SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS TO EUROCODE 8

SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS TO EUROCODE 8
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDINGS TO EUROCODE 8
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
EDITED BY
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Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data
Names: Elghazouli, Ahmed Y. (Ahmed Youssef), editor. Title: Seismic design of buildings to Eurocode 8 / [edited by] Ahmed  Elghazouli. Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis  Group, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016042114 | ISBN 9781498751605 Subjects: LCSH: Earthquake resistant design. | Buildings--Earthquake effects.  | Standards, Engineering--Europe. Classification: LCC TA658.44 .S3996 2016 | DDC 693.8/52--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016042114
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1 Introduction: Seismic design and Eurocode 8 1 PHILIPPE BISCH
2 Seismic hazard and earthquake actions 7 JULIAN J. BOMMER AND PETER J. STAFFORD
3 Structural analysis 41 MARTIN S. WILLIAMS
4 Basic seismic design principles for buildings 75 EDMUND BOOTH AND ZYGMUNT LUBKOWSKI
5 Design of concrete structures 95 ANDY CAMPBELL AND MÁRIO LOPES
6 Design of steel structures 157 AHMED Y. ELGHAZOULI AND JOSÉ MIGUEL CASTRO
7 Design of composite steel/concrete structures 193 AHMED Y. ELGHAZOULI AND JOSÉ MIGUEL CASTRO
8 Design of timber structures 213 CHRISTIAN MÁLAGA-CHUQUITAYPE AND AHMED Y. ELGHAZOULI
9 Design of masonry structures 235 MATTHEW DEJONG AND ANDREA PENNA
10 Seismic isolation and supplemental damping 255 DAMIAN GRANT
vi Contents
11 Shallow foundations 293 GOPAL S. P. MADABHUSHI, INDRASENAN THUSYANTHAN, ZYGMUNT LUBKOWSKI AND ALAIN PECKER
12 Pile foundations 331 GOPAL S. P. MADABHUSHI AND ROBERT MAY
Index 365
vii
Preface
This book aims at providing a concise and clear introduction to the principles of seismic design for building structures and their foundations, with a particular focus on linking these concepts to the provisions of the European seismic code, Eurocode 8. It addresses the underlying approaches related to seismic hazard, ground motion models, basic dynamics, seismic analysis, siting considerations, structural layout, and design philosophies. Eurocode 8 procedures are applied in most parts with the aid of walk-through design examples which, where possible, deal with a common case study. As well as an update throughout, this sec- ond edition of this book incorporates three new and topical chapters dedicated to specific seismic design aspects of timber and masonry buildings as well as base-isolation and supple- mental damping. The primary audience for this book are practicing structural and geotech- nical engineers as well as post-graduate and senior undergraduate civil engineering students.
The introductory chapter, Chapter 1, offers an overview of the background to the devel- opment and implementation of Eurocode 8 together with an outline of this book. Chapter 2 provides a detailed review of the methods used in determining seismic hazards and earth- quake actions. It covers seismicity and ground motion models, with specific reference to the stipulations of Eurocode 8. Chapter 3 presents a review of basic dynamics including the response of single- and multi-degree of freedom systems and the use of earthquake response spectra, leading to the seismic analysis methods used in Eurocode 8; this chapter also introduces an example building, which is used throughout most of this book to illus- trate the application of Eurocode 8 in practical design. The provisions relating to general considerations for the design of buildings are dealt with in Chapter 4; the selected case study is then used to provide examples for the use of Eurocode 8 for siting as well as for assessing structural regularity.
The application of seismic design principles, as adopted in Eurocode 8, for buildings of different materials and configurations are described in subsequent chapters of this book. Chapter 5 focuses on the design of reinforced concrete structures, and a design example for a dual frame/wall lateral resisting system is presented and discussed. The design of steel structures is dealt with in Chapter 6, which includes design examples for moment and braced steel frames. Chapter 7 focuses on highlighting key design aspects for composite steel/concrete buildings, and includes a design variation for the example building. The fun- damental concepts of the seismic behaviour of timber structures are outlined in Chapter 8, and the example building is used to illustrate the design of a laminated-timber shear-wall system. Chapter 9 deals with the seismic design of masonry structures, and includes a spe- cific design example, which is employed to highlight the benefits and limitations of available analysis methods.
Seismic isolation and supplemental damping can offer low-damage solutions, which are being increasingly used in practice. In Chapter 10, background concepts on seismic isola- tion, types of devices available, numerical results, and design criteria from Eurocode 8 are
viii Preface
discussed and an illustrative example using the case study building is presented. Moreover, although Eurocode 8 does not specifically cover supplemental damping devices, an outline of recommended design criteria for viscous and viscoelastic damping systems are included in this chapter. The final two chapters, Chapters 11 and 12, are concerned with the design of shallow and deep foundations, respectively, and cover issues related to liquefaction and settlement as well as static and dynamic performance requirements. Design examples to Eurocode 8 including pad, raft and pile foundations for the case study building are also included.
It is important to note that this publication is not intended as a complete description of Eurocode 8 requirements nor as a replacement for any of its provisions. The purpose of this book is mainly to provide general background information on seismic design, and to offer discussions and comments on the use of the code in the design of buildings and their foun- dations. It is also worth noting that although all the Eurocodes have undergone a rigorous process of development, drafting and revision before publication, it is only through their application by practicing engineers on real projects that areas for improvement become apparent. The current revision cycle for Eurocode 8 is likely to take at least five more years before it is approved and made available to practicing engineers. Although the main emphasis in this book is on the existing code provisions, the scope of several chapters extends beyond this in order to address specific aspects that are currently being dealt with in the revision process; these aspects are highlighted, where relevant, within the individual chapters.
This book stems primarily from practical short courses on seismic design, which have been run over a number of years and through the development of Eurocode 8. These short courses have been organised by the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Imperial College London, as part of Imperial’s School of Professional Development Programme, in collaboration with the Society for Earthquake and Civil Engineering Dynamics (SECED). The courses were also supported by the European Association for Earthquake Engineering (EAEE) and the Eurocodes Expert initiative of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE).
The contributors to this book are either specialist academics with significant consult- ing experience, or leading practitioners who are actively engaged in large projects in seis- mic areas. The unfailing enthusiasm of all the contributors and their employers, as well as their dedication towards SECED’s activities including practical short courses, have been vital to the completion of this book. The editor would additionally like to acknowledge the constructive advice offered by the eight reviewers to the book proposal, including four anonymous reviewers as well as Professor Christoph Butenweg (RWTH Aachen), Professor Peter Fajfar (University of Ljubljana), Dr Gregory Penelis (Penelis Consulting) and Professor André Plumier (University of Liège). The expert assistance of the staff at Taylor & Francis publishing group is also gratefully acknowledged; particular thanks are due to Tony Moore for his constant support and encouragement throughout the development of the two editions of this book.
Ahmed Y. Elghazouli Professor of Structural Engineering
Imperial College London
ix
Editor
Ahmed Y. Elghazouli is a professor and head of structural engineering at Imperial College London. He is also a director of the post-graduate programme in earthquake engineering. His main research interests are related to the response of structures to extreme loads, focus- ing on the areas of earthquake engineering, fire engineering, blast assessment and structural robustness. He has led numerous research projects and published more than 200 papers in these areas, and has worked as a specialist consultant on many important engineering projects worldwide over the past 20 years. Ahmed is a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, a chartered engineer, and a fellow of ICE and IStructE. He is a member of BSI and ECCS committees on seismic design. He is also a past chairman of SECED and UK National Delegate of IAEE and EAEE.
xi
Contributors
Philippe Bisch is a specialist in structural analysis and currently a professor at the Ecole des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) in Paris. In 1976, he joined Sechaud & Metz (S&M), Consulting Engineers, as a technical director and is now an international expert with the EGIS group to which S&M belongs. He is a honorary president of the French Association for Earthquake Engineering (AFPS) and he was formerly president of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering. He has long been involved in standardisation, in France and in Europe. He is now chairman of CEN TC250/SC8 on EC8. He was also involved in CEN committee TC340 for the anti-seismic devices standard. He is an active member of the French governmental group (GEPP) related to seismic safety.
Julian J. Bommer is a senior research investigator in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Imperial College London, specialising in ground-motion prediction and the assessment of seismic hazard and risk due to natural and induced earthquakes. He has published more than 100 widely cited journal papers on these topics. He served as SECED chairman from 2000 to 2002. His consultancy experience includes the Panama Canal, major pipelines and dams, and nuclear power plants in Abu Dhabi, Brazil, Romania, South Africa, Spain and the United States; he is a member of the Expert Panel on Seismic Hazard of the UK Office for Nuclear Regulation.
Edmund Booth, after 15 years of keeping his technical interests as broad as possible, took the specialist route into earthquake engineering in 1982. He founded his own practice in 1995, and undertook the seismic design, analysis and assessment of a very wide range of structures worldwide. Edmund is a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, and has taught at Imperial College London and Oxford University as a visiting lecturer. He is author of the textbook Earthquake Design Practice for Buildings published in 2014 and chairs the BSI technical sub-committee for EC8.
Andy Campbell is an independent consultant, having spent the bulk of his career in the UK nuclear industry, dealing with abnormal or extreme environmental loading with seis- mic effects frequently forming the dominant action. He has many years of experience of seismic design and appraisal with a particular interest in reinforced concrete structures and performance-based design. He has been a member of the SECED Committee since 2003, serving as chairman from 2014 to 2016.
José Miguel Castro is an assistant professor at the University of Porto and an invited pro- fessor at the University of Coimbra. He earned a PhD in civil engineering from Imperial College London, in 2006. He is an expert in steel and composite structures subjected to extreme loading conditions and is a full member of Technical Committee 13 on Seismic Design of the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS). His current research interests are on the development of novel seismic design methodologies as well
xii Contributors
as on the collapse and seismic risk assessment of existing buildings. He is author and co-author of more than 50 publications in peer-reviewed journals, book chapters and international conference proceedings.
Matthew DeJong is a senior lecturer in structural engineering at the Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, and a fellow of St Catharine’s College, Cambridge. He leads a research group focused on earthquake engineering and masonry structures, and has particular research interests in analytical dynamics, computational modelling, seismic collapse, heritage structures and the use of rocking in modern design. He is cur- rently a SECED Committee member.
Damian N. Grant is an associate in Arup’s Advanced Technology and Research practice, and leads the practice’s earthquake engineering team. Since joining Arup in 2005, Damian has been responsible for the seismic design and assessment for a diverse range of proj- ects, including buildings (from single-storey dwellings to super-tall skyscrapers), indus- trial facilities, offshore platforms, storage tanks, bridges and other special structures. He specialises in performance-based earthquake engineering, the practical implementation of non-linear finite element techniques in design and assessment, and the application of seismic protective systems such as isolators and supplemental damping devices. Damian serves on the SECED (Society for Earthquake and Civil Engineering Dynamics) com- mittee, and chairs the BSI (British Standards Institution) subcommittee on Actions and Analysis in Eurocode 8, including the design of base-isolated structures.
Mário Lopes earned his PhD in earthquake engineering from Imperial College, London, and is an assistant professor at the Civil Engineering Department of the Technical University of Lisbon. His main research interest and design activity concern the seismic design of reinforced concrete buildings and bridges. He has experience in field investigations follow- ing destructive earthquakes and he is a member of the Portuguese Society for Earthquake Engineering.
Zygmunt Lubkowski is an associate director at Arup, where he is also the seismic business and skills leader for Europe, Africa and the Middle East. He has more than 20 years of experience working in civil, geotechnical and earthquake engineering projects. He has carried out seismic hazard and geo-hazard assessments and seismic foundation design for a range of structures in various sectors. He has acted as the seismic specialist for major projects such as offshore platforms, LNG plants, nuclear facilities, major bridges, dams, immersed tube tunnels and tall buildings. He has been the chair of SECED and Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT). He also participated in post- earthquake field missions worldwide and the development of a field guide for the survey of earthquake damaged non-engineered structures.
Gopal S. P. Madabhushi is a professor of civil engineering and the head of Geotechnical and Geo-Environmental Engineering Group at the Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge. He is also a fellow of Girton College, Cambridge and the director of the Schofield Centre that houses the centrifuge facility with earthquake modelling capability. He leads the research of the Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering Group that focuses on soil liquefaction, soil structure interaction, pile and retaining wall performance, dynamic behaviour of underground structures and performance of earthquake remediation strate- gies. He has an active interest in field investigations following major earthquakes and was the past chairman of the EEFIT.
Christian Málaga-Chuquitaype is a lecturer in the Structures Section of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Imperial College London. He earned his PhD
Contributors xiii
from Imperial College, London, and his Master’s from the University of Pavia (ROSE School) and the University Joseph Fourier – Grenoble 1. His current research interests relate to structural timber engineering and emerging building technologies, earthquake engineering and the response of structures to extreme loads.
Robert May is currently the chief geotechnical engineer with Golder Associates in Australia. He was previously with Atkins and has 30 years of experience in geotechnical engineer- ing with a particular interest in seismic design. His recent seismic design projects have included major retaining walls, foundations and slopes. Dr. May is a former SECED Committee member and has chaired the 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering in 2002. He was a former member of the Géotechnique Advisory Panel.
Alain Pecker is chairman and managing director of Géodynamique et Structure, a French engineering consulting firm in earthquake engineering. He is also a professor at Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées and at the European School for Advanced Studies in Reduction of Seismic Risk (University of Pavia, Italy). His professional interest lies in soil dynamics, liquefaction, wave propagation, soil structure interaction and founda- tion engineering. Alain Pecker is past president of the French Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, and honorary president of the French Association on Earthquake Engineering. He has been elected to the French National Academy of Technologies in 2000.
Andrea Penna is an associate professor of structural engineering in the Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture at the University of Pavia and a fellow of the EUCENTRE Foundation, Pavia, Italy. His main research activity focuses on the experimental and numerical study of the seismic behaviour of masonry structures. He has been involved in many research projects focused on both existing masonry structures and innovative masonry technologies. He is a co-author of the TREMURI computer program, widely used for the non-linear seismic analysis of masonry buildings. He is also a member of international working groups on seismic aspects of monuments preservation and the revi- sion of masonry design codes.
Peter J. Stafford is a reader in the structures section of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Imperial College London. His research interests pri- marily relate to engineering seismology and its interface with earthquake engineering. In particular, his work focuses upon the specification of loading for seismic analyses within probabilistic frameworks. He has significant experience working on high-level probabilistic seismic hazard and risk studies in various parts of the world. His broader research interests cover aspects of applied structural dynamics and structural reliability theory.
Indrasenan Thusyanthan is currently the principal geotechnical engineer at Saudi Aramco. He was previously a consultant with KW Ltd. and a lecturer in geotechnical engineering at the University of Cambridge, UK. He earned his PhD, BA and MEng from the University of Cambridge. Dr. Thusyanthan was awarded the…