 Bohemond (ofTaranto), 100 n. 12 Bona, Grand Duchess of Lithuania and

Queen of Poland, 189, 196, 200 Bonner, M., 8, 99 n. 7 'book', 'booking' (of'surnames'), xiii,

165-6 'border landscapes', 23 'border of peace', see frontiers 'of

peace' borderlines, changing significance of,

106-9, 185 borders, ix, see boundaries, frontiers

geographers' definitions of, 160 Bosnia, 93, 228, 230 boullotes, xiii, 96 boundaries, ix, 3, 5-6, 28 n. 2, see

frontiers, as lines; limites (Fr.) 'sacralisation of', 52 n. 2

boundaries, disciplinary, 14, 26-7, 32-4,83,99,228

bouqdaries, linguistic and cultural, see historiography, divisions within

Brabant, 108 Braunsberg, 196 Bresle, river, 114, 119 Bretke, Johann, pastor of Labiau, 194 Brezolles, 120 bridges, as border points, 110 Britain, Great, 17 British Isles, 26, 153-76, 236

Brittany, 112, 120, see also Arthur, Marches Separantes

Brummett, P., 214 Buda, 223 Buivydas, Valentinas, 197 Bulgaria, 26, 83-5, 228

tsars of, see Peter, Samuel, Symeon Bullinger, Heinrich, 171 Burgundy, county of (Franche-Comte),

108 Burgundy, dukes and duchy of, 107-8,

llO, lll-12 Burj al-Ra~a~, 137, 138 Bursa, 229

Bursa inscription (1337), 238, 248 n. 41

Butvilas, 191 Buzagha, 142 Bybernicks, Martin, 203 n. 14 Byzantine Empire (Byzantium), ii, 5,

c

15, 26, 41, 46, 139, 2ll, 215,228, 231-2, see also 'civilian' emperors, 'military' emperors, Constantinople

Byzantine-Islamic frontier, 8, 12, 41-2, 81, 139, 228

sea frontiers of, 215

Cairo, 145, 223 Calais, 161 caliphate, caliphs, see 'Ahbasid

caliphate; Fatimids; Umayyad caliphate; Baghdad

Capidava,86, 87,89,94,97 Capetian dynasty, kings of France, 107,

110, 120, see also Louis VI, Louis VII, Louis IX, Philip Augustus, Robert II

Carniola, see Krajn Carolingian dynasty and empire, 4, 5,

12, 106, see also Charlemagne, Charles the Bald, Charles the Simple, Franks, Neustria, pagi

Carpathian mountains, 84 Casimir, Grand Duke of Lithuania

(1440-92). 183, 190 Casius (founder of Bami Qasi), 48, 49 Caspian Sea, ii, 130 castles, 5, Ill, ll4-20, see also

encellulement; frontiers, defence of castellans, 11 O-Il, 114 castelries, xiii, 111, 120

Castile, 33, 37-8, 2ll, 216-17

Index 275

Castile and Leon, langue of, 210 Castilians, 38, 44-5 Catalonia, 33

Aragon and Catalonia, langue of, 210 Catholicism, 154, 195-8, see also Papacy Catholicus (Armenia), xiv, 136 Caucasus mountains, 128, 134 'Celtic fringe', concept of, 154 Central Asia, 130, 134, 237, 240

peoples of (collectively), 146 Central Plains (China), xiv, 65, 67, 71 Chaldaeans, 219 Champagne, counts and county of,

106, 107-8, llO, lll-12 Channel Islands, 122 Charlemagne, king of the Franks (768-

814), Emperor (800-14), 106 Charles (II) the Bald, king of the west

Franks (840-77}, Emperor (875-77), 106

Charles (III) the Simple, king of the west Franks, ll2

Charles V, Emperor (1519-56) (Charles I of Spain, 1516-56), 216-17

Chartres, ll8, 120 CM.teau-Gaillard, 118 Cherson, 85, 89, 95 Cheshire, ll6

Cheshire 'Magna Carta' (1215), ll6 Chester, earls of, ll6 Chigi, Fabio, see Alexander VII, pope China, Chinese, 15, 26, 55-76 passim

China proper, xiv, 55, 56, 58 civil and military authority in, 60 imperial China, xvi, 58, 59 Great Wall of, see Great Wall of

China north China, ii, 14-15, 16, 17, 21,

25,56,61, 70,237 People's Republic of, 26, 56 provincial governors in, 60, 64, 66,

67,69, 71,72 Chinggis (Genghis) Khan, 128, 140,

232 Chios, 216 Choniates, Nicetas, 90 Christianity, Christendom, Christians,

13-14,18-19,20,26,32-52 passim, 34, 36, 51, 52, 154, 230, 231, 232, 239, see also frontiers, religious

Christians fighting for Mongols, 145-6

Christian writers (Iberian Peninsula), 41,42

Christianity, Eastern, 218, 222, 224-5, see also Armenian Christians; Chaldaeans; Orthodox Church, Eastern; Jacobite Christians; Maronites; Nestorians

Christendom, Western (Latin), see also Catholicism, Lutheranism, Papacy, Protestantism

medieval political divisions within, 11-12

medieval expansion of, 11, see also Bartlett, R., Lewis, A R.

Chryselioi family, 93 Cid, the, see Poem of My Cid, the Cilicia, xiv, 130, 132, 136, 137, 138,

141, 142, 143, 146, 148 Cinnamus, John, 90 'civilian emperors', Byzantine, 15 'civilisation', concepts of, 9-10, 233 'civility', concepts of, 17, 19, 156, 166-

7, 172, 175 Clement VII, pope, 216 Clement VIII, pope, 220 coinage, 89, 93-4 Collegio Sant'Antanasio, 218 colonisation, 35, 38, 157, 233, 239, 240,

241, 243, see frontiers of settlement; frontiers, migration

commandery, xiv Common Law, the (English}, 167, 169-

70 Conches, 117 Connaught, 157 conquistadores, 38, 243 Constantia, 87 Constantine IX, Byzantine emperor

(1042-55), 94 Constantine VIII, Byzantine emperor

(976-1028}, 94 Constantine X, Byzantine emperQr

(1055-68), 94 Constantinople (Istanbul), 84, 85, 214,

220,221,222-3,228,229,230, 232

C6rdoba,33,39,47,48,49,50,51 Corfu, 215 Coron, 215 Cossacks, 10, 240 Cotentin, 120 Couesnon, river, ll4 Coutances, diocese of, 122

276 Index

Covadonga, battle of (725), 43 Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of

Canterbury, 1 71 Crete (Candia), 84,211,219,223,231 Crimea, Khanate of, 231, 242 Croatia, 84, see Krajina Crocki, 199 Crusader States (Latin Syria, Outremer),

11, 131, 132, 136, 209, 211 Crusades, idea of, 51, 209-25, see Holy

War Cumberland, 163

earl of, 168 Cumbria, kingdom of, 160 Curonia, Curonians, 192, 195 Curonian Lagoon, 189 Curzon, Lord, 2 custom, see law and customs Cyprus, 211, 222

D Dacre of the North, Lords, 163, 168

Thomas, lord, 169 William, lord, 168

Dalmatia, 84, 93, 218 Dal Taban Mustafa Pasha, 242 Damascus, 132, 147-8, 223 Danube, river, 80-99 passim, 229, 231

as a frontier, 23, 83, 88 lower course of, 15, 17, 23, 25, 26,

80-99 passim diir al-'ahd, xiv, 45, 234, see also diir al

harb, diir al-Islam diir al-Q,arb, xiv, 39, 45, 234, 244, see also

diir al-Islam dar al-Islam, xiv, 39, 40, 45, 47, 234,

244, see also diir al-'ahd, diir al-Q,arb darb, xiv, 46 d'Aubusson, Pierre, see Aubusson,

Pierre d' Daurnantas, I90 Dauphine, 107 De Administrando Imperio, 81, 89, 95 Debateable Land, the, 162 Delhi, Sultanate of, I30, 234 Dervent, 86, 87, 94, 97 dervishes, xiv-xv, 239 De Velitatione Bellica, 8I Dieppe, men of, I27 n. 79 Dingzhou Dinogetia,86,87,94,95 Discordia, Laurentius, 197 Dissolution of the Monasteries, 171 Diyar Bakr, I41

Dniester, river, 84 Dobrudja, 84, 87 Dominicans, 223 Doria, Andrea, 2I5 Drakon, river, 100 n. 12 Drang nach Osten, II, 51, see also Elbe,

Slavonic-German frontier Dreux, 120 Drincourt (Neufchatel-en-Bray), 115,

119 Dristra, 85, 87, 92, 94, 95 Dublin, I55, 176 Dublin, Co., I64 Duero, river, 33, 37-8, 43, 44 dynastic histories (China), xv, 63, 66,

73-6 words for 'frontier' in, 58

Dyrrachiurn, 93, IOO n. I2

E East, land of the, see biliid al-sharq East Marches, the, 163 Ebro, river, 33, 48 Edinburgh, 176

treaty of (1560), 174 Edward I, king of England (1272-

1307), 155 Egypt, I28, 131, 134, 136, I40, 211, see

also Marnluk Sultanate Ottoman conquest of (1517), 214,

230 ehl-i h:udila, xv, 235, see also frontiers,

inhabitants of Eitortas, 190 Elbe, river, 157 Elizabeth I, queen of England (1558-

1603), 174 ernie, xv, 51 emir, xv emirate, xv, see also beglik Empire, the (Holy Roman), 7, 106--9

Emperors of, see Charlemagne, Charles the Bald, Charles V, Frederick Barbarossa, Henry II

frontiers of, 7-8, 216, see Franco-Imperial frontier, ImperialHungarian frontier

encellulement, xv, 110-11, see also castles enclaves, 19, 36, 39, 111, 114, 118,

132, 135, see also exclaves England, kingdom of, 26, 153-76, 225,

see also Anglo-Scottish wars, Tudor dynasty

crown of, 153, 164, 170-1, 176

Index 277

frontiers of English state, 153-76, see also Anglo-Scottish border; Ireland, Anglo-Gaelic frontier in; Welsh Marches: 'barbarity' of inhabitants, 166-7, 171-2; demilitarisation of under Tudors, 170-5; historiographical comparisons between, 156, 176; kinship structures in, 155, 164-5; militarised cha~:acter of, 155-64, 168, 172, 173

kings and queens of, see Edward I, Elizabeth I, Henry I, Henry II, Henry III, Henry VII, Henry VIII, John, Richard I, Stephen, Tudor dynasty

langue of, 211, 217 lowlands of, 154, 176 military resources of, 168, 170 regional councils of, 168, 169, 170-1,

176 upland power structures, 155, 164-6,

see also 'surnames' English attitudes to Irish, Scots, and

Welsh, 166 English Channel, 121-2 'Englishries', 157, 161 Epte, river, 112, 114, 116, 119, 121 Ermland, bishop of, 195-6 eschatia, xv, 82, 82, 97 Escorial taktikon, xv, 88 Eskdale, 165 espionage and spies, 134, 143-4, 183,

199 essentialism, 34, 52 Estn!e, abbey of, 120 ethnicity, 15, 71,74-5,82-3, 192, 194-

5, see also nationality ethnic commonalities, 16-17, 20,

131, 146-8 ethnic diversity, 48, 98

Euphrates, river, ii, 133, 137, 230, 236 as frontier, 88, 129, 132, 134-5, 136,

139, 141, 142, 143, 147, 148 Eure, river, 112, 114, 116, 119 Europe, 18, 26, 36,59, 230,233,237 Evreux, 115, 117, 119

bishopric and diocese of, 11 7 exclaves, 111, 114, see also enclaves

F Fahr-i Mudabbar, 234 fasaghe, 161 Fatimids, 88

Febvre, L., 4, 6 Fernandez Heredia, Juan, Grand

Master of the Order of StJohn, 213

feudal structures, 38, 44-5, 51 Fez, 215 fins (Fr.),fines (Latin), 6, 118-19 First Lithuanian Statute (1529}, 190 fishing, in frontier regions, 190 Five Dynasties (907-60), xv, 59-60, 67,

72, 76 New history of (Xin Wudai shi) (1073},

74 Old history of (fiu Wudai shi) (974), 74,

75 Flanders, counts and county of, 107,

110 Flemish (language}, 108 Florence, 218 Fontevraud, abbey of, 112 forests and forest commodities, 187 Forth, Firth of, 162 fortifications, see frontiers, defence of Fosses Royaux, 114, 116 Foucher, M., 52 n. 2, see boundaries,

'sacralisation' of 'Four Rivers' (Scheidt, Meuse, Saone,

Rhone}, 106-8 Frame, R., 177 n. 3 France, kingdom and republic of, 16,

20,26, 174,221.224 external frontiers of, see Franco

Aragonese frontier, FrancoImperial frontier, frontiere

internal frontiers of, 109-12, see also Normandy, frontier of

kings of, 153, 170, see also Capetians; Franks, west; Valois; Charles the Bald, Louis VI, Louis VII, Louis IX, Philip Augustus, Robert II

lands of English crown in, 153, see also Calais, Gascony, Normandy

langue of, 210, 221 Francia ('France' in narrow sense,

French royal domain, or Ile-deFrance), 107, 110, 114, 115, 118-19, 120

Franciscans, 223 Franco-Aragonese frontier, 109, 126 n.

54 Franco-Imperial frontier, 106-9 Franks, see Christendom, Western

(Latin); Crusaders; kings and emperors of, see Carolingian

278 Index

Franks (cont.) dynasty; Charlemagne, Charles the Bald, Charles the Simple; Merovingians

Franks, west, see France, kingdom of kings of, see Charles the Bald,

Charles the Simple Frederick I Barbarossa, western

Emperor (1152-90), 108 French Revolution, the, 113 Froissart, Jean, 113 frontera (Sp.), 8, 29 n. 33 'frontier', etymology and meanings of,

6-7, 28 n. 5, 160-1, see also frontiere, frontiers, terms for

frontiere, origins and concept of, 6-7, 106, 110, 121

frontier disputes, see frontiers, defence of; frontiers, disputed

frontier regions, see esp. frontiers, as zones, and frontier regions; frontiers, inhabitants of; marches

frontier society, see frontiers, inhabitants of

frontiers, see also borders, boundaries, enclaves, exclaves, espionage, ethnicity, forests, identity, marches, raiding, refugees, smuggling

frontiers, academic study of, see frontiers, classification of; frontiers as tool of analysis; frontiers, historiography of

frontiers, administration of, 153, see also shire administration

frontier officials, 186-7, 190, see also Anglo-Scottish border, wardens of; China, provincial governors

organisation of, 163-4, 169-70 taxation in frontier regions, 199-200

frontiers, administrative, 155-6 frontiers, ambiguities of, 13, 18, 20,

23-5,35,40-6,48-51,62,68,73, 75, 117-18, 182, 186,201, see also frontiers, complexity of

frontiers as tool of analysis, 1, 2, 9-12, 13, 34, 37, 52, 111

common features of frontiers, 11, 30 n.43

diversity of, viii-ix, 2 uniqueness of each frontier, 2, 17,

38, 244 frontiers, as lines, 2, 3, 13, 14, 16, 17,

18, 22, 23,27, 36,45,51,55, 57,

59, 72, 73, 75, 80-3, 106, 113-18, 157-60, 183-6, 233, see also frontiers, delineation and demarcation of

evolution of, 73, 160 frontiers, as series of strategic points,

15, 16, 22, 23, 27,46, 58,63-5,73, 91, 92, 114, 134-5, 136-8, 186, see also frontiers, defence of

frontiers, as zones, and frontier regions, 2, 3, 5, 13, 14, 17-18,20, 21,34-5,36,57,47-51,66-7,68, 81-2, 90, 106, 110, 111-12, 114-16, 118-21, 132, 154-6, 161-2, 182,201-2,233,235,239-40,241, 244, see also frontiers, cross-border phenomena; 'middle ground', concept of

depopulation of, 37-8, 43, 90, 141-2, 164

landownership in, see frontiers, inhabitants of; lordship

as unfortified zone, 118 'frontiers', between medieval and

modern, ix, 209-10, 224 frontiers, centrifugal tendencies of, 15 frontiers, classification of, 1, 2-12, 35-

6, 37,45,51, 240-1 frontiers, 'closed', 72, 156, 242, see also

frontiers 'of peace' 'closing' of, 11

frontiers, complexity of, 13, 14, 16, 23, 27,36-7,48-51,57,75-6,239-40, see also frontiers, ambiguities of

frontiers, concepts of, 1-12, see also frontiers, terms for

Classical, 4-5 European, 2-9, see frontiers, political North American, viii-ix, 2-3, 9-12,

35-6, 38, 233, see frontiers of settlement; 'middle ground', concept of; Native Americans; Turner, F.].

frontiers, construction of, 16-17, 18, 19,20, 23-5,36,38-9,55,71-2, 76,97,237

in historical records, 25, 75-6 frontiers, conflict, see frontiers, defence

of; frontiers, disputed; frontiers, inhabitants of; raiding

frontiers, contact across, see frontiers, permeability and contact

frontiers, control of, 2, 13, 15, 17, 18,

Index 279

22-5,44,47,50,59, 73, 88,93, 186-7, see also frontiers, inhabitants of; frontiers, rulers and

by accommodation, 17, 22, 27 by settlement or occupation, 18, 142,

see also colonisation contribution to legitimisation, 22, 25,

76 incompleteness or lack of, 17, 44, 47-

51,63-4, 136-8, 165-6, 169, 171-5,233,239

law as means of, 156 locru, 17,20-1,47-51,63,67-8,239-

40 frontiers, 'converging'

(Zusammensgrenzen), 2 frontiers, core and periphery, see

frontiers, control of; frontiers, rulers and

frontiers, cultural, 13-14, 34-5, 36, 155-6,231

frontiers, defence of, 2, 16, 17, 18, 35, 40,46-7,59, 63,64-5,81, 82, 118, 119, 129, 132-4, 134-5, 139, 141, 163-6, 170, 172-5, 233, 242, see also raiding

at rivers, 15, 64, 89, 134-5 at mountain passes, 46, 58-9, 64,

90 border garrisons for, 63, 89 devolution of, 17,50-1,65,66 fortifications at border, 15, 39, 55,

84, 86, 89, 114-20, 134-5, 136 fortified towns as, 64-5, 138, 142 in depth, 64-5, 89-90, 134, 140 logistics of, 18-19,50, 170, 172-6 maintenance of, 15, 17, 18-19, 73,

90, 139-40, 142 military service, 163, 164, 165, 168,

172-3, 175 patrols, 138, 140 use of buffer zones, 37-8, 90, 118,

160, 174 use of scorched earth, 134, 138-9 use of natural barriers, 15, 90 use of wasteland, see wasteland

frontiers, definition of, 13, 16-17, 22, 62, 67, 73, 80, 81-2, 139

distinguished from borders and boundaries, ix, 13, 157-60

in geography, 2, 3, 13, 157-60 in Islamic law, 233-4 in political science, 2, 13

frontiers, delineation and demarcation of, 23,36-7,57, 62, 63, 72, 114-18, 142-3, '183-7, 233, 241, see also frontiers 'of peace'; frontiers, increasing clarity of

by bridges, 110 by boundary-markers or pillars, 23,

24, 114, 117, 185 by castles, 111, 114-18 by ditches and earthworks, 114, 116,

161, 185 by forests, 185, 187 by mountains, 97 by new settlements, 186 by parleys, II 7 by rivers, 97, 106-9, 110, 114, 185-6,

see also Danube, Euphrates, 'Four Rivers'

by trees, 185-6 by village boundaries, 185 by walls, see wall-building poorly defined, 48, 157 well defined, 36, 113-14, 143, 160,

183-6 frontiers, development of, 3, 16, see also

frontiers, 'construction' of anthropomorphic nature of, 235 increasing clarity of, 14-15, 22, 52 n.

2, 71, 129, 132 frontiers, disputed, 154, 161, 162, 186-

7, 199-201 frontiers, ecological (environmental),

20, 9-10, 52 n. I, 155-6, see also frontiers of settlement; wasteland

frontiers, economic aspects of, 120-1, 187-90

frontiers, 'enclosing', 2, see also frontiers, political

frontiers, ethnic, 71 frontiers, 'expanding', 2, 10-12, 19, 32,

35,37-8,40,43, 51,231,235-6, 239, see also colonisation, frontiers of settlement, repoblaci6n, uj

by military means, 38, 114, 128, 174-5, 230-1,233

free peasantry, 44, 241 frontiers, fluidity of, see frontiers,

complexity of frontiers, historiography of, I, 4-5,

9-12,13,25-6,34, 37,40,43, 47, 50, 55, 58, 76, 97, 105-6, 111-12, 113-14, 156-7, 164-5, 176, 193-5,198,233,240,241-2,244,

280 Index

frontiers, historiography of (cont.) see also historiography, divisions within

frontiers, 'historic', 5-6, 97 frontiers, human, 13-14, 52, 73, see also

antagonism; frontiers, between distinct cultural zones; frontiers, religious

frontiers, ideological, 14, 16, 18, 19, 41, 43, 45-6, 51, 71-2, 129, 140, 143, 232, see frontiers, religious

frontiers, ideology and, 19, 21, 23-5, 42, 46, 140, 241, see also 'barbarians', 'barbarity', concepts of; 'civilisation', 'civility', concepts of; ghaz'i; Holy War; jihad; 'rhetoric of difference'; thagr

frontiers, inhabitants of, 10, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 38,42,43,44, 76,93-5, 98-9, ll4, 120-l, 157, 163-6, 187-95, 235, 236, 239-40, see also colonisation; frontiers, control of; frontiers of settlement; frontiers, views of; Grenzer; 'surnames'

leaders and lordship in frontier regions, 18, 19,20-2,47-51,57, 66-7, 72, 75-6, 121, 138, 159, 164, 176, 237, 239, 243, see absentee lordship

loyalty of, 15, 138, 144-6, 165, see allegiance and loyalty

resistance to external control of, 43, IS4-76 passim, 200

frontiers, 'internal', 16, 37, 47, 60, 73, see France, kingdom of

frontiers, legitimisation through, see legitimisation

frontiers, linear, see frontiers, as lines frontiers, linguistic, 108, 123 n. 12, see

also language frontiers, militarised nature of, see

frontiers, defence of; raiding frontiers, migration and frontier

crossing, 38, 143, 147-8, 188, 193-5, 198, see also frontiers of settlement; smuggling; trade

across rivers, 89-90, 139, 143, 147 by captives, 40 by pilgrims, 143 by scholars, 198 by servants, 198 enforced migration, 38, 141-2, 146,

see murtadda

exchange of envoys and gifts, 65, 72, 73

frontiers, national, 6 frontiers, 'natural', 6, 97 frontiers 'of contact', 2 frontiers 'of peace', 17, 18, 148,

see also closed frontiers, frontier delineation

frontiers 'of separation' (Trennungsgrenzen), 2, 76

frontiers, permeability and contact, 18, 35, 46,48, 58-9,62,65, 68, 83, 89-90, 120-l, 142-4, 147, 154, 183, 211, see also frontiers, migration and frontier crossing; frontiers, as zones

acculturation in frontier zones, 98-9, 171-2, 249 n. 50

commonalities across frontiers, 16-17,20,36, 129, 131, 146-9, 236

co-operation across frontiers, 48, 69, 71, 95, 144, 201-2

cross-border phenomena, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 121, 198

frontiers, political, 2-9, 13, 35, 37, 38, 40,45,51,58, 62,66,67,69, 72, 73, 81, 82, 129, 136, 142, 148, 155-6, 160, 182-5, 233, see also under frontiers, European concepts of

ignoring of, 68, 120-l, 186 overlap with frontiers of settlement,

II frontiers, regulation of, see frontiers,

delineation and demarcation of; homage; treaties

frontiers, religious, 14, 18-19, 20, 40, 46,81, 97-8,129,195-8,232,233, 235

between Catholics and Protestants, 154, 195-8

between Christians and Muslims, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44, 51, 154, 209-25, see also thugiir al-muslim'in

frontiers, rulers and, 3, II, 15, 17, 18, 19,21-2,25,48-52,55,57-8,62, 65-9, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 129, 138, 139-40, 142, 148, 167-76, 186-7, 188, 189, 199-201,231-2,234-5, see also frontiers, control of

consequences of remoteness of, 82, 132, 136, 182

Index 281

contribution of frontiers to power of, 22, 65, 76, 129, 139-40, see also state formation

governments located in frontier regions, 18, 19, 231, 232, 234

frontiers, 'scientific', 6 frontiers, sea, 18, 121-2, 211-13, 214--

16,222-3,224 frontiers of settlement, 2-3, 9-12, 105,

154, see also colonisation; frontiers, North American concepts of; wasteland

settlement along political frontiers, 11-12, 186, 189, 190-5

frontiers, terms for, viii-ix, 6--9, 13, 38-9,46,57-9,81-4,160-1, 233-4, 246 nn. 10-12, see eschatia, fasaghe, fins, frontera, frontiere, Grenze, horos,jing, marches, mark, thagr, uj, ukraijina

frontiers, 'unstable', 2, 17, 35 frontiers, views of, see also frontiers,

concepts of, construction of, inhabitants of

anachronistic, 26, 36 changing, 67-9, 71, 72-3 contemporary, 118-20 differences between idea and reality,

18-19, 34, 42, 51, 75, 116, 161, 166--7,201,234

idealised, 17, 71, 73, 75 inhabitants', I, 13, 14, 16--17, 18, 27,

76,239 modern and premodern, 26, 27 multiple, 57, 59, 76, 232 romanticised, 182, 186, 201, 237,

239 rulers', 17, 72, 82, 98, 142-3, 165-

76,244 frontiers, zonal, see frontiers, as zones;

frontier regions Fulk V, count of Anjou, 113

G Gaelic society (Ireland), 156, 157, 161,

164--6, 167, 172, 174 Gaelic Revival (late medieval), 157,

161, 164 law and customs, 156, 172

Gaillon, 116, 117 Gaiwaiten, 196 Galbrostas, wood of, 191

Garcia ofTo1edo, Don, 218 Gargzdai, 196

province of, 200 Garzes, Martin, Grand Master of the

Order of StJohn, 221 Gascony,ll0,153,170 Gattilusi, rulers of Lesbos, 211 Gaul, Roman province of, 4 Gdansk, 187, 203 n. 19 Gedkantas, 190 Gedkantas, Tomas, 198 Genghis Khan, see Chinggis Khan Genoa, Genoese, 213, 214, 216 Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou

(1128-51 ), duke of Normandy (1144--50), 113, 114

George Frederick, Duke of Prussia, 197

George of Grobin, and his sons Eustachius and Erhard, 198

Georgians, 146 Germany, 236, see also Prussia,

Slavonic-German frontier, Teutonic Order

langue of, 211, 217 Geverlaukiai, Forest of, 191 ghaza (ghazw), xvi, 215-16, 226 n. 15,

232, 234, 237, 241, see also jihad, razzia

Ghazan, ilkhan, 148 ghtizi, xvi, 19, 215, 232, 234--5, 237-9

ideology of, 19, 21,237,242 ghazi state, 232, 234, 238, 242 'ghazi theory', 236--9, 241 'Ghazi' Osman, see Osman Giedroyc, Melchior, bishop of

Zemaitija, 196 Giese, F., 247 n. 26 Gisors, 115, 116, 119 Glick, T. H., 52 n. 1, see also frontiers,

ecological Gockell, Ruprecht, 198 Golden Horde, xvi, 130, 134, 232, 237,

240 Goulet, Le, treaty of(1200), 117-18 government, central, see frontiers,

control of, rulers of; state formation

Gozo, 217,221 Granada, 32,211 Grand-Beaulieu, lazarhouse of

(Chartres), 118 Graudenz, see Woynowski, Petrus

282 Index

Great Wall of China, 5, 55, 57, 64, 76, 114, 240, 249 n. 49, see also wallbuilding

idea of, 5, 55 Great War, see World War I Greece (Achaea, Hellas), 83, 84, 213,

218,223 Greek Orthodox Church, see Orthodox

Church, Eastern Greeks, land of, see Rumeli Gregory XI, pope, 213 Gregory XIII, pope, 218, 219 Gregory XV, pope, 221, 222 Grenze, Grenzer, 7, see M ilitiirgrenze Grobin, see George of Grobin Grodno, 187 Groloch, Jacobus, 186 Guadalquivir, river, 33, 50 Guadiana, river, 33, 50 guan,8

H Habsburg dynasty, 108, 220, 223, 230,

240, 241 Haem us mountains, see Balkan

mountains Hafsids (Tunis), 215 Hainault, county, of, 108 Hama, 132, 133, 137 Han Chinese, see Chinese Han, Later (947-50), 67, 71 Han, Northern (951-79), 71 l;larim, 133, 137, 138 Harran, 133, 140, 141 Hay, D., 192 Hebei, xvi, 62 Hedong, 61, 68 Heerkiinig, xvi, 237 Henning family, 188 Henry I, king of England (1100-35),

duke of Normandy (1106-35), 113, 119

Henry II, king of England (1154-89), duke of Normandy ( 1150-89), 119

Henry II, western Emperor (1002-24), 108

Henry VII, king of England (1485-1509), 167-8

Henry VIII, king of England (1509-47), 160, 168-71

Hexhamshire, 171 hinterland, 32, 244 Hirsova, 87

historiography, divisions within, 15, 19, 25-6,32-5,37,43,73-6,82-3, 156-7, 176, 236, 237

Hohenzollern, Albert of, Grand Master of Teutonic Order, Duke of Prussia, 185, 187-9, 194, 195, 196-8, 199-200

Holy League (1571), 218, 219 Holy League (1684), 223 Holy Roman Empire, see Empire, the Holy War, 16, 19,217,224, see also

crusades, ghaz.d, jihad homage, in frontier regions, 111-12,

113-14 Hompesch, Ferdinand de, Grand

Master of the Order of StJohn, 227

Horns, 132, 133, 134, 137, 148 horion, horisma, see horos Hormuz, 230 horos (also horion, horisma, horothesia), xvi,

8, 81, 100 n. 12 Hospitallers, see StJohn, Order of

Knights of Hiilegii (d. 1265), 128, 132, 142 Hungary, 86, 109, 220, 230, 231, 240,

see Imperial-Hungarian frontier, Magyars

I Ialomita, river, 87 Iberian peninsula, 14, 16, 20, 26, 32-

52 passim, see al-Andalus, Portugal, Spain

Ibn 'Abd ai-Uhir (d. 1292), 135, 144 Ibn Shaddad al-l;lalabi (d. 1285), 138,

141, 142 identity, 73, 75, 121, 129, 191-2, 195,

see also ethnicity, nationality, tutejszy blurring of, 129 'outsider' self-image, 240 religious, 82-3, 197-8

ideology, see frontiers, ideology and lie-de-France, see Francia ilkhiin, xvi, 132, 149 n. 10 Ilkhanids, see Mongols Iltutmish, sultan of Delhi, 234 Imber, C., 234, 237, 241, 242 immigration, see under frontiers, cross-

border phenomena; frontiers, migration and frontier crossing

Imperial-Hungarian frontier, 7, 109 Inalcik, H., 232, 242

Index 283

Indian Ocean, 230 Inner Asia, see Central Asia Innocent XI, pope, 223 Insterburg, District (Amt) of, 193, 196 Iran, Iranians, 128, 130, 140, 146 Iraq, 131, 135, 138, 143, 146, 230, 231,

see also J azira Ireland, 11, 12, 17, 26,28 n. 50, see

also Gaelic society Anglo-Gaelic frontier in, 154-76, see

also 'land of war', Maghery; historiography of, 156-7, 164-5, 176; terms for, 160-1

crown lands in, 161, 173 English lordship of (the Pale), 18,

155-76 passim, see Maghery rebellion in (1534), 168 Scottish invasion of(l315-18), 164 since 1922,2, 172 Tudor conquest of, 153, 157, 175--6

Irish, see also Gaelic society depiction as 'wild Irish', 156, 171 'Irishries', 157, 161

Iron Curtain, 17 Isaac II Angelus, Byzantine emperor

(1185-95), 90 Islam, 17, 18, 20, 34, 36, 37, 51, 52,

128, 130, 131, 230, 231, 237, 239, 242

land of, see biliid al-islam legal theorists, 39, 41, 45 Muslims (in general), 13, 20, 32-52

passim, see also Byzantine-Islamic frontier; frontiers, religious; Islam; Mamluk Sultanate; Muhammad, the Prophet; Ottoman Turks

Istanbul, see Constantinople Italy,214, 215-16,218,221

langue of, 210, 221 Iuskevich, Stanislav, of Kursuva, 194

J Jacobite Christians, 219, see also

Armenian Christians Jagiellionian territories (Poland

Lithuania), see also Lithuania, Poland

partition of ( 1792), 183 Jaxartes, river, ii, 130 Jazira (Mesopotamia), xvi, 88, 135,

140, 141-2, 146, see also Iraq Jem Sultan, 214 Jennings, R. C., 237

Jerusalem, 130, 132, 133, 209, 210 Jerusalem, Order of Knights of StJohn

of, see StJohn, Order of Knights of Jesuits, 196, 223 Jews, 214 jihad, xvi, 14, 39, 40-2, 43, 51, 139,

145,234 as justification or legitimisation, 39,

40,139,234,237 Jimenos, 49 Jin, Later (936-47), 56, 67, 68, 70, 71 Jin, Taiyuan (895-923), 66, 75--6 jing, 8, 57 jinsiyya, see ethnic solidarity Jodicken-Wittko, 193 John I Tzimiskes, Byzantine emperor

(969--76), 85, 94 John, king of England (1199--1216),

duke of Normandy (1199-1204), 117, 124 n. 24

Judeka, Woytko, 193 J umieges, William of, 126 n. 63 Jurbarkas, 186, 196, 205 n. 41

K

captain of, 187, 189 District of, 187, 198, 200 Forest of, 187, 190

Kaldy-Nagy, G., 236 Kaliningrad, see Konigsberg Kalokyras, 85 Kantautas (estate), 194 Karamania, 221 Karlowitz, treaty of(1699), 231,242 Katakalon Kekaumenos, 92 Katyciai (Coadjuthen, Koczyce), 188,

197 Katyciai dispute, 195, 198, 199--201

Kaukenai, 197 Kaunas, 188, 189, 197 Kazan, 231 Kazhdan, A., 90 Kegen (Pecheneg general), 92 Kelme, 196 Kemal Reis, 215 kerne, xvi, 175 Kt;sgailos family, 197

Kt;sgaila, Jonas (d. c. 1485), 199 Kt;sg~ila, Stanislovas Jonaitas, starosta

of Zemaitija, 186, 197, 199--200: Ona, his wife, 186

khan, xvi Khilat (Akhiat), 144

284 Index

Khurasan, 236 Kiev, 10, 85 Kildare, Co., 172 Kildare, earls of, 162, 163, 168, 171,

173 Kilij Ali, see Uluj Ali Kirkandrews, 162 Kitan, 15, 60-2, 63, 65, 66-7, 68, 69-

71,74 Kitbugha al-Man~iiri, Mamluk sultan

(1294-96), 146 Klaipeda, see Memel Klein, Gallus, 188 Kleinkrieg, xvi-xvii, 242 kleisurai, xvii, 46 Knights Hospitaller, see StJohn, Order

of Knights of kommerkarios, xvii, 95 Konigsberg (Kaliningrad), 188

Kaliningrad Region (modern), 192 University of, see Albertina

Kontauc iai, 194-5 Kopf, Hans, 187 Kopriilii grand viziers, 242 Kr~ina (western Croatia), 7 Krajn (Carniola), 7 Krak des Chevaliers, 211 Krak6w, 187

bishop of, 200 Kursuva, 194

L Labiau, 194 La Cassiere, Grand Master of the

Order of StJohn, 219 Lake Baikal, ii, 130 Lambton, A. K. S., 46, 47 'land of peace', see Maghery 'land of war', 12 language, 20, 34, 46, see frontiers,

linguistic; identity linguistics, 26, 34

Langue ('Nation'), xvii, 18, 210 langue d'oc (Occitan), xvii, 108, 109 langue d'oi1 (Old French), xvii, 108, 109 Lapseki, 239 lasicki, Jan, 187 Later Han, see Han, Later Later Jin, see Jin, Later Later Tang, see Tang, Later Later Zhou, see Zhou, Later latifundia, xvii, 243 Latin alphabet (in Russia), 192

Lattimore, 0., 76 n. 1 Lauckow family, 188 law and customs, see Common Law;

Gaelic society, law and customs; Normandy, customs of; Pays du Droit Ecrit; Pays du Droit Coutumier; Roman law; Welsh Marches, law of

Layasso, see Ayas legitimisation, 19, 25, 39, 43, 47, 66,

71,67, 234 by military activity, 47, 132, see also

jihad through use of ideology, 40-1,45,76

Lenkininkai, 191 Leo the Deacon, 101 n. 36 Lepanto, 221

battle of(1571), 215-16,218, 219,see also Holy League (1571)

Lesbos, 211 Lesser Armenia, see Cilicia Leure, 127 n. 79 Levante, 50 Levunium, battle of (1091), 96, 98 Lewis, A. R., 11 Liao (907-1125), 60, 61, 64, 65, 66-7,

68-9, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 Liao Taizong (926-47), 68, 69 Life of St Cyril the Phileote, 95, 98 limen Petri, 218 limes, xvii, 4-5, 8, 35, 46, 114, 240 limites (Fr.), 4, 6-7 Lindner, R., 236 L'Is1e Adam, Philippe, Grand Master of

the Order of StJohn, 214 Lithuania, Grand Duchy of, 17-18,21,

23, 27, 182-208 passim, see also J agiellonian territories

Catholicism and Lutheranism in, 195-198

Grand Dukes and Duchesses of, see Alexander, Bona, Casimir, Sigismund, Vytautas, Zygimantas: decrees of, 187, see Ducal Forests Decree, First Lithuanian Statute, Ustava na voloki

Lithuania, Republic of, 183 Lithuanian Rus', 187 Liudprand, bishop of Cremona, 85 Liu Zhiyuan, 71 Livonia, 182, 187, 189

Lithuano-Prussian wars in, 187, 189 Lobener, Kasper, 186 local sympathisers, 139, 141, 144-5

Index 285

Loire, river, 107, 109-10, 112 London, 155 lordship, 36-7,68,111, 239-40,seealso

ban, seigneurial; frontiers, inhabitants of; absentee lordship

Lorraine, 107, 108 Louis VI, king of France (1108-37),

119 Louis VII, king of France (1137-80),

108 Louis IX, king of France (1226-70)

(Saint Louis), 211 Louth, Co., 164 Louviers, treaty of (1196), 117-18 Lublin, 187 Lusignan, house of (Cyprus), 211, 213 Luther, Martin, 7

Lutherans, Lutheranism, 184-5, 195-8

Lu Wenjin, 66 Lw6w, 189, 195 Lyk, river, 186 Lyme, Forest of, 116 Lyon (-sur-RMne), 107

ecclesiastical province of, I 08 Lyons-la-Foret, 115, 119

M Macedonia, 84, 88, 91 Maghery ('land of peace'), the, 161,

164, see also Pale, the Maghrib, see North Africa Maginot Line, 106 Magyars, 83-5 Malta, 18-19, 216-25, 230

Grand Harbour of, 217, 224 Knights of, see StJohn, Order of

Knights of siege of (1565), 215-16, 217-18

mamliik (as institution), xvii, 129-4, 143, 147

Mamluk Sultanate, ii, xvii, 23, 130, 213-15, 230, 235-6, see also Egypt, Syria

Mamluks, 16-17,20,23, 128-49 of Mongol origin, 20, 146, 148 with Mongol wives, 146

Manbij, 133, 137, 142 Manceaux (inhabitants of Maine), 119 Mans, Le, diocese of, 113 Mantes, 120 Manuel II Comnenus, Byzantine

emperor ( 1143-80), 90

maps and cartography, 6, 37, 62, 63, 72

Maqrizi, 148 Maragha, 130, 133, 147 Mar<ash, 133, 136, 137 march, marches, ix, 5, 8, 111-12, 118-

20, 156, 160-1, see also East, Middle, West Marches: mark

Marchls Separantes (Anjou, Brittany, Poitou), 112

Margat, 211 Marienburg, 182 mark, 7 Marmora, Sea of, 84 Maronites, 218 Marsaxlokk, 222 Mastincks, of Rajgr6d, 190 Mauropous, John, 98 Mazovia, 183, 186 Mazvydas, Martinas, 192, 194, 196-8 Meath, Co., 164 Mecca, 39, 130, 143, 230 Medina, 39, 130, 230 Mediterranean Sea, 18-19, 130, 209-25

passim, 230 crisis of 1590s, 220 Eastern, 210-16, 221, 223-5

Mehemmed II, Ottoman sultan (1444-46, 1451-81), 228

Mehmet (Mehemmed) III, Ottoman sultan, 221

Melanchthon, Philip, 192, 197 Melilla, 215 Melno, treaty of (1422), 183 Memel (Klaipeda), 184-6, 188-9, 200,

201 commandery of, 191 District of, 183, 189, 192-3, 195, 199

Men~ndez-Pidal, R., 43-4 Merovingians, 4, 12 Mesopotamia, see Jazira 'Mesopotamia of the West' (Danube

delta), 88 messianic movements, 242 Meuse, river, 106, 107, 108 Michael IV, Byzantin emperor (1034-

41), 91-2, 94 Michael VII, Byzantine emperor

(1071-78), 94 Middle East, 26 'middle ground', concept of, 10 Middle Marches, the, 163, 169 Mikas, 191

286 Index

Mileski, 198 'military' emperors, Byzantine, 83-91,

96-99 Militargrenze, xvii-xviii, 240 military service, see 'tenant right' military tactics, see frontiers, defence of

similarity between Mamluk and Mongol tactics, 131

Milkintas, 191 millenarian movements, see messianic

movements Ming dynasty (1368-1644), 55, 64 missionary activity, missionaries, 196,

198, 219, see also Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuits, Lutherans

MisyCiai, 193 mixobarbaros, xviii, 82, 98 modernity, see 'frontiers', between

medieval and modern Modon, 215 Moesia, 87, 90, 92 Mohacs, battle of (1526), 230 Mohammadia, 221, 222 Mohrungen, 192 monasteries, see Dissolution Mongke, 128 Mongols, ii, 16-17,20,23, 128-9, 130,

131-6, 138-48, 231, 232, see also biliid al-tatar, Golden Horde, Tatars

Mont-Saint-Michel, abbey of, ll9 Montmartin, fair of, 120 Morava, river, 84, 90, 229 Morea, 224, 230, 231 Mortensen, G., 193 Mortensen, H., 194-5 Mosul, 223 Mozarab, xviii, 53 n. 25 Mubammad, the Prophet (d. 632), 39 Mubammad I, amir of Cordoba (852-

86), 47 Mubammad II, Ottoman sultan, see

Mehemmed II murtadda (pl. murtaddun), 146 Muscovites, 231, 240 Muslims, see Islam Mustafli. II, Ottoman sultan, 242 muta(awwi'a, xviii, 42

N Namurois, the, 106, 112 Naples, kingdom of, 217,222 Napoleon, 122, 209-10, 224, 225 national divisions, problems of, 26-7,

156, 176

nationalism, 26, 27 nationality, concepts of and criteria for,

192-3, 195, see also ethnicity, identity

defined by blood, 165 defined by language, 192-3, 195 defined by territory, 165

Native Americans, 10 Navarino, 222 Navarra, 33, 49 Nelson, Lord, 224 Nemunas, river, 187, 189 Nestorians, 218 Netherlands (Low Countries), 7, 10,

225 Neubourg, Le, ll7 Neustria, 109 'new worlds', concept of, 243-4 Nicephorus I Phocas, Byantine

emperor(963-69), 83,85 Nicephorus III (Botaniates), Byantine

emperor (1078-81), 94 Nicetas Choniates, see Choniates,

Nicetas Nicopolis, 84

battle of (1396), 213 Niculite, 187 Noe, La, abbey of, 117 no-man's land, see wasteland Nogay, khan of the Golden Horde,

237 Nogay Tatars, 242 nomads, characteristics of, 92, 130,

134, 154 raiding by, 63, 83-5 views of, 55, 60, 71, 92, 97-8 see also Kitan, Mongols, Ouzes,

Pechenegs, Qipchaqs, Turks, Turkomans

Nonancourt, 115, 118-19, 120 Normandy, duchy and frontiers of, 16,

23, 26, 110, 112-22, 153, 170 Capetian conquest of (1204), 113,

121 customs of, ll3, 122 English loss of (1449-50), 153, 170 rulers of, see Geoffrey Plantagenet,

Henry I, John, Philip Augustus, Richard the Lionheart, Richard II, Rollo

Normans, 100 n. 12, 105, ll2-22, 160 Normantas, 191 North Africa (Maghrib, Barbary), 215,

217,219,221,222,224

Index 287

North Channel, 176 Northern Han, see Han, Northern Northumberland, 163, 169, 172

earls of(Percies), 169, 171, 172, 173 sheriffs of, 169 'surnames' of, 165

Northumbria, kingdom of, 160, 162 notarios, xviii, 96 Noviodunum, 86, 87, 89, 94, 95 Novo Brdo, 243 Nuflirul, 86, 87, 89, 94

0 Obolensky, D., 82 Occhiali, see Uluj Ali occupation, see colonisation; frontiers,

control of Offa's Dyke, 114 Offaly, 161 Oikonomides, N., 88 oikumene, xviii, 82 Oljeitii, 14 7 On Camp Organisation and Tactics

(Byzantine treatise), 81 On Skirmishing (Byzantine treatise), 81 Oran, 215 Ordenstaat, xviii, see Teutonic Knights;

Prussia, Duchy of Orderic Vitalis, 119 Orkhan, Ottoman sultan (?1324-62),

239 Ormond, earls of, 168 Orthodox Christians, Eastern, 82, 97,

218 Osman ('Ghazi' Osman) (?1299--?1324),

founder of Ottoman dynasty, 228 Ostrogorsky, G., 91, 93, 96 Ostpreussiche Folianten, 188 Otterburn, 161 Ottoman Turks, Ottoman Empire, 19,

21,26, 132,149,213-24,228-44 as Protectors of Holy Places of Islam,

215 emirate of, 149, 228, 229 naval activities of, 214-25

Outremer, see Crusader States Ouzes, 89 Oxus, river, ii, 130

p Pacuiullui Soare, 86-9, 94, 95, 98 Pacy-sur-Eure, ll6 paganism, 187, 195-6 pagus, pagi, xviii, 114

PaJamas, Gregory, archbiship of Thessaloniki, 238--9

Palanga, 186-8, 189 Pale, the, see Ireland, English lordship

of; Maghery; Scotland, English Pale in

Palestine, 128 Pamplona, 33, 49 Papacy, 18, 214, 216, 217, 220-5, see

also Avignon, Rome naval policy of, 221-2 Papal Curia, 218 papal schism (1159--78), 108 Papal States, 218

Paris, 120 Paristrion, see Danube, Lower Parker, Matthew, archbishop of

Canterbury, 171 Paschal II, pope, 209 Passais, the, ll3 Passarowitz, treaty of(l718), 224 passes, see frontiers, defence of Patras, 221 patrikios, xviii, 85 Paul I, tsar of Russia, 225, 227 n. 43 Paul V, pope, 221-2 Paule, Antoine de, Grand Master of the

Order of Stjohn, 223 Pawel 'the Zemaitijan', 193 payments, see subsidies Pays du Droit Coutumier, xviii, 107, 109 Pays du Droit Ecrit, xviii, 107, 109 Pechenegs, 15,84,85,89,91,92,97,

98 leaders of, see Kegen, Tyrach

pelehouses, 174 Perche, counts and county of, ll3, 126

n.53 Percy family, see Northumberland, earls

of Pereyaslavets (Litde Preslav,

Theodoropolis), 84, 86, 87, 89, 95, 101 n. 36

Persia (al-'ajam), 144, 222, 230, 231 Persian Gulf, 143, 230 Peter, tsar of Bulgaria, 83-5 Peter the Great, tsar of Russia, 224 Petrarch, 182 Philip (II) Augustus, king of France

(ll80-1223), ll6, ll7-18, ll9--20, 121

Philip II, king of Spain (1556-98), 218 philotimiai, xviii, 93, 95--6, see also

subsidies

288 Index

Piktupenai, 197 Pilgrimage of Grace (1536-37), 171 piracy, 214, 215-16, 224-5 Plantagenet (Angevin) dynasty, 109-10,

113, see also counts of Anjou; Geoffrey Plantagenet; Henry II, king of England; John, king of England; Richard I, king of England

Plantagenet, Geoffrey, see Geoffrey Plantagenet

Plateliai, 188, 189, 200 Plunge, 196 Podolia, 231 poetry, in frontier regions, 82

Poem of My Cid, 29 n. 33 Pohibel, Bernard, 191 Poitiers, battle of (732), 40 Poitou, 112, see also Marches

Separantes Poland, II, 223, 231, 240, see also

Jagiellionian territories, Polish Ukraine

suzerainty over Prussia, 195 vice-chancellor of, see Krakow, bishop

of war with Prussia (1516-24), 199

Poland-Lithuania, see Jagie1lionian territories

Polotsk, 195 Pont-de-l'Arche, 120 Portugal, Portuguese, 215, 230 Poynings's Parliament, 161 presidio, xviii, 216, 218 Preslav, 88 Preussich Holland, 192 Prevesa, battle of (1538), 215 Protestantism, 154, see Lutheranism;

Reformation; France, Wars of Religion in

Prussia, Duchy of, 17-18, 21, 23, 182-202 passim, see also Teutonic Knights

Dukes of, see Albert, George Frederick

Lutheranism in, 195-8 Prut, river, 84, 87 Pyrenees, 109, 126 n. 54

Q Qalcat al-Riim, 136, 137 Qalcatja'bar, 133, 141 Qal<at Najm, 137, 141

Qalawiin, Mam1uk sultan (1279-90), 146

Qara Sunqur al-Mansiiri, 147 qaraghul, xviii, 140 Qarqisiya, 140 qi4id {pl. ~$tid), xviii, 144 Qaysariyya, 133, 139 Qibjaq al-Mansiiri, 147-8 Qipchaqs, xviii, 130, 146 Quittebeuf, 117-18 Qutuz, Mamluk sultan, 131, 138

R Radvila, Nicholas, 198 Ragnit, 186, 192, 194, 196, 199

commandery of, 191 raiding, 17, 23, 38, 63, 67, 71, 72,83-

5, 91, 117, 126 n. 54, 132, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140 n. 36, 141, 148, 163, 165, 172, 174, 183, 189-90, 215-16, 234, 239, see also piracy

prevention of, 23, 65, 72, 83, 92 purpose of, 91, Ill, 139

Raqqa, see al-Raqqa Rashid al-Dan (d. 1318), 141 Rastenbach, Jorgelle, 193 Ratzel, F., 2 razzia, 215-16, 224 Reconquista, xix, 8, 14, 32, 34, 38, 40,

42-43, see also colonisation,frontera, repoblacion

Red Sea, 130, 143, 230 Redesdale, 161, 165, 171, 174 Reformation, the, 122, 170,183-5,217 refugees, 188, 198 refugium, xix, 242 regnum, concept of, 5 Reims, ecclesiastical province of, 108 reive, reivers, reiving, xix, 165, 174, see

also 'surnames', as thieves religious conversion, 48, 98, 131, 143,

147, 233, 243, see also missionary activity

renovatio imperii, xix, 2 4 2 repoblacion, xix, 38, 43-5, see also

colonisation, Reconquista Reyes Cat6licos (Ferdinand III of

Aragon, Isabella I of Castile), 32 Rhein (Prussia), 190 'rhetoric of difference', 23, 121 Rhine, river, ii Rhodes, 18-19, 210-16, 224, 230 Rhodope mountains, 84

Index 289

Rhomaios, xix, 82 Rhone, river, 106-9 Rhys ap Thomas, Sir, 168 ribdt, xix, 41 Richard II, duke of Normandy (996-

1026), ll2-13 Richard the Lionheart, king of

England (Richard I, 1189--99), duke of Normandy (1189-99), 117-18

Riga, 195 archbishop of, 203 n. 19

Rigord, 119 rivers, as frontiers, see Danube;

Euphrates; 'Four Rivers', the; frontiers, delineation and demarcation of; frontiers, 'natural'

Robert II, king of France (996-1031), 108

Roche, Guy de Ia, 116 Roche-Guyon, La, 116, 120 Rojas, Martin de, vice-chancellor of

Knights of StJohn, 218 Rollo, first Norman ruler, 112 Roman empire, 5, 240, see also

Byzantium, limes Roman law, 109, see also Pays du Droit

Ecrit Romania, 26 Romanus III, Byzantine emperor

(1028-34), 94 Roman us IV, Byzantine emperor

(1068-71), 94 Rome, 210, 219, see also Papacy, Roman

empire Rosny-sur-Seine, 120 Rouen, archbishop of, 118

diocese of, 113, 119 ducal court at, 120 ecclesiastical province of, 113, 122

Rul;!a, see al-Ruha Rum, Seljuk sultanate of, xix, 130, 139,

141,145,232,236,237,238 Rumeli, xix, 228, 229, 239, 240-1,

243 Rus, 85, 182, see also Lithuanian Rus',

Russia Rusne, 189 Russia (Muscovy), 7, 192,224,225,

231, see also Rus', Kiev, Lithuanian Rus'

frontiers of, 153 Russian Primary Chronicle, 85-6

s Sacred Congregation to Promote the

Faith, 222 Sadler, Sir Ralph, 173 Safad, 132 Safavids (Persia), 214, 230 Saggart, 164 St Elmo (Malta), 222 StJohn, Order of Knights of (Knights

Hospitaller), 18, 209--27 Chancery of, 224 Chapter-General of, 210, 214, 219,

221, 223 Council of, 220 Grand Master of, 210, 224, see also

Aubusson, Pierre d'; Fernandez Heredia, Juan; Hompesch, Ferdinand de; La Cassiere; L'IsleAdam, Philippe; Paul I, tsar of Russia; Paule, Antoine de; Vallette, Jean de Ia; Verdala

Langues (Nations) of, 210, 216 officials of, 210 Treasury of, 224

St Paul's (Malta), 222 Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, treaty of (?911),

112 Saint-Denis, abbey of, 119, see also

Rigord, Suger Samuel, tsar of Bulgaria, 88 Sanchez-Albornoz, C., 37, 38, 40, 43-4 Sangarius, river, 231 Santaver, 50 Saone, river, 106, 107 Saracens, see Islam Sarajevo, 243 Sarakinopoulos, Leo, strategos of

Dristra, 86-8 Sarthe, river, 114, 120 Sariij, 133, 137, 141 Saxons, 12

Saxon (Ottonian) kings of Germany, ll6

Scandinavia, II Scheidt (Escaut), river, 106, 107 Schultz, Andreas, 188 Scotland, kingdom of, 26, 153, 155, see

also Anglo-Scottish border, AngloScottish wars

after 1603, 176 attempted English conquest of, 160,

163 English Pale in (1548-50), 160, 174

290 Index

sea frontier, see frontiers, sea Sees, diocese of, 113 Seine, river, 117, 120 sejm (Polish parliament), xix, 189 Selim I, Ottoman sultan (1512-20), 230 Seljuks, Seljuqs, see Rum, Seljuk

sultanate of Serbia, 84, 90, 93, 228 serl)o,dd al-man#lra, xix, 240 setdement, see colonisation; frontiers of

setdement Seyyid cAli Sultan, 239 Shafi cibn cAli (d. 1330), 135 Shanyuan, treaty of (1005), 72 shari'a, xx, 242 Shatuo Turks, 60, 74 Shi Jingtang, 68, 69 shire administration, 155, 170 Shuowen,xx,57 Sicily,217,220,221,222 Sidon, 223 Siffin, 142 Sigismund, king of Poland, Grand

Duke of Lithuania, 187, 188, 189, 198,200

Silale, 196 Silistra (Silistre), 84, 85, 229 Siluva, 196 Sirmium, 88 Sirvinta, 198 Sisinios, strategos of Pereyslavets, 88 Sixteen Prefectures (China), 69, 70, 78

n.33 Sixtus V, pope, 218, 220 Skalvians, 192 Skylitzes, John, 90, 94 slavery, 215, see also mamliill (as

institution) Slavonic-German frontier, 157 Slovakia, 84, 231 smuggling, 189-90 Smyrna, 213 Sofia,84,229 Song (Northern) dynasty (960-1126),

59,71,72,74 Souda, the, 81, 97 South China Sea, ii, 130 Spain, 8, 10, 11,211, 170,219, see al

Andalus, Iberian peninsula rulers of, 170, 215, see Charles V,

Habsburg dynasty, Philip II, Reyes Catolicos

Srebrnica, 243

Star Chamber, 169 starosta, xx state formation, 22, 153, 176 Steinford, 199 Stephen (of Blois), king of England

(1135-54), duke of Normandy (1135-44), 114

steppes, 10, 154, 237, see also nomads origins of steppe peoples, 129-31,

134, 146-7, 240 strategos, xx, 86-8 subsidies, 15, 93-5, see also philotimiai Suger, abbot ofSaint-Denis, 119 Sulayman Banii Di 1-Niin, 50 Siileyman (Siileyman) I 'the

Magnificent', Ottoman sultan (1520-66), 214-16, 230-1

Sun Fangjian, 67 'surnames', northern, xx, 164-6, 168-9,

171, see also Northumberland, 'surnames' of

as thieves, 165-6, 169, 171, 173-4 l!_uzerainty, see Poland Sveksna, 191, 196 Sventa, 191 Sventoji, 187, 201 Svyatoslav Igorevich (d. 972), prince of

Kiev, 85 Symeon, tsar of Bulgaria, 83, 100 synoros, xx, 81, 82 Syrm, 17,23,128-9,131-43,141-2,

145, 147-8, 230, 234, 235, see also Crusader States, Mamluk Sultanate

~yrm, 'lock of', 135 Sysa, river, 199 Szauken-John (Soucken Erbe), 193

T Tabghach (Tuoba, T'o-pa), 237 Taifa kingdoms, 51 Taiyuan Jin, see Jin, Taiyuan Tall Bashir, 137, 138 Tall.lllmdiin, 137, 136 Tallaght, 164 Talwisch, Nicholas, 198 Tang dynasty (618-907), 59-60, 64, 73

treaties with Tibetans, 62, 64, 72, 73 Tang, Later (923-36), 67-8, 71 Tang, Southern (937-76), 71 Tang-Song transition, 59-60 Tatars (Tartars), 7, see Mongols Taurage, 196 Taurus mountains, 46, 132, 229, 236

Index 291

Tautkus, 191 taxation, 40, 45, 47, 58-9, 63, 65, 69,

96 Templars (Order of Knights Templar),

209, 210, 211 'tenant right', 164, 175, see also

frontiers and military service termasi, xx, 81 Teutonic Order (Teutonic Knights), 7,

182-5, 190-2, 195-6, 199-200, 201

commanderies of, see Memel, Ragnit, Tilsit

lands of (Ordenstaat), see Prussia, Duchy of

secularisation of (1525), 183-5 thagr, thaghr (pl. thugiP, thughii:r), xx, 8,

38-9, 40, 45-7, 49, 51, 99 n. 7, 229,235-6,242,244

thugii.r al-Andalus, 40, 41, 47, see Iberian Peninsula, ChristianMuslim frontier in

thugii:r al-muslimin (frontiers of the Muslims), 39

Theodoropolis, see Peryaslavets Thessalonica (Thessaloniki), 84, 229 Thessaly, 239 thieves, see 'surnames' Thirteen Years' War (1454-66), 183 Thomas, Sir Rhys ap, see Rhys ap

Thomas, Sir Thouars, 112 Thrace,84,88,91,97,239 thughii:r, thug-ur, see thagr Tibet, 130 Tibetans, see Tang dynasty, treaties

with Tibetans Tigris, river, ii, 133, 135 Tilsit, 186, 190, 192, 197, 199

captain of, 187 commandery of, 199

Timur (Tamberlane), 213 TirkSiiai, 196 tivun, xx Tlemcen, 215 Toledo, 33, 47

Don Garcia of, see Garcia of Toledo, Don

tolls, tollhouses, 111, 120, 188, 189 T'o-pa, see Tabghach Torigny, Robert of, abbot Mont-Saint

Michel, 119 Tornikios, Leo, 92

Tortyt~wicz, Jan (jonas Tortilavilius), of Silale, 196

Toulouse, counts of, 107, 110 Tours, ecclesiastical province of, 113 towerhouses, 163, 174, see also

pelehouses towns, foundation of, 239, 243 trade, 20, 62, 64, 65-6, 72, 86, 95-6,

120-1, 143 control of, 65-6 effect of war on, 189-90 embargoes, 188-9 in militarily important items, 143

trade agreements, 85 treaties, 14, 22, 23, 49-50, 62, 64, 72,

73, 74,85,92, 134,148,169,174, see also Edinburgh, Goulet (Le), Karlowitz, Louviers, Melno, Passarowitz, Saint-Ciair-sur-Epte, Shanyuan, Verdun, York

Trebizond, 230 Trennungsgrenzen, see frontiers 'of

separation' Trent, Council of, 218, 225 Trier, ecclesiastical province of, 108 Tripoli (Lebanon), 132, 133, 223 Tripoli (Libya), 215, 216, 221 Troyes, county of, 111-12 Tudor dynasty, 17, 19, 21, 25, 153-76

passim, see England, kingdom of; Henry VII; Henry VIII; Elizabeth I

Welsh and Irish views of, 170 Tujibids, 49, 51 Tunis, 211, 218 Tiibausiai, 193-4 Tuoba, see Tabghach Turcomans, see Turkomans Turkey, 135, 139, 236, 241, see also

Anatolia, Rum Turkomans, xx, 138, 142, 145, 228,

230,231,241 Turks, 129-31, 146, 235, 239, 241, see

also Mamluks, Ottoman Turks, Ouzes, Pechenegs, Qipchaqs, Shatuo Turks

Turner, F. J., 9, 11, 28 n. 36, 35, 38, 233, 244, see also frontiers of settlement; frontiers, North American concepts of

Tuscans, 223 Tuscany, Grand Duke of, 220, 222 tutejszy, xx, 191

292 Index

Tweed-Solway line, 160 Tyne, river, 163 Tynedale, 165, 174 Tyrach (Pecheneg leader), 92 Tyre, William of, 90

u uj,xx,8,229,233-4,239-40,242,243,

see also thagr; frontiers, expanding uj-begi, xx, 239-40, 243 ukraijina, 7 Ukraine, 7, 28 n. 29, 231 Ukraine, Polish, 187 ulewui., XX, 238 Ulster, 157 Uluj Ali (Occhiali, Kilij Ali), Ottoman

admiral, 219 Umayyad caliphate, caliphs (Iberian

Peninsula, 755-1031), 39, 40, 41-2,47-51

United States of America, 236, 243, see also Native Americans; frontiers, North American concepts of

Urban VIII, pope, 221, 223 Ustava na vololei (Lithuanian Hide

Decree, 1557), 187

v Vainutas, 190 Val d'Aran (Pyrenees), 109 Valletta, 222 Vallette, Jean de Ia, Grand Master of

the Order of StJohn, 214 Valois dynasty, kings of France, 6, 107-

8 dukes of Burgundy, 107-8

Valona, 215 Varna, 87 Vascones, see Basques Vauban, marquis de, 119 Vaudreuil, 117 Veliuona, 186, 196 Venice, Venetians, 211, 213, 214, 215-

16,218,219,223,224,231 Verdala, Grand Master of the Order of

Stjohn, 219,221 Verdun, treaty of (843), 106 Vernon, 116

lords of, 120 Vexin, French, 113, 116, 121 Vexin, Norman, 116, 121 Via Egnatia, 239 ViekSniai, 196

Vienna, first siege of (1529), 230 second siege of (1683), 223, 231, 240

Vienne, Council of (1311), 211 Vilkomir and AnykS<'iai, tivun of, 197 Vilnius, 197, 200 Virbalis, 194, 196, 198 Visigoths, 42, 43, 47, 48 Visitatio Liminum, xx, 218 Viterbo, 216 Volga, river, ii, 231 Volovich, Grigory Bogdanovich, 190 Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania,

183

w wafidiyya, xx, 14 7, see also frontiers,

migration and frontier crossing wale[, see wuqiif Waldron, A., 55 Wales, 10, 11-12, 17, 26, 155-7, 168,

170, 176, see also Welsh Marshes wall-building, 55, 64, 240 Wang Jizhong, 72, 73, 74 Wang Yanqiu, 64 war (in general), see frontiers, defence

of; raiding wasteland, 10, 23, 24, 37-8, 64, 69, 90,

91-2, 142, 161, see also fasaghe; frontiers, defence of; frontiers of setdement; Wildnis, the

Wattanids, 215 Welsh Marches, 8, 156-7, 163, 170

abolition of, 163, 170 comparison with Slavonic-German

frontier, 157 'Englishries' and 'Welshries', 157 historiography of, 176 law of, 156

Werner, K. F., 105 West Marches, the, 163 Westmorland, 163

earl of, 168 Whittaker, C. R., 52 n. 3 Wignacourt, Alof de, Grand Master of

the Order of StJohn, 221-2 Wildnis, the, 186, 190, 192-3 Wittek, P. (1894-1978), 19, 25, 232-3,

234-40,241,244 The Rise of the Ottoman Empire (1938),

238 Wolski, Nicholas, 207 World War I, 241 World War II, 192

Index 293

Woynowski, Petrus, captain of Graudenz, 198

wuqiif, xxi, 41-2, 243 y Yahya of Antioch, 86 yam, 136 Yangzi, river, ii yasa, xxi, 146 Yellow River (Huanghe, Hwang-ho), ii,

56, 61, 62, 70, 130 York, treaty of (1237), 160, 162 Yorkists, 167 Yorkshire, 163 Youzhou,56,61,62,63,65 68 69 70

73,75 • • • •

z Zadar, 93 Zaragoza, 33, 49

~ayanids, 215 Zemaitija (Samaiten, Zmudz), 182-202

passim bishop of, 203 n. 19, see also

Giedroyt, Melchior diocese of, 195-6 lord-lieutenant of, 191, 198, 199, see

also K~sgaila Lutheranism in, 195-8

Zhao Dejun, 62, 63, 64-6, 68-9 Zhou (c. 1050-249 BC), 57, 58 Zhou, Later (951-59), 71 Zhou Shizong (954-59), 71 Zizhi tongjian (1084), 74 Zonaras, 98 Zusammensgrenzen, see frontiers, • 'converging' Zygimantas, Grand Duke of Lithuania

(d. 1440), 183