Select Bibliography General CARSTEN, F. L. The Rise of Fascism. Berkeley: University of Cali- fornia, 1967. DE FELICE, RENZO. Le interpretazioni del fascismo. Bari: Laterza, 1969. LAQUEUR, WALTER, and GEoRGE L. MossE (eds.). International Fas- cism, 1920-1945 ("Journal of Contemporary History," No. 1). New York: Harper & Row, 1966. LIPSET, SEYMOUR M. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Garden City: Doubleday, 1960. NoLTE, ERNST. Die faschistischen Bewegungen: Die Krise des liber- alen Systems und die Entwicklung der Faschismen. Munich: Deut- scher T aschenbuch-Verlag, 1966. ---. Theorien uber den Faschismus. Cologne: Verlag Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1967. ---. Three Faces of Fascism: Action Fran9aise, Italian Fascism, National Socialism. Trans. from German by Leila Vennewitz. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1966. RoGGER, HANS, and EuGEN WEBER (eds.). The European Right: A Historical Profile. Berkeley: University of California, 1965. WEBER, EuGEN. Varieties of Fascism. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1964. WEiss, joHN. The Fascist Tradition: Radical Right-wing Extremism in Modern Europe. New York: Harper & Row, 1967. WooLF, STUART J. (ed.). European Fascism. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968. Italy ALATRI, PAOLO. Le origini del fascismo. Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1956. AQUARONE, ALBERTO. L'organizzazione dello stato totalitario. Turin: Einaudi, 1965. BAER, GEoRGE W. The Coming of the Italian-Etbiopian War. Cam- bridge: Harvard University, 1967. BINCHY, DANIEL A. Church and State in Fascist Italy. London: Oxford University, 1941.
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Select Bibliography
General
CARSTEN, F. L. The Rise of Fascism. Berkeley: University of California, 1967.
DE FELICE, RENZO. Le interpretazioni del fascismo. Bari: Laterza, 1969.
LAQUEUR, WALTER, and GEoRGE L. MossE (eds.). International Fascism, 1920-1945 ("Journal of Contemporary History," No. 1). New York: Harper & Row, 1966.
LIPSET, SEYMOUR M. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Garden City: Doubleday, 1960.
NoLTE, ERNST. Die faschistischen Bewegungen: Die Krise des liberalen Systems und die Entwicklung der Faschismen. Munich: Deutscher T aschenbuch-Verlag, 1966.
---. Three Faces of Fascism: Action Fran9aise, Italian Fascism, National Socialism. Trans. from German by Leila Vennewitz. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1966.
RoGGER, HANS, and EuGEN WEBER (eds.). The European Right: A Historical Profile. Berkeley: University of California, 1965.
WEBER, EuGEN. Varieties of Fascism. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1964.
WEiss, joHN. The Fascist Tradition: Radical Right-wing Extremism in Modern Europe. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
WooLF, STUART J. (ed.). European Fascism. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968.
Italy
ALATRI, PAOLO. Le origini del fascismo. Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1956. AQUARONE, ALBERTO. L'organizzazione dello stato totalitario. Turin:
Einaudi, 1965. BAER, GEoRGE W. The Coming of the Italian-Etbiopian War. Cam
bridge: Harvard University, 1967. BINCHY, DANIEL A. Church and State in Fascist Italy. London: Oxford
University, 1941.
352 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
BoTTAI, GIUsEPPE. Vent'anni e un giorno, 24 luglio 1943. Milan: Garzanti, 1949.
CASSELS, ALAN. Fascist Italy. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1968. ---. Mussolini's Early Diplomacy. Princeton: Princeton University,
1970. CAsuccr, CosTANZO (ed.). ll Fascismo: Antologia di scritti critici.
Bologna: 11 Mulino, 1961. CHABOD, FEDERICO. A History of Italian Fascism. Trans. from Italian
by Muriel Grindrod. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1963. CHiuRco, GIORGIO A. Storia della rivoluzione fascista. 5 vols. Florence:
Vallecchi, 1929. CIANO, GALEAzzo. The Ciano Diaries, 1939-1943. Ed. by Hugh Gibson.
Garden City: Doubleday, 1946. --.Diary, 1937-1938. Ed. by Andreas Mayor. London: Methuen,
1952. CLOuGH, SHEPARD B. The Economic History of Modern Italy. New
York: Columbia University, 1964. --- and SALVATORE SALADINO. A History of Modern Italy: Docu
ments, Reading and Commentary. New York: Columbia University, 1968.
DEAKIN, F. W. The Brutal Friendship: Mussolini, Hitler and the Fall of Italian Fascism. New York: Harper & Row, 1962. Rev. ed., 2 vols. New York: Doubleday Anchor, 1966.
DE FELICE, RENZO. Mussolini il rivoluzionario, 1883-1920. Turin: Einaudi, 1965.
---. Mussolini il fascista: Parte 1: La conquista del potere, 1921-1925. Turin: Einaudi, 1966.
---. Mussolini il fascista: Parte II: L'organizzazione dello stato fascista, 1925-29. Turin: Einaudi, 1969.
---. Storia degli ebrei italiani sotto il fascismo. Turin: Einaudi, 1961.
DEL GIUDICE, MAURo. Cronistoria del processo Matteotti. Palermo, 1954.
DELZELL, CHARLES F. Mussolini's Enemies: The Italian Anti-Fascist Resistance. Princeton: Princeton University, 1961. Reprinted, New York: Howard Fertig, 1971. Rev. Italian version, I nemici di Mussolini. Turin: Einaudi, 1966.
Dr NoLFo, ENNIO. Mussolini e Ia politica estera italiana, 1919-1933. Padua, 1960.
DoRsa, Gumo. Mussolini alia conquista del potere. Milan: Mondadori, 1961.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 353
EINAUDI, MARIO. "Fascism," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1968), V, 334-341.
Fascismo e antifascismo (1918-1948): Lezioni e testimonianze. 2 vols. Milan: F eltrinelli, 196 3.
FERMI, LAURA. Mussolini. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1961. FINER, HERMAN. Mussolini's Italy. London: Gollancz, 1935. Reprinted,
New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1965. GARoscr, ALDo. Storia dei fuorusciti. Bari: Laterza, 1953. GERMINo, DANTE L. The Italian Fascist Party in Power: A Study in
Totalitarian Rule. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1959. HALPERIN, S. WILLIAM. Mussolini and Italian Fascism. Princeton:
D. Van Nostrand, 1964. HuGHES, H. STUART. The United States and Italy. 2d rev. ed. Cam
bridge: Harvard University, 196 5. jEMOLO, ARTURO CARLO. Chiesa e Stato in Italia dalla unificazione a
Giovanni XXIII. Turin: Einaudi, 1965. KIRKPATRICK, lvoNE. Mussolini: A Study in Power. New York: Haw
thorn, 1964. MAcK SMITH, DENIS. Italy: A Modern History. New ed. revised and
enlarged. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1969. MEGARO, GAUDENS. Mussolini in the Making. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 1938. Reprinted, New York: Howard Fertig, 1967. MINIO-PALUELLO, LoRENzo. Education in Fascist Italy. London: Ox
ford University, 1946. MoNELLI, PAoLO. Mussolini: An Intimate Life. Trans. from Italian.
London, 1953. MussoLINI, BENITO. Opera Omnia di Benito Mussolini. Ed. by Edoardo
and Duilio Susmel. 35 vols. Florence: La Fenice, 1951-62. PERTICONE, GIACOMO. La politica italiana nell'ultimo trentennio. 3 vols.
Rome: Edizioni Leonardo, 1945. PINI, GIORGIO, and Duiuo SusMEL. Mussolini: L'uomo e l'opera. 4 vols.
2d ed. Florence: La Fenice, 1957-58. RosENGARTEN, FRANK. The Italian Anti-Fascist Press, 1919-1945. Cleve
trine et en fait. Paris: Librarie Universitaire J. Gamber, 1934. Rossi, ERNESTO. I padroni del vapore. Bari: Laterza, 1955. SAITTA, ARMANDO. Dal Fascismo alla resistenza: Profilo storico e docu
menti. Florence: La Nuova ltalia, 1961. SALVATORELLI, LuiGI, and GIOVANNI MIRA. Storia d'ltalia nel periodo
fascista. 4th ed. Turin: Einaudi, 1962. Original edition, Storia del Fascismo: L'ltalia dal1919 al1945. Rome: Novissima, 1952.
SALVEMINI, GAETANO. Under the Axe of Fascism. New York: Viking, 1936.
354 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
ScHMIDT, CARL T. The Corporate State in Action: Italy under Fascism. New York: Columbia University, 1939.
ScHNEIDER, HERBERT W. Making the Fascist State. New York: Oxford University, 1928.
SETON-WATSON, CHRISTOPHER. Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870-1925. London: Methuen, 1967.
TAMARO, ATTILIO. Due anni di storia, 1943-1945. Rome: Tosi, 1949. TAscA, ANGELO. Nascita e avvento del fascismo: L'Italia dal 1918 al
1922. Florence: La Nuova ltalia, 1950. Original English edition under pseudonym, A. Rossi, The Rise of Italian Fascism, 1918-1922. London: Methuen, 1938. Reprinted, New York: Howard Fertig, 1966.
VIVARELLI, RoBERTO. II dopoguerra in ltalia e l'avvento del fascismo (1918-1922). Vol. 1: Dalla fine della guerra all'impresa di Fiume. Naples: Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Storici, 1967.
WEBSTER, RICHARD A. The Cross and the Fasces: Christian Democracy and Fascism in Italy. Stanford: Stanford University, 1960.
WELK, WILLIAM G. Fascist Economic Policy: An Analysis of Italy's Economic Experiment. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1938.
WisKEMANN, ELIZABETH. The Rome-Berlin Axis: A History of the Relations between Hitler and Mussolini. London: Oxford University, 1949.
Spain
APARICIO, juAN (ed.). Antologfa: La conquista del estado. Barcelona: Ediciones F. E., 1939.
ARRARAs, joAQUIN ( ed.). Historia de la Cruzada espanola. 8 vols. Madrid, 1939-43.
ARRESE, JosE: Lms DE. Escritos y discursos. Madrid: Vicesecretaria de Educaci6n Popular, 1943.
CARR, RAYMOND. Spain, 1808-1939. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966. DETWILER, DoNALD S. Hitter, Franco und Gibraltar: Die Frage des
spanischen Eintritts in den Zweiten W eltkrieg. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1962.
Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945. Series D (Germany and the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939). Washington: Department of State, 1950ff.
DoussrNAGUE, JosE: MARIA. Espana tenia raz6n (1939-1945). Madrid, 1950.
Falange espanola tradicionalista y de las Juntas ofensivas nacionalsindicalistas, Vicesecretaria de Educaci6n Popular. Fundamentos del Nuevo Estado. Madrid: Ediciones de la Vicesecretaria de Educaci6n Popular, 1943.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 355
FEIS, HERBERT. The Spanish Story: Franco and the Nations at War. New York: Knopf, 1948.
FERNANDEZ CuESTA, RAIMUNDO. Intemperie, victoria y servicio: Discursos y escritos. Madrid: Ediciones del Movimiento, 1951.
FRAGoso DELToRo, VICTOR. La Espana de ayer: Recopilaci6n de textos hist6rico-politicos. 2 vols. Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1965.
jACKSoN, GABRIEL. Historian's Quest: A Twenty-Year Journey into the Spanish Mind. New York: Knopf, 1969.
--.The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939. Princeton: Princeton University, 1965.
[LEDESMA RAMos, RAMIRo.] ;,Fascismo en Espana? (Sus origines, su desarrollo, sus hombres), by Roberto Lanzas [pseud.]. Madrid: Ediciones "La Conquista del Estado," 1935.
LIVERMORE, HARoLD. A History of Spain. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1958.
LLOYD, ALAN. Franco. Garden City: Doubleday, 1969. MARTIN, CLAUDE. Franco, soldat et Chef d'Etat. Paris, 1959. NELLESSEN, BERND. Die V erbotene Revolution: Aufstieg und Nieder
gang der Falange. Hamburg: Leibniz, 1963. PAYNE, STANLEY G. The Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism. Stan
ford: Stanford University, 1961. ---. "Falangism," in International Encyclopedia of the Social
Sciences (1968), V, 288-292. ---.Franco's Spain. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1967. ---. Politics and the Military in Modern Spain. Stanford: Stanford
University, 1967. PRIMO DE RIVERA, Jos:E ANTONIO. Obras completas. Compiled and edited
by Augustin del Rio Cisneros and Enrique Conde Gargollo. Madrid: "Diana," 1942.
---. Textos ineditos y epistolario. Madrid: Ediciones del Movimiento, 1956.
Puzzo, DANTE A. Spain and the Great Powers, 1936-1941. New York: Columbia University, 1962.
Bianchi, Michele, 6, 7, 40, 44 Bill of Rights, 256 Birth control, 255 Birth rate, Mussolini on, 134 Bissolati, Leonida, 4 Blanqui, Louis Auguste, 23 Blackshirts. See Squadristi Blue Shirt Militia (Spain), 279, 287. See
also Falange Espanola Bolshevism, 8, 96, 105, 205, 292 Bonomi, lvanoe, 4, 26, 37, 221, 230, 234 Borgese, Giuseppe A., 148 Bottai, Giuseppe, 148, 177, 221 Bourbon dynasty, 258
monarchy (Spain), overthrow of, xiv Boy Scouts. See Catholic Boy Scouts Brazil, 331 Britain, 195-197, 207, 220, 228-229, 326,
347,349 Bulgaria, 48, 185
Caballero, Francisco Largo, 283 Caetano, Marcello, 350 Calendar, revolutionary fascist, 148 Capitalism, 275 Capo del Governo. See Head of the
Government Cardinal's Mistress, The (Mussolini), 3 Carlos Hugo de Bourbon Parma, 330 Carmona, Antonio 6scar de Fragoso,
332 Casti Connubi (Pius XI), 134 Catholic Action (Spain), 328. See also
Azione Cattolica Italiana Catholic Boy Scouts, 156 Catholic Church, xii, 27
and Fascist state, 156-173 Jonsistas' view of, 258 and marriage, 163 participation in Italian politics, 1 Portuguese Constitution on, 342-343 and religious education, 163-164, 347 in Spain, 312
Catholicism, 24, 25, 49, 105, 270-271 Catholic Popular Party, 2, 37, 55, 156 Caudillo. See Franco, Francisco Cavour, Camillo Benso di, 1 CEDA (Spanish Confederation of Au-
tonomous Rightist Groups), 258 Central Bureau of Statistics, 123 Central Committee of Corporations, 128 Chamber of Deputies, 52, 128-129, 165 Chamber of Fasces and of Corporations,
128, 129-132 Chamberlain, Neville, 207
358
Charter of Labor. See Labor Charter Cheka, Mussolini on, 57, 58 Church and State, 28, 156--173. See also
Salazar on, 335 Clergy. See Ecclesiastics Coburg-Braganza, House of, 331 Collar of the Annunciation, 173 Collective bargaining, 255 Colonization and colonialism, 20, 31, 349 Committee of National Liberation for
Upper Italy (CLNAI), 252-254 Committees of National Liberation, 229,
230,242,252,254,256 Communism, xi, 335 Communist Manifesto, 101 Communists
Italian, 3, 52 Portuguese, 346 Spanish, 283
Communion Tradicionalista, 258 Confindustria, 108--109 Conquista del Estado, La, 257 Constituent Assembly, 256 Constitution for the Italian Republic
(1948), 256 Corporations, 29, 126-128, 335 Corporative State, 107-108, 255 Corriere della Sera (Milan), 53 Cortes (Spanish national assembly), 328 Countermanifesto (Croce), 90 Courts. See Labor Courts; Supreme
Constitutional Court Critica, La (edited by Croce), 90 Croce, Benedetto, xvii, 90 Cuesta, Raimundo Fernandez, 279, 286,
303, 312, 315 Currency, Italian, devaluation and re
valuation of, 136 Czechoslovakia, 207
Dalser, Ida Irene (mistress of MussoHni), 5
D'Annunzio, Gabriele, 1, 2-3, 22, 108, 146
DeAmbris, Alceste, 7n, 108 DeBono, Emilio, 27, 40, 199 Decalogues. See Fascist Decalogues De Gasperi, Alcide, 156 De la Tour du Pin, Rene, 332 Del Noce, Augusto, xviii Delgado, Humbero da Silva, 349 Democracy, 100-101 De Mun, Albert, 332
Depression, the, xi, 136 De Ruggiero, Guido, 90 De Sanctis, Gaetano, 147 De' Stefani, Alberto, 133
INDEX
De Vecchi, Cesare Maria, 27, 40, 55 Dictatorship, safeguards against, 256 Difesa della razza (Defense of the
Race), 173 Divenire Sociale (Leone), 97 Doenitz, Karl, 349 Dole, the (Italian), 137 Dollfuss, Engelbert, 190 Donati, Giuseppe, 64 Don Juan de Borbon y Borbon, Prince,
330 Duce, II. See Mussolini
East Africa, 199, 220 Ecclesiastics, 158-159, 161-162 Economy
Italian, 136-138 Portuguese Constitution on, 341-342
Eden, Anthony, 195, 199, 219n Education, 125-126
elementary, 146 Falange view of, 277 Portuguese Constitution on, 342
Edward VIII, King of England, 201 Einaudi, Luigi, 90 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 224, 225 El Fascio, 259 Employment Bureaus, 124-125 Enciclopedia ltaliana, 91 Eritrea, 199 Esploratori Cattolici. See Catholic Boy
Scouts Estado Novo (Portuguese New State),
337, 346 Ethiopia, conquering of by Italy, 199-
200 Ethiopian War (193 5) , economic con-
sequences of, 137-138
"Face to the Sun" (Marti), 279 Facta, Luigi, 37, 40, 44 Faculty of Political Science (Perugia),
146 Falange Espanola, xiv
and the Army, 280-282 basic points of, 267-271 founding of, 259-266 German and Italian policy toward,
287-289 loss of power in Franco's regime, 327,
328-329 and Requetes, 311-312 role of women in, 311 statutes revised (1939), 296-303 taken over by Franco, 296
INDEX
Falange Espanola (Cont.) troops sent to Russia, 327 Twenty-Six Point Program of (1937),
273-277 Falange Espanola de las Juntas de
Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, 271
Falange Espanola Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva NacionalSindicalista (FET y de las JONS), 293
Falangist Oath, 272 Family, the, Portuguese Constitution on,
340 Farinacci, Roberto, 56, 61, 80, 173, 234 Fasci, xiii Fasci di Combattimento, 4, 11, 13, 77-79,
82-90 Fasci Giovanile di Combattimento, 78--
81, 83 Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, 97 Fascia, 7 Fascism, xi
appeal of, in Italy, xii attitude toward Catholic Church, 24
class in society, 23-24 Communists, 23-24 divorce, 24 Socialists, 2 3
birth of, 1ff. Catholic view of, xviii Communist view of, xvii democratic-radical view of, xvii end of, in Italy, 255 explanation of, 91-106 and Jews, 173-186 liberal-conservative view of, xvii and naziism, 202-203 as "universal phenomenon," 186-190
Fascist Crimes, purge law on, 230-234 Fascist Decalogues, 145-146 Fascist dictatorship, resistance to, xiii.
See also Resistance forces Fascist electoral law (1928), 70--74 Fascist Grand Council, 52, 69, 74-77,
177, 198, 221-222 Fascist March on Rome, xiii, 7, 44, 45 Fascist Revolutionary Party, 96 Fascist School Charter, 148-155 Fascists, and Catholic Action (Azione
Cattolica Italiana), 172 conquest of power, 44 contrasted to Socialists, 11 defeat and punishment of, 252-253 dismantle some police, 251-252 educational goals of, 148-155 election to Chamber of Deputies, 21 gains of, 17 power, redistribution of, 62-64
359
Fascists, and Catholic Action (Cont.) program of, 12-13 terrorism by, 17, 25, 37 and working class, xiii and youth, xiii S.Pe also National Fascist Party
Fascist State, 95-96 Fascist University (Bologna), 146 Fascist University Groups (GUF), 143,
148, 149, 166 Federzoni, Luigi, xvii Ferrero, Guglielmo, 90 Fiat, socialization of, 251 Florence, liberation of, by Allies, 243 Four-Power Pact, 186 France
Mussolini and, 185, 187, 207 Third Republic, fall of, xv, 347
Franco, Francisco and Allies, 327-328 and Army uprising, 283 chooses successor, 329-330 and Falange, xiv, 282 German and Italian policy toward,
287-289 and Hitler, 318, 322 and Mussolini, 321 and Salazar, 327 sends troops to aid Germans in Russia,
327 on unification of forces, 289-295 wins Spanish Civil War, 314-315
Fran co-Italian armistice (1940), 215 Freedom
Falange view of, 270, 274 Portuguese Constitution on, 339-340 restrictions on, 314--315, 317-318
Friedrich, Carl, xviii Fromm, Erich, xviii "Fuero de los Espaii.oles" (Spanish bill
of rights), 328 Fiibrer. See Hitler, Adolf Futurists and Futurism, 7, 14, 102
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 102 Gasparri, Pietro, 156 Gazzetta Ufficiale, 69, 72, 112, 115 General Confederation of Fascist Cor-
porations, 108--109 General Confederation of Italian In
dustry. See Confindustria General Confederation of Labor
(Italy), 14 General Confederation of Labor (Por
tugal), 346 Gentile, Giovanni, 90, 146 German-Spanish Treaty of Friendship
Hedilla, Manuel, 287, 296 Hegel, Georg F. W., xiv Heimwehr (Home Defense Units), 185 High Council of the Magistracy, 256 Hitler, Adolf, xi, 186, 199, 202, 207-208,
210-211, 212, 326-328 aids Spanish rebels, 283 death of, 349 and Franco, 318-322,326-328 origins of, xvi
Hitler-Mussolini Conference (1940), 323-326
Hoare, Samuel, 199 Hoare-Laval pact, 199 Holy See, 156-164. See also Catholic
Church; Vatican Humbert, Prince of Piedmont, 230, 255 Hungary,48, 185,187
and Mussolini, 138 government interest in, 137 industrial revolution, 1 monopolies, 137
INDEX
Industry (Italian) Mussolini's attitude toward, 9, 136, 137 socialization of, 251 types of industries: See individual
listings Institute for Industrial Reconstruction
(IRI), 255 "lntegralismo Lusitano," 332 "Integral nationalism," 27 International Fascist Congress (1934),
277-278 International Police for the Defense of
the State (PIDE) (Portugal), 347, 350
Italian Academy (1927), 146 Italian Catholic University Federation
(FUCI), 166 Italian Corps of Liberation, 228, 255 Italian-German-Spanish Secret Protocol
(1940)' 322-323 Italian military forces, 215, 217, 219, 220.
See also Militia; Army (Italian) Italian race, defense of, 178-183 Italian Socialist Party. See Socialist
Party (Italian) Italian Social Republic, 236-242 Italian Somaliland, 199 Italian Youth of the Lictors, 143-146,
148, 149 Italy
civil war in, 3, 25, 43 Communists, 3, 52 divided, 224-225 and Germany, 223-224 present-day, 256 surrender of, 225-227 tripartite declaration of Moscow on,
228-229
James, William, xiv Japan, 205-207, 216-217 Jesuits, 312 Jews, xvii, 173-184, 238 John XXIII (Pope), 184 J onsistas, 271 Jose Felix de Lequerica y Erquiza, 328 Juan Carlos de Borb6n y Borb6n,
Prince, 329-330 Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindical
ista (JONS), 258, 271 Justice and Liberty (Italian anti-Fascist
emigre organization), 285
Kipling, Rudyard, 279 Kraft durch Freude, 133
Labor Charter (1927) (Italian), xii, 120-126, 148, 338
achievements of, 255 aids Spanish rebels, 283, 285 arrest of, 223 attempts on life of, 64 attitude toward Hitler, 201 and Azione Cattolica, 166 background of, xvi, 3-5 on "bourgeois spirit," 190 capture of British Somaliland, 217 character of, 5-6 charisma of, xiii on church and state in Italy, 165 congress at Montreux, 190 death of, xviii, 252-254 declares war (1940), 213-215 on democracy, 42 doctrine of fascism, 91-106 drags Italy into World War I, 1 election to Chamber of Deputies, 21 emerges as leader of Fascists, 14 Fascist party of, xi foreign policy, 185, 200-201, 239 and Hitler, 202, 210-212, 213, 221 and House of Savoy, 235-236 invades Albania, 207 on Jewish policy, 177, 238 last public address, 243-251 loss of prestige, 220, 221 and the poor, 199 rescued by Hitler, 234
362
Mussolini, Benito (Cont.) signing of Lateran pacts, 156 on social issues, 239-242 tries to regain power, 237 victory in Ethiopia, 199-200 on violence, 38 war in Ethiopia, 192-195
Muti, Ettore, 80
National Constituent Assembly, 11 National Economic and Labor Council,
256 National Fascist Institute of Culture
(Rome), 146 National Fascist Party, 26-37
economic reconstruction, 31-33 education, 34-35, 48 financial policy, 31-33 foreign policy, 30-31, 46-47 on justice, 35-36 on militia, 31 organization of, 77-90 program of, 27-37 social policy, 33
National Institution for Leisure Time. See Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro
Nationalism, Salazar on, 336-337 Nationalist party, xii, xvii National Organization for Maternity
and Child Welfare, 134-136 National party, 55 National self-sufficiency, 136, 242 National-syndicalist labor union, 7n National Technical Councils, 27, 28 National Union (Uniao Nacional)
(Portugal), 332, 338, 350 Navigation, 32 Nazis, Munich Beer Hall Putsch, xi Nietzsche, Friedrich, xiv, 3 Nitti, F. S., 14 Non abbiamo bisogno (Pius XI), 169-
172 North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
349
Olivetti, Angelo, 97 Olivetti, Gino, 109 Opera Nazionale Combattenti (Na
tional Land Program for Veterans), 19
Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro, 133-134 Orano, Paolo, 97 Order of the Wolf, 138 Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 2 Ortega y Gasset, Jose, 258 Osservatore Romano, L', 166, 169, 177 Ottoman Empire, xvi
INDEX
Pacelli, Eugenio Cardinal. See Pius XII Pact of Steel, 208-210 Pagine Libere (Olivetti), 97 Palazzo Chigi pact, 108-109 Pareto, Vilfredo, xiv, 3 Parliament, 41, 42, 61 Partiti di massa, 2 Partito Fascista Repubblicano (PFR),
237 Partito N azionale Fascista (PNF). See
National Fascist Party Partito Popolare Italiano. See Catholic
Popular Party Party and State, xvi Party bosses, local. See Ras Pavolini, Alessandro, 237 Pawnshops. See Monti di Piet:l Peguy, Charles, 96 Penal Code of 1889, 252 Per Necessita Familiari, 77 Petacci, Claretta (Mussolini's mistress),
253 Petain, Henri Philippe, xv, 323, 331, 347 Petroleum production industry, 137 Piazzale Loreto, 253 Pilsudski, Joseph, 332 Pirandello, Luigi, 90 Pius XI (Pope), 134, 156, 332
and anti-Semitism, 176-177 on Azione Cattolica ltaliana, 169-172 death of, 184 and Mussolini, 165-166 on social organization, 167-168
Pius XII (Pope), 156, 173, 184, 213 Plebiscite of 1929, 165 Poland, 212, 332 Police state. See individual organizations Policia de Seguran~a Publica (Portu-
gal), 347 Political parties, Falange view of, 268-
269 Polverelli, Gaetano, 17 Pope, the, Mussolini on, 157-158, 161.
See also individual popes Popolo d'ltalia, ll, 4, 5, 7, 11, 96, 97, 166 Portugal, xv, 321, 331, 346, 349
Constitution of (1933), 337-346 Portuguese Legion (Legiao Portuguesa),
346-347 Predappio, 253 Press censorship, 53-55, 312-313 Preziosi, Giuseppe, 173 Price-rigging, 137 Primo de Rivera, Jose Antonio, xiv,
258-259,271,278,279,282,287 Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 258 Primo de Rivera, Pilar, 279 Private enterprise, 33, 122
INDEX
Property private, xii, 27 5 and family, 310
Public safety, 64-66 Public works, 137 Purge trial (Verona), 242 Purges. See Fascist crimes
Quadragesimo anno (Pius XI), 166--169, 332, 338
Quota novanta, 136
Raccolta Ufficiale delle Leggi e dei De-creti del Regno, 132
312, 315, 318, 321, 322, 327 Sforza, Carlo, 22, 230, 234 Sharecroppers. See Mezzadri Shipbuilding industry, 137 Sicily, Allied invasion of, 221 Skorzeny, Otto, 234 Social classes, 94 Social Contract, The (Rousseau), 260 Socialism, 94, 96, 100, 262 Socialist party (Italian), 2, 4, 9, 107, 234 Socialists, 52 Social welfare, Spanish Labor Charter
on, 309-311 Soleri, Michele, 44 Sorel, Georges, xiv, 3, 96, 107 South America, 48-49 Sovereign pontiff. See Pope, the Soviet Constitution of 1936, 256 Soviet Union. See Russia Spain
beginning of Fascist movement in, xiv, 257
Falange view of, 262-263, 267-268, 273-274
Franco on, 290-292 and Germany, 318ff liberalization in, 328 ousted from U.N., 329
Portuguese government, a model for, 331
Second Republic, 257 during World War II, 321-323, 326-
329 since World War II, 329-330
Spanish Civil War, xiv, 138, 201, 283, 284-285, 314, 346-347
Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rightist Groups. See CEDA
Spanish Popular Front, 279 Special Tribunal, 67-69 Spellman, Francis, 169 Squadrismo, 17, 37 Squadristi, xii, 26, 27, 252 Stalin, Joseph, 207, 329 Stampa, La (Turin), 53 Starace, Achille, 80, 128, 138, 143 Starhemberg, Prince Ernst von, 185, 190 State, the, 95, 104-106
authority of, 50
364
State (Cont.) Falange view of, 269, 274 function of, 25, 28 Portuguese Constitution on, 343-346 Salazar on, 333-334
State capitalism, 137 State Youth Movement (Mocidade Por-