Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
A Sedimentary Rock is…..
rock formed from the lithification or
crystallization of:
1. Minerals in solution
2. Organic remains
3. Materials produced by living
things (biochemical)
4. Clastic Sediments (rock
fragments of all sizes)
Lithification-to harden and form rock
(Deposition, Compaction, Cementation)
Silica Crystals
Crystallization- Solidification of
dissolved minerals from solution.
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
• Clastic-Made of fragments of other
rocks.
• Chemical-Made from dissolved minerals.
• Biochemical-Made by living things, but
was never alive (seashells).
• Organic-Made of the organic remains of
living things.
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks- Gravel Conglomerate
from gravel
from mud
from sand
Clastic
Sedimentary
Rocks
Conglomerate
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks- Gypsum
Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks- Biochemical Limestone
Organic Sedimentary Rocks- Coal
Swamp
Sediment- Rock fragments, dissolved
minerals and remains of living and
nonliving parts of plants and animals.
Clastic Sediments- Fragments of
pre-existing rock.
Sediments from here
Sand Bar
Alluvial Fan
Gravel Bar
Tallus Pile
Glacial Sediment
Glacial Till
Chemical Sediments- Minerals in
solution in water.
Biochemical Sediments-
Nonliving remains of plants and
animals.
Organic Sediments-remains of
the living tissues of plants and
animals.
Peat- Plant remains
Sedimentary Rocks are
identified by their horizontal
layers called…….
Sediments Are Classified Based On:
1. Origin and Composition (What
they are made of).
Sediment Classification I
Rock Fragments
Organic Remains
Biochemical Remains
Chemical Sediments
2. Size of the sediment (clastic
sediments range in size from clay to
boulders)
Sediment Classification II
B
o
u
l
d
e
r
s
Cobbles
Cobble Stones
Gravel
Pebbles
S
a
n
d
Silt
Clay Sediments
Sediment Production
Sediments are produced by:
Weathering (breaking down) and Erosion
(transport) of
Parent material
by:
Chemical and Physical Processes.
Weathering by wind-blown sand (Physical weathering)
Weathering and Erosion by Glacier (physical)
Glacier
Scrapes
Weathering by Ice Wedging
(Physical)
Exfoliation
(Physical)
Weathering by Living Things
(Biomechanical/Physical)
Chemical Weathering by water
Chemical Weathering of Limestone
Weathering by Living Things
(Biochemical)
Sediment Transport
Sediments are transported from:
Source to Location of Deposition
by:
Wind, Water, Gravity, Ice and Volcanic-
Eruption
Transport Mechanisms
Wind
Water
Ice
Gravity
Volcanic Eruption
Sediment Characteristics
Determined by:
Extent of Weathering
Duration of Weathering
Type of Transport
Distance of Transport
Clastic Sedimentary Rock
Classification
Clastic Sedimentary rocks are classified
based upon:
Grain Size
Grain Shape
Grain Size
Clastic Sedimentary Rock
Classification: Grain Shape
Jagged Clastic Sediments
Conglomerate
How Sedimentary Rocks are Formed
Step 1: Sediment Production
Mechanical
Weathering
Chemical
Weathering
Biomechanical
Weathering
Biochemical
Weathering
Step 2: Sediment Transport
Wind
Water
Glaciers
Gravity
Volcanic Eruption
Shaping of Sediments
Step 4: Sorting of Clastic
Sediments
Sorting of Sediments
Sediments are Sorted by their Transport
Agents According to:
S I z e of the Sediment
Very Poorly Sorted Very Well Sorted
Sorting of Sediments
Poorly Sorted Clastic Sediments
Sorting of Sediments: Glaciers
Step 5:Lithification:
Deposition
Deposition (to lay down) happens when:
-the Transport Agent no longer has the energy/force
required to carry the Sediment
Determined by:
-Size/Weight of Sediments
-Amount of Energy/Force in Transport Agent
Step 6:
Lithification: Compaction
Step 7:
Lithification: Cementation
Conglomerates, Sandstone and
Shale
Clastic Sedimentary Rock
Names: Particle Size and Shape
The name of a Clastic Sedimentary Rock is
determined by the size and shape of the
sediments that make up the rock.
Clastic Sedimentary Rock Names:
Particle SizeSediment
Gravel Sand SiltClay
Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone Shale
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Sandstone
Siltstone
Mudstone
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Mudstone and
Siltstone
Arkose
Sedimentary Rocks of
Chemical Origin
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Precipitation and Evaporation
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Evaporites
Gypsum
Halite
Travertine Stalactites
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Evaporites
Salt Flats
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Carbonates
The Carbonate Sedimenatary Rocks are
composed of mostly Calcium Carbonate.
The Carbonates are divided into:
Inorganic Carbonates
And
Biochemical Carbonates (contains remains of
living things)
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonates
Travertine
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonates
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonates
Travertine
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonates
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonate
Travertine
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonates
Inorganic Limestone
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Silica-based Sedimentary Rocks
Chert (Flint)
Nodules
Geodes
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Biochemical Carbonates
Stromatolitic Limestone Biochemical Limestone
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Biochemical Carbonates
Biochemical Limestone
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Biochemical Carbonates
CoquinaChalk
Chalk Cliffs
Sedimentary Rocks of Organic
Origin
Organic Sedimentary Rocks:
Coal
Sedimentary Formations
Stratification
Graded Bedding
Cross-Bedding
Bedding Planes not Parallel
Ripple Marks
Beach
River
M
u
d
c
r
a
c
k
s
Mud Cracks
Fossils
Fossils: Molds
Fossils: Casts