Conference, Date, Location: 6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon Content: Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking Prepared by: Ronald Haselsteiner (EnerjiSA, Turkey) Burcu Ersoy (Fichtner, Turkey) Conference Presentation
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Conference, Date, Location:
6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon
Content:
Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking
Prepared by:
Ronald Haselsteiner (EnerjiSA, Turkey)
Burcu Ersoy (Fichtner, Turkey)
Conference Presentation
Conference, Date, Location:
6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon
Content:
Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking
2
Outline• Introduction
• Design Fundamentals for CFRD / CFSGD
• Cracking of Surface Slabs
• Seepage conditions due to Cracks in
Surface Slabs
• Conclusion
Conference, Date, Location:
6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon
Content:
Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking
3
Introduction
Design Fundamentals
Cracking of Surface Slabs
Seepage Conditons
Conclusion
General InformationCountry
• Area: 779,452 km²
10 x Austria / 2 x Germany / 8 x Portugal
• Location: 3% Europe + 97% Asia
• Population: 70.6 Mio. Inhabitants
74% of population in major cities
Austria: 8.2 / Germany: 82.3 / Portugal: 10.6
• Aver. Age: 27.3 a
Austria: 42 / Germany: 41 / Portugal: 40
• Pop. density: 91 Inhabitants/km²
Austria: 100 / Germany: 229 / Portugal: 119
• Religion: 99% Muslims
Conference, Date, Location:
6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon
Content:
Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking
4
Introduction
Design Fundamentals
Cracking of Surface Slabs
Seepage Conditons
Conclusion
Energy Market / HydropowerPrognosis of Energy Demand
• 2005: 160 103 GWh/a
• 2010: 242 103 GWh/a (+50%)
• 2020: 356 to 476 103 GWh/a (min +122%)
• Growth rate 8.2% in 2008 (economy 4%, pop. 1-2%)
Strategy in Hydropower Sector
• Utilization of Economically Feasible Energy Potential
(EFEP) of Hydropower
• EFEP = 125 to 188 TWh/a
• Currently, 1/3 of EFEP is utilized
• Privatization of Energy Market 2000/01
• Expected Private Investment (~ 50,000 Mio. € in 2020!)
• Thread of Energy Deficit in 2012–2015 (2020)
• Currently, 2,000 HEPP in development
Conference, Date, Location:
6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon
Content:
Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking
5
Sarigüzel
CFSGD80 m
(under
construction)
Kandil
CFRD100 m
(under
construction)
Alpaslan II
CFRD100 m
(final design)
Arkun
CFSGD100 m
(under
construction)
Ankara
Istanbul
Under construction
Final design stage
Conference, Date, Location:
6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon
Content:
Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking
Introduction
Design Fundamentals
Cracking of Surface Slabs
Seepage Conditons
Conclusion
6
Typical Cross-Section CFRD
3B
3C1B 1A
FS2B
3A
2AP
3B
3C
OR
3A
3B
3C
1A
1B
2A
2B
P
FS
Filter Zone
Rockfill (well compacted)
Rockfill
Self-Healing Fill
Protection Fill
Perimeter Zone
Cushion Zone
Plinth
Concrete Face Slab
B Bedrock
B
Literature:A) ICOLD, Concrete Face Rockfill Dams – Concepts for Design and Construction, International Committee on Large Dams, Committee on Materials for Fill Dams (Draft) (2005)
(adapted from ICOLD, 2005A)
Conference, Date, Location:
6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon
Content:
Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking
7
Typical Cross-Section CFSGD
3B
3C3D
1B 1A
FS 2B
3A
2A
2C
P
B
3A
3B
3C
3D
1A
2A
2B
2C
P
FS
Filter Zone
Sand-Gravel-Fill
Sand-Gravel-Fill (dirty)1)
Rockfill
Self-Healing Fill
Perimeter Zone
Cushion Zone
Filter
Plinth
Concrete Face Slab
1B Protection Fill
1) If available or necessary for slope stability and/or seepage control
B Bedrock
Introduction
Design Fundamentals
Cracking of Surface Slabs
Seepage Conditons
Conclusion
Literature:A) R. Fell, P. MacGregor, D. Stapledon, G. Bell, Geotechnical Engineering of Dams, A. A. Balkema Publishers, Leiden London New York Philadelphia Singapore (2005)
(adapted from Fell et al., 2005A)
Conference, Date, Location:
6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon
Content:
Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking
6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon
Content:
Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking
Introduction
Design Fundamentals
Cracking of Surface Slabs
Seepage Conditons
Conclusion
16
Seepage Conditions CFRD• Dam Zoning / Foundation on Bedrock
Actual phreatic
line of seepage
Study
Conference, Date, Location:
6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon
Content:
Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking
Introduction
Design Fundamentals
Cracking of Surface Slabs
Seepage Conditons
Conclusion
17
Seepage Conditions CFRD
Conference, Date, Location:
6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon
Content:
Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking
Introduction
Design Fundamentals
Cracking of Surface Slabs
Seepage Conditons
Conclusion
18
Seepage Conditions CFSGD• CFSGD Zoning / Foundation on Alluvium
� Principle Dam Design of Case Study
Drain design
Conference, Date, Location:
6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon
Content:
Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking
Introduction
Design Fundamentals
Cracking of Surface Slabs
Seepage Conditons
Conclusion
19
Seepage Conditions CFSGD
Conference, Date, Location:
6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon
Content:
Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking
20
Conclusion• Static loads � Cracking „predictable“ for the case of
reliable construction works and constant material
quality
• Dynamic loading � Cracking „hardly predictable“
(case studies? Wenchuan China 2008)
• Adaptation of zoning/design in order to control
seepage conditions in case of cracking
• Pore water pressures � Draining
• Erosion/suffusion � Filter
� Direct consequences of cracking to be controlled
Introduction
Design Fundamentals
Cracking of Surface Slabs
Seepage Conditons
Conclusion
Conference, Date, Location:
6th Conference on Dam Engineering, 15.-17.02.2011, Lisbon
Content:
Seepage Control of Concrete Faced Dams with respect to Surface Slab Cracking
21
Thank you.
βα
p
Engineering
Judgement
Engineering
Principles!A)
Reference:A) Hartford, D. (2011): Risk management in embankment dams – Geotechnical component. Session 4: Future Directions: beginnning by going back to the scientific foundations. LNEC, Portugal